Drafting or Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression within
the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper/other material, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface. A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a sketch. On the other hand, a drawing made with the aid of basic drawing tools, instruments and equipment’s are called Mechanical drawing. Historians of ancient time believed that drafting or drawing were used to express or represent object and ideas by means of lines having various thicknesses and make-ups. Drafting, also called mechanical drawing, is the process of representing topography, engineering works, buildings, and pieces of machinery by means of conventionalized drawings called mechanical or engineering drawings. The techniques of drafting are an important part of all types of engineering and manufacturing and are also used in such diverse fields as architecture and geology. Like other courses Drafting or drawing works requires tools/ Instruments, materials and equipment for one to be able to produce an acceptable work in the drafting world.
Today, most drafting work is done on computers. Mechanical drawings done
on a computer are easier to manipulate than those done on paper. Also, computers make the design and production process more efficient. For example, if the specifications of a small part of a larger machine are changed on a computer, the computer can calculate how the change affects the rest of the machine, before the machine is actually built.
After reading this MODULE, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Identify and define the common Drafting tools and materials and its uses. 2. Use safely the Common Drafting tools and materials accordingly. 3. Remember the importance of drafting tools and materials in any drafting work.
Lesson 1 – Common Drafting tools, materials and its uses
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1. There are seven lessons in Module I. It is imperative and important for
you to read and understand the lessons thoroughly in order to hasten your knowledge about the topics. 2. In case you need further clarifications on some topics, you can have supplemental reading using any references listed in the preliminaries or you may surf the net re. the matter 3. For erroneous concepts/ideas encountered, just take note of them and bring them out in the next face to face meeting for further explanation. 4. Learning activities are found at the end of each lesson; you are advised to answer all the items in the test independently. Refrain from going over your module while answering in order to measure your level of comprehension and retention of the lessons. However, you may do so afterwards for the purpose of clarification and confirmation.
Try your best to finish all learning activities the soonest possible time. Always submit all leaning activities to your instructor on the scheduled time. Try to contact your instructor when encountering some difficulties.
Books: Brown, Walter C., (2000). Drafting for Industry. Manaois, German, (2006). Drafting Volume 1& 2. Walker, J. F; Duff, L; Davies, J (2005). "Old Manuals and New Pencils". Drawing- The Process. Bristol: Intellect Books.
Unlike other subjects, objectives of drawing cannot be obtained without the
presence of drawing instruments. Each tools and materials have their own functions and uses in completing a drawing. Any activity with the aid of these mechanical instruments are called MECHANICAL DRAWING. Mechanical drawing is the method of constructing a design or an object with the use of prescribed mechanical instruments.
1. PENCILS – the most commonly used tools of a draftsman. They come in
different grades of softness to hardness. American system of pencil grades range from #1-#3 while in the European system ranges 9H-9B.
Lesson 1 – Common Drafting tools, materials and its uses
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2. RULERS – Use for measuring and setting dimensions usually expressed in
centimeters and inches, and drawing straight lines.
3. TRIANGLES – Use to draw vertical and oblique lines. The most commonly used triangles are the 45 degrees and the 30 by 60 degrees triangle.
4. PROTRACTORS – used for measuring and setting of angles.
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5. COMPASSES – tools used in drawing arcs and circles. Similar to dividers, they are adjusted the same way.
6. DIVIDERS – Used to divide distances into a number of equal parts and to
transfer measurements and spacing point of lines. Looks similar to a compass.
7. T-SQAURE – Composed of a long strip called blade and s short piece called head. Used to draw horizontal lines and also a guide for triangles in drawing vertical and diagonal lines.
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8. DRAFTING/ DRAWING TEMPLATES - A flat piece of plastic with standard
symbols cut in it. The drafting templates shapes are used as guides for drawing symbols on plans.
9. TRIANGULAR SCALE – A type of scale used in general drawing. The scale has various divisions. Its main purpose is to reproduce the dimension full of size on a drawing or to reduce or to enlarge them as well.
