Differential Equations

Linear Differential Equations:

Exponential Shift and
Inverse D Operators
 Exponential Shift
Given a linear differential equation in the form
f n
 D y  r  x
where
yc  C1 y1  C2 y2    Cn yn
is the complementary solution.
The particular solution can be obtained by
ax
e f n
 D yp  f n
 D  a   y pe ax

 Example
Problems:
1.  D 2  4 D  4  y  64 x 2e  x
2.  D 3  4 D 2  3D  18 y  24 x3e 3 x
3.  D 3  5D 2  3D  9  y  64 x 2 e 3 x
4.  D 5  25D 4  250 D 3  1250 D 2  3125D  3125 y  120 xe5 x
 Example
Solution:1.  D 2  4 D  4  y  64 x 2e x
yc : m 2  4m  4  0, m  2, 2
yc   C1  C2 x  e 2 x
y p : e x  D 2  4 D  4  y p  64 x 2

 D  1 2

 4  D  1  4  y p e x   64 x 2

D 2
 2 D  1 y p e x   64 x 2 New LDE
m  1, 1; m '  0, 0, 0
 Example
Solution:  p 
y e x
 A  Bx  Cx 2

D  y p e x   B  2Cx
D 2  y p e x   2C
A  Bx  Cx 2  2 B  4Cx  2C  64 x 2
C  64, B  256, A  384
 y e   384  256 x  64 x
p
x 2

y   64 x  256 x  384  e
p
2 x

y   C  C x  e   64 x  256 x  384  e
1 2
2 x 2 x
 Inverse D Operators
The Operator 1/f(D)
f n  D y  r  x

Then yp is yp  1
r  x 
f n
 D

yp  1
f n  D
e ax

yp  1
f n a
ax
e , f n
a  0
 Example
Problems:
1.  D 2  3D  2  y  24 cos 3x
2.  D3  9 D  y  10e 2 x
3.  D3  4 D 2  5D  y  20e 5 x
 Example
Solution:
1.  D 2  3D  2  y  24 cos 3 x
yc : m 2  3m  2  0, m  1, 2
yc  C1e  x  C2 e 2 x
y p : m '  3 j
yp  1
D2 3 D  2
 24 cos 3x  D 3 j
y p   84
65 cos 3 x  65 j cos 3 x
108
 Example
Solution:
y p   84 cos 3 x  65 D  cos 3 x 
36
65

y p   84
65 cos 3 x  65 sin 3 x
108

y  C1e  x  C2e 2 x  84
65 cos 3 x  65 sin 3 x
108
 Inverse D Operators
If f(a) = 0, the characteristic roots are repeated
f  D y  r  x
n

  D  D  a  y  eax
n

Then yp is yp  1
e ax
  D  D  a 
n

yp  xn
n!  a 
e ax
,  a  0
 Example
Problems:
1.  D3  6 D 2  9 D  y  12e3 x
2.  D 4  5 D3  6 D 2  4 D  8  y  60e 2 x
 Example
Solution:
1.  D3  6 D 2  9 D  y  12e 3 x
yc : m  0, 3, 3
yc  C1   C2  C3 x  e3 x
y p : m '  3, n  2
yp  12e   2 x e
x2
2! D 
3 x
D 3
2 3 x

y  C  C  C x  2x  e
1 2 3
2 3 x
 Inverse D Operators
For complex-conjugate roots that are repeated
The solution yp is

yp  1
D2 b2
r  x or yp  1
D 2 b2
r  x
 1
D 2 b2
sin bx  1
D 2 b2
cos bx
  2xb cos bx  x
2b sin bx
 Example
Problems:
1.  D 3  6 D 2  13D  y  36e 3 x sin 2 x
2.  D 3  2 D 2  16 D  32  y  60 cos 4 x
3.  D 3  13D 2  34  y  25 x 2  100e  x cos 4 x
 Example
Solution:
1.  D 3  6 D 2  13D  y  36e 3 x sin 2 x
yc : m  0, 3  2 j
yc  C1  e 3 x  C2 cos 2 x  C3 sin 2 x 
y p : m '  3  2 j

  D  3 3

 6  D  3  13  D  3  y p e3 x   36 sin 2 x
2

D 3
 3D 2  4 D  12  y p e3 x   36 sin 2 x New LDE
m  3, 2 j , m '  2 j
 Example
Solution:
 p 
y e 3x
   
x
2 2
1
D 3   36 cos 2 x  D 2 j
 p    1327  1813 j   x cos 2 x 
y e 3x

y p  e 3 x  13
27
13 x sin 2 x 
x cos 2 x  18

y  C1  e3 x   C2  13
27
13 x  sin 2 x 
x  cos 2 x   C3  18