(Issued wit" Army O,",S for October.

1926 [Croum Gopyrig'" R,served

SIGNAL

TRAINING

VOLUME III

Pamphlet No. 1

TELEPHONE

SETS, D,

Mark

m*

1926

LUNUIlN:

PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFI'ICll.

r., b~ purohoiscd Jirqclly froID H.M. STATIONERY OPFleB at lhll f"lIowlngaddt<'Me!:

AdasITulll<>u"". Ri"85way, Loudc u, \\ .C.2; '"0 ('IC"T8< SUCCI, .Edinburgh; Y"rk Street, Manoooster; I. St. Andre .. 's C!UtEnt, Cardlll;

I~. Donegan Square West. [lelf",!:

or througb any IlooltSPlltr.

1926 Price IJ. Ni!I.

[Issued with Army Orders for October, 1926 rCrown copyright reserved

26 Manuals

----sos

SIGNAL

TRAINING

VOLUME III

Pamphlet No. 1

TELEPHONE

SETS,

D,

Mark

111*

1926

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE.

To be purchased directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addresses:

Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C .• ; 120, George Street, Edinburgh; York Street, Manchester j I. St. Andrew's Crescent, Cardiff;

IS, Donegall Square West. Belfast;

or through any Bookseller.

1926 Price ld. Net.

2

By Command of the Army Council

THE WAR OFFICE,

20th October, 1926.

3

CONTENTS CHAPTER I

SEC.

1. The instrument ..

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER II

ELECTRICAL DETAILS

2. The electro-magnet

3. The microphone

4. The receiver

.5. The hand set ..

CHAPTER III

CIRCUITS

6. The buzzing circuit

7. The speaking circuit

8. The line circuit

CHAPTER IV

TESTS AND ADJUSTMENTS

9. The buzzer adjustment

10. Tests ..

11. Field adjustments

CHAPTER V

CARE OF THE TELEPHONE 12. General instructions ..

DIAGRAM

No.1. 2. 3. 4.

" 5.

6.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS

Telephone Sets, D, Mark III* and IV

, , , , parts of

Wiring diagram

The microphone

The watch receiver

The hand set ..

PAGE 4

6 7 10 10

12 13 13

14 14 14

16

4 5 6 8 9

11

4

TELEPHONE SETS, D, MARK III. *

CHAPTER I GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1. The instrument

1. The complete telephone consists of an instrument case, together with a hand set and a separate head receiver.

The instrument case is divided into two compartments. One of these contains two cells of the "S" or "X" size; while under the ebonite hinged lid of the other is the buzzer. On the bottom of the latter compartment a condenser is fitted.

The whole instrument is carried in a leather case having two compartments; the instrument case fits into one section, and the hand set, head receiver, and flexible cords into the other.

Fig. 1 shows the instrument in its leather case opened out ready for use.

FIG. 1.

5

Fig. 2 shows the instrument case opened and the arrangement of the various parts.

2. On the upper side of the lid are fitted:- 1. A sending key.

ll. Terminals for connecting the flexible leads to the hand set and head receiver.

iii. Terminals for connecting the instrument to the line and earth leads.

3. The hand set is of the D. III, DIII* or D. V. pattern and the head receiver of the watch type, and the two receivers being connected in parallel are permanently in circuit with the secondary coil. The microphone circuit is broken until the pressel switch in the hand set is pressed.

The telephone set D. Mark III* differs from the D. Mark III in the method of anchoring the handset and extra receiver only. In the D. Mark III they are anchored to a Cord Jib, whereas in the Mark III* they are anchored to a bracket under Lor E terminal.

FIG. 2.

6

CHAPTER II ELECTRICAL DETAILS 2. The electro-magnet

1. The two cores of the electro-magnet are rigidly fixed to the South Pole of a permanent trough-shaped magnet, as indicated in Fig. 3.

FIG. 3.

TELEPHONE SETS, D, MARK III* Resistances:

PI & P2 Coils = 31 ohms each. S Coil = 62 do. Receivers .; 150 do. each.

PfRMAhlEMl "1AGf'lE.l

I I 1

1 ,:

.,,~ , ..

fo~r l1.STre f~xlble CQrd

7

2. The armature of the electro-magnet is mounted on, and at right angles to, a piece of flat steel spring, which is screwed to a soft iron extension on the North Pole of the electromagnet.

