Metal Science and Heat Treatment, Vol. 36, Nos.

3-4, 1994

STRUCTURAL STEELS

EFFECT OF M I C R O A L L O Y I N G ELEMENTS ON THE

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF L O W - C A R B O N AND
U L T R A L O W - C A R B O N C O L D - R O L L E D STEELS

O. A. Girina, N. M. Fonshtein, UDC 669.14.018.298

and L. M. Storozheva

Cold-rolled steels used for the forged components of automobiles should exhibit high, partly mutually-exclusive
properties: high forgeabili O, with desirably high strength, resistance to aging combined with hardenabiIit), at
temperatures for dr),ing paint coatings, etc. Satisfaction of these requirements is provided to a considerable
degree by microalloying. The final mechanical properties of cold-rolled steel depend on such structural
parameters of hot-rolled strip as texture, the amount of dissolved C and N atoms in c~-solid solution, and ferrite
grain size. With constant hot rolling production schedules these structural parameters are governed by steel
composition, in particular by the t3'pe of microalloying. In this work the effect is considered for dispersed
microalloying elements, i.e., phosphorus, boron, titanium, and niobium, on the final mechanical properties
of low- and ultralow-carbon steels'.

A study was made of steels melted at the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Combine and under laboratory conditions at the
I. P. Bardin Central Scientific Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy. Low-carbon steels were melted in a 350-ton converter
using combined blowing followed by continuous casting in a device of the curvilinear type. Ultralow-carbon steels* were
prepared by melting in a 150-ton converter followed by treatment in a circulation vacuum chamber and continuous casting in
a device of the vertical type.
Ultralow-carbon steels of laboratory melting were prepared in a vacuum furnace with casting into ingots weighing 10
kg using as charges annealed ingots of carbonyl iron containing < 0.08% carbon. The chemical composition of the test steels
of laboratory and industry inching are provided in Table 1.
Hot rolling industrial melt steel was performed in a NShS-2000 continuous wide-strip mill. Laboratory ingots were
rolled in a laboratory mill with a roll diameter of 400 mm to a thickness of 4 ram. Cold rolling was performed with a reduction
a = 50-70%. Heat tream~ent under industrial conditions was performed in bell furnaces and in a continuous annealing unit.
Simulation of bell furnace annealing and also heating with the aim of studying recrystallization under laboratory conditions was
accomplished for specimens sealed in quartz ampules within the chamber of an electric furnace. The accuracy of observing the
prescribed heating temperature was _+ 10°C. Some production parameters for treating the test steels are given in Table 2.

*Currently it is assumed that the upper limit for the carbon content in low alloy steels is 0.1%, and for ultralow-carbon steels
it is 0.01%.

I. P. Bardin Central Scientific Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy. Translated from Metallovedenie i
Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 3, pp. 21-28, March, 1994.

0026-0673/94/0304-0153512.50 ©1994 Plenum Publishing Corporation 153

 TABLE 1
Content of elements, %
Steel

Low-carbon steels (industrial melts)

1 (08Yu) 0,03 0,007 0,017 0,050
2 (08Yu) 0,06 0,007 0,017 0,050
3 (08YuP) 0,05 0,055 0,009 0,065
4 (08YuPR) 0,05 0,055 0,010 0,060 0,006 0,003
5 (08YuTR) 0.05 0,009 0,017 0,050 0,014 0,006 0,003

Ultralow-carbon steels (laboratory melts)

0,006--0,009 0,010 0,005 0,012 0,015---0,14 0.010
0,005--0,009 0,010 0,004 0,009 -- 0,10--0,15 0,010
0,009 0,010 0,003 0,005 0,011 0,05 0,019
0.009 0.050 0.004 0.009 0.002 0.040 0.010

Note. The grade of industrial steels is given in brackets.

