3D Printing and Electronics
country but we're also home to the think
hello everyone my name is rich Ottinger
and i am the marketing programs manager
for park systems welcome to the fifth
installment of Park systems 2019
material science research and afm
webinar series today's presentation is
titled 3d printing and electronics this
month we have run into a schedule
conflict that has both dr. bicular
myself out traveling as we speak so we
had to pre-record today's session in
order to keep our regular schedule the
presentation is expected to take
approximately 40 to 45 minutes but we
will not be able to hold our usual live
question-and-answer session at the end
please ask any questions that you have
using the question module on the
GoToWebinar dashboard the system will
save your questions in our event report
and dr. McCullar will answer them in a
follow-up email to today's attendees it
is now my pleasure to introduce to you
dr. Rigoberto a big EULA dr. Miguel is a
professor of macro molecular science and
engineering at Case Western Reserve
University and the editor-in-chief of
mrs communications is a fellow of the
American Chemical Society
is the author of more than 250
peer-reviewed publications
please welcome dr. Roberto lavendula
thank you very much Richard and good
morning good afternoon and good evening
to all of you and we have to say upfront
that we cannot have this on a live
recorded session because of some
schedule conflict but we will be able
and I will be able to get your questions
and answer them once they are forwarded
to me so today's topic is on 3d printing
printed electronics I'm going to give
you an overview of our 3d printing has
the potential to change how
manufacturing is done in 3d printing
beyond prototyping and possibly towards
Kayla so I with Case Western Reserve
University in Cleveland Ohio a major
research university in a very cultural
part northeast of Ohio where we are home
to the Cleveland Orchestra Cleveland
Museum of Art and in the city we have
asked
to some of these cultural gems in my
box one of the first 3d printing
makerspace institutes in a major
university where the access is utterly
free and we have some endowed programs
that allow the students and outsiders to
you said so at the macro molecular
sizing during Department I'm one of the
professor's there and located the fifth
floor and you have an opportunity to
visit please do so
I'm also editor the emergence
communications if you're in chief and I
welcome your best contribution such
research letter and invited perspective
articles so back in 2016 I gave this
talk at the World Economic Forum where I
discussed the possibilities of using 3d
printing from outer space to inner space
to advanced manufacturing robotics
tissue engineering and so the series
really has been geared towards
explaining the possibilities of 3d
printing an additive manufacturing
process that can supply and perhaps
formative and subtracting on a battery
in the future in fact one can purchase
their own 3d printer and you can have
high-volume Hydrabad printers with
various starting materials from polymers
two methods to ceramics all accessible
these days because of the interest in
advanced and additive manufacturing in
fact twenty years ago my first encounter
with 3d printing was a two-photon
polymerization high-resolution stereo
lithography printing in this case you
can see how high resolution is achieved
in the micron scale all because the
optics as well as the photochemical and
the photonic approaches enable a very
efficient use of what we call two photon
resonance in this type of printing using
in fact almost the same resin that we
use today in a technique
called SLA or stereo lithography
apparatus actually there's a lot of
interest in robotics 3d printing and
soft robotics means that in the future
gears arms other mechanical parts in a
traditional robotic machine will be
replaced by 3d printed parts and there's
a lot of interest in soft robotics where
you have stimuli response leading to the
combination of actuators and sensors
with 3d printed objects that work in
different media I like this example of
the possibility from 2d to 3d 240 in
that you can program various types of
assemblies and origami like type of
architectures so that in a
two-dimensional - 3 dimensional design
one can incorporate the
three-dimensional architecture after the
fact or after the object has been
printed and this could be from metals to
polymers or even programmable soft
materials in other words there's a room
there's lots of room really for applying
intelligence artificial intelligence and
machine machine learning together with
3d printing so here you can see the
advantage of 3d printing that it
provides for complexity and the
difference between formative
manufacturing is that you are able to
include high performance or different
types of stimuli response with complex
geometries in a limited production basis
in a way additive manufacturing really
complements formative and subtractive
manufacturing in that you can
incorporate multi materials and
different architectures in a 3d or
digital design are together with CNC
type of movement CNC type of movement is
actually what they use for subtractive
manufacturing or machining which is a
mature type of manufacturing method
widely used in the metal industry
as well as plastics here you have a
summary and it's important for me to
show this to you of the various 3d
printing methods out there there's about
10 here that I can name because part of
our discussion with 3d printing
electronics today is a review of the
possibility of applying SLA FDM SLS and
other binder jazz and other types of
traditional or are getting to be
traditional additive manufacturing
methods into 3d printed electronics and
so you have a lot of possible