3. The armature is capable of oscillation, which causes the flat spring to be twisted alternately in each direction. The armature should be fixed approximately the same distance from each core of the electro-magnet. The pull due to each core on the ends of the armature will be equal. In this state only a small change in the magnetic balance will be necessary to cause the armature to move.

4. There are two contact screws called No. 1 and No.2, which operate on two contact springs screwed on the ends of the armature. No. 1 is adjusted so as normally to make contact with the armature, and No. 2 so as to be just clear. When the armature breaks contact with No. 1 contact screw the other end immediately makes contact with No. 2 screw. The armature has an induced polarity of North adjacent to the cores of the electro-magnet.

5. The electro-magnet has three windings, two primary and one secondary. The two primary windings are of "wire electric W. W. 29," the resistance of each being 3.2 ohms.

6. Half of each primary winding is on each bobbin, the halfwinding of one being wound on top of the half-winding of the other.

7. The secondary winding is of "wire electric W. W. 35," with a resistance of 62 ohms, half the winding being on each bobbin.

S. One of the primary coils is in series with No. 1 contact, and the other with No.2 contact, the other ends of both coils being connected to the positive of the battery. The centre of the armature is connected to the negative of the battery through the sending key.

3. The microphone

1. The microphone (see Fig. 4) is of the' 'capsule" type, and consists of an air-tight metal case containing a quantity of carbon shot, held loosely between a thin carbon diaphragm and a carbon block, in which are a number of small recesses.

2. Such an arrangement acts as a varying resistance, which depends upon the number of contact points between the diaphragm and the loose carbon shot. When anyone speaks into the microphone the diaphragm vibrates rapidly in accordance with the variations of pressure exerted by the sound waves of speech. These vibrations alter the number of

8

FIG. 4-CAPSULE

GOLD-SILVER CONTACT

MICA WASHE.R

CARBON ecoc«

CARBON DIAPHRAGM

9

FIG. 5.-WATCH RECEIVER

f'.dI't'I" W.uhn· in D III and

D 111* not DV

SECTION

PLAN

10

contacts between the diaphragm and the carbon shot, thus varying the resistance. In this type of microphone the resistance varies approximately between 10 ohms and 30 ohms.

3. The electrical terminals of the capsule are the metal case and the insulated stud at the back.

The path of the current through the capsule is as follows :-

From metal case through carbon diaphragm, carbon shot, carbon block, and metal screw to insulated stud.

4. A hand switch, which is open in its normal position, is placed in series with the microphone so that the current can only flow when the switch is pressed, i. e., when the microphone is in use for speaking.

5. This type of microphone has the advantage that a faulty capsule can be easily replaced by a good one, even by an inexperienced operator.

4. The receiver

The receiver (see Fig. 5) consists of an electro-magnet with permanently magnetized cores (a). These cores are the soft iron extensions of a circular permanent magnet (b), consisting of three steel rings. Just clear of the cores is a thin soft iron disc or diaphragm (c), which normally is pulled slightly inwards by the attraction of the cores. When varying currents pass round the coils the magnetic strength of the cores is varied and the diaphragm is subjected to a varying pull. This causes the diaphragm to vibrate and set up sound waves reproducing the original sounds which actuated the microphone and caused the fluctuating currents.

Care must be taken to see that the diaphragm does not touch the cores of the magnet, as this would prevent it from vibrating.

5. The hand set

1. The receiver and microphone are fixed to a suitable handle, and connected to the box containing the rest of the apparatus by means of a flexible cord. This arrangement is known as a hand-set, and enables the telephone to be used from any convenient position. The battery switch (usually termed the pressel switch) projects from the handle and must be pressed by the user when he wishes to speak.

Fig. 6 shows the hand set used with the D Mark III* telephone.

The handle is telescopic, and is made up of two metal tubes with a microphone and pressel switch on one tube, and a receiver on the other. The flexible cord terminates inside the hand set as shown, the connections to the receiver being made by means of two sliding brass tubes inside the handle.

11

FIG. 6.

12

In earlier patterns of this hand set the pressel switch is on the same tube as the receiver, and there are three inner brass tubes for the receiver and switch connections.

