Ba 2020 PDF

I SSSD 2 0 2 0
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
XX I N T E RN AT I O N AL S YM P O S I UM
O N S O LI D S T AT E D O S I M E T RY
Mexican Society of Irradiation and Dosimetry
ONLINE
December 7 to 11 th, 2020
Organizing Committee
ISSSD 2020
Lydia Paredes Gutiérrez
Consuelo Letechipía de León
Erika P Azorín Vega
Pedro R. González Martínez
Teodoro Rivera Montalvo
Victor M. Hernandez Davila,
Miguel A. Salas Luevano
Arturo A. Ortiz Hernandez
Juan Azorín Nieto
Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo
i
International Scientific Committee
ISSSD 2020
Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo

Chairperson
Marco Aurelio de Sousa Lacerda (Brazil), Segundo A Martínez Ovalle (Colombia)
Mercedes Díaz Lagos (Colombia), Tony Jesús Viloria Ávila (Ecuador)
Ahmed El-Khayatt (Egypt), Vishwananth P Singh (India), Rahim Khabaz (Iran)
Nima Ghal-Eh (Iran), David Bradley (Malaysia/UK)
Lydia Paredes Gutierrez (Mexico), Catalina Cruz Vázquez (Mexico)
Consuelo Letechipía de León (Mexico), Tzinnia G. Soto Bernal (Mexico)
Antonio Baltazar Raigosa (Mexico), Modesto A Sosa (Mexico), Victor R. Orante Barrón (Mexico)
Miguel Ángel Vallejo (Mexico), Diego Medina Castro (Mexico)
Teodoro Rivera (Mexico), Blanca G. Pulido (Mexico), Pablo V. Cerón (Mexico),
Miguel A. Salas-Luevano (Mexico), Rodolfo Bernal (Mexico)
Victor M. Hernández Dávila (Mexico), Arturo A. Ortiz Hernandez (Mexico)
Marcial Vásquez Arteaga (Peru), Patrizia Pereyra (Peru), Daniel Palacios (Peru)
Sergey V. Bedenko (Russia), Raquel Barquero (Spain). Karen A Guzman Garcia (Spain/Mexico),
Eduardo Gallego (Spain), Roberto Méndez (Spain), Alfredo Lorente (Spain)
Richard Hugtenburg (UK), Nolan E. Hertel (USA), Laszlo Sajo-Bohus (Venezuela)
ii
% of ISSSD 2020 PAPERS
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ISSSD 2020
Contents
G1_01 PROZOROVA, IV et al., Characterizing the coaxial HPGe detector using Monte
Carlo simulations and evolutionary algorithms. 1
G1_02 KHANDAKER, MU. et al., Determination of thermoluminescence kinetic
parameters in polymer pencil lead graphite under photon exposures. 2
13
G1_03 VLASKIN, G.N. et al., Intensity and neutron spectrum of the C(, n) 16 O
reaction in the scintillator of KamLAND: Nedis-2m simulation.
3
G1_04 GUERRA PAVIA, F. et al., Mapping of PET/CT protocols used in Brazil. 4
MONTOYA, J. et al., Una intercomparación de datos de radon en interiors
G1_05
utilizando SSNTDs y diferentes sistemas de registro dinámico.
5
GAYOL, A. & VALENTE, M. Benchmarking FLUKA and PENELOPE main codes for
G1_06 characterizing magnetic field effects on dose distribution in MRI-LINAC 6
technique.
G1_07 MÁRQUEZ-MATA, C.A. et al., Respuesta termoluminiscente del cuarzo natural. 7
G1_08 CAMPILLO-RIVERA, G.E. et al., Espectros de rayos X y factores  para tubos de
rayos X con energías de 70 a 120 kV.
8
G1_09 UKRAINETS, O.A. et al., Gamma ray-induced defect formation in modified
Fluoroplastics and other materials used in Nuclear industry. 9
G1_10 AHMAD NAZERI, A.A.Z. et al., Borosilicate glass slide as thermoluminescent
dosimeter for 60Co HDR brachytherapy. 10
G2_01 VÁZQUEZ-BAÑUELOS, J. et al., Dosimetría y espectrometría computacional de
la radiación dispersada y de fuga de tubos de rayos X. 11
G2_02 VALENTE, M. et al., Linear energy transfer characterization of five Gel dosimeter
formulations for electron and proton therapeutic beams. 12
G2_03 GARCÍA REYNA, M.G. et al., Producción de rayos gamma en tres moderadores