TABLE 2
Effective t t t [C1.104 INI'I04 Heat
Steel content of
microalloy- treat-
O/
°C ment
ing elements. /O

Low-carbo steels
AI/N - 6,37 1250 860 580 29 13,7 CO
:kiln " 8,87 1250 770 520 23 12.7 CO
08Yu M/N - 8,1 1250 880 560 34 15,2 CO
AI/N - 8,1 1250 860 680 20 10,9 .M-IO
08YuP 1250 880 580 CO
08YuPR 1250 880 720 w
AHO
08YuTR D
1250 880 720 AHO

Ultralow-carbon steels
T i ' / C - 1,2 1200 880 720 0 CO, AHO
" r i ' / c - 1,2 1100 880 720 0 CO, AHO
Ti'/C = 0,85 1250 830 740 2,3 CO
Ti'/C - 0,46 1250 830 740 2,3 CO
"ri'/C - 0,30 1200 880 720 3,6 CO, AHO
Ti'/ C - 0,30 1100 880 720 1.5 CO, AHO

Notation: tH is slab heating temperature; ter is the temperature at the end of rolling in a finishing train; twi is strip
winding temperature on the coil; CO is stationary annealing in a bell furnace; AHO is continuous annealing; [C] and
[N] are carbon and nitrogen content in c~-solid solution, oxygen not detected.

Determination of steel ferrite grain size, and the morphology and amount of carbon-containing structural components
was made by light microscopy. Fine particles were studied in replicas and foils by means of Tesla-540 and Jeol-200 C electron
microscopes, and coarse particles ( > 2 m) were studied in an SC-4 scanning electron microscope using a Link-2 attachment
for x-ray spectrographic analysis.
Crystallographic texture was studied by the reverse pole figure (RPF) method. In order to construct RPF recording
for specimens was carried out in molybdenum K~,-radiation with monochromatization of a beam reflected by curved quartz
crystal. Textural analysis was also performed by constructing the dependence of the normalized reflection of planes {001 } on
the angle of their deviation with respect to the rolling plane (RP) [1]. Recording was carried out from the surface of specimens

154
 , . .... t
_ : . - ; . . . . . ,,

. ~- .. . ,, .,,~,.t, .. ;:
, ,-,,, ,., ,. ....
'" / ~ ' ~ : ~. t ~ ""k..,l'?
' r ~ :
'. ~=/ "
~,\. , ,
, - . .
~. .
" "~,:''
• -.-
' .. .

• 9 < . . • "r:.:.', - ...... " -.?.:':

Fig. 1. Microstructure of low-carbon steels (winding temperature twi

= 750°C) (x800): a) 08Yu and 08YuP; b) 08YuPR and 08YuTR.

• '..., "-.. ," x " ,;.,, • ,~' /' " "1(- • ,; -

"; 1--..' a ~-. ~,<~_j:fj.~. (-',b; .~.::- "~ ..... .. ~,i

Fig. 2. Microstructure of ultralow-carbon steels microalloyed with

titanium (a), niobium (b), titanium and phosphorus (c). x500.

Qav, Clll - 2
7,00

o.ao
0 . 5 0 ~
o , ~ o ~
OZO

O lo 20 JO ~0 50 D, H~

Fig. 3. Distribution with respect to size of particles in rolled

ultralow-carbon steels microalloyed with Ti(o), T i - Nb ( ~ ) ,
and N b - O (A).

previously thinned to 1/3, 2/3, and 1/2 of the thickness. There was summation of the intensity of reflections from all (001)
planes deviated from the RP at specific angle independent of the crystallographic directions in plane (001) with respect to the
rolling direction. The dependences constructed reflect the distribution with respect to angles of the deviation of orthogonal axes
of all existing orientations. The level of restoration of texture orientations { 110}, { 111}, { 100}, and {211} for ferrite in the
test steels in the early stages of recrystallization was determined from the change width of profiles for the corresponding x-ray
interferences.
Structural and textural changes in the initial stages of recrystallization were studied in specimens given cold rolling
with g = 50-75% after soaking at 575°C. The heating rate to this temperature was 25°C/h, and the duration of isothermal
soaking was 0.5, 1, 3, aild 6 11.
Steel recrystallization under continuous annealing conditions was studied after hardening by the schedule: heating to
550-850°C at a rate of 10°C/h (without soaking) and water quenching.
The temperature for the start of recrystallization was evaluated from x-ray Debye pictures of the test steels in chromium
K,-radiation.
The concentration of [C] and [N] in solid solution was determined from the temperature dependence of internal friction.
Internal friction tests were performed in specimens with a cross section of 0.9 x 0.9 mm and a gage length of 80 mm by means
of a reverse torsion pendulum. The vibration frequency for specimens was 2.4 Hz and magnetization of the magnetic field
corresponded to the saturation level, The difference in the overall Shock peak for the carbon and nitrogen components was