2. The metal base plate of the instrument case was, in the earlier issues, connected to the L or E terminal, in order that the necessary earth for earth-return working could be obtained by simply placing the instrument on the ground. The now general use of metallic circuits makes this arrangement unnecessary and the improvement of overhearing devices makes it dangerous in close warfare. Orders were therefore given during the war to disconnect all these base plates and to mark every phone thus disconnected with a white square.

Any base plates found to be still connected should be disconnected.

CHAPTER III CIRCUITS

6. The buzzing circuit

1. When the sending key is pressed down the current flows from the positive of the battery through one primary coil to No.1 contact screw, which is adjusted so as to be normally in contact with the armature. It passes through this coil in such a direction as to increase the magnetic field of the core near No. 1 contact, thus attracting that end of the armature. At the same time the current tends to decrease the magnetic field of the core near No. 2 contact. The combined effect of these magnetic forces is to cause the armature to break contact with No. 1 screw and make contact with No.2 screw. The path of the current is now through the other primary coil in such a direction as to produce the reverse effects and cause the armature to return to its first position. The flat steel spring also assists the latter action. In this manner the armature is caused to vibrate from 300 to 500 times a second as long as the sending key is held down.

2. The advantages of the above arrangement compared to earlier forms of vibrator are as follows:-

i. A more rapid make and break is obtained with a consequent increase of the induced E.M.F. in the secondary circuit, giving greater range.

ir. The E. M. F. due to the' 'break" of No. 1 contact is in the same direction as that due to the "make" of No. 2 contact (and vice-versa) and the resultant E. M. F. induced in the secondary is, so to speak, doubled. This again gives greater range.

iii. The higher note is easier for an operator to read.

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7. The speaking circuit

It will be seen from the diagram (Fig. 3) that the microphone is in circuit with one of the primary coils. When the pressel switch is closed, this circuit is completed from the carbon of the battery through the primary coil, microphone, across the pressel switch to the zinc of the battery. This primary, and the secondary coil, act exactly like the windings of an ordinary telephone induction coil. The secondary speech current follows the same path as the transmitted or received buzzing current.

8. The line circuit

1. On the top of the instrument are the terminals marked "L, " "CL," and "L or E, " as shown in Fig. 3. The line wire must be connected to "L" and the earth wire to "L or E, " or if the circuit consists of a metallic pair the two lines are joined respectively to "L" and "L or E." In early issues of these telephones, the brass plate underneath the ebonite base was connected to the "L or E" terminal, and the plate served as an earth connection by merely placing the ebonite box on the ground. In later issues, the brass plate is disconnected from "L or E" and to indicate this fact linch square of white is painted on the vertical face immediately behind the key. It should be remembered that an instrument not so marked must not be used on a circuit where an earth connection is not permissible.

In some patterns of the D. III telephone, the letter "E" only is placed against the "L or E" terminal.

2. It has previously been mentioned that a condenser is connected between the "L" and "CL" terminals. When it is desired to communicate with a D III by tapping in at an intermediate point on a line already in use, the line connection must always be made to the "CL" and not to the "L" terminal. This brings the condenser into circuit, and prevents the line being earthed through the instrument, which would cause serious interference if the line were being used for sounder working. The path of a received buzzing current is from "C L" to "L," or straight from "L" through the secondary winding and the head receiver and hand set receiver which are in parallel with each other, to earth or the other line at the terminal "L or E."

14

CHAPTER IV TESTS AND ADJUSTMENTS 9. The buzzer adjustment

I. It is essential that the following methodical system should be adhered to:-

i. Withdraw both contact screws until it is clear that both contacts are open.

11. Keeping the key pressed, advance No. I screw until the loudest (not the highest) note is obtained. Clamp it.

iii. Still keeping the key pressed advance No.2 screw until the highest strong note is obtained. Clamp it.

Notes.-1. If no buzz is obtained by advancing No.1 screw till it is clearly pressing hard on the contact spring, withdraw it until the contact is open again and try and obtain a buzz by advancing No. 2 screw. If a buzz is now obtained with No.2 screw adjust No.2 screw till the highest clear note is obtained and clamp it. Leave No. 1 contact open.

One-half of the buzzer is out of order in this case, but the telephone will work, the signals being weaker but still practicable.

2. Care must be taken not to damage the contact springs at any time by screwing the contact screws down too hard.

10. Tests

1. Buzzer Test.-With line and earth wires disconnected, press the key. The armature should buzz, but only weak sounds (if any) should be heard in the receiver.

