Manual 2

Disclaimer:

Materials have been extracted from various sources

for classroom teaching purposes only.
Due credit is being given to relevant authors.

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Notes and Exercises

Anti-Differentiation 3
Integrating Exponential Function 15
Definite Integrals and Fundamental Theorem 20
Applications of integration: Using definite integrals to find total change from rate of change 36
Applications of integration: Areas under/between curves 44
Applications of integration: Rectilinear motion & Application of integration to motion 54
Logarithmic Function 60
Law of Logarithms and Logarithmic Scale 62
Solving Equations with logarithms 68
Logarithmic Graphs 72
The Natural Logarithm and its derivative 75
The Integral of 1/x 78

Revision
Part 1: Integration
Set 1
Integration 82
Application of Integration 89
Trigonometry 101
Exponential Functions 105
Set 1 Answers 109

Set 2
Anti-Differentiation 113
Definite Integral 121
Application of Integration 126
Rectilinear Motion 152
Set 2 Answers 167

Part 2: Logarithmic Functions

Logarithms 1 171
Answers for Logarithms 1 187
Logarithms 2 189
Answers for Logarithms 2 199
Natural Logarithms 201
Answers for Natural Logarithms 215

2
 INTEGRATION

PART 1

ANTI-DIFFERENTIATION

identify anti-differentiation as the reverse of differentiation

use the notation ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 for anti-derivatives or indefinite integrals
1
establish and use the formula ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝑐 for 𝑛 ≠ −1
establish and use the formula ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
establish and use the formulas ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 and ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
identify and use linearity of anti-differentiation
determine indefinite integrals of the form ∫ 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏)𝑑𝑥
identify families of curves with the same derivative function
determine 𝑓(𝑥), given 𝑓′(𝑥) and an initial condition 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑏

3
PRELIMINARY WORK

INVESTIGATION 1: Differentiation Recap

INDEPENDENT WORK

Differentiate the following with respect to x :

Function: f (x ) 1st Derivative: f ' ( x )

xn

kx n

ex

sin( x )

cos( x)

tan( x)

k f (x )

Let f ( x ) = 3 x
Differentiate f (2 x + 9)

f (ax + b)

Differentiate the following with respect to x .

What did you observe?

Function: f (x ) 1st Derivative: f ' ( x )

3x 2

3x 2 + 5

3x 2 − 3

ANTI-DIFFERENTIATION

Anti-differentiation is the opposite of differentiation.

dy
Given the derivative, or gradient function, , anti-differentiation returns us to the function, or primitive.
dx
From the preliminary work, you would have identified a few basic formulas for differentiation.

We will be using some ideas from the preliminary work in the following activity.

4
ACTIVITY 1: Indefinite Integration 1

Find the antiderivative of the following. Write the correct mathematical notation.

Function: f (x ) Antiderivative: F (x )
x + 7x − 2
3

5
−
x4

ex

sin( x )

cos( x)

1
cos 2 ( x )

4 cos( x) − 2 sin( x)

x − x4
2x 3

5
ACTIVITY 2: Indefinite Integration 2 and Calculator

Find the antiderivative of the following. Write the correct mathematical notation.

Check your answers by using the CAS calculator.

Function: f (x ) Antiderivative: F (x )
5( 3 x + 7 ) 4

cos( 2 x)

e4 x

sin( 9 x + 7)

Notes: The following can be helpful for you to solve antiderivative questions.

CAS integration tutorial:

6
ACTIVITY 3: Indefinite Integration and Determining the ‘C’

By now, you would have an idea of the role of the constant ‘c’ from indefinite integration. The following questions will
further explore the use of ‘c’ in integration questions. You will also explore the linearity property of integration.

dy 2
If = 4 x − 2 , and when x = −1, y = 2, find
dx x
(a) y in terms of x
(b) y when x = 0.5

The instantaneous rate with which the volume of water in a holding tank changes with time, is modelled by
dV
= (t − 1)( −t 2 − 9) . Where V is the volume of water in the tank in kL and t is time in hours.
dt
The initial volume in the tank is 10 kL.
(a) Determine an equation that can be used to find volume of the tank.
(b) For what time will the equation found in (a) be valid? (Tip: Use a graphing tool to visualise)

Note: You may find the following useful to remember:

INTEGRATION MILESTONE TEST 1

7
 dv 1
1. Find v in terms of x , given that = x+ and v = 2 when x = 4
dx x

4 4
x 3 x
2. Differentiate e and use this result to find the indefinite integral of 2 x e .

Note:

You can also use the formula of

∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

3. Differentiate ( 4 x + 1) and hence deduce the indefinite integral of 6 x ( 4 x + 1) .

2 3 2 2

Note:

You can also use the formula of

[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝑐

8
ACTIVITY 4: Families of Curves with the Same Derivative Function

Class Investigation

1. Find the indefinite integral: ∫ (4𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥

2. Substitute values of c = -1, c = 2 and c = 5 to create f1(x), f2(x) and f3(x).

3. Draw the functions on the same graph and describe this family of functions.

4. Integration would produce a constant. What is the constant for?

Example:
a. Find the Find the indefinite integral: ∫ (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
b. Substitute values of c = -2, c = 1 and c = 3 to create f1(x), f2(x) and f3(x).
c. Draw the functions on the same graph and describe this family of functions.

9
Anti-Differentiation Exercises

Exercise A

10
Exercise A: Answer

11
Exercise B

12
13
Exercise B: Answer

14
Exercise C

15
Exercise C: Answer

16
Exercise D

17
Exercise D: Answer

18
Exercise E

Exercise E: Answer

19
 INTEGRATION

PART 2

Definite Integrals and First Fundamental Theorem

examine the area problem and use sums of the form ∑𝑖 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) 𝛿𝑥𝑖 to estimate the area under the
curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑏
identify the definite integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 as a limit of sums of the form ∑𝑖 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) 𝛿𝑥𝑖
𝑏
interpret the definite integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 as area under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) > 0
𝑏
interpret ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 as a sum of signed areas
apply the additivity and linearity of definite integrals
𝑥
examine the concept of the signed area function 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑥
apply the theorem: 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑥), and illustrate its proof geometrically
𝑏
develop the formula ∫𝑎 𝑓′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎) and use it to calculate definite integrals

20
ACTIVITY 5: Examining the Area Problem

A road tunnel is to be made in a hillside. The proposed scheme is as shown in the diagram below, with the
symmetrical cross-section of the tunnel shown shaded. All units are in metres.

1 2
In the model above, the tunnel is bounded by the x-axis, the lines x = 2 , x = p and the curve y = 2 x − x
8

1. Find the value of p.

2. What is the maximum height of the tunnel?

3. Without the use of integrals, how could we estimate the area of the tunnel?

21
From the previous activity, you would have found that you could estimate areas using simplified shapes such as
rectangles. Why would we use rectangles instead of other shapes? Consider the series of pictures below; What
happens when we increase the number of rectangles used to estimate the area?

Notes/Findings

Example 1:Find an approximation to the area under the curve y = x 2 between x = 1 and x = 4 using the sum of the
three rectangles shown below.

Note: The rectangles used are left rectangles. Why is it named that way?

22
Example 2: The Right, Left and Centre Rectangles

Find an approximation to the area under the curve y = 12 − x 3 between x = 0 and x = 1.5

Sketch the graph to illustrate it. Use your CAS calculators to help you determine its shape.

1. 3 left rectangles

2. 3 right rectangles

3. 3 centred rectangles

4. By using definite integration, what would be its actual area?

Discuss your answer and compare it to parts 1, 2, and 3. What did you find out?

23
Using CAS Calculator for Estimation of Areas

Find an approximation to the area under the curve y = 12 − x 3 between x = 0 and x = 2 using 50 left rectangles.

1. Open a ‘Lists and Spreadsheet’ page

2. Select Cell ‘A1’ (First Row, Column A)
3. Type: ‘=a1+0.04’ into cell A2
*0.04 being the width of the rectangles
4. Copy cell A2 by pressing ‘[ctrl] +C’. Mark cells A3
To cells A50. (Press the middle button on A3
And hold. Press the down arrow. Go down until
A50 and press the middle button. Make sure
The cells are HIGHLIGHTED)
5. Paste by pressing ‘[ctrl] + V’.
Now you have all the x –coordinates for the
Rectangles.
6. Type ‘=12-a13 ‘ into B1.
7. Copy the B1 into B2 to B50.
Now you have all the heights of the rectangles.
8. Finally, sum the areas! Type ‘sum(0.04*B1:B50)’ into C1.

24
Exercise F

Answer

25
ACTIVITY 6: INDEPENDENT READING: LIMIT OF A SUM AS INTEGRATION

26
27
ACTIVITY 7: DEFINITE INTEGRALS

From the previous activities, you would have understood how to estimate areas under graphs using rectangles. You
would also know how the ‘limit of sums’ is related to integration. In this activity we will be exploring the concept of
definite integration.

Attempt the questions below. The reading from the previous page has an example on definite integrals.

 6x
2
(a) dx 1
(b)  x
dx

2 1
 (3 x 2 + 4) dx  6(2 x + 1)
3
(c) (d) dx
1 0

From the questions above, (a), (b), (c) and (d). What are the differences?
Why do we associate integrals as definite or indefinite?

28
Exercise G

29
Answer
30
ACTIVITY 8: INDEPENDENT READING: THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

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32
ACTIVITY 9: THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

In this activity we will be exploring the concept of the ‘Fundamental Theorem’. The reading material from previous
pages will assist you to further understand the concept.

For the following questions, attempt each question without the assistance of your calculator. Attempt the questions
in order.

Question 1

 (12t + 6t )dt
2
(a)

x
(b) 
1
(12t 2 + 6t ) dt

d x
(c) (  (12 t 2 + 6t ) dt )
dx 1

Question 2

 2t (t + 3) 4 dt
2
(a)

x
(b) −2
2t (t 2 + 3) 4 dt

d x
(c)
dx −2
2t (t 2 + 3) 4 dt

33
Exercise H

34
Answer

BONUS:

1. The following is an extension of the Homework for Fundamental Theorem. By using the formula given, attempt
the questions that follow.

e2 x
d
(a)
dx  4t + 1dt
0

sin( x )

(b) Find the derivative of  sin( u )du

1

2x

(c) d the derivative of  1 + e u du

1

35
Applications of integration

Calculate total change by integrating instantaneous or marginal rate of change

Using definite integrals to find total change from rate of change

36
 Total change theorem

The definite integral of the rate of change of a quantity, 𝐹 ′(𝑥), gives the total change in that quantity.
𝑏
∫ 𝐹 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

Example:

Solution:

37
Example:

The rate of change of temperature in degrees Celsius per minute for a cup of coffee is given by:

𝐹 ′ (𝑡) = 10𝑒 −0.25𝑡

where 𝑡 is in minutes.