155
 7,'

, \ o,?H/
z I I
5 t5 Z5 35 45a.de

Fig. 4. Dependence of the intensity of

reflections of planes {001} on angle of
their deviation with respect to the RP for
low-carbon steels after cold rolling with
= 70%.

Tr , h

o
20 40 60 &%ZO 40 60 C,%20 40 60 ¢,%
b c

Fig. 5. Dependence of the time for the start of recrystallization at

575°C on the degree of deformation with cold rolling for low-carbon
steels: a) with different phosphorus content ( o - - 0.007% P, ~ --
0.055% P): b) titanium and carbon (,5 - - 0.05% C, 0.014% Ti; o
- - 0.03% C, 0% Ti: • -- 0.06% C, 0% Ti); c) boron (@ -- 0% B;
* -- 0.003% B).

carried out on the basis of relationships in [2] by the analytical method of multidimensional minimization. The sensitivity limit
of the method for nitrogen in solid solution was 0.5.10-4% and for carbon it was 0 . 6 . 1 0 - 4 % .
The effect of microalloying on rolled structure (6 = 4 mm). A study of the structure of low-carbon steels after hot
rolling showed that microalloying with phosphorus has practically no effect of ferrite grain size, the type and distribution of
carbides (carbonitrides), and the pearlite component. Introduction of boron promotes coarsening of ferrite grains, refinement
and more uniform distribution of cementite in the ferrite matrix. Addition of titanium refines the ferrite grains and increases
the number of fine ferrite particles (Fig. I).
Microstructural analysis of hot-rolled ultralow-carbon steels showed (Fig. 2) that with microalloying by niobium there
is formation of finer ferrite grain size that with microalloying with titanium. Addition to these steels of phosphorus leads to
ferrite grain coarsening and preparation of an almost uniform size of it in spite of the presence of titanium and (or) niobium.
The difference in the size of ferrite grains for steels microalloyed with Ti, Nb, and P in different combinations is connected
with the sizes of fine titanium and niobium carbonitride particles formed during rolling [3, 4].
Results of evaluating particle distribution with respect to size in the steels are presented in Fig. 3.* Addition of
phosphorus to ultralow-carbon steels containing both titanium and niobium changes the spectrum of fine particle distribution:

*Studies were performed together with Yu. I. Larin and L. N. Spiridonova.

156
 ~"~">'~:--< 0,tiT-: " •
'~ 0
a
=
~"
.
l~IO
" "
1
~16 b
°
0~7
?" " "1
~II

=N- - A
-'.~-':,2) .- m , / j - - - ~ ' 2
~.'~-" '. 'n~4:"'.,r-q-j" I
T.? o =7:6 "'1
3) L~7 0,~q d ~59 0r72

Fig. 6. Microstructure ( x 100) and reverse pole figures for low-carbon steel
microalloyed with phosphorus and phosphorus with boron after soaking (r)
at 575°C: a) 08YuP, r = 0 h (without soaking); b) 08YuP, T = 6 h; c)
08YuPR, r = 0 h; d) 08YuPR, 7- = 6 h.

