Numerical Solution to Boundary Layer Equations

Varun Hiremath AE03B032

January 22, 2006

1 Introduction
The aim of this assignment is to :

• Obtain numerical solution to Blasius equation (Flow past a flat plate at zero angle of
attack). The governing equation for the Blasius flow is given as:

2fηηη + f fηη = 0 (1)

• Obtain numerical solution to Hiemenz flow (2D Planar Stagnation point flow). The
governing equation for the Hiemenz flow is:

fηηη + f fηη − fη2 + 1 = 0 (2)

• Obtain for the above two flows:

1. Boundary layer thickness.

2. Displacement thickness.
3. Momentum thickness.
4. Energy thickness.
5. Shape factor.
6. Skin friction coefficient.
7. Nusselt number or wall convective heat transfer.

• Solve the Falkner Skan transformed u-momentum boundary layer equation for self similar
solution for different values of m.

2m(fη2 − 1) − (m + 1)f fηη − 2fηηη = 0 (3)

• The boundary conditions to the Falkner Skan transformed boundary layer equation (3)
are given as:
f = fη = 0 at η = 0 and fη → 1 as η → ∞ (4)

1
2 Algorithm
We introduce a new variable G(η) which is equal to
∂f u
G(η) = =
∂η ue
Now the 3rd order equation (3) reduces to a 2nd order equation:
2m(G2 − 1) − (m + 1)f Gη − 2Gηη = 0 (5)
The Hiemenz flow equation (2) reduces to:
Gηη + f Gη − G2 + 1 = 0 (6)
and the Blasius equation (1) reduces to:
2Gηη + f Gη = 0 (7)
Similarly the boundary conditions (4) also get modified:
f = G = 0 at η = 0 and G → 1 as η → ∞ (8)
Now we discretize these 2nd order equations in η by taking discrete points ηj = 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . N
The spacing is taken to be non-uniform for faster convergence. We use geometric spacing that
is if:
∆nj = nj − nj−1
then
∆nj+1 = K∆nj where K ∼ O(1 + ∆nj )
∆n2 can be from 0.02 to 0.05.
Now for discretising let us define a forward increment and backward increment like this:
∆ηb = nj − nj−1 and ∆ηf = nj+1 − nj
Now using Taylor series we can write G(η+∆ηf ) and G(η−∆ηb ) in the following way (neglecting
the higher order terms):
δG (∆ηf )2 δ 2 G
G(η + ∆ηf ) = G(η) + ∆ηf +
δη 2! δη 2
δG (∆ηb )2 δ 2 G
G(η − ∆ηb ) = G(η) − ∆ηb +
δη 2! δη 2
Using these two expansion we can represent the first and second order derivatives of G in a
finite difference form :
δG(ηj ) (∆ηb )2 G(ηj+1 ) − (∆ηf )2 G(ηj−1 ) + G(ηj )((∆ηf )2 − (∆ηb )2 )
=
δη ∆ηf ∆ηb (∆ηf + ∆ηb )

δ 2 G(ηj ) (∆ηb G(ηj+1 ) − G(ηj )(∆ηf + ∆ηb ) + ∆ηf G(ηj−1 )

=
δη 2 0.5 ∗ ∆ηf ∆ηb (∆ηf + ∆ηb )
We start with a initial guess as
G(ηj ) = 1 for j = 2, 3, 4, 5 . . . N and G(η1 ) = 0
We define an  which will be the tolerance limit. Our aim will be to reduce ∆G2 such that it
is within the tolerance limit ∆G2 < 

2
3 Program
The program is written in Python which takes in as input the following values:

• The value of m for which the Falkner Skan equation needs to be solved.

• The upper bound for η instead of number of points N .

• The tolerance or the accuracy required 

• The initial increment in η

• The value of K for non uniform spacing

• The value of Prandtl number P r for calculating temperature profile and the Nusselt
number Nu .

4 Source Code

#!/usr/bin/python
from scipy import *
import Gnuplot
import copy

class Boundary_Layer:

def __init__(self):

self.graph=Gnuplot.Gnuplot()
self.graph(’set grid’)

def blasius(self):

# Governing Equation : 2*fnnn + f * fnn = 0

upper_n = input(" Enter the upper bound for n : ")

epsilon = input(" Enter the tolerance limit epsilon : ")
delta = input(" Enter the value of increment delta : ")
k = input(" Enter the value of k : ")
Pr = input(" Enter the value of Pr number : ")

print "\nFlat Plate at zero angle of attack."

#Defining the values of n
if k == 1:
self.n = arange(0,upper_n,delta)
else:
self.n = [0 , delta]
while self.n[-1]<upper_n:
deltan = k * (self.n[-1] - self.n[-2])
self.n.append(self.n[-1]+deltan)
self.n=array(self.n)

3
 self.f = zeros(len(self.n),Float) #self.f = f
self.g = ones(len(self.n),Float) #self.g = fn
self.gn = zeros(len(self.n),Float) #self.gn = fnn
self.th=zeros(len(self.n),Float) #Temperature Profile

# Boundary Conditions
self.g[0] = self.f[0] = 0.0
self.g[-1] = 1.0

#The difference in values of G2 after each iteration

delta_g2 = 1 #Initial value 1 so that it enters the loop

while absolute(delta_g2) > epsilon:

#g_pre stores the previous value of g after each iteraton

g_pre=copy.deepcopy(self.g)

for i in range(1,len(self.n)-1):

delta_nb = self.n[i] - self.n[i-1]

delta_nf = self.n[i+1] - self.n[i]

self.f[i] = delta_nb * self.g[i] + self.f[i-1]

self.gn[i] = ((delta_nb**2)*self.g[i+1]-(delta_nf**2)*
self.g[i-1]+self.g[i]*(delta_nf**2 - delta_nb**2))/
( delta_nf*delta_nb*(delta_nf+delta_nb))

self.g[i] = (delta_nb*self.g[i+1] + delta_nf*self.g[i-1] +

0.25*self.f[i]*self.gn[i]*(delta_nf*delta_nb*(delta_nf + delta_nb))) /
(delta_nb + delta_nf)

self.f[-1] = (self.n[-1]-self.n[-2]) + self.f[-2]

self.gn[0] = (self.g[1]-self.g[0])/(self.n[1]-self.n[0])
self.gn[-1] = (self.g[-1]-self.g[-2])/(self.n[-1]-self.n[-2])

delta_g2 = g_pre[1] - self.g[1]

# Temperature Profile Calculations

Num = zeros((len(self.n)),Float)
for i in range(len(self.n)):
Num[i] = integrate.trapz(0.5*(m+1)*Pr*self.f[:i+1],self.n[:i+1])

Den = integrate.trapz(exp(-Num),self.n)
for i in range(len(self.n)):
self.th[i] = (integrate.trapz(exp(-Num)[:i+1],self.n[:i+1]))/Den

self.print_values(Pr)
self.plot_graph(m,Pr)

4
 def fskan_equation(self, m ):