expuestos a neutrones. 13
SANTIBAÑEZ, M. & FUENTEALBA, M. Gadolinium enhancement determination
G2_04 by unlaminated EBT3 films in phantoms irradiation with 192Ir brachytherapy 14
source.
G2_05 ROJAS-ARIAS, N. et al., Técnicas de remoción de Rn en agua usando detectores
pasivos LR-115 para su medición.
15
G2_06 ROJAS-ARIAS, N. et al., Aplicación de mapas espacio/temporales para el
registro y análisis de Rn en suelos.
16
G2_07 AHMAD, A.U. et al., White solid-state lighting potential of Dysprosium-doped
lithium strontium zinc borate glass.
17
ABDULLAHI, I. et al., Thermoluminescence kinetic parameters of pure Gold
G2_08 nanoparticles embedded BaSO 4-TeO2-B2 O3 glasses co-doped with rare earth 18
ions.
iv
G2_09 CASTRO-CAMPOY, A.I. et al., Afterglow-based dosimetry performance of
CaSO4:Dy.
19
G2_10 ABDUL GHANI, N.N.A.M. et al., Analysis of the physical and elemental
properties of RuO2 thin film.
20
G3_01 ORESEGUN, A. et al.,. Radioluminescence response of Ge-doped cylindrical and
flat silica fibers for real-time dosimetry.
21
G3_02 CAÑEZ-MORALES, M. et al., Synthesis and effect of milling on the
thermoluminescent properties of new Ce doped ZnO phosphors.
22
G3_03 SILVA CALHEIRO, D. et al., Study of emission and absorption spectra in -Al 2O3
radiation detectors.
23
G3_04 MHAREB, M.H.A. et al., Experimental shielding properties for a novel glassy
system.
24
G3_05 KAREM, M. et al., A new heavy-metal doped clay brick for gamma-ray
protection purposes.
25
G3_06 YASMIN, S. et al., Thermoluminescence features of decorative building material
marble for using retrospective accident dosimetry.
26
G3_07 ICHOJA, A. et al., Enhancement of optical properties of Dysprosium ion in
Samarium activated Strontium Magnesium borate glasses. 27
G3_08 ALYAHYAWI, A. & BRADLEY, D.A. Characterization of silica-based glass for use
in medical applications. 28
G3_09 PORTELA, C.F.T. et al., Dose profile evaluation of a 6 MV beam in a field of 5x5
cm2. 29
G3_10 NUHU, H. et al., Outdoor radón, thoron and terrestial gamma radiation
measurements and estimation of radiation dose in Perak Malaysia. 30
G4_01 TORRES-CORTÉS, C.O. et al., Estimación de la dosis absorbida de dos boratos
termoluminiscentes ante neutrones monoenergéticos. 31
SAYYED, M.I. et al., Gamma radiation transmission factor and attenuation
G4_02 features studies of Li 2O-B2O3-P2O5-TeO2 glass systems using MCNP5 Monte Carlo 32
code.
G4_03 SANTOS, F.S. & PRATA MOURAO, A. Dose evaluation of head CT scans using
phantom for optimization protocols.
33
G4_04 SULIEMAN, A. et al., Pediatric Effective doses and radiogenic risk from
Computed tomography examinations in Saudi Arabia.
34
G4_05 PÉREZ, P. et al., Evaluation of Fricke gel dosimeter layers for stereotactic
radiosurgery.
35
G4_06 ALNAAIMI, M. et al., Estimation of patient organ and Effective doses in PET/CT
in Kuwait.
36
G4_07 PEÑA VIDAL, J.D. et al., Distribución de la tasa de partículas de un tubo de
rayos X de ánodo rotatorio utilizando MCNP.
37
G4_08 NAVA-CABRERA, M.A. et al., Cálculo dosimétrico del 177 Lu-iPSMA y 225 Ac-iPSMA
a nivel cellular en un modelo de metástasis ósea.
38
v
G4_09 AAMRY, A. et. al., Evaluation of occupational doses in SPECT/CT examinations. 39
G4_10 ABDULLATIF, I. et al., Patients´tissue and organ Equivalent doses in
interventional Orthopedic procedures.
40
RAMÍREZ, H. et al., Characterization of the auditory system by Fractional