applications from aerospace to marine
and of course electronics means want in
the past PCB boards transistors micro
optics displays interconnects and other
types of high value high end electronic
manufacturing so let's review and let's
go back to the basic of what it means to
have electronic devices or in particular
the possibility of printed electronics
be a 3d printing so when we talk about
electronics we can be looking at the
motherboards the integrated circuits
chips micro processors or we are talking
about RF IDs and other printed
electronics flexible electronics that
are being manufactured today in a way an
integrated box such as your desktop
computer your notebook computer or other
types of displays and devices audio
devices have a lot of parts but the
brain or or the motherboard controls a
lot of the device function and there you
will integrate of course resistors
capacitors electronic storage or energy
storage or batteries sensors and
various electro mechanical and
mechanical parts these days there's a
lot of interest on flexible devices
flexible and printed electronics are
becoming synonymous because a lot of
these layered systems actually combine
both passive and active elements let's
say on a flexible plastic substrate
which makes them more conformal and
lightweight and has a lot of high
functionality so a lot of these flexible
electronics of course we can classify as
2d has their origin in the 3d so most of
what we still have today in terms of
gadgets appliances different types of
electrical and electromechanical devices
rely on the common PCB or printed
circuit board which we can say or call a
track three-dimensional architecture
that involves soldering and a PCB board
typical of that of a thermoset or an
epoxy or other polymers where you have
placement and patterning of different
metals and dielectrics as well as
interconnects to make up your circuit
board and a lot of this can be
classified basically as active or
passive in a way electricity or
electronic devices really depend on the
control of the flow of electrons now
different printing methods are beginning
to make their way in flexible electronic
but for large large part this is true
whole a devices or surface mount
technologies or as M DS and the SMT
means that one has to pick in place or
to fabricate and solder these components
whether it's a resistor capacitor an LED
device or your microprocessor in a
constructed circuit
so a little more on the traditional
manufacturing method one can say that it
all begins on a substrate or flat
material surface especially when we go
to the microprocessor level the
microprocessor level technology really
is a subtractive technology in that you
have your substrate you add your
material you then add what we call a
photoresist typically these are polymers
that are capable of converting into an
acid or an edible component by UV
masking or photo lithography so by us
masking a pattern or photolithography
under this resist material this creates
a pattern in this case edging allows us
to remove the photoresist material and
end up with a pattern added material or
even a methyl now what we want to
achieve in an additive technology is to
really do away with this wasteful
process in the sense that it uses a lot
of water washing cleaning drying into a
more additive process that may simply
involve printing embossing or other
non-lethal graphic patterning methods on
a substrate now a very common term of
course is VLSI manufacturing or very
large-scale integration so it's very
similar to the manufacture additional
manufacturing we just covered which is
subtractive again starts with the wafer
you deposit your substrate then you
apply a little graphic mask which then
creates a pattern and then after
stripping wretching the photoresist mask
then you can remove residues particles
clean it up and then apply your methyl
and then that creates essentially
the pattern of
a methyl on your substrate now gaining
traction especially in flexible
electronics is the use of 2d printing
technologies when I apply whether use
the fine term 2d printing I'm referring
of course to delivery of inks conductive
inks or conductive metal as solutions on
substrate surfaces
this can be classified into two types a
continuous inkjet or a drop on demand
inkjet sort of how you would use digital
printing today with inkjet technology
the dod or drop on demand inkjet can be
further divided into piezo driven
thermally driven or electrostatic piezo
driven means you have a piezo resistor
that delivers the droplet precisely for
a thermally activated delivery based on
a vapor bubble or an electrostatic
deposition based on charge attraction as
all of these variations are basically
what involves a printing head which is a
type of micro electronic mechanical
system that allows very high resolution
of printing such type of printing of
course is variable in a higher
resolution printing for flexible
electronics now what I'm going to do
right now is to give you an overview of
the various 3d printing printing
technologies out there in a way what I
want to synthesize in this talk is to
give you or I'll show you the
possibilities that some of the 3d
printing technologies we have today can
be used for delivering the passive
active component of your printed circuit
it could be used for delivering the
conducting ink method or even creating
the pattern that can be later on use
or electroless deposition or the
addition of a another material based on
a printed pattern or geometry so forgive
me for again giving this overview on 3d
printing methodologies for those of you
are familiar but I want to make sure
that our other listeners who are not
familiar with 3d printing gains this
appreciation of these various methods so
SLA or stereo lithography apparatus
almost similar to DLP or digital light