"""
This function solves the general Falkner Skan transformed
v-mom boundary layer equation for the given values of epsilon ,
upper value of n (upper_n) , m , Pr
"""

# Governing Equation : 2m *(fn^2-1) - (m+1)*f*fnn - 2*fnnn = 0

upper_n = input(" Enter the upper bound for n : ")

epsilon = input(" Enter the tolerance limit epsilon : ")
delta = input(" Enter the value of increment delta : ")
k = input(" Enter the value of k : ")
Pr = input(" Enter the value of Pr number : ")

if k == 1:
self.n = arange(0,upper_n,delta)
else:
self.n = [0 , delta]
while self.n[-1]<upper_n:
deltan = k * (self.n[-1] - self.n[-2])
self.n.append(self.n[-1]+deltan)
self.n=array(self.n)

B = 2*180*m/(m+1)
print "\nThe Wedge Angle (degrees) = ", B

self.f = zeros(len(self.n),Float) #self.f = f

self.g = ones(len(self.n),Float) #self.g = fn
self.gn = zeros(len(self.n),Float) #self.gn = fnn
self.th = zeros(len(self.n),Float) #Temperature profile

# Boundary Conditions
self.f[0] = self.g[0] = 0.0
self.g[-1] = 1.0

#The difference in values of G2 after each iteration

delta_g2 = 1 #Initial value 1 so that it enters the loop

while absolute(delta_g2) > epsilon:

#g_pre stores the previous value of g after each iteraton

g_pre=copy.deepcopy(self.g)

for i in range(1,len(self.n)-1):

5
 delta_nb = self.n[i] - self.n[i-1]
delta_nf = self.n[i+1] - self.n[i]

self.f[i] = delta_nb * self.g[i] + self.f[i-1]

self.gn[i] = ((delta_nb**2)*self.g[i+1]-(delta_nf**2)*
self.g[i-1]+self.g[i]*(delta_nf**2 - delta_nb**2))/
( delta_nf*delta_nb*(delta_nf+delta_nb))

a = 2 * m
b = 4 * (delta_nf + delta_nb)/
(delta_nb*(delta_nf**2) + delta_nf*(delta_nb**2))
c = -(4*(delta_nb*self.g[i+1]+delta_nf*self.g[i-1])/
(delta_nf*delta_nb*(delta_nf+delta_nb)) +
(m+1)*self.f[i]*self.gn[i] + 2 * m)

self.g[i] = (- b + sqrt(b**2 - 4*a*c)) * 0.25 / m

self.f[-1] = (self.n[-1]-self.n[-2]) + self.f[-2]

self.gn[0] = (self.g[1]-self.g[0])/(self.n[1]-self.n[0])
self.gn[-1] = (self.g[-1]-self.g[-2])/(self.n[-1]-self.n[-2])

delta_g2 = g_pre[2] - self.g[2]

# Temperature Profile Calculations

Num = zeros((len(self.n)),Float)
for i in range(len(self.n)):
Num[i] = integrate.trapz(0.5*(m+1)*Pr*self.f[:i+1],self.n[:i+1])

Den = integrate.trapz(exp(-Num),self.n)
for i in range(len(self.n)):
self.th[i] = (integrate.trapz(exp(-Num)[:i+1],self.n[:i+1]))/Den

self.print_values(Pr)
self.plot_graph(m,Pr)

def print_values(self,Pr):
print"/------------------------------------------------------------
------------------\\"
print "|\t%-2s\t|\t%-4s\t|\t%-4s\t|\t%-4s\t| %-4s\t|"
%("n","f","fn","fnn","theta")
print"|------------------------------------------------------------
------------------|"
for i in range(len(self.n)):
print "|%-2f\t| %-4f\t| %-4f\t| %-4f\t| %-4f\t|"
%(self.n[i],self.f[i],self.g[i],self.gn[i],self.th[i])

print"\------------------------------------------------------------
------------------/"

6
 delta = integrate.trapz(1-self.g,self.n)
thetha = integrate.trapz(self.g*(1-self.g),self.n)
energy = integrate.trapz(self.g*(1-self.g**2),self.n)
H = delta/thetha

print " Boundary Layer thickness coefficient & ",\

self.n[argmin(abs(self.g-0.99))]
print " Displacement thickness coefficient & ",delta
print " Momentum thickness coefficient & ",thetha
print " Energy thickness coefficient & ",energy
print " Shape Factor & ",H
print " Skin Friction coefficient & ",self.gn[0]*2
print " Nusselt Number & ",\
(self.th[1] - self.th[0])/(self.n[1]-self.n[0])

def plot_graph(self,m,Pr):
d1=Gnuplot.Data(self.n,self.f)
d2=Gnuplot.Data(self.n,self.g)
d3=Gnuplot.Data(self.n,self.gn)
d4=Gnuplot.Data(self.n,self.th)
d1.set_option(with="lines",title="f")
d2.set_option(with="lines",title="G=fn")
d3.set_option(with="lines",title="fnn")
d4.set_option(with="lines",title="theta")
self.graph(’set title "Boundary Layer Equation values for m \
= %-.2f,Pr = %-.2f"’ %(m,Pr))
self.graph(’set xlabel "n"’)
self.graph.plot(d1,d4,d2,d3)
self.graph.hardcopy("temp_graph.png",terminal="png")
raw_input(" Press any key to continue !")

if __name__==’__main__’:

BL = Boundary_Layer()
m = input(" Enter the value of m : ")
if m == 0:
BL.blasius()
else:
BL.fskan_equation(m)

7
5 Post Processing
The following values are calculated by the program after solving for f , G(η) = fη and fηη at
different values of η numerically.

5.1 Boundary Layer Thickness

The boundary layer thickness coefficient (δ) is defined as the distance from the wall where
u
ue
= 0.99. So it was calculated by checking the value of G for which:

G(η) = fη = 0.99

5.2 Displacement Thickness

Displacement thickness coefficient was calculated from the data obtained by computing numer-
ically the integral given below: Z ∞
(1 − fη ) dη
0
∗
δ 1 Z∞
= √ (1 − fη ) dη
x Rex 0

5.3 Momentum Thickness

Momentum thickness coefficient was calculated from the data obtained by computing the inte-
gral given below: Z ∞
fη (1 − fη ) dη
0
θ 1 Z∞
=√ fη (1 − fη ) dη
x Rex 0

5.4 Energy Thickness

Energy thickness coefficient was calculated from the data obtained by computing the integral
given below: Z ∞  
fη 1 − fη2 dη
0
∗∗
δ 1 Z∞  
=√ fη 1 − fη2 dη
x Rex 0

5.5 Skin Friction Coefficient

Skin friction coefficient was calculated using the relation:
2
Cf = √ (fηη )η=0
Rex

5.6 Shape Factor

Shape factor is defined as:
δ ∗ /x
H=
θ/x

8
5.7 Nusselt Number
The thermal Boundary Layer equation under Falkner Skan transformation reduces to the form:

(m + 1)
Tηη + P rf Tη = 0
2
T −Tw
If we define θ = T∞ −Tw
then the above equation reduces to the following form:

(m + 1)
θηη + P rf θη = 0
2
This equation can be solved exactly and has an analytic solution given as:
Rη h R η (m+1) i
0 exp − 0 2
P rf δη δη
θ(η) = R ∞ h R η (m+1) i
0 exp − 0 2
P rf δη δη

Once f (η) is known it is plugged into this equation to get the temperature profile θ(η).
Now we can calculate wall convective heat transfer:
! !
00 δT δT δθ δη
q̇ = −k = −k
δy y=0
δθ δη δy η=0
!
ue δθ
r 
00
q̇ = −k(T∞ − Tw )
νx δη η=0
00 !
q̇ x ue x δθ
r 
Nu = =
−k(T∞ − Tw ) ν δη η=0

Thus the Nusselt number Nu is given by the following expression.