in both cases it becomes blurred. This may be explained by the effect of equalizing ferrite grain size on microalloying with
titanium or niobium. In steel microalloyed with niobium and titanium the greatest volume fraction of fine ( < 10 nm) precipitates
is observed, and correspondingly there is the minimum grain size for the ferrite matrix. Titanium-containing ultralow-carbon
steels have mainly coarser particles ( > 30 nna) in the ferrite matrix.
It is shown that the texture of the test materials after cold rolling does not depend on the type and amount of
microalloying elements and in all steels it is the same (Fig. 4).
The number of interstitial atoms in c~-solid solution for rolled ultralow-carbon steels as shown by measuring internal
friction is not governed so much by the microalloying element selected as the so-called 'effective' content t and rolling
technology (Table 2).
Initial stages of reco'stallization. The effect of microalloying on the structure formed during hot rolling is governed
by processes of structure- and texture-formation with a recrystallizing anneal and as a result the final mechanical properties
of the steels [5, 6]. In evaluating the optimum structure of rolled material required for achieving maximum stampability it is
important to study the process of texture formation in the initial stages of a recrystallizing anneal in relation to the fine structure
(state of the solid solution, texture, ferrite grain size) of rolled material.
A study of recrystallization was performed on specimens of industrially melted low-carbon steels deoxidized with
aluminuna (Table 1) after cold rolling with ~ = 50-75%.
Shown in Fig. 5 are curves for the start of recrystallization at 575°C for normal low-carbon and phosphorus-containing
steels. The start of recrystallization was assessed from the appearance of the first point reflections in a solid background of
Debye pictures. The results obtained point to absence of an effect of phosphorus on the time for the start of recrystallization

"Publications devoted to low-carbon alloys of iron [5, 6, and others] understand by effective content of microalloying element
its reduced concentration with a capacity to react with carbon atoms. For example:
tbr titanium-containing steels
Ti* = l / 4 ( T i - 1 . 5 - S - 3.42.N),
for niobium-containing steels
Nb* = 1/7.75(Nb - - 6.64.N),
where figures by the elements (Ti, S, N, Nb) indicate their content in the steel. Correspondingly the ratios Ti*/C and Nb*/C
provided on curves and in tables are indices of the 'level of stoichiometry' for a specific composition.

157
 8 Tsr
r i

0., \ \ " g " ,\.,,,

,., X' :/X
o
k '
~.,.....a >
a Ts r
1
o.a \
\
O,6
O.'J

o
r,~ b
I
\ I
,.,
a,,O ~

IN
o
.~O0 550 ~00 ~,~0 t.°¢
C

Fig. 7. Dependence of residual width B of ferrite

interferences on heating temperature (without
soaking) for ultralow-carbon steels (twi = 750°C,
Ts r is temperature for the start of recrystallization):
a) steel 7 (Nb*/C > 2): b) steel 6 (Ti*/C = 1): c)
steel 8 (Ti*/C ~ 0.3): [] -- Bll0; • -- B200: ¢>
-- B211' • -- Bll 1.

(Fig. 5a). A reduction in the carbon content in steel 08Yu shows down the start of primary recrystallization (Fig. 5b). These
results confirm published data [4, 7] and they are explained by a reduction in the number of recrystallization centers with a
reduction in the number of cementite inclusions. Microalloying low-carbon steels with titanium also slows down
recrystallization.
Recrystallization was studied for phosphorus-containing steel with boron and without it. Comparison of Debye pictures
obtained after different exposure at 575°C showed that addition of boron accelerates recrystallization promoting an increase
in the number of centers of nuclei formation. As a result of this steel with boron primary recrystallization is completed sooner
than in steel without boron (Fig. 5c). Selective recrystallization, which appears in Debye pictures with a reduction in the
number of point reflections, develops more intensely in steel with phosphorus than in steel microalloyed with phosphorus and
boron.
Metallographic analysis and a study of the texture (Fig. 6) showed that in steel with boron there is intense development
and earlier completion of primary recrystallization and also sluggish development of selective recrystallization. This is explained
by the effect of adding boron on the structure of rolled phosphorus-containing steels (see Fig. 1). Presence of rolled steel
08YuPR (melt 4) of a large number of fine cementite inclusions with a capacity to dissolve rapidly during heating facilitates
the generation of recrystallization centers of different orientations. Presence of boron has a negative effect on the development
of the orientation of planes { 111 } favorable for stamping which is indicated by the reverse pole figures presented in Fig. 6.
A higher level of polar density P{111} for phosphorus-containing steel without boron is observed at the instant of reaching
575°C (r = 0 sec) pointing to a large number of nuclei with orientation { 111 } favorable for stamping.
More intense selective recrystallization of phosphorus-containing steel without boron promotes high perfection of the
texture which makes it energetically favorable for grain growth with the most favorable orientation of { I 11 } plane for stamping
at the expense of grains with other orientations.
Microalloying of low-carbon steels with boron on the whole leads to a reduction in orientations close to { I 11 } and an
increase in the number of orientations close to {001 } and also intermediate orientations which cause unfavorable textures for
stamping.

