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Boilers constructed a century or more ago were usually built by swaging the
tube ends into the tube sheets, but since middle of the last century the bore
of the tubes has been expanded by rolling in the manner shown, Fig. 2.2
Photo showing tubes being rolled into the header sheet of a shell-and-tube
heat exchanger
A rooling tool such as that in fig 2.3. is inserted in the open end of the tube
and rotated and expanded to roll the tube wall outward and expand its
diameter. The tube wall is left with a substantial residual compressive stress
to lock it into the header sheet.
The roller cage may be fitted with a collar mounted on a ball bearing to
prevent it from being drawn into the tube. Tools of this sort are
commercially available for the tube internal diameters from 0.15 to 16 in. as
many as 15 joints per minute have been rolled by a single operator using a
compressed-air driven tool on 3/4in.-diameter condenser tubes. For high
production work, automatic machines have been built with banks of tube-
rolling tools. One of these machines has rolled 1200 tubes per hour.
For best results, the tube should be expanded just enough to give a
leaktight joint. Overrolling thins down the tube wall and reduces its ductility
so that tube failures are more likely. Furthermore, rolling induces a slight
axial growth in the tube, and differential growth between the first and last
tubes installed may prove troublesome if many tubes are mounted between
two header sheets. In extreme cases overruling may cause an instances as
much as 0.5in. the proper amount of rolling varies somewhat with the
physical properties of the tubes and header sheet. Best results are usually
given by a reduction in tube-wall thickness of from 4 to 5%. Since there are
likely to be some variations in dimensions from hole to hole and from tube
to tube, it has been found more convenient to measure the torque on the
rolling tool than the reduction in tube-wall thickness. If commercial tooling
with torque measuring equipment is employed, a few sample tubes can be
rolled into a block drilled to simulate the header sheet, and careful
dimensional measurements can be made to estabilish the relationship
between the torque required for the last part of the rolling operation and the
reduction in tube-wall thickness that is determinate in this way can then be
used for the production operation.
The surface finish of both the tubes and holes influences the leaktightness
and holding power of a rolled joint. in general, a smooth finish seems best,
although a ductile tube will roll well into a rough hole. The strength of the
tube joint under axial loads can be increased by circumferentially grooving
the holes in the tube sheet. If the tubes are to be subjected to tensile loads,
the joint strength can be increased by flaring the tube end with an
additional set of rolls at an appropriate angle. Flaring the tubes has the
additional advantage of reducing turbulence losses at the tube-inlet end.
JUNTAS LAMINADAS
Las juntas espirometalicas se hacen con una cinta metálica espiral y se le coloca un
material suave como relleno, gracias a lo cual, puede brindar un sello muy efectivo
al estar comprimida entre las bridas. Estas juntas pueden incluir un anillo centrador,
un anillo interior o ambos, de acuerdo al tipo de brida a sellar.
La elasticidad y resistencia de las juntas espirometálicas las convierte en una buena
elección para dar servicio en; refinerías, plantas de procesos químicos, plantas
generadores de energía, industria aeronáutica y donde se requiera de un sellado
fuerte y efectivo.
Elaboradas con una combinación alternada de cinta metálica preformada y un
material no metálico como relleno, estas juntas forman un sello de gran efectividad
cuando se comprime. Un perfil en "V" al centro de la parte metálica actúa como
resorte, permitiendo a la junta incrementar su resiliencia. Ya que estas juntas son
capaces de soportar altas temperaturas (hasta 2000 °F - 1090 °C) y altas presiones
(hasta 3000 psi - 1200 bar), son recomendadas para refinerías, industrias químicas
y plantas de energía.
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