10. ERASER AND ERASING SHIELD – used to remove pencil or ink smears. The erasing shield is made up of metal or celluloid with irregular holes. It protects the rest of the drawing when making an erasure.
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11. TAPES – These are used to fasten paper to the drawing board or table. Masking tape, scotch tape and other tapes are used. Thumb tacks are sometimes used in place of tapes.
12. ADJUSTABLE TRIANGLE – A device which combines the protractor with
triangles to produce great versatility of use.
13. FRENCH CURVES – used to draw irregular curves.
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14. TECHNICAL FOUNTAIN PEN – With the tube and needle point, is available in several line width which are fixed and suitable for freehand and mechanical drawing and line work.
15. DRAWING INK – Black, waterproof and quick to dry ink used in drawing.
16. DRAWING PAPER – a hard and smooth surface. It does not groove easily when pressure is applied to the pencil. It can withstand with erasures. Oslo paper is an example of good drawing paper.
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17. COLORING MATERIAL – composed of pigments and mucilage, a gummy
substance from various plants. It is used to color drawings.
18. TRACING PAPER – Thin, transparent paper on which ink and pencil drawing is made for production in blueprint or white print.
19. DRAWING TABLE/ DRAWING BOARD – Refers to a table where drawing paper is being laid and fastened. Their working edge should be properly straight and their surface, trim and smooth as this is the edge along which T-square is moved.
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I. Identification. Read religiously the
following statement and write the word/ words that are asked in your answer sheet.
1. Thin, transparent paper on which ink and pencil drawing is made for production in blueprint or white print. 2. Composed of pigments and mucilage, a gummy substance from various plants. It is used to color drawings. 3. Refers to a table where drawing paper is being laid and fastened. Their working edge should be properly straight and their surface, trim and smooth as this is the edge along which T-square is moved. 4. A hard and smooth surface. It does not groove easily when pressure is applied to the pencil. It can withstand with erasures. Oslo paper is an example of good drawing paper. 5. Black, waterproof and quick to dry ink used in drawing. 6. With the tube and needle point, is available in several line width which are fixed and suitable for freehand and mechanical drawing and line work. 7. Used to draw irregular curves. 8. A device which combines the protractor with triangles to produce great versatility of use. 9. These are used to fasten paper to the drawing board or table. Masking tape, scotch tape and other tapes are used. Thumb tacks are sometimes used in place of tapes. 10. A type of scale used in general drawing. The scale has various divisions. Its main purpose is to reproduce the dimension full of size on a drawing or to reduce or to enlarge them as well.
II. Multiple Choice. Choose the correct letter of your choice. Write your answers in you answer sheet.
1. A quick, unrefined drawing may be called…
a. Draft b. Scketh c. Sketch d. drawing
2. A drawing made with the aid of basic drawing tools, instruments and equipment’s are called… a. Drafting b. Mechanical c. Sketching d. drawing
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3. Letter H in pencil grades would mean…
a. Heat b. Medium c. hard d. soft 4. Use for measuring and setting dimensions usually expressed in centimeters and inches, and drawing straight lines. a. ruler b. T-square c. triangle d. Compass
5. A flat piece of plastic with standard symbols cut in it. The drafting templates shapes are used as guides for drawing symbols on plans. a. Templates b. pencils c. triangles d. Compasses 6. Composed of a long strip called blade and s short piece called head. Used to draw horizontal lines and also a guide for triangles in drawing vertical and diagonal lines.
a. Templates b. T-Square c. triangles d. Compasses
7. The most commonly used tools of a draftsman
a. Templates b. pencils c. triangles d. Compasses
8. It is one of the oldest forms of human expression within the visual arts. a. Graph b. Mechanical c. Sketching d. Drafting or drawing
9. American system of pencil grades range from numbers…
a. 1-5 b. 1-3 c. 1.10 d. 1-9
10. Letter B in pencil Grades represent the…
a. boldness of a pencil b. Softness of a pencil c. Hardness of a pencil d. breed of a pencil
Lesson 1 – Common Drafting tools, materials and its uses