projection makes use of a resin material
that is photo polymerize one photon
efficiency such that the photo curing or
cross-linking of the resin whether it's
using a digital projection or micro lens
with a photo initiator sensitive to life
results really in quite a high
resolution of printed material and it's
one of my favorite methods that allow us
to look at formulations of the resin or
photo polymerize about resin with
various methyl conducting polymers
carbon nanotubes or other nano materials
for fabrication now there are several
variations of what we call laminated
object manufacturing
which can involve foils or metal foils
or polymer foils that are curable with
laser hitting or tearing a very familiar
one called
FFF or freeform fabrication otherwise
known as use deposition modeling is one
of the easiest ways to 3d print a
polymer could be a passive polymer or
conducting polymer simply by extrusion
methods to a CNC movement heating
element in a hand and as you have
produced this part of course you are
depositing the polymer material
SLS or selective laser sintering or
sometimes known as the MLS or
essentially methods for polymer and
methyl powder 3d printing in both start
of a sintering method of a CNC movement
head based on a powder bed the powder is
replenished every after printing of a
layer such that the end of the printing
you will have an object that's embedded
on the powder originally and be
recovered after printing in this poly
jet printing technology which is again a
platform that's popular and important
the inkjet heads deliver deliver the
various materials from resin to curing
resin to others and you have a support
material and what happens is there's a
UV curing mechanism that basically
produces a thermoset or cures the
combination of materials and a leveling
roller to make sure that an even amount
of let's say the powder component
component is spread with the fresh
printing almost similar is a powder bed
base printing the again the powder
supply leveling roller allows you to
give a uniform fresh layer however
instead of a UV light or a UV curing
mechanism you deliver the curing
component with the printhead so again
this combination of materials mean that
the active component to be part of the
powder or it could be part of the resin
material that is delivered by the
printhead or is cured by UV light
perhaps one of the easiest way to 3d
print conductive paste or inks is
basically to formulate your your base or
or a viscous solution and then force
them through a plunger
or is arranged with a CNC movement head
and then he takes a tropic behavior
together with sufficient yield stress or
shear thinning behavior prints the
material or extruded out of the material
even at room temperature so in this way
you can actually 3d print at room
temperature without the application of
heat or even without the application of
UV light similar to this with the term
ink or less viscous more less viscous
ink is direct right technology almost
similar to your 2 dimensional printing
except that you build again the material
because as you deposited a curing or a
thixotropic behavior is achieved
building upon layer upon layer of the
activated or delivered ink and in this
manner 2 one can deliver a result or use
of aerogel aerosol materials basically
spray jetting the material on top of
another and again with sufficient yield
stress and curing behavior one can build
your three-dimensional object
another one that is quite popular with
metal and I apologize if I'm not going
to cover in this case more about a metal
tray 3d deposition techniques is that
one can deliver patterns in foils of
metal basically the foil is welded on
top of another previously the deposited
foil or metal base plate with the foil
on top of it and then ultrasonic ation
or oscillation provides a very effective
surface contact between the metals
resulting in additive layering of metals
on a pattern and like FDM and other
layering methods of course this can be
subject to defects or voids and
ultrasonic oscillation
other improves the fusion of the metals
on top of metals perhaps one that is
closer to a three-dimensional system the
3d molded interconnect device or 3d mi d
plus one to create first additively the
object shape again which could be based
on a plastic or the metal or a passive
or active device so let's say one can
employ FDM or other methods SLS etc and
then once this can be done this can be
either integrated with the addition of
conductive pads during printing itself
or other embedded electronic components
and then once so the difference here is
we are getting into the regime of multi
material additive manufacturing in other
words your printhead or machine is
capable of depositing both the active
and passive component for a circuit
design or conductive path design during
the structure fabrication so once you
have your embedded partners then of
course you can employ SMT component
deposition or big plug in place type of
connection or even the use of printing
or printed electric components as an
inlay on the surface of the molded part
so this is approaching closer to what
would be maybe an alternative towards a
PCB board or even three dimensionally
designed devices based on the
versatility of putting an internal
conductive path and an outside
patterning or placing of your electronic
components now let's start looking at
some possibilities here for indeed
integrating the
building process for the 3d device so
perhaps one can start with a powder bed
base printing which creates the passive
component but at the same time one can
embed the electronic component so you
can either have both the passive powder
and active embedded component delivered
on the surface during printing or one
can use a first pattern a powdered bed
base printing passive component and then