!
δθ q
Nu = Re
δη η=0

5.8 Reynold’s Analogy

It can be shown that the Thermal Boundary Layer equation and the U-momentum equation
for the Blasius flow (m = 0) turn out to be the same with identical boundary condition. So we
can show the following analogy between them:
1
Nu = Re Cf
2

9
6 Blasius Flow
These are the values obtained from the program for the Blasius flow:

6.1 Input Values

Enter the value of m 0

Enter the upper bound for n 8
Enter the tolerance limit epsilon 1e-8
Enter the value of increment delta 0.02
Enter the value of k 1.02
Enter the value of Pr number 1

6.2 Values Obtained

η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.335414 0.000000
0.020000 0.000134 0.006708 0.335414 0.006700
0.040400 0.000411 0.013551 0.335412 0.013535
0.061208 0.000838 0.020530 0.335409 0.020506
0.082432 0.001425 0.027649 0.335403 0.027616
0.104081 0.002180 0.034910 0.335394 0.034869
0.126162 0.003115 0.042315 0.335381 0.042266
0.148686 0.004238 0.049869 0.335364 0.049811
0.171659 0.005561 0.057573 0.335342 0.057507
0.195093 0.007094 0.065431 0.335313 0.065356
0.218994 0.008849 0.073445 0.335276 0.073361
0.243374 0.010839 0.081619 0.335231 0.081526
0.268242 0.013076 0.089954 0.335176 0.089853
0.293607 0.015573 0.098455 0.335110 0.098344
0.319479 0.018345 0.107124 0.335030 0.107004
0.345868 0.021405 0.115964 0.334936 0.115835
0.372786 0.024769 0.124978 0.334826 0.124840
0.400241 0.028453 0.134170 0.334697 0.134022
0.428246 0.032473 0.143541 0.334547 0.143384
0.456811 0.036846 0.153094 0.334374 0.152929
0.485947 0.041590 0.162834 0.334176 0.162660
0.515666 0.046725 0.172762 0.333949 0.172579
0.545980 0.052269 0.182881 0.333690 0.182689
0.576899 0.058242 0.193194 0.333397 0.192993
0.608437 0.064666 0.203704 0.333066 0.203494
0.640606 0.071564 0.214412 0.332692 0.214194
0.673418 0.078957 0.225322 0.332273 0.225095
0.706886 0.086870 0.236435 0.331804 0.236199
0.741024 0.095328 0.247753 0.331279 0.247509
0.775845 0.104356 0.259279 0.330695 0.259026
0.811362 0.113982 0.271013 0.330045 0.270752
0.847589 0.124233 0.282957 0.329325 0.282688

10
η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
0.884541 0.135137 0.295112 0.328527 0.294835
0.922231 0.146727 0.307478 0.327647 0.307194
0.960676 0.159031 0.320056 0.326676 0.319764
0.999890 0.172083 0.332846 0.325608 0.332547
1.039887 0.185916 0.345847 0.324435 0.345541
1.080685 0.200565 0.359057 0.323149 0.358744
1.122299 0.216065 0.372476 0.321743 0.372157
1.164745 0.232454 0.386101 0.320206 0.385775
1.208040 0.249768 0.399929 0.318530 0.399597
1.252200 0.268049 0.413957 0.316705 0.413618
1.297244 0.287336 0.428179 0.314721 0.427834
1.343189 0.307671 0.442591 0.312569 0.442241
1.390053 0.329096 0.457185 0.310237 0.456830
1.437854 0.351656 0.471956 0.307715 0.471596
1.486611 0.375396 0.486895 0.304992 0.486530
1.536344 0.400361 0.501992 0.302056 0.501622
1.587070 0.426599 0.517236 0.298897 0.516862
1.638812 0.454157 0.532615 0.295503 0.532237
1.691588 0.483085 0.548117 0.291864 0.547735
1.745420 0.513431 0.563726 0.287969 0.563340
1.800328 0.545246 0.579426 0.283807 0.579037
1.856335 0.578582 0.595199 0.279370 0.594807
1.913461 0.613487 0.611026 0.274648 0.610632
1.971731 0.650016 0.626886 0.269633 0.626489
2.031165 0.688218 0.642757 0.264319 0.642357
2.091789 0.728145 0.658613 0.258701 0.658212
2.153624 0.769849 0.674430 0.252774 0.674027
2.216697 0.813380 0.690179 0.246537 0.689774
2.281031 0.858789 0.705832 0.239991 0.705426
2.346651 0.906125 0.721358 0.233139 0.720952
2.413584 0.955437 0.736725 0.225986 0.736319
2.481856 1.006770 0.751902 0.218540 0.751495
2.551493 1.060172 0.766853 0.210814 0.766447
2.622523 1.115685 0.781545 0.202822 0.781140
2.694974 1.173351 0.795942 0.194584 0.795539
2.768873 1.233210 0.810010 0.186121 0.809608
2.844251 1.295300 0.823713 0.177460 0.823314
2.921136 1.359654 0.837017 0.168631 0.836621
2.999558 1.426305 0.849889 0.159668 0.849496
3.079549 1.495281 0.862296 0.150607 0.861908
3.161140 1.566608 0.874210 0.141489 0.873826
3.244363 1.640311 0.885601 0.132358 0.885223
3.329250 1.716407 0.896445 0.123258 0.896074
3.415835 1.794916 0.906720 0.114238 0.906358
3.504152 1.875850 0.916410 0.105346 0.916056
3.594235 1.959222 0.925498 0.096630 0.925154
3.686120 2.045040 0.933978 0.088139 0.933644
3.779842 2.133312 0.941842 0.079920 0.941520
11
 η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
3.875439 2.224042 0.949093 0.072016 0.948783
3.972948 2.317234 0.955734 0.064469 0.955438
4.072407 2.412892 0.961776 0.057315 0.961495
4.173855 2.511016 0.967235 0.050585 0.966969
4.277332 2.611609 0.972129 0.044305 0.971879
4.382879 2.714674 0.976483 0.038494 0.976250
4.490536 2.820213 0.980325 0.033164 0.980108
4.600347 2.928232 0.983684 0.028319 0.983485
4.712354 3.038738 0.986596 0.023958 0.986414
4.826601 3.151739 0.989096 0.020072 0.988931
4.943133 3.267248 0.991220 0.016644 0.991072
5.061996 3.385279 0.993006 0.013655 0.992875
5.183236 3.505851 0.994492 0.011076 0.994376
5.306900 3.628986 0.995713 0.008879 0.995612
5.433038 3.754708 0.996705 0.007031 0.996618
5.561699 3.883047 0.997500 0.005495 0.997427
5.692933 4.014036 0.998129 0.004237 0.998068
5.826792 4.147710 0.998620 0.003221 0.998569
5.963328 4.284109 0.998998 0.002412 0.998956
6.102594 4.423276 0.999284 0.001778 0.999250
6.244646 4.565256 0.999497 0.001290 0.999470
6.389539 4.710099 0.999653 0.000920 0.999632
6.537330 4.857855 0.999765 0.000644 0.999749
6.688076 5.008578 0.999844 0.000443 0.999833
6.841838 5.162324 0.999899 0.000298 0.999891
6.998675 5.319151 0.999937 0.000197 0.999931
7.158648 5.479118 0.999961 0.000127 0.999957
7.321821 5.642287 0.999977 0.000080 0.999975
7.488258 5.808722 0.999988 0.000049 0.999986
7.658023 5.978486 0.999994 0.000030 0.999993
7.831183 6.151646 0.999998 0.000017 0.999997
8.007807 6.328270 1.000000 0.000013 1.000000