G5_01 anisotropy (FA) and apparent Diffusion coefficient (ADC) by Nuclear magnetic 41
resonance imaging.
G5_02 BUSHRA, A. et al., Patient´s Effective dose and performance assessment of
Computed radiography systems.
42
G5_03 CORTEZ-GALAZ, C. et al., Thermoluminescence of SrZrO 3 obtained by solid state
synthesis.
43
G5_04 DIAZ-MERCHÁN, J.A. Alternative materials for bolus in radiotherapy. 44
G5_05 SALAH, H. et al., Evaluation of patients´ radiation dose and Cancer risk
associated with Computed tomography Coronary angiography.
45
G5_06 AL-MOHAMMED, H.I. Effective and organ doses resulted from heath PET/CT-3N-
NH3 procedures.
46
G5_07 FRAGA da SILVEIRA, A.L. et al., Evaluation of inhomogeneities correction in
radiotherapy treatments using MTS radiation detectors.
47
CASTAÑEDA, K. et al., Simulation and comparison of the quality control of the
G5_08 tomotherapy equipment using the AAPM TG-148 and IAEA TRS 483 codes of 48
practice using GEANT4.
G5_09 AL-MOHAMMED, H. et al., Estimation of breast radiogenic risk during SPECT/CT
and PET/CT procedures. 49
CASTILLO-GARCÍA, L.J. et al., Thermoluminescence of SrB4O7 phoshors exposed
G5_10
to beta particle irradiation.
50
ALKHATEEB, S.M. et al., Is Computed tomography dose justified for diagnosing
G6_01
appendicitis? Accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosing appendicitis.
51
G6_02 RIVERA VÁZQUEZ, S. et al., Design of a temporary container for neutron sources
at LPN-CIEMAT.
52
G6_03 LADINO GÓMEZ, A.M. et al., Dose profile variation in head and neck CT scan
using an anthropomorphic phantom.
53
G6_04 ANTUNES, A.M. et al., MCNPX modelling of a CdTe detector with its collimation
system.
54
G6_05 VEGA-CABRERA, B.O. et al., H*(10) and fluences in a neutron Howitzer with a
226
Ra-Be source.
55
G6_06 KUMAR YADAV, A. et al., Shielding of CT imaging facility: A Monte Carlo study. 56
VILLANUEVA JUNES, F. et al., Análisis de los parámetros derivados del Tensor
G6_07 de difusión en pacientes autistas y con problemas de lenguaje en imágenes por 57
Resonancia magnética.
G6_08 QUISPE HUILLCARA, B. et al., Radiación de fuga y dispersada en torno a un
TomoLINAC. 58
vi
G6_09 MARTÍNEZ-OVALLE, S.A. et al., Shielding design for neutrons and photons
outside the PET/Cyclotron bunker.
59
G6_10 MARTÍNEZ BALTEZAR, R. et al., Estudio de los espectros Fotoluminiscentes de
BeO:Mg,Si irradiado con radiación gamma.
60
G7_01 GARCÍA-BAONZA, R. et al., A novel conceptualization in the analysis and design
of passive neutron área monitors base don gold foil activation.
61
GARCÍA-BAONZA, R. et al., Determination of the uncertainties associated to
G7_02 the use of different nuclear data libraries in the analysis of extended-range rem- 62
meters.
G7_03 GARCÍA-BAONZA, R. et al., Combined application of Berthold LB6411 and
WENDI-II rem-meters for neutron area monitoring in D-T neutron generators.
63
DIAZ-MERCHÁN, J.A. et al., Attenuation properties of Pb used in the
G7_04 manufacturation of radiological protection elements, theoretical -experimental 64
study.
G7_05 LECUONA SÁNCHEZ, P. & HIDALGO TOBÓN, S.S. Revisión de las bases físicas de
la técnica de elastografía por resonancia magnética. 65
DIAZ-MERCHÁN, J.A. et al., Dosimetric characterization with TLD-UD802 and
G7_06 Computed tomography of a new low-cost material for use as bolus in radiation 66
therapy with electrons.
G7_07 TAMAM, N. et al., Occupational and patients effective radiation doses in dental
imaging.
67
