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The System Unit

Inside the Box


The System Unit
What is the system unit?
➢ Case that contains electronic components of the
computer used to process data

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The System Unit
What are common components inside the system unit?
➢ Processor
➢ Memory
➢ Adapter cards
▪ Sound card
▪ Video card
➢ Drive bays
➢ Power supply

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The System Unit
What is the motherboard?
➢ Main circuit board
in system unit
➢ Contains
expansion slots,
processor chips,
and memory slots
➢ Sometimes called a
system board

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The System Unit
What is a chip?
➢ Small piece of semi-conducting material on which
integrated circuits are attached
▪ Integrated circuits contain many microscopic
pathways capable of carrying electrical current

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Processor
What is the central processing unit (CPU)?
➢ Interprets and carries Processor
out basic instructions Control
Control Arithmetic
Arithmetic
Unit Logic
Logic Unit
Unit (ALU)
that operate a computer Unit (ALU)

▪ Control unit directs and Instructions


coordinates operations in Data
computer Information

▪ Arithmetic logic unit


(ALU) performs Input Output
Devices
Data Memory Information
Devices
arithmetic, comparison,
and logical operations
Instructions
➢ Also called the processor Data
Information

Storage
Devices
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Processor

The four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle.


Instruction time (i-time) - time taken to fetch and decode
Execution time (e-time) - time taken to execute and store
CPU speed is measured in MIPS (millions of instructions per
second)

e-time i-time
Processor
What is a machine cycle?
➢ Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle
Step 1. Fetch
Obtain program instruction
or data item from memory

Memory
Step 2.
Step 4. Store Decode
Write result to memory Translate
instruction into
Processor commands
ALU Control Unit
Step 3. Execute
Carry out command

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• Processor

The ALU (arithmetic/logic unit) executes mathematical and


logical operations requested by programs.

Comparison
(greater than,
equal to, or less
than)

Arithmetic Logical
(addition, subtraction, (AND, OR,
multiplication, and
NOT)
division)
• Processor

System Clock
➢ The system clock is a small chip on the mother board that
controls timing of all computer operations
➢ Generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set
operating pace of components of system unit
➢ Each tick is a clock cycle
• Processor

System Clock
There are two ways to measure the speed of a computer

clock speed MIPS


Pace of system Processor speed can
clock is clock speed also be measured in
millions of instructions
Most clock speeds are
per second (MIPS)
in the gigahertz (GHz)
range (1 GHz = one
billion ticks of system
clock per second)
• Processor

Cooling Systems
A great deal of heat is generated in the CPU and other
components of the system unit
Types of cooling devices:
Heat sink—component
with fins that cools
processor
Heat pipe—smaller
device for notebook
computers
Fans
Memory
What is memory?
➢ Electronic components that
store instructions, data, and
results
➢ Consists of one or
more chips on
motherboard or
other circuit board
➢ Each byte stored
in unique location
called an address,
similar to seats
in a concert hall

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Memory
How is memory measured?
➢ By number of bytes available for storage

Term Abbreviation Approximate Size


Kilobyte KB or K 1 thousand bytes
Megabyte MB 1 million bytes
Gigabyte GB 1 billion bytes
Terabyte TB 1 trillion bytes

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Memory
Term Abbreviation Approximate Exact memory amount
memory size

Kilobyte Kb or K 1 thousand bytes 1024 bytes

Megabyte MB 1 million bytes 1,048,576/1024kb

Gigabytes GB 1 billion bytes 1,073,741,824/1024mb

Terabytes TB 1 trillion bytes 1,099,511,627,776/1024GB


Memory
There are two types of memory found on in the system unit.

Nonvolatile
volatile memory memory
Loses its contents Does NOT lose its
when computer's contents when
power computer’s power
is turned off is turned off
Memory
What is random access memory (RAM)?

Memory chips that can be


read from and written
to by processor
Most RAM is
volatile, it is lost
Also called
when computer’s
main memory
power is
turned off

The more RAM a


computer has, the
faster it responds

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Memory
How Programs are transferred in and out of RAM
RAM

Operating system Operating system


instructions interface

Step 1.
When you start the computer, certain operating system
files are loaded into RAM from the hard disk. The
operating system displays the user interface on the
screen.
Memory
How Programs are transferred in and out of RAM
RAM

Web browser Web browser


instructions window

Step 2.
When you start a Web browser, the program’s
instructions are loaded into RAM from the hard disk.
The Web browser window is displayed on the screen.
Memory
How Programs are transferred in and out of RAM
RAM
Word processing
program Word processing
instructions program window

Step 3.
When you start a word processing program, the
program’s instructions are loaded into RAM from the
hard disk. The word processing program, along with the
Web Browser and certain operating system instructions
are in RAM. The word processing program window is
displayed on the screen.
Memory
How Programs are transferred in and out of RAM
RAM
Word processing
program Word processing
instructions program window