What is the total change in the coffee temperature between 𝑡 = 1 and 𝑡 = 8?

Solution:

[Ans: 25.7 degrees Celsius]

38
Example:

Following the Second World War, there was a significant increase in the birth rates among the western countries.

If it is assumed that the rate of births in millions of babies per year for the post war years is approximated by:

𝐵′ (𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 5 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 15

(a) How many babies were born in the first 15 years after the war?

(b) How long did it take for the number of babies born after the war to reach 104 million?

Solution:

[Ans: (a) 300 million (b) 8 years]

39
 In business and economics, marginal cost, profit, revenue, etc. is defined as the cost, profit or revenue for the
last item or unit. It is approximated by the rate of change, so the derivative is taken to be the marginal quantity.
This means that the total cost, profit, revenue, etc. is the integral of the marginal amount or marginal rate of
change.

Example:

Solution 1:

40
Solution 2:

You could have integrated the difference function 𝑃′ (𝑥) = 𝑅 ′ (𝑥) − 𝐶′(𝑥) to calculate the total profit instead of
calculating the total revenue and cost.

41
Exercise I

42
43
Answer

Applications of integration

Calculate the area under a curve

Calculate the area between curves

Areas under/ between curves

You can calculate the areas between the curves of known functions. For an enclosed area, it is often necessary for you
to find the intersection points of the curves.

44
  f (x )
b
In general, Area = dx
a

The negative outside the first integral makes that area positive. Of course the value of b will have to be computed as
an x intercept of f. If no working is required, then simply find
c

Area = 
f ( x ) dx
a using your graphics function.

45
If no working is required then the area between f and g, irrespective of how many times they cross each other or the
x-axis, is:
b b

Area =  
f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx g ( x ) − f ( x ) dx
a) & b) a or a

c c

c) Area = 
a
f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx
or 
a
g ( x ) − f ( x ) dx

Example:

Find the area enclosed by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑦 = 0.

Solution:

46
Example:

Find the area enclosed by the functions f ( x ) = x , g ( x) = ( x − 4 ) and the x-axis.

2 2

Solution:

[Ans: 16⁄3 square units]

47
Example:
Find the area enclosed by y = 3 x 2 − 4 x − 1 and y = x 2 − x − 2.

Solution:

1
[Ans: 24 square units]
48
Example:

Find the area enclosed by y = x 3 + x 2 − 4 x − 1 and y = 2 x + 1.

Solution:

[Ans: 20 .057 square units]

49
Exercise J

50
51
Answer

Exercise K

52
Answer

53
Applications of integration

Determine displacement given velocity in linear motion problems

Determine positions given linear acceleration and initial values of position and velocity

Rectilinear motion

Application of integration to motion

54
Example:

Solution:

55
 Many situations involve motion subject to gravity. In these cases, acceleration due to gravity must be taken
into account. For practical purposes, acceleration due to gravity (g) is taken to be 9.8 m/s2 acting towards
the centre of the Earth. This means that if you consider upwards as positive, then, 𝑔 = −9.8 m/s2 , but if
downwards is positive, then 𝑔 = 9.8 m/s2.

Example:

An object is propelled vertically upwards from 2 m above the ground at 25 m/s.

(a) Find the velocity after 2 seconds.

(b) When does the object first come to rest?

(c) Find the position of the object after 3 s.

Solution:

[Ans: (a) 5.4 m/s upwards (b) 2.55 s (c) 32.9 m above ground]
56
Example:

The velocity of a particle moving in a straight line is given by:

𝑑𝑥
= 20 − 8𝑒 −0.4𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Calculate the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 3 seconds.

Solution:

[Ans: 46 m]

57
Exercise L

58
Answer

59
Logarithmic Functions

define logarithms as indices: 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏 is equivalent to 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑏 i.e. 𝑎log𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑏

establish and use the algebraic properties of logarithms
examine the inverse relationship between logarithms and exponentials: 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 is equivalent to 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑦

Indices and Logarithms

Example 1:

Write the following in index form:

1
a) log 2 (64) = 6 b) log 7   = − 1
7

Example 2:

Write the following in logarithmic form:

−3 1
a) 5 2 = 25 b) 2 =
8
Example 3:

Without using a calculator, evaluate the following:

a) log 5 125 b) log 0.1 10

−1 1 1
Answer: 1 a) 2 = 64 b) 7
6
= 2 a) log 5 ( 25 ) = 2 b) log 2 ( ) = − 3 3 a) 3 b) -1
7 8

Exercise M

60
Answer

61
Law of Logarithms and Logarithmic Scale

interpret and use logarithmic scales

Note: Common logarithm, log = log 10

Base Change formula:

Example 1:
Express each of the following as single logarithms.

a) log x + log y − 3 log z b) log x + 1 − log y

Example 2:
Without the assistance of a calculator, simplify log 2 12 + log 2 36 − 3 log 2 3 .

62
Example 3: If log a 4 = p and log a 5 = q , express each of the following in terms of p and q.
a) log a 20 b) log a 0 .8

c) log a (100 a 2 )

 xy   10 x 
Answer 1.a) log  3  b) log   2. 4 3.a) p+q b) p-q c) p+2q+2
z   y 

Exercise N

63
64
Answer

65
Exercise O

66
Answer

67
Solving equations with logarithms

solve equations involving indices using logarithms

Example 1: Solve 4 x = 2 x +1 + 3

x = log 2 3

x +1
Example 2: Solve 3 = 5 x − 4 then evaluate, correct to four significant figures.

x = 14 .75

Example 3: Solve log 3 ( x + 4) − log 3 ( x − 2) = 2

11
x=
4
68
Exercise P

69
70
Answer

71
Logarithmic Graphs

identify the qualitative features of the graph of 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎 > 1), including asymptotes, and of its
translations 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 and 𝑦 = log 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑐)
solve simple equations involving logarithmic functions algebraically and graphically

Graph of logarithmic functions of the form y = log a x , a  1 :

Example 1:

IMPORTANT features of logarithmic graph:

✓ x-axis intercept
✓ asymptote and equation of asymptote
✓ The new coordinate of the point (1, 0).

Example 2:

Sketch the graph of f ( x ) = log 3 ( x + 2) , labelling all important features.

72
Exercise Q

73
Answer

4.

74
The Natural Logarithm and Its Derivative

define the natural logarithm ln 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥

examine and use the inverse relationship of the functions 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑦 = ln 𝑥
𝑑 1
establish and use the formula (ln 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Further readings on Logarithm-What is e?

Example 1:
Differentiate: a) 3x 4 + log e x b) 3 ln x

Example 2:
Differentiate: a) ln( 3 x + 5) b) ln( x 2 + 5)

Example 3:
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = log 7 ( x ) .

75
Exercise R

76
Answer

77
 1
The Integral of
x
1
establish and use the formula ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐, for 𝑥 > 0
𝑑 𝑓′ (𝑥)
determine derivatives of the form 𝑑𝑥 (ln 𝑓(𝑥)) and integrals of the form ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥, for 𝑓 (𝑥) > 0
use logarithmic functions and their derivatives to solve practical problems

Example 1:

16 15 x 2
Example 2: Find a)  dx , ( 2 x + 5  0)  x 3 +1 dx, ( x + 5  0)
3
b)
2x + 5

1
Example 3: Find the area between the x -axis and y = from x = 2 to x = 5 .
x

5
a) 8 ln( 2 x + 5) + c b) 5 ln( x 3 + 1) + c c) ln( )
2

78
Exercise S

79
Answer

80
 PART 1:
INTEGRATION

81
Set 1
Chapter 3: Integration
1. Find the antiderivatives of the following:
4 1 3
(a) 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 (b) + √𝑥
√𝑥

2. Find the antiderivatives of the following:

3
(a) (2𝑥+5)2

(b) √3𝑥 − 1

2
(c) 3
√5𝑥−6

82
3. Find the following:
𝑥
(a) ∫(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4)3 𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫ (5𝑥 2 +1)3 𝑑𝑥

(b) ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 4)9 𝑑𝑥
(d) ∫ 2𝑥(3 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

4. Find the antiderivative of each of the following indefinite integrals:

2−𝑥5
(a) ∫( )𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

(b) ∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥)𝑑𝑥

(c) ∫(√5𝑥 3 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

83
5. Evaluate the following definite integrals:
7
(a) ∫0 √3𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

3 1
(b) ∫1 (√𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√

2
(c) ∫0 (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4)2 𝑑𝑥

84
6. Determine the following:
𝑑 𝑥2 𝑡2
(a) ∫ ( 4 )𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑 𝑥 3𝑡
(b) ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 0 (1−𝑡 2 )2

𝑑 0 2+𝑡
(c) ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 2 𝑡−3

𝑑 2𝑥 3
(d) ∫
𝑑𝑥 0
√1 + 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

2 𝑑 𝑥3
(e) ∫1 [ ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1

85
 4
7. Find the exact value of ∫1 √𝑥(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥.

𝑑𝑦
8. If = 12(3𝑥 − 2)2 and 𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥 = 0, find:
𝑑𝑥

(a) 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥

(b) 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 2

𝜋
9. Find the exact value of ∫−𝜋(4𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
10. If = (−3 − 2𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 7)5 and 𝑦 = −100 when 𝑥 = 1, find 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

86
 1
11. Find the value of t if ∫𝑡 (4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = 4, where t is a positive constant.

5
12. Given ∫2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 15, evaluate:
2
(a) ∫5 3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

4 5
(b) ∫2 [𝑓(𝑥) + 3]𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
13. Any coordinate on a curve has a gradient given by = . Find the equation of the curve
𝑑𝑥 √1−4𝑥
which passes through the point (-2,1).

87
 𝑑𝑦
14. The gradient of the curve is given by 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏), where k, a and b are constants and
a<b. The curve has stationary points at (-2,11) and (3,6).
(a) Find the values of k, a and b.

(b) Determine the equation of the curve.

88
Chapter 4: Application of Integration
𝑥
1. Find the total area enclosed between 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2 + 2.

2. If a water tank is initially full and the volume of water (𝑣) in the tank (𝑡) minutes after draining
𝑑𝑣
commences is given by 𝑑𝑡 = 0.2𝑡 2 − 30, where 𝑣 is in kL, calculate :

(a) how much water is in the tank initially if it takes 15 minutes to empty?