158
 T r oC

zoo ~:==:==~.z~r''¢z=~
• ~

#00
-, o
a
1 xyc
T~L°C]
!
700

500 l
-f 0 f X~/C
b

Fig. 8. Temperature for the start of recrystallization Ts r for

steels alloyed with niobium (a) and titanium (b) in relation
to the effective content of microalloying element X*/C with
different heating rates: solid lines are v H = 10°C/sec;
broken lines are v H = 25°C/sec.

A study of recrystallization in ultralow-carbon steels stabilized with titanium and niobium (Table 1) was carried out
by determining the degree of recovery of ferrite texture orientations { 110}, { 111 }, { 100} and {2 ! 1} from the change in profiles
of the corresponding x-ray interferences in steels after heat treatment.
Studies were performed with slow (v H = 25°C/h) heating to 550,650 and 700°C (without soaking). The most intense
reduction in the residual width of lines types { 111 }, pointing to preferred generation of recrystallized grains with an orientation
favorable for stamping, is typical for steel with a high effective niobium content (Nb*/C > 2) (Fig. 7a).
At the same time analysis of Debye pictures indicates that primary recrystallization of ultralow-carbon steels stabilized
with niobium only develops intensely, at 700°C. Considering the difference in the amounts of residual width of interferences
13222 and B200 at 700°C (Fig. 7a) it should be expected that during further recrystallization there is also most marked
development of grains oriented by planes { 111 } parallel to the RP for which minimum broadening is observed.
In steels microalloyed with titanium (Ti*/C ~- 2), intense reduction in the residual width of x-ray lines {200}, {211},
{111} blurred after cold working is observed with heating up to 580°C (Fig. 7b). Here there is simultaneous competitive
generation of grains which have a different orientation with respect to the RP. As a result of this after the end of
recrystallization steel texture may be weakly defined.
In steel simultaneously containing microadditions of niobium and titanium primary recrystallization develops much
sooner than in steel with niobium, i.e., at 600°C (Fig. 7c).
Results of studying recrystallization with different heating rates are presented in Fig. 8. It is shown that ultralow-carbon
steels alloyed with titanium and niobium have a higher (compared with low-carbon steel 08Yu) temperature for the start of
recrystallization: T s r = 600 and 550°C respectively. An increase in the effective content of niobium promotes an increase in
the temperature for the start of recrystallization independent of heating rate.
Additional microalloying of titanium- and niobium-containing ultralow-carbon steels with phosphorus reduces the
temperature for the start of recrystallization to 550°C, and recrystallization proceeds more rapidly. Steel with the maximum
niobium content (and correspondingly with the minimum amount of free carbon atoms) has Ts r = 700-750°C.
The temperature for the start of recrystallization in steels with titanium increases with an increase in heating rate to
a lesser extent than in steels with niobium. An increase in titanium content in steel has almost no effect on the start of
recrystallization (Fig. 8).
The effect of microalloying on the temperature for the start of recrystallization is explained by formation after hot
rolling of fine particles of a certain size (see Fig. 3). The high proportion of fine ( < 10 nm) precipitates in niobium-containing
ultralow-carbon steels also governs their higher temperature for the start of recrystallization independent of heating rate.

