Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Putirka, 2008
• Gibbs phase rule
F=C-P+2
C=1
P=3
F=0
Example: at point A
C=1
P=2 A
F=1
Example: at point B
C=1
P=1 B
F=2
Example: X
1.) Equilibrium
crystallization of X Y
melt composition T1
2.) Fractional Z
T2
crystallization, with
X as starting
composition, at E
point Z
3.) Equilibrium Y Z X
crystallization of Y
melt composition
Terms
• Liquidus: Above the liquidus line, the existing phase is liquid.
Below and along the liquidus line, solid and liquid phases coexist
• Solidus: Below the solidus line, all existing phases are solid
Above and along the solidus line, solid and liquid phases coexist
• Eutectic point: The point at which the last drop of liquid is left during
crystallization
The point at which the first drop of liquid occurs
during melting
The point where all phases coexist
An invariant point
2-Component Eutectic System
Gibbs phase rule
F=C-P+1
X
Example:
1.) At point X:
C=2 Y X1 T1
P=1
F=2 Z
T2
2.) At point X1:
C=2 E
P=2
F=1
Y Z X
3.) At point E:
C=2
P=3
F=0
Binary Phase diagram: 2-component system, plagioclase
At 1450 C,
~An80 pl crystal is in equilibrium with
~An47 liquid
But the phase diagram will change if you change pressure and melt water content
Harder to melt
at higher P
Easier to melt
at higher
water content
Bennett, 2019
Trace elements
● Elements which have concentrations less than 0.1 %
● Usually reported in ppm
● Trace elements are important because they give insights on magmatic
processes, particularly differentiation processes
● Can be classified based on their bahavior in magmatic systems
Trace elements
Compatible elements: elements
that are easily accepted (in the
mineral structure)
Schematic quartz structure showing the configuration of different trace elements in the quartz lattice. Also
it is proposed that substitution of Si 4+ by four H + is possible (silanol groups). Because of the two-
dimensional illustration the fourth H + is not shown on the figure ( Müller, 2012 ).
Element substitution
Note: this example is for major elements in olivine
Trace elements
• LFS: Low Field Strength
elements
• LIL: Large-Ion Lithophile
elements
• HFS: High Field Strength
elements
● Kd = Cci/Cli
● Cci = concentration in mineral of element i
● Cli = concentration in melt of element i
Distribution coefficient
● Example: Sr in plagioclase phenocryst = 500ppm; Sr in the glassy
groundmass = 125ppm; Kd for Sr in plagioclase = 4
● A mineral/melt distribution of 1 means that the element is equally
distributed between crystal and liquid (melt)
● A value greater than 1 implies that the trace element has a preference
for the mineral phase and is a compatible element
● A value less than 1 implies that the trace element has a preference for
the melt and is an incompatible element
Bulk distribution coefficient
● Di = x1Kd1 + x2Kd2 + x3Kd3
● element i
● x1 = percentage proportion of mineral 1 in the rock
● Kd1 = partition coefficient of element i in mineral 1
● Example: a rock containing 50% olivine, 30% orthopyroxene and 20%
clinopyroxene
● Di = 0.5Kdol1 + 0.3Kdopx2 + 0.2Kdcpx3
https://earthref.org/KDD/
Distribution coefficient
● Variables that may affect
partition coefficient
– Composition
– Temperature
– Pressure
– Oxygen activity
– Crystal chemistry
– Water content of melt