(b) how much water was drained in the 8th minute?

89
3. The velocity of a particle is given by 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡(𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 5) where 𝑣 is measured in meters per
second. Given 𝑣(0) = 0 determine:
(a) the displacement of the particle from the origin after 2 seconds

(b) the distance travelled in the first 3 seconds.

4. A company has determined that the marginal cost in $ per unit for producing 𝑥 units is given by
𝑑𝐶
= 60√𝑥 where 𝐶(0) = $1500. Determine:
𝑑𝑡

(a) 𝐶(𝑥)

(b) 𝐶(150)

90
(c) the average cost of producing 150 units

(d) The total profit if 150 units are produced and sold, if the revenue received is $600 per unit.

5. The diagram below is the function 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.

Calculate the approximate area trapped between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes by using rectangles
of width 0.5 and averaging the underestimates and overestimates.
Rectangle 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.5 0.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.5 1.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.5 2.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 Total
Underestimate
Overestimate

91
6. The velocity 𝑣(𝑡) in meters per second at time 𝑡 seconds of an object moving in a straight line is given
by : 𝑣(𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5
(a) Find 𝑥(𝑡), the displacement at time 𝑡 given 𝑥(0) = 0

(b) At what time 𝑡 in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5, does the object return to its starting points?

(c) At what time 𝑡 in the internal 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5 is the object furthest from its starting points?

92
 𝑑𝐶
7. The marginal cost of producing 𝑥 units is 𝑑𝑥 = 125 − 0.003𝑥 2 dollars per day. If the manufacturers
fixed costs are $4000 per day, calculate:
(a) the total cost $𝐶 of producing 40 units per day

(b) the average cost of producing 40 units per day per unit

(c) the change in the cost if the production per day is changed from 40 to 50 units.

93
8. Find the area bounded by the following functions:
𝑥
𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 3, 2𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥, 𝑒2 = 𝑦 + 1

9. A particle moves along a straight line. The velocity-time graph is shown below.

(a) Describe using the graph above the movement of the particle over the 10 seconds.

(b) Find the velocity of the particle when 𝑡 = 3.

94
(c) Write an expression for 𝑣 in terms of 𝑡 for 6 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 10.

(d) Find the velocity when 𝑡 = 9.

(e) Find the acceleration of the particle when

i. 𝑡 = 1 ii. 𝑡 = 7

(f) Find the change in displacement for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 10.

95
10. The area enclosed by the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 and the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is 24.813. Find the value of 𝑚 (𝑚
is positive)

11. The area of the bounded region 𝐴 and 𝐵 for the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) are 10 and 7 units respectively.

Evaluate
2 −2
(a) ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

2 2
(b) ∫0 𝑓(−𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫−2[𝑓(𝑥) + 3] 𝑑𝑥

96
12. A particle moving along a straight line has a velocity of 25 𝑚/𝑠 as it passes 0, the origin. The
acceleration 𝑡 seconds later is 10𝑡 − 30 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 . Calculate the total distance travelled from O when the
particle rests for the second time.

13. Find the area of the shaded region below.

97
 𝑑𝐶
14. The marginal cost for producing 𝑥 items of a product is given by 𝑑𝑡 = 0.02𝑥 + 150 where $𝐶 is the
cost of producing 𝑥 it items of the product.
(a) Given the fixed cost is $2500, find the cost of producing 50 items.

(b) Find the total change in cost of producing 200 items rather than 100 items.

98
15. The velocity 𝑣(𝑡) in meters per second of a particle moving in a straight line is given by
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 3.
(a) Determine the distance travelled in the 3rd second.

(b) Determine the distance travelled in the interval 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3.

(c) If initially the particle had a displacement of 𝑥 = −15 what is the displacement when 𝑡 = 3.

(d) Calculate the acceleration when 𝑡 = 2.

99
16. The graph below consists of the following functions:
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

(a) State an integral which represents the area of Region B and calculate the area.

(b) State an integral which represents the area of Region A.

(c) Find the value of 𝑘 for which the area of Region A is equal to the area of Region B.

100
Chapter 5: Trigonometry
1. Find the antiderivative of the following:
2𝑥
(a) sin( 3 ) (b) cos(−𝑥)

2. Determine:
𝜋
(a) ∫[sin (2𝑥 + 3 )] 𝑑𝑥

(b) ∫[5 cos(2𝑥) + 6 sin(3𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

(c) ∫[sin(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

101
 (d) ∫[15 cos(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

(e) ∫[cos(2𝑥) cos(4𝑥) − sin(2𝑥) sin(4𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥

3. Find the area of the shaded region bounded by the x and y axes and the curve
𝑦 = 3 sin(2𝑥) + cos(𝑥)

102
 𝑥
4. The graph below shows the curve 𝑦 = 4sin(2) for −2𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0.

Find
(a) The coordinated of the minimum point

(b) The area of region A

(c) The area of region B

103
5. A particle moves along a straight line so that its acceleration ‘a’ in m/s2 at time t seconds is given
3𝜋 2 𝜋𝑡
by: 𝑎 = − cos( 2 )
4

Initial velocity is 0 m/s.

Initial displacement is 3 metres from the origin.
Determine:
(a) An expression for the velocity of the particle at time (t).

(b) An expression for the displacement of the particle at time (t)

(c) The velocity and displacement when 𝑡 = 3.

104
Chapter 7: Exponential Functions
1. Antidifferentiate the following:
(a) 𝑒 3𝑥+1

(b) 4𝑒 2𝑥

6
(c) 𝑒 5𝑥

(d) 3√𝑒 4𝑥

(e) 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥

2 +1
(f) 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥

105
2. Find the antiderivative of each of the following indefinite integrals:
(a) ∫ 4𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 −6
(b) ∫ 3𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(c) ∫(√5𝑥 3 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

8𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
(d) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥

3. Evaluate the following definite integrals:

4
(a) ∫−1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (in exact form)

1 4
(b) ∫0 (𝑒 3𝑥 − (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥

106
 𝑑𝑃
4. Given = 𝑒 4−2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑒2
(a) Express P in terms of t if when t = 1, P = 2

(b) Find P when t = 2

5. Determine:
𝑒 5𝑥
(a) ∫( + 𝜋)𝑑𝑥
3

2 2 +3
(b) ∫0 (2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

(c) ∫( 𝑒 −4𝑥 𝜋 − 𝑒)𝑑𝑥

3
(d) ∫0 6(√𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 as an exact value

2 −5𝑥+2
(e) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥

107
 2 −4𝑥+3
6. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑒 𝑥 ) and 𝑓(1) = 2 determine 𝑓(𝑥).

108
Answer for Set 1:
Chapter 3: Integration
−1
1. (a) + 𝑥2 + 𝑐
𝑥4
3
(b) 2𝑥1/2 + 4 𝑥 4/3 + 𝑐

2.
3
(a) +𝑐
−2(2𝑥+5)
2(3𝑥−1)3/2
(b) +𝑐
9
3(5𝑥−6)2/3
(c) +𝑐
5

3.
(𝑥 2 −𝑥+4)4
(a) +𝑐
4
(𝑥 3 +4)10
(b) +𝑐
30
−1
(c) +𝑐
20(5𝑥 2 +1)2
𝑥2
(d) 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + +𝑐
2

4.
−2 𝑥4
(a) − +𝑐
𝑥 4
𝑥4 10𝑥 3
(b) − +𝑐
2 3
2𝑥 5/2 1
(c) − 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
√5

5.
(a) 26
(b) 4.2615
(c) 24
6.
𝑥5
(a) 2
3𝑥
(b) (1−𝑥 2 )2
4𝑥+6𝑥 3
(c) −( )
𝑥 2 −1
(d) √1 + 4𝑥 6 . 6𝑥 2
(e) 1.1
7. 132/5

109
8.
4(3𝑥−2)3
(a) 𝑦 = + 41/3
3
(b) 𝑦 = 99
9. 2𝜋
(𝑥 2 +3𝑥−7)6
10. 𝑦 = + 21.5
−6
1
11. 𝑡 = 2

12.
(a) -45
(b) 21
−√−4𝑥+1 5
13. 𝑦 = +2
2

14.
(a) 𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑘 = 6/25
6𝑥 3 3𝑥 2 36𝑥 231
(b) 𝑦 = − − +
75 25 25 25

Chapter 4: Application of Integration

1. 2.604 units2
2. (a) 225 kL (b) 18.73kL drained
1
3. (a) 5 3 𝑚 (b) 8.416 m
3
4. (a) 𝐶(𝑥) = 40𝑥 2 + 1500
(b) 𝐶 = 74984.69
(c) $499.90
(d) $15015.31
5. Total Area under-estimate=15.625
Total Area Over-estimate=20.125
Total Area=17.875
6.(a) 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2
(b) Object returns to starting point after 3 secs.
(c) 𝑡 = 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠

110
 7. (a) $8936
(b) $223.40 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
(c) $1189
8. 2.0409 units2
9.(a) Constant velocity for the first 6 seconds
Moving to the right for the first 8 seconds and changes direction at t=8
Constant deceleration from t=6 to t=10.
(b) 5 m/s
(c) -2.5t+20
(d) -2.5 m/s
(e) i. 0 m/s ii. -2.5 ms-2
(f) Change in displacement=30m
10. m=5.3
11.(a) -3 (b) -10 (c) 10 (d) 9
12. 65 m
33
13. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2
2

14.(a) $10025 (b) $15300

2 4
15 (a) 3 (b) 3 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 (c) x=-15 meters (d) 0 𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
2 0
16(a) 10 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2 (b) 𝐴 = ∫𝑘 (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (c) k=-2

Chapter 5: Trigonometric Functions

1.
2𝑥
[−3 cos( )]
3
(a) +𝑐
2
(b) sin(𝑥) + 𝑐
2.
𝜋
[− cos(2𝑥+ )]
3
(a) +𝑐
2
[5 sin(2𝑥)]
(b) − 2 cos(3𝑥) + 𝑐
2
−𝑐𝑜𝑠4 (𝑥)
(c) +𝑐
4
3 (𝑥)
(d) 5𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝑐
[sin(6𝑥)]
(e) +𝑐
6
3. Area = 4 units2
111
 4.
(a) (−𝜋, −4)
(a) A= 8 units2
(b) A=4 𝜋 – 8 units2
5.
3𝜋 𝜋𝑡
(a) 𝑣(𝑡) = − sin ( 2 )
2
𝜋𝑡
(b) 𝑥(𝑡) = 3 cos ( 2 )
3𝜋
( )𝑚
2
(c) 𝑣(3) = , 𝑥(3) = 0 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑠

Chapter 7: Exponential Functions

1.
𝑒 3𝑥+1 3𝑒 2𝑥
(a) +𝑐 (d) +𝑐
3 2
4𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 1
(b) +𝑐 (e) − +𝑐
2 5 5𝑒 5𝑥
6 𝑥 2 +1
(c) +𝑐 (f) 𝑒 +𝑐
−5𝑒 5𝑥
2.
4𝑒 3𝑥 5
(a) +𝑐 (c)
2𝑥 2 1
− 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
3
2 √5
3𝑒 𝑥 −6 8𝑒 3𝑥
(b) +𝑐 (d) +𝑥+𝑐
2 3
3.
𝑒8 1
(a) − 2𝑒 2
2
(b) 4.3618
4.
𝑒 4−2𝑡
(a) 𝑃 = + 𝑒2
−2
(b) 𝑃 = 6.8891
5.
𝑒 5𝑥
(a) + 𝜋𝑥 + 𝑐
15
(b) 29927.03
𝜋
(c) − 4𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
3
(d) 12𝑒 2 + 15
2
(e) 𝑒 𝑥 −5𝑥+2 + 𝑐
2−4𝑥+3
𝑒𝑥 3
6. 𝑓(𝑥) = +2
2

112
Set 2
07 Anti-Differentiation
Exercise 7.1
1. Integrate each of the following with respect to t :
3
1 −4 −2
a) b) 4 c)  
(3t )3 t  3t 

2. Anti-differentiate each of the following with respect to x :

−6 3
a) − 53 x b) 5
c)
x 3
8x 2

113
3. Fine the integral, with respect to t , for each of the following:
3 1 1 + 2t (t + 4 )2
a) 4 − b) 2t + 3 c)
t t t t4

2
dy  1 
4. Given that = 1 − 2  , find y if x = 1, y = 2 .
dx  x 

114
Exercise 7.2
1. Find the anti-derivative with respect to x , for each of the following:
1
a) − (3 + 4 x ) 3 b) 3
(1 + 2 x )2 c)
3
(2 + 3 x )2

2. Find:
2 − 5x 1
a)  − 4 1 − 3x dx b)  3
dx c) 4 5 + 2x
dx

115
3. Integrate ( x 2 + 2) 2 / x 4 − (2 x − 1)3 with respect to x .

2
4. For f ' (t ) = , find f (t ) given that f (0) = 2 .
3 1 + 3t

dV −2
5. Given that = , find V given that when t = 0, V = 0 .
dt 0.5t + 4

116
Exercise 7.3
1. Find:
5x 2
a)  5 x 2 (3 + 2 x 3 ) 4 dx b)  7(2 x 3 + 1) 3 dx

2x 1 1
c) 3 4x 2 − 5
dx d) x 2
1 + dx
x

(1 + x )7
e)  x
dx

117
Exercise 7.4
1. Find:
b)  4 / (5e −0.05t )dt
4
a)  − e −1.25 x dx
5

c)  − 4 / (5e1+ 0.05 x ) dx
1
d)  e −3 x +1 + dx
1+ 2x

e)  e − 2 x (1 − e − 2 x ) dx
4

2. For
dP
( 2
)
= 1 + 2e − t , find P , given that when t = 0, P = 1 .
dt

118
Exercise 7.5
1. Find the anti-derivative with respect to x for (x 2 + 2 x )e x +3 x 2
3

2. Integrate with respect to x :

2
a) ( x + 1)e − 2 x − x
2 4x
b) 2
+2
3 3e x

2
xe 2 x
3.Find  (1 − e 2 x2
)4
dx .

4. Verify that 32 x = e 2 x ln(3) where ln 3 = log e 3 . Hence find the anti-derivative of 32 x .

119
Exercise 7.6
1. Integrate each of the following with respect to the appropriate variable
sin 4 x   + 2x 
a) b) − sin  
3  6 

 1 + 3x 
c) cos(1 − x) d) − cos  
 4 

e) e 4 x + 3 sin (1 − x ) f) cos( x ) sin 4 ( x )

2. Differentiate x cos( x) with respect to x . Hence, find the anti-derivative of x sin( x) .

120
08 Definite Integral
Exercise 8.1
1.Evaluate each of the following without using CAS/graphic calculator.
4 1
1
a) x+ dx b)  e x + 1dx
1 x 0

0
1
d) 
2
( x − 1)
2

c)  1− x
dx
x4
dx
−1 1

1
(e 2t
+1 )
2

e)  et
dt
0

121
2.Find the indefinite integral first, then evaluate the following integral leaving your answers in exact
form.
1 2

a)  cos (x )dx b)  cos ( / 2 − x )dx

0 0

 /2
3. Given that
d x
dx
   
e (sin ( x ) + cos ( x )) = 2e x cos ( x ) , determine exactly  2e
x
cos( x )dx .
− / 2

   xe 
1
d
4. Given that xe x − e x = xe x , determine exactly x
+ x 2 dx .
dx 0

122
Exercise 8.2
1. Find the derivative of each of the following integrals.
2x x

a)  t + t dt
3 2
b)  u cos( u )du
1 1

2. Find the following.

 
x+2

 dt sin 
x
d d
 1 + u 3 du
2
a) b) (t ) dt
x
du 

x
t
3. Find the value of F ' (1) , given that F ( x ) =  dt .
0 t +4
2

x +1

4. Find the x -coordinate of the stationary point of the curve y =  t 2 (t − 2)dt .

1

123
Exercise 8.3
6 4

1. Given that f (x ) is continuous everywhere and  f ( x )dx = 5 and  f ( x )dx = 2 , find:

2 2
6 2

 x + f ( x ) dx
f ( x)
a)
2
b)  2
dx
6

4 7

2.Given that f (x ) and g (x) are each continuous everywhere and  f ( x ) dx = 3 ,  f ( x ) dx = −2 and
1 4
7

 g ( x)dx = 4 , find:
1

 x 
7 7

 f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx
2
a) b)
1 1

f ( x) − g ( x)
7

c)  2
dx
1

124
 6

3. Given that f (x ) is continuous everywhere and that  f (2 x)dx = −5 , find:

−2

( −2 x )
6 2

a) 
−2
f ( 2 x ) − 2 xdx b) f 2
dx
−6

125
09 Application of Integration
Exercise 9.1
𝑑𝑦
1. Find the equation of the curve with gradient function 𝑑𝑥 and passing through the point:

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
(a) = , (0, 1)
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥 2 )2

𝑑𝑦 1 1
(b) = + , (0, 2)
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 𝑒𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1
(c) = sin(𝜋𝑥) , ( , 𝜋)
𝑑𝑥 2

126
2. The tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point (0, 1) has equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1. The gradient function
𝑑𝑦
of the curve is given by = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏. Find the equation of the curve given that it also passes
𝑑𝑥
through the point (1, 3).

3. The tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point (0, −1) has equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1. The gradient
𝑑𝑦
function of the curve is given by = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏. Find the equation of the curve given that it also
𝑑𝑥
passes through the point (1, 0).

127
 𝑑2𝑦
4. The curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is such that = 𝑥 + 𝑎. Given that the curve has an inflection point at
𝑑𝑥 2
1 2
(1, − 3), and turning points at (0, 0) and (2, − 3), find the equation of the curve.

128
Exercise 9.2
1. Determine the area of the shaded region:
(a)

(b)

129
(c)

(d)

130
(e)

2. Find the area of the region trapped between given curve, the 𝑥-axis and the given lines:
𝑦 = −𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2), 𝑥 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2

131
3. Find the area of the region trapped between given curve, the 𝑥-axis and the given lines:
(a) 𝑦 = −2 + 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 2

1 1
(b) 𝑦 = tan(𝜋𝑥); 𝑥 = − 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 4

132
 𝑥
(c) 𝑦 = 1 − sin (2) ; 𝑥 = −𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝜋

4. Find the area of the region trapped between given curve and the given lines:
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1; 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1

(b) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 ; 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4

133
Exercise 9.3
1. Find the area of the shaded region.
(a)

(b)

134
(c)

(d)

135
2. Use a calculus method involving the use of integral to find the area of the shaded region.
(a)

(b)

136
(c)

(d)

137
(e)

(f)

138
3. Use a calculus method to find the area of the region trapped by the curves:
(a) 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4

(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)

139
(c) 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑦 2 = 2 − 𝑥

140
4. Use calculus to find the area of the region trapped between the following curves:
3𝜋
(a) 𝑦 = 1 + sin(𝑥) , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑥 = 2

𝜋 3𝜋
(b) 𝑦 = sin(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = cos(𝑥) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 4
≤𝑥≤ 4

141
5. The wake left behind by a boat (up to a
distance of 100 𝑚 behind the boat) as it travels
through a lake, is indicated as the shaded region
in the accompanying diagram. All
measurements are in metres.
(a) Find the width of the wake, 100 𝑚 behind
the boat.
(b) Find the area covered by the wake, from the
point immediately behind the boat to a point
100 𝑚 behind the boat.

142
6. The cross-sectional profile of a gully is
indicated as the shaded region in the
accompanying diagram.
(a) Find the cross-sectional area of this gully.
(b) If the gully has a uniform cross-section along
a length of 30m, find the capacity of the
gully. [1 𝑚3 = 1 𝑘𝐿]

143
7. The accompanying diagram shows the cross-
sectional profile of a block of land. The shaded
region needs to be excavated. The block has a
uniform cross-section along a length of 20m.
All measurements are in metres. How much
earth, in 𝑚3 , needs to be excavated?

144
8. The accompanying diagram shows the logo
of a particular company. The logo consists of
four petals as shown. All measurements are in
metres. Find the total area of the petals.

145
9. The accompanying diagram (shaded portion)
shows the logo used to promote a certain
product. Find the area of the logo. All
measurements are in centimetres.

146
Exercise 9.4
1. The instantaneous rate with which the average price, 𝑃 cents, of a share on the Stock Exchange,
𝑑𝑃
changes with respect to time, 𝑡 months, is modeled by 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 − 10, for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 12. The initial
price of the share was 60 cents.
(a) Find the lowest price of the share and when this occurred.
(b) Find the total change in price in the (i) first 6 months (ii) 7th month

2. The instantaneous rate with which water flows into an ornamental pond, is modeled by
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡
= (𝑡 + 1)(𝑡 + 3)(4 − 𝑡), for 𝑡 ≥ 0, where 𝑉 is the volume of water in the pond in kL and 𝑡 is the
time in hours.
(a) Find when the water stops flowing into the pond.
(b) Find the amount of water that has flowed into the pond in the first hour.
(c) Find the volume of water that has flowed into the pond.