159
 p. 7d 8, c m - 2

. ~,...,

*OI ~,~" '

o!---q
$50 ~00 650 700 750 800 ,°C

Fig. 9. Dependence of the distribution density for

particles ,o on recrystallization temperature for the test
steels alloyed with titanium and niobium (1) or titanium
(2): solid lines are t H -- 1250°C, broken lines are t H
= 1100°C.

Ioo, 0

IPr ,oo.~

@,o/

J I v

JS"O g$0 750 t, "C

Fig. 10. Dependence of polar intensities for ferrite on

recrystallization temperature for ultralow-carbon steels
alloyed with T i - N b (melt 8) and titanium (melt 1): solid
lines are tH = 1250°C. broken lines are t H = l l00°C.

Titanium- and phosphorus-containing steels with coarser (30-100 nm) particles have a lower temperature for the start of
recrystallization.
The change was studied in the density of fine precipitate distribution during recrystallizing annealing of ultralow-carbon
steels with titanium and niobium. It was established that in the whole range of test temperatures titanium-containing steels
additionally microalloyed with niobium exhibit a higher density of fine particles than for steels microalloyed only with titanium
(Fig. 9). *
A study of textural transformation during recrystallization of ultralow-carbon steels showed that the polar density of
orientations { 111 } favorable for stamping increases with an increase in the effective amount of titanium and niobium (Fig. 10).
The version of microalloying (titanium, or titanium with niobium) does not have a marked effect on the nature of the texture
formed although steel with niobium has a little lower density of orientation { 110} which may be explained by a lower rolling
grain size [4].

*Studies were carried out together with Yu. I. Latin and L. M. Spiridonova.

160
 0 .Y 15 Z$ J$ ~5 a, deg

Fig. 11. Dependence of the intensity of reflections of planes

{001} on inclination angle with respect to the RP for
industrial low-carbon steels after continuous annealing: 1)
08Yu; 2) 08YuP; 3) 08YuPR; 4) 08YuTR.

A marked effect is established for the state of ferrite solid solution at the instant of the start of recrystallization on steel
texture. In titanium-containing ultralow-carbon steels, including with addition of niobium, the texture is the same if there are
no free atoms of carbon and nitrogen in solid solution. With free interstitial atoms in ferrite T i - N b steels, which were obtained
by production methods (an increase in slab heating temperature), worsening of the texture was observed.
Effect of microalloying on the texture of annealed low-carbon steels. Steel texture was studied after heat treatment in
a continuous heating unit (AHO) and a bell furnace.
As was indicated above, after cold rolling the texture of all of the test steels independent of composition was the same
(see Fig. 4). Here the main orientations were with planes close to (001). After heat treatment the main orientations in all
specimens become close to (111) (Fig. 11).
A study of the dependence of normalized reflection intensity of planes {001} on the angle of their inclination with
respect to the rolling plane (RP) showed that addition to steel of phosphorus or phosphorus with boron leads to deterioration
of its texture after heat treatment. This is expressed in an increase in the amount of orientations close to (111) in phosphorus-
containing steels (08YuP, 08YuP.R) compared with low-carbon steel 08Yu. Combined microalloying with titanium and boron
leads to a reduction in orientations close to (11 I) and an increase in the amount of intermediate orientations [8].
Under rapid heating conditions an increase in the probability of forming recrystallization centers of intermediate
orientation is a characteristic tendency for low-carbon steels. This may be explained by the fact that with rapid conversion of
the deformation texture into a recrystallized texture typical for slow heating is disturbed [9]. The start of recrystallization is
initiated in crystals with orientation (111) as the most defective. With slow heating recrystallization centers with orientation
(111) formed within them have the possibility to absorb volumes of unrecrystallized metal. In view of this in the annealed
structure a preferred orientation of (111) develops in the annealed structure. Prevention of an increase in the amount of
intermediate orientations with heat treatment in a continuous annealing unit is the most important factor of the effect of
phosphorus.
Absence of an increase in the amount of intermediate orientations may be explained as follows. During heating within
deformed volumes of sheet steel there is polygonization. The more deformed crystals deviate from the orientation (001), the
greater is the density of defects in them and the greater is the competition of polygonization in the recrystallization process.
In view of this within volumes with orientation { 111} probably a polygonized structure does not manage to form before the
start of recrystallization. In contrast within volumes of intermediate orientations polygonization develops quite completely and
phosphorus in the steels by segregating at sub-boundaries stabilizes the polygonized structure. Development of recrystallization
is held back within volumes of polygonized grains and growth of previously recrystallized grain with orientations (111) is
facilitated which absorb polygonized areas stabilized with phosphorus.
Normally with rapid heating part of the volume of unrecrystallized metal with orientation (001) reaches high
temperatures and it does not absorb previously formed centers of recrystallization with orientation close to (111). In view of
this the steel is recrystallized with formation of orientations close to (001).