6.3 Post Processing

Boundary Layer thickness coefficient 4.82660110422
Displacement thickness coefficient 1.70633393329
Momentum thickness coefficient 0.659049014133
Energy thickness coefficient 1.03659042296
Shape Factor 2.58908502509
Skin Friction coefficient 0.67082897104
Nusselt Number 0.335021267053
Remark : Here we can clearly see the Reynold’s Analogy: Nusselt number obtained is al-
most half the Skin friction coefficient.

12
6.4 Graph

Note : It can be clearly seen that the non-dimensional temperature and velocity profiles exactly
match for P r = 1.
The temperature profile tends to unity at a slower rate for low P r numbers, i.e the thermal
boundary layer thickness is large. This is because diffusivity (α) is high and viscosity (ν) is
small. For the same reason Nusselt number decreases for low P r numbers. For P r = 0.2,
Nu = 0.1911.
For P r numbers greater than unity the temperature profile tends to unity at a faster rate
indicating that thermal boundary layer is small. In this case the Nusselt number increases. For
P r = 3, Nu = 0.4903.

13
7 Hiemenz Flow
These are the values obtained from the program for the Hiemenz flow:

7.1 Input Values

Enter the value of m 1

Enter the upper bound for n 6
Enter the tolerance limit epsilon 1e-8
Enter the value of increment delta 0.02
Enter the value of k 1.02
Enter the value of Pr number 1

7.2 Values Obtained

η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.225401 0.000000
0.020000 0.000490 0.024508 1.215401 0.011506
0.040400 0.001492 0.049094 1.195007 0.023241
0.061208 0.003026 0.073743 1.174225 0.035211
0.082432 0.005115 0.098441 1.153060 0.047420
0.104081 0.007782 0.123169 1.131520 0.059871
0.126162 0.011048 0.147913 1.109614 0.072569
0.148686 0.014937 0.172654 1.087350 0.085518
0.171659 0.019471 0.197374 1.064740 0.098721
0.195093 0.024675 0.222054 1.041795 0.112182
0.218994 0.030571 0.246676 1.018528 0.125904
0.243374 0.037183 0.271219 0.994954 0.139890
0.268242 0.044535 0.295663 0.971088 0.154143
0.293607 0.052652 0.319987 0.946947 0.168665
0.319479 0.061556 0.344170 0.922549 0.183457
0.345868 0.071273 0.368189 0.897915 0.198520
0.372786 0.081825 0.392022 0.873065 0.213856
0.400241 0.093237 0.415646 0.848022 0.229463
0.428246 0.105532 0.439040 0.822809 0.245342
0.456811 0.118734 0.462178 0.797453 0.261489
0.485947 0.132866 0.485039 0.771979 0.277903
0.515666 0.147951 0.507598 0.746417 0.294580
0.545980 0.164012 0.529833 0.720795 0.311514
0.576899 0.181071 0.551719 0.695145 0.328701
0.608437 0.199150 0.573234 0.669498 0.346133
0.640606 0.218270 0.594354 0.643889 0.363800
0.673418 0.238451 0.615058 0.618351 0.381693
0.706886 0.259714 0.635322 0.592921 0.399801
0.741024 0.282079 0.655126 0.567634 0.418108
0.775845 0.305563 0.674448 0.542529 0.436601
0.811362 0.330186 0.693268 0.517644 0.455262
0.847589 0.355964 0.711568 0.493016 0.474072