147
 𝑑𝐶
3. The marginal cost for producing 𝑥 items of product is given by 𝑑𝑥 = 0.04𝑥, where $𝐶 is the cost of
producing 𝑥 items of a product.
(a) Given that the fixed cost is $20, find the cost of producing 100 of producing 100 of these items.
(b) Find the total change in cost if the number of items produced is changed from 100 to 200.

148
4. The instantaneous rate with which the
amount of liquid, 𝑉 litres, in a holding tank,
changes with respect to time 𝑡 minutes, is
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
modeled by 𝑑𝑡
= 1 − 𝑡 2 . The sketch of 𝑑𝑡
against 𝑡 is shown in the accompanying
diagram.
(a) Explain what happens at 𝑡 = 1 minute.

(b) Find the area of region A and interpret your

answer.

(c) Find the area of region B and interpret your

answer.

(d) Find the amount of liquid in the tank after 2

minutes, if initially there were 5 litres in the
tank.

149
 𝑑𝑇 2𝜋
5. Given that = 15 sin [365 (𝑥 − 100)] + 25, find the total change in T (measured in degrees
𝑑𝑥
Celsius) corresponding to a change in 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 90 days to 𝑥 = 140 days. Hence, find the average rate
of change within the corresponding period of time.

6. The rate of change of pressure 𝑃 (kiloPascal) at a given time 𝑡 (hours) in a leaking tyre is modeled by
𝑑𝑃 200
=− . Find the rate of change of pressure when 𝑡 = 9 hours. Find the total change and hence
𝑑𝑡 (1+𝑡)2
the average rate of change in tyre pressure in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 9 hours. Assume the leak has not been
fixed in this time interval!

150
7. The rate at which the speed of contraction of a muscle 𝑉 changes in relation to the load acting on the
𝑑𝑉 −𝑏(𝑎+𝐹0 )
muscle 𝐹 is modeled by = , where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝐹0 are constants. Find the total change in 𝑉
𝑑𝐹 (𝐹+𝑎)2
corresponding to a change in 𝐹 from 𝐹0 to 4𝐹0 .

151
Rectilinear Motion
Exercise 10.1
1. A particle P moves along a straight line. Its displacement, 𝑠 metres, from a fixed point O, at time 𝑡
seconds, is given by, 𝑠 = (𝑡 − 1)(3 − 𝑡)(𝑡 − 4) ≡ −𝑡 3 + 8𝑡 2 − 19𝑡 + 12 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 10.
(a) Find when the particle is at O.

(b) Find when P reverses direction.

(c) Find how long was P to the right of O?

(d) Find the acceleration of P when P is instantaneously at rest.

*(e) Find the distance travelled in the first 3 seconds.

152
2. A particle P moves along a straight line. Its velocity, 𝑣 𝑚𝑠 −1 , at time 𝑡 seconds, is given by
𝑣 = 𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 12 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 10. Use an analytical method to:
(a) find when P reverses direction.

(b) find the velocity of P when its acceleration is zero.

(c) find the acceleration of P when it is instantaneously at rest.

*(d) find the maximum speed of P and when it occurs.

153
3. A particle P moves along a straight line. Its velocity, 𝑣 𝑚𝑠 −1 , at time 𝑡 seconds, is given by
𝑣 = 4𝑒 −0.5𝑡 for 𝑡 ≥ 0.
(a) Find the initial velocity and acceleration for 𝑃.

(b) Find the average acceleration for 𝑃 in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5.

(c) Find the acceleration of 𝑃 when the velocity is 2 𝑚𝑠 −1 .

(d) Find the velocity of 𝑃 when the acceleration is −0.5 𝑚𝑠 −2.

(e) Describe the motion of 𝑃 for large values of 𝑡.

154
4. Particle P travels in a straight line such that its displacement 𝑥 (metres) from a fixed point O, 𝑡 seconds
after passing O, is given by 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 sin(𝑡). For 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋, calculate:
(a) when P is instantaneously at rest and its acceleration at this instant

(b) the maximum velocity for P (in the positive direction).

155
5. A particle moves along the 𝑥-axis, and after 𝑡 seconds, its position from the origin O is given by
𝑥 = 5 + 3 cos(2𝑡) + 4 sin(2𝑡).
(a) Calculate when the body is momentarily at rest

(b) prove that the acceleration of the particle is given by 𝑎 = 20 − 4𝑥

156
6. A particle P moves along the a straight line. Its displacement from a fixed point O, 𝑠 metres, at times 𝑡
25𝑡
seconds, is given by, 𝑠 = 5𝑡+2 for 𝑡 ≥ 0.
(a) Find the initial velocity of P.

(b) Find the average velocity of P for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5.

*(c) Find the distance travelled in the first 5 seconds.

(d) Find the average speed in the first 5 seconds.

(e) Describe the motion of P for large values of 𝑡.

157
7. A ball Q is thrown down from a tall building and falls vertically downwards. Its velocity, 𝑣 𝑚𝑠 −1 , at
time 𝑡 seconds, is given by, 𝑣 = −9.8 − 9.8𝑡 for 𝑡 ≥ 0.
(a) Find the initial velocity of Q.

(b) Find the velocity of Q after 2 seconds.

(c) Find the average acceleration of Q in the first 2 seconds.

(d) Find the acceleration of Q and comment on your answer.

158
8. A projectile P is launched vertically upwards. Its height, ℎ metres, at time 𝑡 seconds, is given by,
ℎ = 30𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2 for 𝑡 ≥ 0.
(a) Find the height after 5 seconds.

(b) Find the velocity of 𝑃 as it hits the ground.

(c) Find when its velocity is 20 𝑚𝑠 −1 .

*(d) Find when its speed is 20 𝑚𝑠 −1 .

159
9. A bowling ball (lawn ball) is rolled on the ground and moves in a straight line, its distance, 𝑑 metres,
from a fixed point, after 𝑡 seconds, before it comes to rest, is given by, 𝑑 = 5𝑡 − 𝑡 2 .
(a) Find the initial velocity of the ball.

(b) Find the distance it rolls before it comes to a stop.

(c) Find the acceleration of the ball. Comment on your answer.

160
Exercise 10.2
1. A particle P moves along a straight line. The velocity-time graph of P is shown in the accompanying
diagram. Velocity is measured in 𝑚𝑠 −1 and time in seconds. Without the use of a CAS/graphic
calculator:
(a) find the velocity of P when 𝑡 = 5 seconds.

(b) find when P reverses direction

(c) find the acceleration of P when 𝑡 = 15 seconds.

(d) find the total distance travelled in the first 20 seconds.

(e) find the position of P in relation to the starting point at 𝑡 = 20 seconds.

161
2. A particle P travels in a straight line. Its velocity, 𝑣 𝑚𝑠 −1 , at time 𝑡 seconds, is given by
𝑣 = −𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 − 4. P is initially 1 𝑚 from a fixed point O. Without the use of a CAS/graphic
calculator:
(a) find the displacement of P from O after 5 seconds.

(b) find the initial instantaneous acceleration of P.

162
3. The acceleration of a particle 𝑃 undergoing rectilinear motion is given by 𝑎 = −4𝜋 2 sin(2𝜋𝑡) 𝑚𝑠 −2 .
The initial velocity of 𝑃 is 2𝜋 𝑚𝑠 −1 . Calculate:
(a) the velocity of 𝑃 when 𝑡 = 1.5 seconds

(b) the total change in displacement in the first one and a half seconds

(c) the distance travelled by 𝑃 in the first one and a half seconds

(d) the average speed of 𝑃 during the first one and a half seconds

(e) the average acceleration of 𝑃 during the first one and a half seconds.

163
4. A particle 𝑃 travels in a straight line. Its initial displacement from a fixed point 𝑂, and initial velocity,
are −1 𝑚 and 6 𝑚𝑠 −1 respectively. Its acceleration, 𝑎 𝑚𝑠 −2, 𝑡 seconds after passing 𝑂 is given by
−10
𝑎 = (𝑡+1)2.
(a) Find the velocity of 𝑃 after 3 seconds.

(b) Discuss the motion of 𝑃 for large values of 𝑡.

(c) Find the change in displacement in the 4th seconds.

*(d) Find the total distance travelled in the first 4 seconds.

(e) Find the magnitude of the average acceleration in the first 3 seconds.

164
5. A particles 𝑃 travels in a straight line. Its velocity as it passes a fixed point 𝑂, is −3 𝑚𝑠 −1. Its
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥
acceleration, 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚𝑠 −2 , 𝑡 seconds after passing 𝑂 is given by 𝑑𝑡 2 = −6𝑡 + 8. Find:
(a) when 𝑃 changes direction.

*(b) the maximum displacement of 𝑃 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 3.

(c) the change in displacement in the first 3 seconds.

(d) the total change travelled in the first 3 seconds.

(e) the average speed in the first 3 seconds.

165
 𝑑𝑥
6. A particle 𝑃 moves along a straight line. Its velocity, 𝑑𝑡
𝑚𝑠 −1 , 𝑡 seconds after passing a fixed point 𝑂,
𝑑𝑥
is given by 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶, where 𝑘 and 𝐶 are constants. The change in displacement in the first 4 seconds
is 8 𝑚. 𝑃 reverses direction at 𝑡 = 3 seconds. Find the value of 𝑘 and 𝐶.