Web browser Web browser


program window no longer
instructions are is displayed on
removed from desktop
Step 4. RAM
When you quit a program, such as the Web browser, its
program instructions are removed from RAM. The Web
browser no longer is displayed on the screen.
Memory

The two basic types of RAM chips

Used for
Most Static special
applications
common RAM such as
type
(SRAM) cache

Faster
variations Dynamic Faster and
of DRAM are more reliable
SDRAM and RAM than DRAM
RDRAM (DRAM) chips
Memory
• 1. Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) :
Data is stored in transistors and requires a constant power flow. Because of
the continuous power, SRAM doesn’t need to be refreshed to remember the
data being stored. SRAM is called static as no change or action i.e.
refreshing is not needed to keep the data intact. It is used in cache memories.
Advantage: Low power consumption and faster access speeds.
Disadvantage: Less memory capacities and high costs of manufacturing.
• 2. Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) :
Data is stored in capacitors. Capacitors that store data in DRAM gradually
discharge energy, no energy means the data has been lost. So, a periodic
refresh of power is required in order to function. DRAM is called dynamic as
constant change or action i.e. refreshing is needed to keep the data intact. It is
used to implement main memory.
Advantage: Low costs of manufacturing and greater memory capacities.
Disadvantage: Slow access speed and high power consumption.
Memory

What is read-only memory (ROM)?


Memory chips that store
The data on most ROM
permanent data chips cannot be modified
and instructions

Firmware—
Manufactured with
permanently written
data, instructions,
or information

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Memory
What is access time?
➢ Amount of time it takes processor
to read data from memory
➢ Measured in nanoseconds (ns),
one billionth of a second
➢ It takes 1/10 of a second to blink
your eye; a computer can perform
up to 10 million operations in same amount of
time
Term Speed
Millisecond One-thousandth of a second
Microsecond One-millionth of a second
Nanosecond One-billionth of a second
Picosecond One-trillionth of a second

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Data Representation
How do computers represent data?
➢ Computers are digital

▪ Recognize only two


discrete states: on or off
▪ Use a binary system to
recognize two states
▪ Use Number system with
two unique digits: 0 and
1, called bits (short for
binary digits)

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Data Representation
What is a byte?
➢ Eight bits grouped together as a unit
➢ Provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s
to represent 256 individual characters
▪ Numbers
▪ Uppercase
and lowercase
letters
▪ Punctuation
marks

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Data Representation
What are two popular coding systems to represent data?
➢ ASCII—American Standard Code for Information Interchange
➢ EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

ASCII Symbol EBCDIC


00110000 0 11110000
00110001 1 11110001
00110010 2 11110010
00110011 3 11110011

➢ Unicode - coding scheme capable of representing all world’s


languages

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Data Representation
Converting to and from binary

Step 1. Step 2.
The user presses the capital letter D An electronic signal for the capital
(shift+D key) on the keyboard. letter D is sent to the system unit.

Step 3.
Step 4. The signal for the capital letter D is
After processing, the binary code for the converted to its ASCII binary code
capital letter D is converted to an image, (01000100) and is stored in memory for
and displayed on the output device. processing.
Ports and Connectors
What are ports and connectors?
➢ Port connects external devices to system unit
➢ Connector joins cable to peripheral

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Buses
What is a bus?
➢ Channel that allows devices
inside and attached to the
computer to communicate
with each other
▪ System bus connects processor
and main memory
▪ Bus width determines number
of bits transmitted at one time

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

➢ Expansion slot is an opening, or socket, where circuit


board is inserted into motherboard
➢ Expansion card inserted in expansion slot
➢ Expansion cards are used to improve the quality of the
existing components on the mother board including
➢ Video Cards
➢ Audio Cards
➢ Port Cards
➢ Expansion cards are being replaced by components on
the mother board and USB
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

PC cards
A PC card adds memory, storage, sound, fax/modem,
communications, and other capabilities to notebook
computers
Ports and Connectors
Types of Ports
USB port
➢ USB (universal serial bus) port can connect up to 127
different peripherals together with a single connector type
➢ PCs typically have four to eight USB ports on front or back
of the system unit
➢ To attach multiple devices to one USB port you use a USB
hub
Ports and Connectors
Types of Ports
Firewire port
➢ Can connect different peripherals together with a single
connector type
➢ High speed transfer of data
➢ First developed by Apple.
➢ Used mostly for video transfer.
Ports and Connectors

Types of Connectors
Bays
Open area inside system
unit used to install
additional equipment
Power Supply
➢ Converts AC Power into DC Power
➢ Fan keeps system unit components cool
➢ External peripherals might use an AC adapter, which is an
external power supply
Mobile Computers and Devices
➢ Include notebook, weighing between 2.5 and 8 pounds,
➢ or mobile device such as a PDA
Mobile Computers and Devices
➢ The system unit of
a mobile computer
➢ Motherboard,
processor, and
memory—also
devices such as
the keyboard,
speakers, and
display
Mobile Computers and Devices
➢ Ports on a Notebook computer

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