bring this to another section of the
printer or a design tree depending
equipment or actually place this on
another printer and then create your
embedded electronic component and you
can also create the conductive path
basically by another method which allows
you to deposit the metal or cure the
delivery of a conductive ink on a
pattern on the 3d printed object and
then finally one can connect the
conductive pads to the electronic
components and you so you can create
this internal structure built on a
essentially a three dimensional device
by the combination of both passive and
active material and a series of steps
that allows you to make this conductive
path so this is one concept by which an
integrated device can be built by a
combination of methods another is that
once you build your three-dimensional
component one can focus on the surface
functionalisation now one possibility is
to use an aerosol aerosol jet printing
method to create patterns on the surface
or deliver a functional Arizona
ink and then the other method is to
print 3d conductive patterns directly
with metals on
services and then finally the assembly
and interconnection of other SNP device
components on top of this pattern so you
can have this and then finally you can
print other components that are
accessible on the surface so let me
distinguish it with this previous one
the previous one we were talking about
printing patterning creation of
conductive parts on the object itself
internally here we are talking now about
functionalization of a 3d printed object
surface so one can envision or design
the inside of the 3d printed object and
then finally use this 3d surface
functionalisation method to complete the
device now from here on I want to review
some of the possible components that can
come from current research or reported
research that can go towards this
interconnected system concepts that I
just described first there's a lot of
interest on devices such as the older
sensors curvilinear printing on surfaces
3d printed passive electronics
components for batteries printed
resistors inductors capacitors and so on
so in principle some of the native
elements that can use methyl or methyl
hybrid or conductive inks that can be
incorporated in the current methods of
3d printing has actually been
demonstrated and let's review some of
these possibilities first of all
antennas so antennas can be of course
produced using an RFID method and flat
surfaces and that's a current commercial
manufacturing protocol however the
possibility of
printing on a curvy linear object or
conformal printing on let's say a 3d
printing object has been demonstrated
that means that you can 3d print let's
say this antenna or have basically a
molded object but then be able to
deliver the conductive silver epoxy in a
surface printing process resulting in
this antenna now the design of and then
of course has to do with geometry and
surface as well as the active component
that is used means that it is possible
to use various types of designs or 3d
printed object designs and then on that
object deposit as a last step your
conductive ink or develop your antenna
as a last step in the production process
another is in flexible electronics so
flexible electronics means that you

start with a substrate a flexible
substrate typically this is plastic and
then one can then 3d print the pattern
or conductive ink on top of this
substrate so for example gloves or other
types of activating devices can have
embedded strain sensors or electronic
sensors 3d printed on top of it or even
some of the elastomers we've had a lot
of opportunities to 3d print silicones
and poly urethanes and other
thermoplastic elastomers in our lab
using the 3d printing process and then
on top of those materials one can
envision our 3d printing your conductive
materials or dielectrics that means that
there's a high possibility that in the
future flexible and wearable electronics
is better access with 3d printing ok so
here you have several examples you know
a tree layers train and
censored in in the answer it stay state
and stretch state and I'll give you an
example of a recent publication we have
with this area and of course with
flexible electronics one can use this
for detecting motion or actuation let's
say with different hand gestures so what
I'm pointing here is it is possible
today to replace traditionally
informative molded objects injection
molded thermal form
blown film plastic materials with 3d
printing and the advantage to that is
one does not have to go to the
traditional tooling method in that you
can come up with your design or
prototype quite easily by 3d printing
and then add your electronics on top of
that 3d printed object another interest
is on soft robotics so for example the
active component can be printed together
really soft component or soft matter
component another term is sometimes used
for polymers and this can be integrated
in let's say this design which actually
shows what we call stimuli response and
sensing response as well this octopus
means that you have actuation you have
movement based on light or stimuli and
this can all be integrated in device by
3d printing another is one can look at
various types of ink compositions
whether it be none of crystal inks or
conducting polymer inks the chemistry of
ink is such a popular if not a well
studied composition these days that one
can change the viscosity the resistance
or the stimuli response of those
and then finally 3d printed as well on
the surface or embedded as a conductive
path in a 3d printing process here in a
way there's also a possibility of
patterning printing and using let's say
3d printing to create areas by which you
have a surface functionalisation capable
of hosting what we call an electro less
deposition so in a electro less metal
