Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Characterization,
Generation &
Disposal of Solid
Waste
Dr. Norhusna Mohamad Nor
Course Learning
Outcomes
The students should be able to:
– Describe the physical, chemical and
biological properties of solid waste.
– Analyze factors contribute to solid waste
generation
– Understand the principle of different
methods for solid wastes disposal
technologies.
OUTLINES
Non-Municipal Wastes
• Construction, fabrication, light and heavy
• Industrial manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants,
power plants, demolitions, etc.
Answer:
i) Moisture content = 16.48 %
ii) Specific weight = 175.2 lb/yd3
Particle Size &
Size Distribution
– Important for material recovery,
composting, incineration, landfilling etc.
– Affects the porosity and permeability of
waste in the landfill.
– The size and distribution of the
components of wastes are important for
the recovery of materials, especially when
mechanical means are used, such as
trommel screens and magnetic
separators.
Particle Size & Size
Distribution
– The size of waste components can be determined using the
following equations:
*depending on wastes’
dimension
Field Capacity
– The total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample
subject to the downward pull of gravity.
Field Capacity
– Very important in determining the formation of
leachate in landfills.
– Water in excess of field capacity will be released as
leachate.
– Varies with the degree of applied pressure and the
state of decomposition of wastes.
– Typical values for un-compacted commingled wastes
from residential and commercial sources are in the
range of 50-60%.
Permeability of Compacted
Waste
– The permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of compacted solid waste is an
important physical property because it governs the movement of liquids and
gases in a landfill.
– Permeability depends on:
✓ Pore size distribution
✓ Surface area
✓ Porosity
– Typical values for intrinsic permeability of compacted waste are in the range
of 10-11 and 10-12 m2 in the vertical direction and 10-10 m2 in the horizontal
direction.
Chemical Properties
of MSW
– The economic recovery of material and/or energy often
depends on the chemical composition of waste, the
individual chemical as well as the heat value.
– Important in evaluating the alternative processing and
recovery options:
– To be used as fuel
– Organic fraction can be composted
– Organic fraction can be used as feedstock for the production of
biological conversion products
Chemical Properties
of MSW
– The feasibility of combustion depends on the
chemical components of MSW.
– Available analyses:
– Proximate analysis
– Fusing point of ash
– Ultimate analysis (major elements)
– Energy content
Proximate Analysis
– Proximate analysis of MSW is carried out to determine:
➢ Moisture content – loss of moisture when heated to 105 °C.
➢ Volatile combustion matter – loss of weight on ignition of the dried
sample waste at 950 °C in a covered crucible.
➢ Fixed carbon – combustible residue that is left after the volatile
matter is removed from the waste.
➢ Ash content – weight of residue of waste after the combustion in an
open crucible.
– Table 4.2 tabulated the proximate analysis data for the combustible
components of MSW.
Fusing Point of
Ash
– Temperature at which the ash
resulting from the burning of wastes
forms a solid by fusion or
agglomeration.
– Typical fusing temperature for
formation of clinker from solid wastes
range from 1100 to 1200 °C.
Ultimate Analysis
➢ Based on elemental compositions which consist of
determination of percentage of its various chemical
constituents e.g. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur,
Ash and Halogen.
➢ Characterization of chemical compositions of organic matter
in solid wastes.
➢ C/N (carbon to nitrogen) ratio defines the proper mix of
waste materials and is an important factor for composting as
it controls biological conversion activity of the wastes.
Typical data on ultimate
analysis of combustible
materials found in solid
waste
Example 2
Determine the chemical composition of the organic fraction, without
and with sulfur and without and with water of a residential MSW with
the typical composition shown in the following table:
Example 4
Determine the energy value of typical residential MSW with chemical
composition of:
C500H2500O700N10S
Biological Properties
– Biodegradability of organic waste - is a process where
almost all organic compounds are degraded and
converted into biologically gases (CO2, water, methane)
or simple organic molecules via aerobic/anaerobic
digestion processes.
– Excluding materials like – plastic, leather, rubber, glass.
– Biological conversion indirectly produced:
✓ Production of odours
✓ Breeding of flies
– Characteristics of biological properties:
• Water soluble constituents (such as sugars, starches, amino acids and
other organic acids)
• Proteins (composed of chains of amino acids)
• Fats, oils and waxes (esters of alcohols and long-chain fatty acids)
• Hemicellulose (a condensation products of sugars, a product of 5 and 6-
carbon sugar)
• Cellulose ( a condensation product of glucose)
• Lignin content (a polymer material)***
• Lignocellulose (a combination of lignin and cellulose)
***lignin content is an important characteristics of biodegradability of waster and helps
in the selection of appropriate processing technique.
Biodegradability
– Rate of degradation - MSW is often classified as rapidly and slowly decomposable.
– Almost all the organic components can be convert biologically to gases and relatively
inert organic and inorganic solids.
– Volatile solids (VS) is often used as a measure of the biodegradability of MSW.
– The use of VS in describing the biodegradability always mislead due to some of organic
constituents of MSW are highly volatile but low in biodegradation (e.g. newsprint,
certain plant trimmings).
– Thus, biodegradable fraction is estimated using Lignin content:
BF = 0.83 - 0.028 LC
where,
BF= biodegradable fraction expresses on a volatile solids basis
LC= Lignin content of the volatile solids expressed as percent of dry weight
Production of
Odours
– Resulted from anaerobic decomposition of readily
decomposable organic components in MSW.
– Developed when solid wastes are stored too long.
– Can be bad in warm climates.
– Odours problems contributed by formation of variety of
sulphides.
– Sulfate is reducing to sulfide (S2-), which subsequently
combines with hydrogen to form H2S
b) Determine the unit waste collection rate based on the assumption that each household is
comprised of 4 people.
Mass-volume Analysis
Collection
Geographic Use of kitchen
Season of the year frequency (affect
location waste grinder
amount collected)
Extent of
Characteristics of
salvaging and Public attitudes Legislation
populace
recycling
Solid Waste Disposal
Techniques
Composting
Landfill