14
η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
0.884541 0.382914 0.729329 0.468687 0.493010
0.922231 0.411052 0.746534 0.444694 0.512052
0.960676 0.440391 0.763168 0.421077 0.531173
0.999890 0.470947 0.779216 0.397876 0.550346
1.039887 0.502732 0.794666 0.375129 0.569541
1.080685 0.535758 0.809507 0.352875 0.588725
1.122299 0.570037 0.823729 0.331151 0.607866
1.164745 0.605578 0.837325 0.309994 0.626927
1.208040 0.642391 0.850290 0.289437 0.645872
1.252200 0.680485 0.862621 0.269514 0.664659
1.297244 0.719868 0.874315 0.250256 0.683250
1.343189 0.760546 0.885374 0.231692 0.701601
1.390053 0.802527 0.895801 0.213848 0.719670
1.437854 0.845815 0.905601 0.196747 0.737414
1.486611 0.890417 0.914783 0.180410 0.754788
1.536344 0.936338 0.923354 0.164853 0.771750
1.587070 0.983581 0.931328 0.150090 0.788256
1.638812 1.032152 0.938719 0.136130 0.804265
1.691588 1.082054 0.945542 0.122980 0.819737
1.745420 1.133292 0.951816 0.110639 0.834635
1.800328 1.185870 0.957560 0.099107 0.848922
1.856335 1.239793 0.962796 0.088376 0.862569
1.913461 1.295066 0.967547 0.078435 0.875546
1.971731 1.351694 0.971837 0.069269 0.887830
2.031165 1.409684 0.975690 0.060859 0.899403
2.091789 1.469042 0.979134 0.053182 0.910250
2.153624 1.529777 0.982194 0.046213 0.920363
2.216697 1.591897 0.984898 0.039921 0.929740
2.281031 1.655412 0.987273 0.034273 0.938382
2.346651 1.720333 0.989345 0.029236 0.946300
2.413584 1.786673 0.991142 0.024772 0.953506
2.481856 1.854446 0.992689 0.020842 0.960021
2.551493 1.923666 0.994011 0.017407 0.965871
2.622523 1.994350 0.995133 0.014427 0.971083
2.694974 2.066516 0.996077 0.011861 0.975691
2.768873 2.140184 0.996865 0.009670 0.979734
2.844251 2.215375 0.997518 0.007815 0.983249
2.921136 2.292110 0.998053 0.006258 0.986279
2.999558 2.370414 0.998487 0.004963 0.988867
3.079549 2.450312 0.998837 0.003897 0.991056
3.161140 2.531831 0.999115 0.003027 0.992888
3.244363 2.614998 0.999335 0.002326 0.994406
3.329250 2.699844 0.999506 0.001767 0.995649
3.415835 2.786397 0.999637 0.001326 0.996656
3.504152 2.874691 0.999737 0.000983 0.997461
3.594235 2.964757 0.999812 0.000719 0.998097
3.686120 3.056629 0.999867 0.000519 0.998593
3.779842 3.150343 0.999908 0.000369 0.998974
15
 η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
3.875439 3.245934 0.999937 0.000258 0.999263
3.972948 3.343439 0.999958 0.000178 0.999479
4.072407 3.442895 0.999972 0.000121 0.999637
4.173855 3.544341 0.999982 0.000081 0.999751
4.277332 3.647817 0.999988 0.000053 0.999833
4.382879 3.753363 0.999993 0.000034 0.999890
4.490536 3.861020 0.999996 0.000021 0.999928
4.600347 3.970830 0.999997 0.000013 0.999955
4.712354 4.082837 0.999998 0.000008 0.999972
4.826601 4.197084 0.999999 0.000005 0.999983
4.943133 4.313616 0.999999 0.000003 0.999990
5.061996 4.432479 1.000000 0.000002 0.999994
5.183236 4.553718 1.000000 0.000001 0.999997
5.306900 4.677383 1.000000 0.000000 0.999998
5.433038 4.803521 1.000000 0.000000 0.999999
5.561699 4.932182 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000
5.692933 5.063416 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000
5.826792 5.197275 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000
5.963328 5.333810 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000
6.102594 5.473077 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000

7.3 Post Processing

Boundary Layer thickness coefficient 2.34665140413
Displacement thickness coefficient 0.645812539589
Momentum thickness coefficient 0.291193081429
Energy thickness coefficient 0.473394737807
Shape Factor 2.2178155347
Skin Friction coefficient 2.45080257228
Nusselt Number 0.57528020598

Remarks : In this case the temperature and velocity profile don’t match because the gov-
erning equations are not identical. But it was found that the temperature and velocity profile
almost match for P r = 3 (graph shown on next page) and the Nusselt number at P r = 3, was
found out to be equal to Nu = 0.8754.
For low P r numbers the temperature profile tends to unity further away from the wall and the
Nusselt number decreases. For P r = 0.2, Nu = 0.2986.

16
7.4 Graph

17
8 Flow over a Wedge with 60o angle
These are the values obtained from the program for flow over a wedge with 60o angle:

8.1 Input Values

Enter the value of m 0.2

Enter the upper bound for n 7
Enter the tolerance limit epsilon 1e-8
Enter the value of increment delta 0.02
Enter the value of k 1.02
Enter the value of Pr number 1

8.2 Values Obtained

η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.621665 0.000000
0.020000 0.000249 0.012433 0.619664 0.008168
0.040400 0.000759 0.025033 0.615582 0.016499
0.061208 0.001546 0.037798 0.611415 0.024996
0.082432 0.002623 0.050730 0.607161 0.033664
0.104081 0.004004 0.063827 0.602819 0.042504
0.126162 0.005707 0.077090 0.598385 0.051521
0.148686 0.007745 0.090516 0.593856 0.060717
0.171659 0.010137 0.104106 0.589230 0.070097
0.195093 0.012899 0.117858 0.584505 0.079662
0.218994 0.016048 0.131771 0.579676 0.089417
0.243374 0.019604 0.145844 0.574742 0.099365
0.268242 0.023585 0.160073 0.569698 0.109509
0.293607 0.028010 0.174458 0.564542 0.119852
0.319479 0.032900 0.188996 0.559270 0.130397
0.345868 0.038275 0.203684 0.553880 0.141148
0.372786 0.044157 0.218519 0.548367 0.152107
0.400241 0.050567 0.233497 0.542728 0.163277
0.428246 0.057530 0.248616 0.536959 0.174660
0.456811 0.065067 0.263870 0.531057 0.186260
0.485947 0.073204 0.279255 0.525019 0.198079
0.515666 0.081964 0.294766 0.518840 0.210119
0.545980 0.091373 0.310398 0.512516 0.222381
0.576899 0.101457 0.326145 0.506045 0.234867
0.608437 0.112243 0.342000 0.499422 0.247579
0.640606 0.123758 0.357957 0.492643 0.260517
0.673418 0.136030 0.374008 0.485706 0.273682
0.706886 0.149088 0.390145 0.478606 0.287074
0.741024 0.162960 0.406360 0.471341 0.300693
0.775845 0.177677 0.422643 0.463906 0.314537
0.811362 0.193268 0.438984 0.456300 0.328605
0.847589 0.209765 0.455374 0.448519 0.342895