deposition one can create or pattern the
surface so that you have an attraction
for the oxidized state of the metal it
could be a copper iron nickel ion
platinum or gold iron and then once you
deposit them on the surface one can
activate them or reduce them or methyl
eyes them as part of the pattern in
other words in electro less the position
there is the possibility of using 3d
printing to create the pattern and again
as a final step deposit a reduced methyl
on that pattern are using an electro
less deposition method when I say
electro last this means that it does not
involve the use of electro chemistry or
other electro deposition or application
of a current to deposit the layer but
rather the metal is reduced by chemical
or photochemical methods without the
application of a current or a bias
voltage in the development of batteries
there could be interest on making inter
digitated electrodes let's say in a
lithium ion micro battery architecture
one can first deposit the current
collector which could be gold or other
by conducting metal and then one can
deposit the lithium ion substrate
followed by the membrane
lfp
[Music]
without going to further deep dive on
lithium-ion batteries or lithium super
batteries one that needs to have this
enclosed in a packaging unit and then
finally accessed through the anode or
the cathode where the lithium ion
exchanger mobility facilitates its
action in energy storage and this is
just one example in that with the
development of batteries or energy
storage device 3d printing can play an
important role in making very efficient
and lightweight batteries so in summary
what I have here are some possibilities
with features that can go to 3d printed
electronics this some of this
information are probably 5 years old
even some of the manufacturers and I can
suggest that you google them their
current state of ability to make devices
or tools or machines for 3d printing and
what is the current configuration or
materials usage so in fact what I will
do at this point is review some of these
technologies but better yet we actually
wrote a review paper that was recently
published the printing system for 3d
printed electronics one can actually buy
some of this multi material or multi
task type of printing technologies one
in particular is buy bought factory
another is by nano dimension dragon and
some of the elements that I described
here in terms of pick-and-place or the
position of multi materials or
conductive inks have been incorporated
in some of these devices but here you
can see how printed electronics can lead
to mass production you don't have to use
3d printing as a whole step in the
production of
let's say an electronic device one can
perhaps take baby steps that is you can
incorporate 3d printing on current
manufacturing materials either as a last
step or as part of the creation of the
board or a creation of your flexible
device here's one example that was
demonstrated by optimal in that they
have placed the printed arrow sole
method of your circuit on a plastic tank
and this was deposited basically by a 3d
printing type of technique one can look
at other types of conformal surfaces
there's a lot of interest it's a on the
additive manufacturing side being
applied towards traditional molded
objects let's say in automotive
manufacturing so one can envision
producing the part by injection molding
and then finishing the electronic part
by additive manufacturing or 3d printing
come out with a electronic circuit or
design on a molded or plastic injection
molded object so important points and
perspectives one is that we have
reviewed conventional electronic design
process is of course the norm and it
will still be a challenge to incorporate
3d printing and vice-versa majority of
this original equipment manufacturers or
OMS are still not equipped or allow
access on model and modification of
their current manufacturing processes in
in a way a lot of these companies are of
course interested in recovering their
investment on their traditional
manufacturing method another is that
from the additive manufacturing side the
current 3d instrum
design stool are not yet designed or
solely intended for electronics in other
words was actually what I have actually
done for you today is demonstrated some
of the possibilities for looking at this
additive manufacturing methods and then
converting them more closely to
electronics in fact there's a materials
gap or opportunity to develop the
chemistry or conductive inks or curing
methods or thermosets specifically for
additive manufacturing in printed
electronics also it's possible to get
more companies to focus on new 3d
printers or neutral printed electronic
design tools not just for prototyping
but even for scalability or mass
production and then finally we envision
the integrated integration of these
materials or different methods for
fabrication together with Internet
connectivity or Internet of Things so
that one can realize their current
possibilities not only with flexible
electronics wearable electronics but the
replacement of our Curie
truely manufacturable concurrent printed
circuit boards so as I mentioned a lot
of these things
we recently summarized and wrote a
review article I posted here the
reference to a review article that we
recently published in progress in
additive manufacturing so so those of
you who have access to this journal of
course can download the journal and then
you can find a lot of the things that I
reviewed today as well so I'll be
closing with some of our recent work
that may lead to possible application
and 3d printed electronics our group has
a lot of focus these days on 3d printing
of polymer in nano composite materials
including thermoplastics thermoplastic
elastomers thermoset elastomers and