166
Answer for Set 2
Exercise 7.1
1.a) − 1 /( 54 t 2 ) + c Exercise 7.4
b) 4 /( 3t 3 ) + c 1. a) 16e −1.25 x / 25 + c
c) 4 /( 27 t 2 ) + c b) 16e 0.05t + c
c) 16e −1−0.05 x + c
4

2. a) − (15 x 3 ) / 4 + c
− e −3 x +1
+ (1 + 2 x ) + c
1/ 2
4 d)
b) − (15 x ) / 2 + c
5 3
c) (9 x 1 / 3 ) / 2 + c
e)
(1 − e ) +c
−2 x 5

3. a) − 1 / t 3 − 2t 1 / 2 + c 10
b) t 2 − 1 /( 2t 2 ) − 2 / t + c 2. P = t − 4e − t − 2e −2t + 7
c) − 16 /( 3t 3 ) − 4 / t 2 − 1 / t + c
Exercise 7.5
4. y = x + 2 / x − 1 /( 3 x 3 ) − 2 / 3 1
1. e x + 2 x + c
3 2

3
Exercise 7.2 1
2. a) − e − 2 x − x + c
2

1. a) − (3 + 4 x ) 4 / 16 + c
3
b) 3(1 + 2 x ) 5 / 3 / 10 + c 2 − x −2 2
b) − e +c
c) ( 2 + 3 x ) 1 / 3 + c 3
2. a) 8(1 − 3 x ) 3 / 2 / 9 + c
3.
(1 − e ) 2 x2
+c
−3

b) − 2( 2 − 5 x ) 3 / 2 / 45 + c 12
c) (5 + 2 x )1 / 2 / 4 + c 4. 3 2 x /( 2 ln 3) + c
4 4 ( 2 x − 1) 4
3. x − − − +c Exercise 7.6
x 3x 8
1 1. a) (−1 / 12) cos( 4 x) + c
4(1 + 3t ) 2 14 b) 3 cos(( 2 x +  ) / 6) + c
4. f (t ) = +
9 9 c) (−1 /  ) sin( 1 − x) + c
d) (−4 / 3) sin(( 1 + 3x) / 4) + c
Exercise 7.3
e) e 4 x / 4 + 3 cos( 1 − x ) + c
(3 + 2 x 3 ) 5
1. a) +c 1
f) 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 (𝑥) + 𝑐
6
−5 2. sin( x) − x cos( x) + c
b) +c
84 ( 2 x 3 + 1) 2
Exercise 8.1
1
c) ( 4 x 2 − 5) 1 / 2 + c 1.a)19/2
6 b) e
−2 1 c) − 2(1 − 2 )
d) (1 + ) 3 / 2 + c
3 x d)1/24
1 e)10.4305
e) (1 + x ) 8 + c
4 2.a)0
b)0

167
3. e / 2 + e − / 2
4. 4/3
Exercise 8.2 Exercise 9.3
37
1. a) 8 x 2 ( 2 x + 1) 1(a)
24
47
b) x cos( x) (b) 24
125
2 a) 1 + ( x + 2) 3 − 1 + x 3 (c)
24
37
b) sin 2 ( x ) (d) 24
3. 1 / 5 4
2(a)
27
4.  1 11
(b) 12
37
Exercise 8.3 (c)
12
1. a)21 3
(d) 4
b)-2.5
2.a)1 (e) 3.12
b)118 (f) 6.96
c)-3/2 3(a) 7.54
1
3.a)-37 (b)
6
b)-5/2 (c)
32
= 2.1333
15
3𝜋
Exercise 9.1 4(a) 1+
2
1 3
1(a) 𝑦 = − 2(𝑥2 +1) + 2 (b) √2
1 5(a) 60 𝑚
(b) 𝑦 = 2√𝑥 − +3 7000
𝑒𝑥 (b) 3 = 2333.3𝑚2
cos(𝜋𝑥)
(c) 𝑦 =− 𝜋 +𝜋 68
2
6(a) 3
𝑚3
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1
3. 𝑦 = −1.39𝑒 𝑥 + 3.39𝑥 + 0.39 (b) 680 𝑘𝐿
𝑥3 𝑥2 7. 55.79 𝑚3
4. 𝑦 = 6
− 2 8. 2 𝑚2
9. 1.27 𝑐𝑚2
Exercise 9.2
7
1(a) 6 Exercise 9.4
(b) 3 1(a) 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 14.17 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 5 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠
(c) 2 (b) (i) −42.00 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 (ii) 12.83 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
5 2(a) 𝑡 = 4 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
(d) 2
(b) 18.25 𝑘𝐿
(e) 4 (c) 88 𝑘𝐿
75
2. 4 3(a) $220
3(a) 4.53 (b) $600
(b) 0.22 4(a) Liquid starts flowing out of the tank
2
(c) 2𝜋 = 6.38 (b) Net increase in first minute 3 𝐿
8(√2) 4 4
4(a) 3
−3 (c) Net decrease in second minute 𝐿
3
(b) 5/3 (d)
13
𝐿
3
5. 1435.66, 28.71

168
6. −2, −180, −20 (d) 1.02 𝑠, 5.10 𝑠
7.
−3𝑏𝐹0 9(a) 5 𝑚𝑠 −1
(4𝐹0 +𝑎)
(b) 6.25 𝑚
Exercise 10.1
(c) −2 𝑚𝑠 −2; constant acceleration
1(a) 𝑡 = 1, 3, 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
(b) 𝑡 = 1.78, 3.55 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Exercise 10.2
(c) 2 seconds
1(a) 0 𝑚𝑠 −1
(d) 5.3 𝑚𝑠 −2 , −5.3 𝑚𝑠 −2
(b) 𝑡 = 5, 15 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
(e) 16.2 𝑚
(c) −1 𝑚𝑠 −2
2(a) 𝑡 = 2 𝑜𝑟 6 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
(d) 50 𝑚
(b) −4 𝑚𝑠 −1
(e) 𝑃 is at the starting point.
(c) −4 𝑚𝑠 −2 , 4 𝑚𝑠 −2 11
(d) 32 𝑚𝑠 −1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 2(a) 6 𝑚
3(a) 4 𝑚𝑠 −1 , −2 𝑚𝑠 −2 (b) 5 𝑚𝑠 −2
(b) −0.73 𝑚𝑠 −2 3(a) −2𝜋 𝑚𝑠 −1
(c) −1 𝑚𝑠 −2 (b) 0
(d) 1 𝑚𝑠 −1 (c) 6 𝑚
(e) velocity tends to 0 𝑚𝑠 −1 (d) 4 𝑚𝑠 −1
8𝜋
3𝜋
4(a) 4 𝑠, −14.92 𝑚𝑠 −1 (e) − 3 𝑚𝑠 −2
(b) 4.81 𝑚𝑠 −1 4(a) −1.5 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑛𝜋 (b) P moves with a constant velocity of
5(a) 0.4637+( 2 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2,3, …
−4𝑚𝑠 −1
6(a) 12.5 𝑚𝑠 −1 (c)−1.77 𝑚
(b) 0.93 𝑚𝑠 −1
(c) 4.63 𝑚 (d)6.23 𝑚
(d) 0.93 𝑚𝑠 −1 5
(e) P comes to rest. (e) − 𝑚𝑠 −2
2
7(a) −9.8 𝑚𝑠 −1 5(a) 0.45, 2.22 𝑠
(b) −29.4 𝑚𝑠 −1 (b) 2.11 𝑚
(c) −9.8 𝑚𝑠 −2 (c) 0 𝑚
(d) −9.8 𝑚𝑠 −2 ; 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (d) 5.49 𝑚
8(a) 27.5 𝑚 (e) 1.83 𝑚𝑠 −1
(b) −30.0 𝑚𝑠 −1 6. 𝑘 = −2, 𝐶 = 6
(c) 1.02 𝑠

169
 PART 2:
LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS

170
 LOGARITHMS 1
1. Write the following in exponential form:

(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 36 = 2 1
(b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 ( ) = −2
16

(c)𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑐

2. Write the following in logarithms form:

1
(a) 25 = 32 (b) 7−3 = 343

(c) 𝑝𝑟 = 𝑞

3. Solve the following without using a calculator:

(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81 (e) 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 0.04

(b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 106 (f) ln(𝑒 4 )

1 1
(c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (32) (g) ln
√𝑒

5
(d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 1 (h) ln( √𝑒)

171
4. Calculate the following without the use of a calculator:
1 2 3 1 1
(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 8 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (8) (d) 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 8 + 6𝑙𝑜𝑔2 √2 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 4

1
(b) 2 log 5 + log 8 − 2 log 4 (e) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑎4 ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑏3 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 (𝑐 2 )

log 16
(c) log 2

5. Express the following as a single logarithm:

(a) 3 log 𝑎 − log 𝑏 − log 𝑐

1
(b) log 𝑎 + 2 log 𝑐 − 2 log 𝑏

(c) 2 + log 𝑎3 − 2 log 𝑎

172
6. Given 𝑝 and 𝑞 are positive solve the following simultaneous equations.

log(𝑝𝑞) = 5
𝑝
log ( ) = 1
𝑞

7. If 𝑝 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 3 and 𝑞 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 2 express each of the following in terms of 𝑝 and/or 𝑞.

(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 6 1
(c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 1 8

(b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 1.5 4

(d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 √36

8. State the following as 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥.

(a) 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑦 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 (c) 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥𝑦) = 5 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥

(b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑦 + 2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 3

173
9. Solve these equations exactly:

(a) 3𝑥 = 8 (d) 2 × 22𝑥 − 11 × 2𝑥 + 5 = 0

(b) 52𝑥+1 = 9 (e) 𝑒 5𝑥+1 = 3

(c) 61−𝑥 = 23𝑥+5 (f) 6𝑒 1−2𝑥 = 360

10. Differentiate the following:

(a) 𝑦 = ln (2𝑥 + 3) ln 𝑥
(e) 𝑦 =
𝑥

(b) 𝑦 = ln (𝑥)4 1
(f) 𝑦 = 10−ln 𝑥

(c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 (3𝑥)
(g) 𝑦 = (ln 𝑥)2

𝑥
(d) 𝑦 = √𝑥 ln(3)

174
 𝑑𝑦
11. Find 𝑑𝑥 for each of the following:

(a) 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ln (2𝑥)

(b) 𝑦 = ln (sin 𝑥)

(c) 𝑦 = ln (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4)

𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
(d) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥

(𝑥+4)2
(e) 𝑦 = ln[(3𝑥−1)]

175
12. Find the following integrals (Note: Denominators are greater than or equal to 0)
6
(a) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
(b) ∫[6𝑥+5] 𝑑𝑥

4𝑥
(c) ∫[2−𝑥2 ] 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥−1
(d) ∫[𝑥 2 −𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

𝑥−3
(e) ∫[ 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+1]𝑑𝑥

cos 𝑥
(f) ∫[ ] 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥

176
 sin 2𝑥
(g) ∫[ ] 𝑑𝑥
1+cos 2𝑥

sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥
(h) ∫[sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥

13. Evaluate each of the following exactly.

3 5
(a) ∫2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

4 3
(b) ∫1 (2𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥

4 1
(c) ∫2 (𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑝 3
14. If ∫1 [2𝑥−1] 𝑑𝑥 = 2 find the value of 𝑝 of 𝑝 > 1.

177
15. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 at the point where 𝑥 = 1.