18
η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
0.884541 0.227199 0.471801 0.440561 0.357404
0.922231 0.245602 0.488252 0.432424 0.372127
0.960676 0.265005 0.504717 0.424106 0.387061
0.999890 0.285443 0.521181 0.415606 0.402200
1.039887 0.306947 0.537631 0.406923 0.417537
1.080685 0.329551 0.554052 0.398058 0.433064
1.122299 0.353288 0.570428 0.389009 0.448774
1.164745 0.378193 0.586744 0.379780 0.464655
1.208040 0.404299 0.602983 0.370372 0.480697
1.252200 0.431640 0.619127 0.360788 0.496888
1.297244 0.460250 0.635158 0.351032 0.513212
1.343189 0.490163 0.651058 0.341110 0.529654
1.390053 0.521412 0.666807 0.331027 0.546198
1.437854 0.554031 0.682385 0.320791 0.562825
1.486611 0.588052 0.697772 0.310412 0.579514
1.536344 0.623509 0.712946 0.299898 0.596243
1.587070 0.660432 0.727888 0.289264 0.612990
1.638812 0.698854 0.742576 0.278521 0.629727
1.691588 0.738805 0.756987 0.267685 0.646429
1.745420 0.780315 0.771102 0.256772 0.663068
1.800328 0.823412 0.784897 0.245801 0.679612
1.856335 0.868125 0.798352 0.234793 0.696031
1.913461 0.914481 0.811447 0.223768 0.712292
1.971731 0.962504 0.824162 0.212750 0.728362
2.031165 1.012220 0.836476 0.201764 0.744205
2.091789 1.063651 0.848372 0.190837 0.759786
2.153624 1.116819 0.859832 0.179996 0.775070
2.216697 1.171745 0.870841 0.169270 0.790021
2.281031 1.228448 0.881385 0.158688 0.804602
2.346651 1.286946 0.891450 0.148281 0.818780
2.413584 1.347254 0.901026 0.138079 0.832521
2.481856 1.409389 0.910105 0.128113 0.845791
2.551493 1.473363 0.918681 0.118413 0.858560
2.622523 1.539190 0.926749 0.109008 0.870800
2.694974 1.606881 0.934308 0.099928 0.882484
2.768873 1.676447 0.941360 0.091197 0.893591
2.844251 1.747898 0.947909 0.082842 0.904101
2.921136 1.821243 0.953962 0.074884 0.913999
2.999558 1.896492 0.959527 0.067343 0.923275
3.079549 1.973653 0.964618 0.060234 0.931921
3.161140 2.052735 0.969249 0.053571 0.939936
3.244363 2.133747 0.973437 0.047362 0.947324
3.329250 2.216699 0.977201 0.041612 0.954091
3.415835 2.301601 0.980563 0.036320 0.960250
3.504152 2.388464 0.983545 0.031485 0.965819
3.594235 2.477302 0.986171 0.027097 0.970819
3.686120 2.568127 0.988468 0.023145 0.975274
3.779842 2.660955 0.990460 0.019613 0.979214
19
η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
3.875439 2.755804 0.992175 0.016483 0.982670
3.972948 2.852692 0.993638 0.013732 0.985676
4.072407 2.951642 0.994875 0.011337 0.988267
4.173855 3.052675 0.995911 0.009271 0.990480
4.277332 3.155818 0.996771 0.007506 0.992352
4.382879 3.261098 0.997477 0.006014 0.993919
4.490536 3.368546 0.998050 0.004765 0.995217
4.600347 3.478193 0.998511 0.003733 0.996281
4.712354 3.590074 0.998876 0.002890 0.997142
4.826601 3.704225 0.999163 0.002209 0.997831
4.943133 3.820686 0.999384 0.001667 0.998375
5.061996 3.939495 0.999554 0.001240 0.998799
5.183236 4.060697 0.999681 0.000909 0.999125
5.306900 4.184334 0.999776 0.000657 0.999372
5.433038 4.310452 0.999845 0.000467 0.999556
5.561699 4.439099 0.999895 0.000327 0.999692
5.692933 4.570324 0.999930 0.000225 0.999789
5.826792 4.704177 0.999954 0.000152 0.999859
5.963328 4.840708 0.999970 0.000100 0.999907
6.102594 4.979972 0.999981 0.000065 0.999941
6.244646 5.122023 0.999989 0.000041 0.999963
6.389539 5.266915 0.999993 0.000026 0.999977
6.537330 5.414705 0.999996 0.000016 0.999987
6.688076 5.565451 0.999998 0.000009 0.999993
6.841838 5.719212 0.999999 0.000005 0.999997
6.998675 5.876049 1.000000 0.000003 0.999999
7.158648 6.036023 1.000000 0.000002 1.000000

8.3 Post Processing

Boundary Layer thickness coefficient 3.7798423099
Displacement thickness coefficient 1.14385215987
Momentum thickness coefficient 0.48687809875
Energy thickness coefficient 0.780748573042
Shape Factor 2.34936047197
Skin Friction coefficient 1.24333008762
Nusselt Number 0.40838803886

20
8.4 Graph

21
9 Flow over a Wedge with 120o angle
These are the values obtained from the program for flow over a wedge with 120o angle :

9.1 Input Values

Enter the value of m 0.5

Enter the upper bound for n 7
Enter the tolerance limit epsilon 1e-8
Enter the value of increment delta 0.02
Enter the value of k 1.02
Enter the value of Pr number 1

9.2 Values Obtained

η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.897101 0.000000
0.020000 0.000359 0.017942 0.892101 0.009626
0.040400 0.001094 0.036037 0.881898 0.019444
0.061208 0.002223 0.054279 0.871493 0.029459
0.082432 0.003766 0.072663 0.860883 0.039674
0.104081 0.005740 0.091183 0.850065 0.050092
0.126162 0.008165 0.109832 0.839038 0.060717
0.148686 0.011061 0.128603 0.827801 0.071554
0.171659 0.014450 0.147489 0.816351 0.082605
0.195093 0.018351 0.166482 0.804689 0.093874
0.218994 0.022787 0.185574 0.792813 0.105365
0.243374 0.027779 0.204755 0.780723 0.117081
0.268242 0.033349 0.224016 0.768418 0.129025
0.293607 0.039522 0.243348 0.755899 0.141200
0.319479 0.046319 0.262740 0.743166 0.153609
0.345868 0.053766 0.282180 0.730220 0.166255
0.372786 0.061886 0.301659 0.717062 0.179140
0.400241 0.070704 0.321162 0.703695 0.192266
0.428246 0.080244 0.340678 0.690120 0.205635
0.456811 0.090533 0.360194 0.676341 0.219248
0.485947 0.101596 0.379696 0.662360 0.233106
0.515666 0.113459 0.399169 0.648183 0.247209
0.545980 0.126148 0.418599 0.633814 0.261558
0.576899 0.139690 0.437971 0.619258 0.276151
0.608437 0.154111 0.457267 0.604522 0.290987
0.640606 0.169439 0.476473 0.589612 0.306064
0.673418 0.185700 0.495571 0.574538 0.321380
0.706886 0.202920 0.514544 0.559307 0.336929
0.741024 0.221129 0.533373 0.543929 0.352708
0.775845 0.240351 0.552042 0.528416 0.368711
0.811362 0.260614 0.570530 0.512780 0.384931
0.847589 0.281946 0.588819 0.497032 0.401359