thermosets and some of our recent
publications are listed here let me just
demonstrate one or two material systems
one is this polyurethane thermoplastic
elastomer that we published two years
ago the thermoplastic TPU material owes
its properties because of the hard and
soft segments afforded by the isocyanate
and following all components and in fact
there's a lot of interest for this in
biomedical application and I dare to say
of course wearable electronics so what
we have done and this was a paper that
was published last year is we use TPU a
plastic as a precursor for making foams
so foam here was generated by making
origins based on the Nano clay
incorporated and we use fiscal solution
printing to prepare this material so we
printed a viscous space with the right
shinning T's cheer thinning viscosity
yield stress I'm showing here that we
can 3d print ketchup like this we can't
really print cement like this or we can
see the big chocolate like this but in
this case we made a 3d printable
thermoplastic polyurethane and I'll show
you the electronic application of this
so once we converted the base into an
extruder ball printable material we then
3d printed various shapes and sizes in
particular we produce these grids that
displayed various openings and then
finally we incorporated porosity through
the Nano clay
was the part of the formulation and the
removal of the nano play by hydrofluoric
acid etching to reveal actually a porous
material that was present on these 3d
printed objects so in this case we
actually made the object by 3d printing
we imbued the various thermo mechanical
properties so what I mean is the 3d
printing drives the opening size but the
procedure we use for making the foam
allowed it to be more elastomeric so in
this movie you'll see the 3d printed
object as we prepared it no conversion
to the elastomer simply based on the
geometry and the opening size so it's a
plastic and then if we change the
opening size you can see that we can
compress it somewhat again it still is a
plastic but you get a different
mechanical property however by
converting it we're removing the Nano
clay to produce a polar porous substance
this resulted in the formation of a
highly compressible and elastic foam and
we can change the geometry and the
composition to give get a different
elasticity as shown here okay so from
here why am i showing this and why is
this a good example of an electronic so
actually we took this material it showed
various compress abilities up to a
thousand cycles but interestingly will
be coated with a conductive material
such as a carbon nanotube containing
paint we can actually use it as a switch
an LED switch in a printed circuit board
so by turning it on and off on and off
the 3d printing allowed us to change the
thermo mechanical properties and made
for it a very durable switch for turning
led so with these two last examples we
recently published a 3d printed electric
model so this was done by using a nylon
powder together with a graphene
composition that we made together with a
pen circle so what happened is basically
a plastic that behaved as a motor a DC
motor in AC motor that we applied a high
voltage though but still is a moving
motor where we incorporated the
conductive material together with the
plastic and then finally we recently
published a conductive elastomeric foam
for strain and gas sensing so the active
ingredient was part of the formulation
namely graphene and we also added carbon
black and as you can see here in this
very busy slide we are able to control
or detect the change in conductivity or
resistivity as a function of compression
or release of compression or ecclesia
so in other words this material as
reported has been used as a motion
sensor where we can distinguish between
running walking and standing or jumping
and at the same time this material also
is a good gas sensor so in this case 3d
printing allowed us to make the object
and Composition at the same time but we
embedded the electrical or resistance
function on the material so with that
I'd like to thank you and I hope to hear
from you or you can again access the
review material and I hope this webinar
has been useful to all of you thank you
thank you doctor vanilla okay so as we
talk to the top of webinar we had some
unfortunate travel timing this week and
pre-recorded this month session so if
you have any questions for dr. vinculum
please type them into the questions
module as you're watching this now and
we will send out a follow-up email with
any questions that we receive I will
still take the opportunity to ask my
usual question doc can you give us a
brief preview of next month's webinar
topic polymers in medicine and
introduction thank you Richard that is
an exciting topic but what I will do of
course is reach out to all types of
listeners and viewers in that this is
somewhat of a polymer 101 in that women
do and various polymers that has been
applied to may be seen biomedical
engineering whether it's drug delivery
by implants and so on so I hope that
would be of interest to our viewers or
interested in the various polymers using
medicine today all right thank you
doctor please join us for that session
on Wednesday June 19th when we fully
expect to be back to our usual live
format and thank you all for joining us
for this session of Park systems 2019
material science research and AFM
webinar series you can find more
information about Park systems afm at
park system's calm and please direct any
AFM questions you have to inquiry at
Park systems comm if you have any
questions specific to this webinar
series or if you come up with another
question about today's session after
we've signed off please do not hesitate
to reach out to me directly at Richard
at Park systems comm thanks again and we
will see you next month