2. Receiver Test.-Short circuit "L" and "L or E" terminals and press the key. A loud buzz should be heard in both receivers.

3. Microphone Test.-Short circuit "L" and "L or E" and very slowly and quietly press and release the hand set switch. A click should be heard in the receivers when the switch is pressed, and another click when it is released.

Blow steadily into the microphone, and while blowing press the switch. The blow should be heard to commence in both receivers at the moment the switch is pressed.

4. Condenser Test. -Short circuit' 'C L" and' 'L or E, " and press the key. A buzz should be heard in both receivers, but not quite as strong as in test 2.

Note.-Terminals are short circuited by joining them together by a short piece of wire.

11. Field adjustments

1. Every man should be taught to make the above tests systematically.

15

2. The only adjustments men (other than authorized instrument makers) are allowed to make are as fol lows r->-

1. Adjust the buzzer.

11. Look to the battery connections and replace the cells by others.

iii. Tighten up the connections of the flexible cords to the pillars, Rand M. (Fig. 3).

iv. Change a microphone capsule.

v. Clean and dry the telephone.

3. If test 1 fails:~

1. See that the cells of the battery are properly connected up in series and test each cell.

11. If no testing apparatus is available, but there is another instrument which is known to be in working order, change the cells over into the faulty instrument, and if the trouble is then cleared, it was obviously due to bad cells.

iii. Inspect the metal strips connected to the terminals of the cells, and see that they make clean and good contact with the cell terminals, and with the fixed metal strips on the inside of the cell compartment; also that the + and - terminals make contact with the strips so marked in the D. III case.

iv. If the buzzer works, and a loud buzz is heard in the receiver, an internal short circuit is indicated, and the instrument should be returned for repair .

... If test 2 fails:-

I. If both receivers fail, connect the two terminals of a cell to the two receiver terminals on the platform. No clicks in the receiver indicate faulty cords. If clicks are obtained, the fault is in the rest of the secondary circuit, and must be dealt with by an instrument maker.

i i, If one receiver alone gives no buzz, the fault is probably in the cord of that receiver.

5. If test 3 fails:-

i. If clicks are heard, but no "blow," the capsule is faulty, and shculd be changed for another.

ii. If no click is heard when the switch is pressed, remove the capsule from the case, and short circuit the contact spring and metal case of the hand set with a knife or coin. If operating the switch now produces clicks, the trouble is either (a) a bad contact between the capsule and the contact spring; (b) a faulty capsule.

16

iii. If still no clicks are heard, short circuit intermittently the two microphone terminals on the patform. If clicks are heard, the fault is in the flexible leads cf the hand set.

6. If test 4 fails:-

1. If there is no difference in the loudness of the buzz in the receivers for tests (2) and (4), the condenser is most probably short circuited, and should be replaced by an instrument repairer.

ii. If only a faint buzz is obtained, the condenser is most probably disconnected.

Note.-Remember that the condenser of the telephone is not normally connected in circuit, and that a set with a faulty condenser will work efficiently if the "L" and "L or E" terminals are used.

CHAPTER V

CARE OF THE TELEPHONE 12. General instructions

1. The great enemy of the telephone is dampness, especially to the batteries. To work properly the telephone must be kept quite dry. To do this wipe off all moisture, inside and out, and then warm the telephone in the sun or by a fire, taking care not to let it get too hot.

2. Every effort must be made to make the cells last as long as possible. To this end particular care must be taken to keep the inside of the battery compartment and the outsides of the cells themselves clean and dry.

3. Another point which will greatly prolong the life of the cells is this:-

Never press the switch in the hand set when listening, but only when actually speaking.

The reason for this is that a large current is being taken out of the battery the whole time this switch is pressed, and this is being simply wasted unless actually in use for speaking. The current used for buzzing is relatively much smaller.

4. Unskilled men must not be allowed even to make the field adjustments of Section II. They should be taught to make the tests and to ask for another instrument should any of the tests fail.

Printed under the authority of HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE by Wyman & Sons, Limited, Fetter Lane, London, E.C. 4.

710. Wt. 12146-756/812. 17,500. 11/26. Wy. & S.,Ltd. Gp. 64. P.26{756.