22
η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
0.884541 0.304371 0.606891 0.481187 0.417986
0.922231 0.327918 0.624724 0.465260 0.434802
0.960676 0.352611 0.642301 0.449267 0.451795
0.999890 0.378476 0.659601 0.433227 0.468950
1.039887 0.405539 0.676605 0.417156 0.486252
1.080685 0.433824 0.693293 0.401076 0.503684
1.122299 0.463355 0.709645 0.385007 0.521229
1.164745 0.494155 0.725643 0.368972 0.538864
1.208040 0.526248 0.741267 0.352992 0.556568
1.252200 0.559656 0.756500 0.337094 0.574318
1.297244 0.594399 0.771323 0.321301 0.592086
1.343189 0.630499 0.785721 0.305641 0.609846
1.390053 0.667975 0.799675 0.290139 0.627568
1.437854 0.706846 0.813172 0.274825 0.645220
1.486611 0.747129 0.826197 0.259725 0.662770
1.536344 0.788841 0.838738 0.244869 0.680184
1.587070 0.831998 0.850782 0.230286 0.697426
1.638812 0.876616 0.862320 0.216004 0.714459
1.691588 0.922708 0.873343 0.202052 0.731247
1.745420 0.970287 0.883846 0.188458 0.747749
1.800328 1.019365 0.893822 0.175249 0.763929
1.856335 1.069954 0.903269 0.162452 0.779748
1.913461 1.122064 0.912186 0.150092 0.795167
1.971731 1.175705 0.920575 0.138193 0.810149
2.031165 1.230887 0.928439 0.126776 0.824658
2.091789 1.287617 0.935782 0.115861 0.838660
2.153624 1.345904 0.942614 0.105464 0.852122
2.216697 1.405757 0.948943 0.095601 0.865015
2.281031 1.467181 0.954782 0.086282 0.877312
2.346651 1.530187 0.960144 0.077516 0.888990
2.413584 1.594780 0.965046 0.069307 0.900030
2.481856 1.660970 0.969504 0.061658 0.910416
2.551493 1.728764 0.973539 0.054565 0.920139
2.622523 1.798172 0.977170 0.048023 0.929193
2.694974 1.869204 0.980420 0.042023 0.937577
2.768873 1.941871 0.983312 0.036551 0.945296
2.844251 2.016183 0.985869 0.031592 0.952359
2.921136 2.092154 0.988115 0.027125 0.958780
2.999558 2.169798 0.990075 0.023130 0.964580
3.079549 2.249132 0.991773 0.019581 0.969782
3.161140 2.330170 0.993234 0.016451 0.974412
3.244363 2.412934 0.994480 0.013712 0.978502
3.329250 2.497442 0.995534 0.011335 0.982087
3.415835 2.583717 0.996420 0.009289 0.985201
3.504152 2.671783 0.997156 0.007543 0.987884
3.594235 2.761664 0.997762 0.006068 0.990173
3.686120 2.853389 0.998257 0.004833 0.992108
3.779842 2.946985 0.998657 0.003809 0.993727
23
η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
3.875439 3.042484 0.998977 0.002970 0.995067
3.972948 3.139918 0.999229 0.002289 0.996164
4.072407 3.239320 0.999427 0.001743 0.997052
4.173855 3.340725 0.999579 0.001311 0.997762
4.277332 3.444171 0.999695 0.000974 0.998323
4.382879 3.549694 0.999782 0.000713 0.998760
4.490536 3.657335 0.999846 0.000515 0.999096
4.600347 3.767134 0.999893 0.000366 0.999350
4.712354 3.879133 0.999927 0.000256 0.999540
4.826601 3.993375 0.999951 0.000177 0.999680
4.943133 4.109903 0.999968 0.000120 0.999781
5.061996 4.228763 0.999979 0.000080 0.999852
5.183236 4.350001 0.999987 0.000052 0.999902
5.306900 4.473665 0.999992 0.000033 0.999937
5.433038 4.599802 0.999995 0.000021 0.999960
5.561699 4.728463 0.999997 0.000013 0.999975
5.692933 4.859696 0.999998 0.000008 0.999985
5.826792 4.993555 0.999999 0.000004 0.999991
5.963328 5.130091 0.999999 0.000003 0.999995
6.102594 5.269357 1.000000 0.000001 0.999997
6.244646 5.411409 1.000000 0.000001 0.999998
6.389539 5.556302 1.000000 0.000000 0.999999
6.537330 5.704093 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000
6.688076 5.854839 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000
6.841838 6.008601 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000
6.998675 6.165438 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000
7.158648 6.325411 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000

9.3 Post Processing

Boundary Layer thickness coefficient 2.99955822285
Displacement thickness coefficient 0.851569594111
Momentum thickness coefficient 0.376306972245
Energy thickness coefficient 0.608711330211
Shape Factor 2.2629652303
Skin Friction coefficient 1.79420258837
Nusselt Number 0.481299195583

24
9.4 Graph

25
10 Flow over a corner for m = - 0.05
These are the values obtained from the program for m = -0.05 :

10.1 Input Values

Enter the value of m -0.05

Enter the upper bound for n 7
Enter the tolerance limit epsilon 1e-8
Enter the value of increment delta 0.02
Enter the value of k 1.02
Enter the value of Pr number 1

10.2 Values Obtained

η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.218597 0.000000
0.020000 0.000087 0.004372 0.219097 0.006057
0.040400 0.000268 0.008852 0.220116 0.012235
0.061208 0.000548 0.013443 0.221155 0.018536
0.082432 0.000933 0.018148 0.222213 0.024964
0.104081 0.001430 0.022970 0.223291 0.031520
0.126162 0.002047 0.027913 0.224389 0.038207
0.148686 0.002789 0.032980 0.225507 0.045027
0.171659 0.003666 0.038173 0.226644 0.051984
0.195093 0.004686 0.043498 0.227802 0.059080
0.218994 0.005856 0.048957 0.228978 0.066317
0.243374 0.007186 0.054554 0.230174 0.073698
0.268242 0.008685 0.060293 0.231389 0.081227
0.293607 0.010364 0.066178 0.232623 0.088905
0.319479 0.012232 0.072212 0.233875 0.096736
0.345868 0.014301 0.078401 0.235145 0.104722
0.372786 0.016582 0.084748 0.236432 0.112866
0.400241 0.019088 0.091257 0.237735 0.121172
0.428246 0.021830 0.097933 0.239055 0.129641
0.456811 0.024823 0.104781 0.240389 0.138277
0.485947 0.028081 0.111805 0.241736 0.147083
0.515666 0.031618 0.119009 0.243096 0.156062
0.545980 0.035449 0.126399 0.244467 0.165216
0.576899 0.039592 0.133979 0.245848 0.174548
0.608437 0.044063 0.141755 0.247236 0.184062
0.640606 0.048879 0.149730 0.248629 0.193759
0.673418 0.054061 0.157912 0.250027 0.203642
0.706886 0.059627 0.166303 0.251425 0.213715
0.741024 0.065598 0.174910 0.252821 0.223979
0.775845 0.071995 0.183738 0.254213 0.234437
0.811362 0.078843 0.192792 0.255597 0.245092
0.847589 0.086164 0.202076 0.256968 0.255945