ALKHORAYEF, M. et al., Investigating the potential use of 3  as a diagnostic
G7_08 technique for assessment of tumor hypoxia using Positron Emission 68
Tomography.
G7_09 ROMÁN-MARTÍNEZ, A.V. et al., Estudio comparative de métodos de
identificación de vórtices.
69
G7_10 WAELEH, N. et al., Optimization of PET radiation dose for four different
categories of BMI patients using Monte Carlo N-particle simulation.
70
G8_01 MARTÍNEZ-OVALLE, S.A. et al., Effectiveness of the MamoSite device using 192 Ir
and 60 Co sources.
71
G8_02 MACHADO MENDES, L.M. et al., MCNPX simulation of the response function of
Bonner spectrometers with spheres of different polymer materials.
72
G8_03 GONZÁLEZ, P.R. et al., Luminescence and kinetic parameters of high sensitivity
MgB4 O7 phosphor doped with Tm and Dy.
73
GARCÍA-FERNÁNDEZ, G.F. et al., Assessment of individual neutron dosimeters
G8_04 in the design of the operational radiation protection of Compact Proton Therapy 74
Centers (CPTC) using MCNP6.2 and GEANT4 Monte Carlo codes.
G8_05 NAMEN ABURJAILE, W. & PRATA MOURAO, A. Dosimetric study in chest
Computed tomography scans using adult and pediatric phantoms.
75
BENITES-RENGIFO, J.L. & VEGA-CARRILLO, H.R. Espectros y dosimetría clínica
G8_06 de neutrones en tratamientos de Cáncer de mama durante el incremento de 76
dosis con electrones.
vii
G8_07 CUNHA FERNANDES, L. & PRATA MOURAO, A. Noise comparison in optimized
head CT protocols using two phantoms.
77
G8_08 TORIBIO CALERO, J. et al., Radon and thoron concentration in relation to their
decay products in soil.
78
VASQUEZ ARTEAGA, M. et al., Evaluación dosimétrica de Radiofármacos en
G8_09 riñones/pared uterina de mujer con embarazo temprano utilizando 79
representaciones de Stabin/Segars.
G8_10 GUEVARA PILLACA, C.J. et al., Initial characterization of a non-commercial
double wall radon monitor.
80
HUERTA-RIVERA, C.A. et al., Effect of milling time in CaZrO 3 phosphors
G9_01 synthesis on its thermoluminescent signal when exposed to beta particle 81
irradiation.
G9_02 CEVALLOS-ROBALINO, L.E. et al., Comparison of FANT´s results using ENDF/B
VII.1, JEFF-3.3 and TENDL2017 nuclear data libraries. 82
PALACIOS FERNÁNDEZ, D. et al., Simulation of the Brownian diffusion of
G9_03 radón/thoron exhaled from a Wall and that of their progenies, space -time 83
distributions and response of a bare LR-115 detector placed on the wall.
G9_04 BUSTOS FLORES, M. & PRATA MOURAO, A. Medición de dosis en mamografía
con simulador de mama comprimida.
84
G9_05 TORRES JUÁREZ, J. et al., Visualización y estudio de las fibras del corazón por
medio de la técnica del Tensor de difusión.
85
TETLALMATZI CRUZ, J.D. & AZORIN NIETO, J. Estudio de las propiedades
G9_06 termoluminiscentes de Fluorita natural para su uso en dosimetría de la 86
radiación ionizante.
G9_07 PEREYRA ANAYA, P. et al., Indoor measurements of total alpha exposure
( 222Rn, 220 Rn and their progeny) in Lima City, Peru.
87
G9_08 PÉREZ-ANCAYA, B.A. et al., Estimation of CR-39 response to isotopic neutron
source for neutron dosimetry applications.
88
G9_09 VARGAS-SALDIVAR, J. et al., Estación meteorological IoT. 89
G9_10 BUSTAMANTE LOPEZ, G.A. et al., Síntesis de fósforos de TiO 2 y TiO2 :Eu para su
potencial aplicación en dosimetría termoluminiscente de dosis alta.
90
G10_01 AVILÉS-MONREAL, R. et al., Thermal anneling effect on the
91
thermoluminescence of ZnO:Na.
G10_02 MATTEA, F. et al., Preliminary three-dimensional quality assurance with 92

