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Fig (3)
K+ Accumulation
Fig(2) “Arrhythmic” condition waveform Capacitive K+ ions serve as a chemical messenger. During
excitation, the electrochemical driving force for net outward
K+ current increases in propagation into depolarization .
II. MECHANISM FOR TRANSMISSION OF EXCITATION IN Therefore, efflux of K+ across the suddenly increase during
CARDIAC MUSCLE
the rising phase of the AP, even if K+ conductance (g k)
remains constant. The potassium ions effluxing across the
A large increase in gap junctions produces only a small surface will diffuse rapidly into and mix with the bulk ISF
increase in propagation velocity in cardiac muscle and [4].
smooth muscles, the maximum resistance of the junction
membranes that would not allow successful transmission by II.EPHAPTIC TRANSMISSION
local circuit without gap junctions. Where the gap junctions
exist, they provide a conduit for passage of local circuit
Impulse transmission between ventricular myocardial cells
current from one cell to the next (“electrical coupling”) and
can even occur ephaptically; i.e., by a “false synapse “with
for passage of molecules (“metabolic coupling”) including
two isolated cylindrical bundles closely appositioned for a
injected dyes [2], [3]. That is, they undoubtedly provide one
short distance (e.g., 800µm)[4], when one bundle after a short
means for transfer of excitation from cell to cell. Gap
distance was electrically stimulated, the impulse jumped to
junctions are abundant in mammalian hearts, but such
the second bundle after a short delay
specialized contacts are rare and much smaller in hearts of
lower vertebrates. Fig (3), which depicts local circuit current
Interactions between neurons in vertebrate brain have been
(I l c) passing through high resistance post junction, is
described that are ephaptic in nature, depending on current
unlikely to allow successful transmission because most of the
flow through the second neuron. It was also shown that
current would flow out radically through the cleft and there
electrical fields caused synchronous bursting in adjacent
by pass the post cell [4].
hippocampus neurons in which chemical transmission was
blocked [1].
I. CAPACITIVE COUPLING
distance was electrically stimulated, the impulse jumped to excitation, the action potential should overshoot +32mV [1].
the second bundle after a short delay. The Electrical voltage develops in narrow junction cleft,
when the membrane generates an action potential. The
Action potentials are not the same in all cell types and can electric field mechanism account for propagation of
even vary in their properties at different locations in the same excitation in cardiac muscle. The mechanism of cardiac
cell. Fig (4) shows the schematic action potential . muscle is been explained in fig(5).
V. EXCITATION OF CELL
Electrical simulations were applied internally to the first
chain, using rectangular depolarizing current pulses of 0.5-
nA amplitude and 0.5ms duration [9]. The delay time before
the current pulse was set to 1.0ms. Because the spice
program doses not have a voltage dependent resistance (to
generate the increase in K a ++ or Ca ++ conductance during
excitation), this function had to be done with a voltage
controlled current source. The sigmoid relationship between
conductance and membrane potential (V) had to be
mimicked by the black- box. The Na++ or Ca++ current
required for excitation has to be calculated for several
Voltage values and inserted into the GTABLE function [5].
The GTABLE values we originally used made the
myocardial cells and smooth muscles somewhat hyper
excitable. Therefore, in the present experiments, The
GTABLE values were altered to produce three levels of
excitability in the cells: high, intermediate, and low [9]. If
the network is larger [7], propagation by electric field
mechanism is almost as fast as in the case of strong coupling.
Hence, the transverse propagation of cardiac muscle cells in
single chain (1x2) can be extended to (1x3), (1x5) model and
parallel strands with longer chains (5x3, 5x5).The result
obtained from the single cell of cardiac muscle under
standard condition illustrated in fig(7). In this figure the AP
overshoots +32mV.
Fig(7)
Parameters Values
REFERENCES