26
η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
0.884541 0.093982 0.211597 0.258325 0.266999
0.922231 0.102326 0.221359 0.259661 0.278254
0.960676 0.111220 0.231367 0.260972 0.289714
0.999890 0.120695 0.241627 0.262252 0.301379
1.039887 0.130781 0.252141 0.263497 0.313250
1.080685 0.141507 0.262917 0.264700 0.325328
1.122299 0.152907 0.273957 0.265853 0.337614
1.164745 0.165016 0.285265 0.266950 0.350107
1.208040 0.177868 0.296846 0.267983 0.362807
1.252200 0.191500 0.308702 0.268944 0.375713
1.297244 0.205952 0.320837 0.269822 0.388824
1.343189 0.221263 0.333254 0.270608 0.402138
1.390053 0.237476 0.345953 0.271292 0.415652
1.437854 0.254634 0.358936 0.271863 0.429363
1.486611 0.272781 0.372203 0.272308 0.443266
1.536344 0.291966 0.385755 0.272615 0.457357
1.587070 0.312236 0.399590 0.272770 0.471630
1.638812 0.333641 0.413705 0.272759 0.486078
1.691588 0.356235 0.428098 0.272568 0.500694
1.745420 0.380069 0.442763 0.272180 0.515468
1.800328 0.405201 0.457694 0.271580 0.530390
1.856335 0.431685 0.472884 0.270750 0.545448
1.913461 0.459582 0.488323 0.269675 0.560631
1.971731 0.488949 0.504002 0.268335 0.575923
2.031165 0.519850 0.519906 0.266714 0.591309
2.091789 0.552345 0.536020 0.264794 0.606772
2.153624 0.586499 0.552329 0.262556 0.622293
2.216697 0.622375 0.568813 0.259984 0.637850
2.281031 0.660039 0.585449 0.257060 0.653423
2.346651 0.699557 0.602214 0.253769 0.668986
2.413584 0.740994 0.619082 0.250095 0.684515
2.481856 0.784417 0.636023 0.246027 0.699982
2.551493 0.829890 0.653005 0.241551 0.715358
2.622523 0.877480 0.669994 0.236660 0.730612
2.694974 0.927250 0.686954 0.231347 0.745713
2.768873 0.979263 0.703844 0.225609 0.760627
2.844251 1.033582 0.720623 0.219447 0.775320
2.921136 1.090266 0.737247 0.212866 0.789758
2.999558 1.149371 0.753672 0.205875 0.803903
3.079549 1.210952 0.769849 0.198489 0.817721
3.161140 1.275060 0.785732 0.190728 0.831175
3.244363 1.341744 0.801271 0.182617 0.844230
3.329250 1.411048 0.816418 0.174187 0.856852
3.415835 1.483011 0.831124 0.165475 0.869008
3.504152 1.557669 0.845344 0.156525 0.880666
3.594235 1.635053 0.859032 0.147384 0.891798
3.686120 1.715190 0.872146 0.138106 0.902379
3.779842 1.798101 0.884648 0.128749 0.912386
27
η f fη fηη θ at P r = 1
3.875439 1.883804 0.896503 0.119375 0.921800
3.972948 1.972311 0.907682 0.110047 0.930609
4.072407 2.063631 0.918161 0.100832 0.938803
4.173855 2.157767 0.927922 0.091796 0.946378
4.277332 2.254720 0.936954 0.083003 0.953335
4.382879 2.354488 0.945253 0.074516 0.959680
4.490536 2.457067 0.952823 0.066393 0.965426
4.600347 2.562449 0.959675 0.058686 0.970589
4.712354 2.670628 0.965825 0.051440 0.975191
4.826601 2.781596 0.971298 0.044693 0.979259
4.943133 2.895346 0.976124 0.038471 0.982823
5.061996 3.011872 0.980340 0.032794 0.985915
5.183236 3.131170 0.983985 0.027669 0.988573
5.306900 3.253240 0.987104 0.023095 0.990833
5.433038 3.378084 0.989744 0.019061 0.992735
5.561699 3.505710 0.991951 0.015545 0.994317
5.692933 3.636127 0.993775 0.012521 0.995617
5.826792 3.769351 0.995263 0.009954 0.996673
5.963328 3.905404 0.996460 0.007805 0.997519
6.102594 4.044310 0.997410 0.006032 0.998187
6.244646 4.186099 0.998153 0.004592 0.998708
6.389539 4.330807 0.998724 0.003440 0.999108
6.537330 4.478473 0.999157 0.002535 0.999410
6.688076 4.629141 0.999479 0.001835 0.999635
6.841838 4.782859 0.999714 0.001303 0.999799
6.998675 4.939677 0.999882 0.000907 0.999917
7.158648 5.099651 1.000000 0.000738 1.000000

10.3 Post Processing

Boundary Layer thickness coefficient 5.43303842707
Displacement thickness coefficient 2.08958845743
Momentum thickness coefficient 0.743115290325
Energy thickness coefficient 1.15347611155
Shape Factor 2.81193037558
Skin Friction coefficient 0.437194866208
Nusselt Number 0.30284159309

28
10.4 Graph

Note: This is the profile for normal flow. The vorticity profile fηη in this case starts from
a positive value and increases to attain a maximum value and then again decreases to zero far
from the plate. It indicates the presence of a inflection point. That is to say that the flow is
unstable at this point and the flow may or may not adhere to the wall.
There exists one more solution for this case, the reverse flow in which fηη initially has a negative
value and then it increases to a maximum positive value and then dies out to zero far from
the plate. The value of fη starts with zero and then becomes negative and reaches a minimum
value and then the value increases asymptotically tending to unity. This means that the veloc-
ity profile is negative initially and then it becomes positive showing flow reversal. This solution
was not captured by my program even when different initial guesses were tried out.

29
11 Point of inflection for negative values of m
Since the external flow velocity is given by:

ue = Axm

for positive values of m we have accelerating external flows and the velocity profile does not
have any inflection point i.e there is no tendency for the Boundary Layer to separate because
of the favourable pressure gradient (velocity is increasing pressure decreases).
But for negative values of m i.e decelerated flows we have a point of inflection. Because we have
a unfavourable pressure gradient because of the decelerating flow the Boundary Layer separates
after some value of m i.e some corner angle.
I used my program to calculate the velocity profile for different values of m < 0 starting from
m = −0.06 to m = −0.11 and found that the Boundary Layer separates for m > 0.09 or wedge
angle β < −35.6o . The graph shown below clearly shows the point of inflection. The separation
point is defined as the point where:
δu
=0
δy
At m ∼ 0.09 or β ∼ −35.6o the value of (fηη )η=0 = 0 indicating the point of inflection.

30
12 Conclusion
In this assignment the solution to the boundary layer equations were obtained by applying
Falkner Skan transformation.
The Falkner Skan transformed equation were discretized over a non uniform grid (geometric
stretching) and we were able to find the temperature and velocity profile for given values of m
and P r.

• It was observed that for the case of accelerating flows (m > 0 or β > 0) we have a unique
solution. The non-dimensional velocity profile fη always begins to increase linearly from
zero at η = 0 and asymptotically tends to unity fη → 1. Moreover fηη the vorticity profile
starts from a positive value and vanishes far from the plate.

• For the case of decelerating flows with (mmin < m < 0 or βmin < β < 0) we have two
solutions describing normal and reverse flow. We found that the value of mmin ∼ −0.09
and βmin ∼ −35.6o .
For the normal flow we still have positive non-dimensional velocity profile fη increasing
from zero at η = 0 to unity asymptotically. But the vorticity profile fηη is found to
be positive, starting from a positive value it increases to attain some maximum value
and then decreases to zero far from the plate. This thing indicates presence of inflection
point in the flow. It is true because the flow is decelerating so pressure downstream will
increase, so the flow has a tendency to revert or separate. So we have two solution for
this case.

• For m < mmin or β < βmin the flow separates and we have an inflection point at η = 0.
No solution exists for this case.

31