polymer gel dosimetry for stereotactic radiosurgery.
Inv01 BRADLEY, D. Sub kGy photon irradiation alterations in Carbon rich media. 93
Inv02 SAJO-BOHUS, L. et al., Probable Radon and Geogenic neutron correlation. 94
viii
ISSSD 2020
December 7 to 11th, 2020. ONLINE.
________________________________________________________________________________
Characterizing the coaxial HPGe detector using Monte Carlo simulations

and evolutionary algorithms
Irina V. Prozorova1 , Nima Ghal-Eh2 , Sergey V. Bedenko3,*, Yury A. Popov1 ,
Andrey A. Prozorov1 and Hector R. Vega-Carrillo4
1
Institute of Atomic Energy, NNC of Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3
School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
4
Academic Unit of Nuclear Studies of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico
*E-mail: bedenko@tpu.ru
Abstract
A standard procedure for characterizing the high-purity germanium detector (HPGe),

manufactured by Canberra Industries Inc [1], is performed directly by the company using
patented methods. However, the procedure is usually expensive and must be repeated
because the characteristics of the HPGe crystal changes over time. In this work, the
principles of a technique for use in obtaining and optimizing the detector characteristics
based on a cost-effective procedure in a standard research laboratory are developed. The
technique requires the geometric parameters of the detector to be determined as precisely as
possible by the Monte Carlo method [2] in parallel with the optimization process based on
evolutionary algorithms. The development of this approach facilitates the modeling of the
HPGe detector as a standardized procedure. The results will be also beneficial in the
development of gamma spectrometers and/or their calibrations before routine
measurements.
[1] Canberra, 2009. Genie 2000 3.2. Customization Tools Manual, Camberra Industries Inc.
[2] Hendricks, J.S., McKinney, G.W., Fensin, M.L., James, M.R., Johns, R.C., Durkee,
J.W., Finch, J.P., Pelowitz, D.B., Waters, L.S., Johnson, M.W. and Gallmeier, F.X.,
2008. MCNPX 2.6. 0 Extensions. Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Keywords: HPGe Detector; Gamma spectrometer; MCNPX 2.6 Monte Carlo code
1
ISSSD 2020 BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
ISSSD 2020
________________________________________________________________________________
Determination of thermoluminescence kinetic parameters in polymer

pencil lead graphite under photon exposures
Mayeen Uddin Khandaker1,* , Siti Nurasiah Mat Nawi1 , D.A. Bradley1 , S.F. Abdul Sani2
1
Centre for Biomedical Physics, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University,
47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Department of Physics, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
*
Email: mayeenk@sunway.edu.my
Abstract
This study performed thermoluminescence (TL) measurements of polymer pencil lead

graphite (PPLG) with varying temperature from 100 to 300 K and heating rates from 2 to
10 0 C/s. From the analysis of both initial rise and curve fitting methods, the principal trap
parameters of PPLG were determined by analysing its TL properties under photon dose
range of 0.5 Gy to 200 Gy. The trap parameters include the order of kinetics, the activation
energy, the frequency factor, and the initial concentration of trapped electrons. The TL
glow curves (the plot of light emitted with time/temperature) provides information on the
physical parameters of the defects participating in luminescence process. Relevant TL glow
curves were deconvulated to restore the original signal and then fitted using advanced
software. From the fitted TL signals, the trap parameters of the individual peaks were
numerically determined. The fading, the post‐ irradiation stability of TL signal against
time, for the investigated material was predicted and discussed based on the calculated trap
parameters. Since the principal trapping parameters (the activation energy and the
frequency factor) are used for the evaluation of the stability of the TL signal at a given
temperature, thus the values of these parameters reveal the suitability of the studied
materials to be used either in TL dosimetry or dating of archaeological or geological
samples. Implications about the possible results in glow curve deconvolution are discussed.
Keywords: Thermoluminescence; kinetic parameters; activation energy; three-point

analysis method.
2
ISSSD 2020
________________________________________________________________________________
Intensity and neutron spectrum of the 13C( ,n)16O reaction in the

scintillator of KamLAND: Nedis-2m simulation
Gennady N. Vlaskin1 , Sergey V. Bedenko2* and Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo3

1
Innovation Technology Centre for the PRORYV Project, Rosatom, Moscow, Russia
2
3
Academic Unit of Nuclear Studies of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas Zacatecas, Zac.,
Mexico
*
Email: bedenko@tpu.ru
Abstract
In a previous work [1] the latest experimental values of the 13 C(,n)16 O reaction cross-
section presented by Harissopulos for -particles with E from 0.8 to 8 MeV were
measured with the accuracy of ~4% (1). The comparison result of the data obtained from
earlier experimental measurements [2] and data [3] showed that the cross-section values of
the 13 C(,n)16 O reaction measured in [1] at E more that 5 MeV were exaggerated by ~1.4
times. It should be noted that the results of the work [1] are discussed and also called into
question by Mohr in the work [4]. It is supposed that inderterminency of the obtained cross-
section values of the 13 C(,n)16 O reaction can be conditioned by the methodology used in
[1], which does not consider the contribution of the neutrons formed during the decay of
the excited state of isotope 16 O residual nucleus in the neutron efficiency registration.
Application of the code NEDIS-2m [5] allowed to make the value of the absolute full cross-
section of the reaction 13 C(,n)16 O for -particles with E from 5 to 8 MeV taking into
consideration contribution of all excited states of the residual nucleus of the reaction
13
C(,n)16 O, and to calculate the yield and spectrum of the neutrons produced in a liquid
scintillator of KamLAND.
[1] Harissopulos, S. et al. (2005). Phys. Rev. C 72: 062801(R)