16. Sketch the following graphs identifying any intercepts and asymptotes.

(a) 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥

(b) 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 + 1

(c) 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 1)

17. The tangent to the curve 𝑦 = ln (𝑘𝑥 − 1) has a gradient of 1 when 𝑥 = 2. Determine the value of 𝑘.

178
18. Find the equation of the functions according to the following:

(a) translation of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥): 3 units left and 2 units up

(b) translation of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥): 2 units right and 1 units down

19. Find the coordinates on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 where the gradient is 1.

1
20. Determine the minimum value if 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + .
𝑥

179
21. The total cost, $𝐶, for producing 𝑥 units of clothing is given by the equation 𝐶 = 500 + 300 ln (𝑥 + 1).
Calculate the average cost per unit when the marginal cost is $3.

22.Given 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥

(a) determine the possible values of a

(b) state the coordinates of 𝑝

23. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 at the points (𝑒, 𝑒).

180
24. A particle moves in a straight line such that its displacement from point O, at time 𝑡 seconds is given by
𝑥 = 15 ln (2𝑡 − 5) − 5𝑡 where 𝑥 is in meters. Find the time(s):

(a) when the numerical value of the velocity is equal to its acceleration

(b) when the particle is at rest

25. Use calculus to determine the exact coordinates of the stationary point(s) for 𝑦 = − ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 for

𝑥 > 0. Determine the nature of these stationary point(s).

181
26. The formula 𝑝𝐻 = − log[𝐻 + ] calculates the pH level where 𝐻 + is the hydrogen ion concentration in
moles/L.

Calculate:

(a) the hydrogen ion concentration if the pH is 6.89

(b) the pH if the hydrogen ion concentration is 1.25 × 10−8

27. The brightness of a star from Earth can be calculated using the formula: 𝑚 − 𝑀 = 5 (log 𝑑 − 1) where

𝑚=apparent magnitude

𝑀=absolute magnitude

𝑑=distance to the star in parcecs

Calculate :

(a) the absolute magnitude, 𝑀, of a star whose apparent magnitude, 𝑚, is 0.25 if the star is 450 parsecs from
earth.

(b) the distance to Earth from Betelgeuse if it has an absolute magnitude 𝑀 = 0.9 and an apparent
magnitude, 𝑚 = 7.4.

182
28. A radioactive material decays such that the amount A in grams, present after time 𝑡 years is given by:
𝐴 = 400𝑒 −0.2𝑡
Calculate:

(a) the amount present after 3 years

(b) the half life of the material

(c) the time taken for 100 grams of material to remain

183
29. Given: 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥)

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥) + 𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑞)
Find the values of 𝑎, 𝑝 and 𝑞 from the graph below.

184
30. $150 000 is invested in an account earning 6% p.a. interest compounded annually. The amount $𝐴
after 𝑡 years is:

𝐴 = 150 000(1.06)𝑡 . Determine:

(a) the value of 𝐴 after 4 years

(b) the length of time required for the account to reach $275 000

(c) the interest rate if the $150 000 triples in value after 10 years.

31. A radioactive compound decays over a 50 year period according to the following table:

t 0 10 20 30 40 50

A 700 573 469 384 315 258

(a) Graph 𝑡 against ln 𝐴 to show the relationship between 𝑡 and ln 𝐴 is linear.

185
(b) The amount of radioactivity is given by 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 . Find 𝐴0 and 𝑘.

(c) When will the radioactivity first fall below 150?

186
ANSWER for Logarithms 1:
1(a) 62 = 36 (b) 𝑦 =
𝑥3
4
1
(b) 4−2 = 16
(c) 𝑦 = √𝑥 3
(c) 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏 log 8
9(a) 𝑥 =
log 3
2(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 32 = 5
log 9
( −1)
1 log 5
(b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 343 = −3 (b) 𝑥 = 2

log 6−5 log 2

(c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑝 𝑞 = 𝑟 (c) 𝑥 = 3 log 2+log 6

3(a) 4 log 5
(d) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 =
log 2
(b) 6
ln 3−1
(e) 𝑥 = 5
(c) -5
ln 60−1
(d) 0 (f) 𝑥 = −2

(e) -2 𝑑𝑦 2
10(a) =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥+3
(f) 4 𝑑𝑦 4
(b) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
1
(g) − 2 𝑑𝑦
(c) 𝑑𝑥 = ln(3𝑥) + 1
1
(h) 𝑥
5 𝑑𝑦 ln( ) 1
3
(d) 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑥
+
4(a) 0 √𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1−ln 𝑥
(b) 2 (e) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2

(c) 4 𝑑𝑦 1
(f) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(10−ln 𝑥)2
(d) 5 𝑑𝑦 2 ln 𝑥
(g) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
(e) 5
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑎3 11(a) 𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑒 2𝑥 )(ln 2𝑥) + (𝑒 2𝑥 ) ∙ ( 𝑥)
5(a) log 𝑏𝑐
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
1 (b) 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥
𝑎𝑐 2
(b) log 𝑏2 𝑑𝑦 −2
(c) =
𝑑𝑥 4𝑒 2𝑥 +1
(c) log 100𝑎
1
𝑑𝑦 (−2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥)(ln 𝑥)−(𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥)( )
𝑥
6) 𝑝 = 1000, 𝑞 = 100 (d) 𝑑𝑥 = (ln 𝑥)2

7(a) 𝑞 + 𝑝 𝑑𝑦 2 3
(e) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+4 − 3𝑥−1
(b) 𝑝 − 𝑞
12(a) 6 ln (𝑥) + 𝑐
(c)2𝑝 − 3𝑞 1
(b) 6 ln (6𝑥 + 5) + 𝑐
1 1
(d) 2 𝑝 + 2 𝑞
(c) −2 ln (2 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
3
8(a) 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 (d) ln (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) + 𝑐

187
 1 (b) 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 − 2) − 1
(e) ln (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐
2

(f) ln (sin 𝑥) + 𝑐 19) (1,0)

1 20) Minimum value is 𝑦 = 1

(g) − 2 ln (1 + cos 2𝑥) + 𝑐
21) Average cost= $19.01
(h) − ln (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + 𝑐
22(a) 1 < 𝑎 < 𝑒
13(a) 5 ln 3 − 5 ln 2
(b) (1,0)
3
(b) 2 ln 7
23) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑒
4 2
(c) ln (4) + 𝑒 − ln(2) − 𝑒
24(a) 𝑡 = 1.7087 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6.2913 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
14) 𝑝 ≈ 2.4
(b) 𝑡 = 5.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
15) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 1 1 1
25) (2 , − ln (2) + 2) is a minimum turning point.
16(a)
26(a) 𝐻 + = 1.288 × 10−7

(b) 𝑝𝐻 = 7.903

27(a) 𝑀 = −8.02

(b) 𝑑 = 199.53 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠

28(a) 219.52 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠

(b) 𝑡 = 3.466 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

(c) 𝑡 = 6.931 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

(b)
29) 𝑝 = −4, 𝑎 = 4, 𝑞 = 5

30(a) 𝐴 = $189 371.54

(b) 10.402 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

(c) 11.61% 𝑝. 𝑎.

31(a)

(c)

17) 𝑘 = 1
(b) 𝑘 = −0.02
18(a) 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 + 3) + 2
(c) 𝑡 = 77.022 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

188
 Logarithms 2
Exercise 13.1
1. Rewrite in exponential form:
1
a) log 25 625 = 2 b) log 4 2 =
2

2. Rewrite in logarithmic form:

1
a) = 2 −2 b) 9 = 81
4

3. Without the use of calculator, evaluate:

a) log 2 8 b) log 7 343

1
c) log 11 d) log 10 0.0001
121

4. Without the use of a calculator, solve:

1
a) log 2 (1 + x) = 2 b) log 5 = −2
x +1

189
c) log 10 ( x 2 − 1) = 3 d) log 2 x = log 2 x 2

Exercise 13.2
1. Without the use of a calculator, express each of the following in terms of log.

 1 
a) log 4 (56 ) b) log 5  
 12 

 21 
c) log 2 ( 4.9) d) log 11  
 13 

2. Match each of the following graphs with an equation from the given list.

190
3. Sketch each of the following curves. Indicate clearly, the asymptote(s), intercept(s) and one obvious
point.

a) y = log 7 ( x − 1) b) y = (log 2 x ) − 2

c) y = 3 − 2 log 3 ( x + 1)

191
Exercise 13.3
1. Rewrite as a sum/difference of separate logarithmic terms/numbers, removing all powers:

a) log 5 5 x b) log 3 x 2 y

c) log 2 x /(1 − x )1 / 2 d) log 5 x 5

1
e) log 7 f) log √10𝑥
49 x

192
2. Rewrite as a single logarithmic term:
(a) log x + log( 1 + x) (b) log( 1 + x) − log y

(c) log( 1 − x 2 ) − log( 1 + x ) (d) log x + 2 log x

1 1 1
(e) log x + log( 1 + x ) − 2 log( 1 − x ) (f) − log y + 2 log z − log x
2 2 3

log 8 2 x
3. Simplify
log 8 x

193
4. Given that p = log 3 15 and q = log 3 5 , write as a single logarithmic term:

a) 2 p − q b) p − q + 1

c) 2 + p − q

5. Without the use of calculator, solve for x :

a) log x 32 = 5 b) log 3 x 81 = 2

c) log x ( x + 2) = 2

194
Exercise 13.4
1. Without the use of a calculator, solve for x in terms of the common logarithm:

a) 3 x = 10 b) 5 x  15

c) 4 x +1 = 10 d) log 5 8 = 2 x − 1

1 1
e) log 7 = 1 − 2x f) 2 log 5 = x −1
3 2

2. Find the value of each of the following to 4 decimal places:

1
a) log 2 17 b) log 3
4

195
3. Without the use of a calculator, solve for the pronumeral in terms of the common algorithm:

a) 2 x = 64 x+1 b) 2 x + 2 = 3( 7 2− x )

c) 500 (3 −0.05t ) = 1000 (3 −0.01t )

4. Without the use of a calculator, solve for x in terms of the common logarithm:

a) ( 2 x + 3)( 2 x − 4) = 0 b) 3 − x ( x + 4) = 0

c) 3 2 x +1 + 5(3 x ) − 2 = 0

196
Exercise 13.5
1. The amount of light entering a camera is determined by the f -stop setting of the lens. The
commonly used f -stop numbers are 1, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32 and 45. Find the logarithm
(base 10) of these f -stop numbers and comment on the distribution of these numbers.