161
 Thus, it shown that microalloying with phosphorus increases the amount of orientations close to (111) and reduces the
number of orientations close to (001) in annealed steel. The amount of intermediate orientations is markedly reduced. In
combination these processes improve the stampability of low-carbon steels.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Microalloying of low-carbon steels with titanium slows down recrystallization and worsens the texture formed during
recrystallizing annealing; for ultralow-carbon steels it improves the texture as a result of purifying the ferrite matrix from
carbon atoms as a result of forming titanium carbonitrides.
2. Microalloying with niobium for ultralow-carbon steels increases the temperature for the start of recrystallization as
a result of forming fine particles in rolled material, it improves the recrystallized texture as a result of purifying the ferrite
matrix, and it reduces the planar anisotropy of mechanical properties as a result of refining the rolled material ferrite grain size.
3. Microalloying of low-carbon steels with phosphorus increases the intensity of orientations { 11 I} simultaneously
making it difficult to form and grow recrystallization centers with intermediate orientations promoting preparation of a fine
texture: for ultralow-carbon steels stabilized with titanium and niobium it reduces the temperature for the start of
recrystallization as a result of coarsening fine particles of rolled steel.
4, Microalloying of low-carbon steels with boron forms a rolled structure with a coarse ferrite grain and uniform
distribution of finely-dispersed cementite which causes during recrystallizing annealing a reduction in the generation and growth
of nuclei with orientation { 111 } favorable for stamping.

REFERENCES

l. E. Spektor and M. M. Borodkina, X-Ray Analysis of the Texture of Metals and Alloys [in Russian], Metallurgiya,
Moscow (1981).
2. A. Werner, Archiv Eisenh~Jttenwesen, 27, No. 7, 449-455 (1956).
3. K. Tsunoyama et al.. "Development of extra-deep drawing cold rolled sheet steels for integrated automotive parts,"
Kawasaki Steel Giho, 22(3). 177-182.
4. H. Takeshi, Development and production of IF-steel, Round Table Discussion of the Metallurgy of Modern IF
(Grades), Sponsored by NPC, Dfisseldorf, Germany (1990).
5. T. Senuma et al., "Influence of chemical compositions on the texture formation of low-carbon sheets rolled in o~-
region," Tetsu to Hagane, No. 73, 1421 (1987).
6. S. Sato et al., "Effect of allying elements and hot rolling conditions on the mechanical properties of continuous-
annealed extra-low-carbon steel sheet," in: Proc. Syrup. Technology of Continuously Annealed Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet,
TSM-AIME (Warrendale; Pennsylvania) (1985), pp. 151-156.
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Kawasaki Steel Tech. Report, No. 12, 36-44 (1985).
8. D. B. Titorov, O. A. Girina, and N. M. Fonshtein, "Study of the texture of cold-roiled phosphorus-containing steels
of high stampability," Metally, No. 6, 96-100 (1991).
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162