2. The velocity, v ( ms −1 ) , of a particle P moving in a straight line, t seconds after it passes a fixed
point O is given by: v = −1.2 log( t + 1.5) + 1.6 , for t  0 .
a) Find the velocity of P when it first passes O.

b) Find when P first reverses its direction.

c) Find when its speed is 1 ms −1

197
3. A computer simulation is used to test the effectiveness of two different courses of treatment for
bacterial infection. For treatment course A, the number of bacteria, N (millions), t days after the start
of the treatment, is given by: N = 30.61 log( 15 − t ) , for 0  t  15 . For treatment course B, the
corresponding model is given by N = 0.6(t + 5)(12 − t ) , for 0  t  12 .
a) Find the initial number of bacteria in both trials.

b) Find when the number of bacteria in the first treatment falls below 5 million.

c) Find when the two treatments have the same number of bacteria.

d) By comparing the graphs of the two models, discuss the differences between these two types of
treatment and determine which is the more effective treatment.

198
ANSWER for Logarithms 2
Exercise 13.1 Exercise 13.3
1(a) 625 = 25 2 1(a) 1 + log 5 x
(b) 2 = 41/ 2 (b) 2 log 3 x + log 3 y
2(a) log 2 (1 / 4) = −2 1
(c) log 2 x − log 2 (1 − x )
(b) log 81 9 = 1 / 2 2
3(a) 3 (d) 5 log 5 x
(b) 3 (e) − 2 x
(c) -2 (f) x / 2
(d) -4 2(a) log x (1 + x )
4(a) 3
(b) log (1 + x ) / y 
(b) 24
(c)  1001 (c) log (1 − x )
(d) x = 1 (d) log x 3 or 3 log x
Exercise 13.2 (e) log x1 / 2 (1 + x ) /(1 − x ) 2 
1(a)
log 56 (f) log z 2 / (x1 / 3 y 1 / 2 )
log 4
3. 2
log( 1 / 12) 4(a) log 3 45
(b)
log 5
(b)2
log( 4 / 9) (c)3
(c)
log 2 5(a)2
log( 21 / 13) (b)3
(d)
log 11 (c)2
2(a) IV
(b) I Exercise 13.4
(c) V 1(a) 1 /(log 3)
(d) II (b) x  (log 15) /(log 5)
3(a) (c) − 1 + 2 /(log 4)
(d) 1 + (log 8) / (log 5) / 2
(e) 1 + (log 3) / (log 7 ) / 2
(f) 1 − (log 4 ) / (log 5)
2(a) 4.0875
(b) -1.2619
(b) 3(a) -6/5
(b) (log 3 + 2 log 7 − 2 log 2) / (log 2 + log 7 )
(c) − 25 log( 2) /(log 3)
4(a) 2
(b) -4
(c) -1
(c)

199
Exercise 13.5
1. 0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, 0.75, 0.90, 1.04, 1.20, 1.34, 1.51, 1.65
The log ( f -stop numbers) are approximately uniformly spaced out.
2(a) 1.39ms −1
(b) 20 .04 s
(c) 1.66 s and 145 .28 s
3(a) 36 million for both courses
(b) on the 14th day ( t = 13.54)
(c) on the 10th day ( t = 9.31)
(d)In treatment A, the bacteria population is constantly being reduced and is wiped out after 15
days. In treatment B, the bacteria population first increases, then decreases and is wiped out after
12 days. Treatment B is more effective in terms of no. of days required to wipe out the bacteria.
But the increased levels in the earlier days could have fatal consequences.

200
 Natural Logarithms
Exercise 14.1
1. Simplify
x2
a) ln( e ) b) ln( e x −1 )

c) ln( e x ) − ln( e 2 x −1 ) d) 2 log2 (5)

e) log 3 (31−2 x ) f) 𝑒 −ln(1−𝑥)

2. Express each of the following in terms of the exponential number e :

x
a) 5 b) x

201
3. Use natural logarithm to express each of the following as power of 2:

a) x 2 b) e x

4. Express each of the following in terms of ln :

a) log 7 (3) b) log 11 ( 21 / 13)

5. Without the use of a calculator, solve for x using natural logarithms:

1
a) e =
x
b) 10e
x
= 5e1.1x
e2

6. Without the use of a calculator, solve for x :

1
a) 2 ln x = 6 b) ln( 1 + x ) = 2
2

202
7. Without the use of a calculator, sketch each of the following. Indicate at least one obvious point. State
the equation of the vertical asymptote.

a) y = 1 − ln x b) y = 1 + ln( x − 1)

8.Determine the equation of each of the following natural logarithm curves.

a)

b)

203
9. Without the use of a calculator solve for x in terms of ln where appropriate.

a) 100 (30.01x ) = 120 b) 3 x+182 x−1 = 5

− 2e x − 3 = 0 d) 2(9 x ) + 3 x −1 + 4 = 2(3 x +1 )
2x
c) e

204
Exercise 14.2
1.Without using a calculator, differentiate with respect to x .

a) y = 4 ln( 1 + x 2 ) b) y = ln( x / 2 − 1)

 1 
c) y = ln 1 + x 2 d) y = ln  3
 (1 + 2 x ) 

 
( )
1


e) y = ln ( x + 1)( x − 1)
1/ 2
 f) y = ln 
x
 x3 
+ 1 2

 

205
2. Find f ' (t ) .

1+ t2
a) f (t ) = b) f (t ) = t 2 ln 1 − t
ln( t )

ln( 1 + t )
c) f (t ) = d) 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑡)3
(t + 1)

3. Find y '.

ln ( x )
( )(
a) y = ln 1 + e x 1 − e 2 x ) b) y =
ex

206
 ln sin( t ) 
c) y = d) y = e sin x ln cos( x ) 
sin( t )

e) 𝑦 = ln[(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )2 ] f) 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )ln(1 + 𝑥)

207
4. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 1) at the point P where 𝑥 = 1. Hence, find
the equation of the line through P that is perpendicular to this tangent.

5. The tangent to the curve 𝑦 = ln(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) at the point P is parallel to the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10. Find the
coordinates of the point P.

208
6. A curve has equation y = 4 x 2 ln( 0.5 x ) for x  0 .

a) Use calculus to find the coordinates of the

i) stationary point and indicate the nature of this point

ii) Inflection point.

b) Sketch this curve.

209
7. The annual profit, P hundred thousand dollars, of a retail store, is modelled by, P = 2t ln( t ) , for
0  t  10 , where t is time in years after establishing the store.

a) Find the instantaneous rate of change of profit with respect to time when t = 1 .

b) Find when the rate of change of profit with respect to time is:
i) 0 ii) $400 000 per year.

c) Find the largest loss experienced by the store, and when it occurred.

210
8 A particle P moves along a straight line. Its velocity, v ms −1 , at time t seconds, is given by,
v = ln( t + 1) for t  0 .

a) Find the initial velocity and acceleration of P

−1
b) Find the acceleration of P when its velocity is 2 ms .

c) Find the average acceleration of P for the interval 0  t  10 .

d) Describe the acceleration of P for large values of t.

211
Exercise 14.3
1. Integrate each of the following with respect to the appropriate variable:

− 4x2 5e − 2 x
a) b)
2x3 − 5 1 + e −2 x

1 sin( t ) − cos( t )
c) d)
tan( 3 x ) sin( t ) + cos( t )

dy 1
2. The gradient function of a curve is given by = 4x + . Find the equation of this curve given
dx 1 − 2x
that it passes through the point (0, 4).

212
3. Use Calculus to find the area of the shaded region.
a)

b)

213
 𝑥
4. Use calculus to find the area trapped between the curve 𝑦 = , the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the lines 𝑥 = −2
1+𝑥 2
and 𝑥 = 2.

214
ANSWER for Natural Logarithms
Exercise 14.1 Exercise 14.2
1(a) x 2 1(a) 8 x /(1 + x 2 )
(b) x − 1 (b) 1 /( x − 2)
(c) 1 − x (c) x /(1 + x 2 )
(d) 5
(d) − 6 /(1 + 2 x)
(e) 1 − 2 x
1 (e) 1 /( x + 1) + 1 / 2( x − 1)
(f) 1−𝑥
(f) 1 / 2( x + 1) − 3 / x
2(a) e x ln 5
(b) e
(ln x ) / 2  
2(a) 2t ln( t ) − (1 / t )(1 + t 2 ) /ln( t ) or
2

3(a) 2( 2 ln x ) /(ln 2) 2t 2


ln( t ) − (1 + t 2 ) / t ln( t )
2

(b) 2 x /(ln 2 ) (b) t ln( 1 − t ) − t 2 /[ 2 (1 − t )]

4(a) (ln 3) /(ln 7) (c) 1 − ln( 1 + t )  /( t + 1) 2
(b) ((ln( 21 / 13) ) / (ln 11) (d) 3 ln(1 + 𝑡) + 3𝑡/(1 + 𝑡)
5(a) − 2 3(a) e /(1 + e ) − 2e /(1 − e )
x x 2x 2x

(b) 10 ln 2 −x −x
3
(b) − e ln( x ) − (1 / x )e
6(a) e
(c) cos( t )[1 − ln(sin t )] / sin (t )
2

(b) e − 1
4

(d) e (cos x )(ln cos x ) − (sin x )e /(cos x )

sin x sin x
7(a)
(e) −2𝑒 𝑥 /(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
(f) 𝑒 𝑥 ln(1 + 𝑥) + (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )/(1 + 𝑥)
𝑥 1
4)𝑦 = 2 − 2 + 𝑙𝑛2, 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑙𝑛2
5)(0, ln 2)
(
6(a)(i) Local Min. 2 e , − 8 / e
−1 / 2
)
(ii) Oblique inflection point
( 2 / e 3 / 2 ,−24 / e 3 )
(b) (b)

8(a) y = 2 ln( x + 1) 7(a) $200 000 per year

(b) y = − ln( 1 − x) (b) (i) After 4 months.
9(a) 100(ln 1.2) /(ln 3) (ii)After 33 months.
(c) $73567 at t = 4 months.
(b) (ln( 40 / 3)) /(ln 192)
10(a) ln 3
(b) (ln( 3 / 2)) /(ln 3), (ln( 4 / 3)) /(ln 3)

215
8(a) 0 ms −1 , 1 𝑚𝑠 −2
(b) 1 / e 2 ms −2
(c) (ln 11) / 10 ms −2
(d) As t →  , a → 0

Exercise 14.3
2
1(a) (− ) ln|2𝑥 3 − 5| + 𝑐
3
5
(b) − 2 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 | + 𝑐
1
(c) ( ) ln|sin 3𝑥| + 𝑐
3
(d) − ln|sin(𝑡) + cos(𝑡)| + 𝑐
1
2) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − (2) ln|1 − 2𝑥| + 4
3(a) 2.0235 (b) 2.6806
4) ln

216
217