[2] https://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor
[3] Murata, T., Matsunobu, H. Evaluation of the (  ,xn) Reaction Data for JENDL/AN-2005, JAEA-
Research 2006-052.
[4] Mohr, P. (2018). Phys. Rev. C 97: 064613
[5] Vlaskin, G.N, et al. (2015). Atomic Energy, 117(5): 357-365.
Keywords: Nedis-2m; ( ,n)- reaction; KamLAND.
3
ISSSD 2020
________________________________________________________________________________
Mapping of PET/CT protocols used in Brazil

Fernanda Guerra Paiva¹*, Priscila do Carmo Santana², Arnaldo Prata Mourão1
1
Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear, Universidade Federal de M inas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, M G, Brasil
2
Departamento de Anatomia e Imagem, Universidade Federal de M inas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, M G, Brasil
*Email: fgpaiva92@gmail.com
Abstract
The use of PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography associated with Computed
Tomography) has grown in recent years, becoming an important tool in noninvasive
imaging studies for the monitoring of patients with known or suspected malignant diseases
[1,2]
. The high demand for this type of examination has increased the number of equipment
installed throughout the country [3]. The objective of this study was mapping and evaluating
the PET/CT protocols used in Brazil, both in CT and the amount of radiopharmaceutical
administered for the patient. A form with 6 questions was developed through the Google
Forms platform and sent to professionals in the field. It was obtained 29 responses. Most
responses are from the Southeast (41%) and South (31%) regions, being the most
developed regions of the country. The devices are basically from 3 brands, with
predominance of two of them: Siemens (14) and GE (13). Only 3 devices are from Philips.
Regarding the radiopharmaceutical (18 F-FDG) administration protocols, all the services use
an activity value multiplied by the patient's weight, and 5 of them use also different
calculation between children and adults. The dose factor used to calculate administered
activity, range from 0.08 to 0.15 mCi.kg-1 , which implies a variation in the examination
time between the clinics. Analyzing the CT scans, 60% of clinics use it only as an
anatomical mapping tool, with low doses for the patient. 38% use CT as a diagnostic tool
and 2% use it in an intermediate way, with doses slightly higher than the mapping CT, but
with diagnostic possibility. It was also asked about the performance of high resolution lung
CT, and the results show that in 62% of cases it is performed as a protocol for all patients,
in 31% only when indicated and in 7% it is not performed. This study demonstrates the
importance of radiation protection knowledge, submitting patients only enough radiation
levels to achieve the associated benefit. It is necessary that the radiopharmaceutical activity
administered must be just for image generation, according to the patient's body mass,
preventing smaller patients receive higher doses than necessary, for example. The choice of
CT protocol to be performed should be according to the indication of each patient, if
necessary, the diagnostic protocol is performed, otherwise, only the anatomical mapping
protocol is enough. The high-resolution lung CT protocol is only in cases that are indicated,
and not as a standard for all patients.
[1] Gerbaudo VH (Ed.) A Case-based Approach to PET/CT in Oncology. Cambridge University Press (2012).
[2] Flux, G. et al. (2006). Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik 16:, 47-59 (2006).
[3] Camargo, E.E. (2005). Radiologia Brasileira 38.1.
18
Keywords: PET/CT; Dosimetry; F-FDG, Protocols.
4
ISSSD 2020
________________________________________________________________________________
Una intercomparación de datos de radón en interiores utilizando SSNTDs

y diferentes sistemas de registro dinámico
Julio Montoya1,* , Guillermo Espinosa2 & José Golzarri2
1
Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
Lima Perú
2
Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 20-364
Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., México
*
Email: montoya.juliom@pucp.edu.pe
Resumen
Se analizaron los datos de radón en interiores monitoreados con varios sistemas de registro
diferentes durante tres meses en un laboratorio. El espacio está ubicado dentro del Instituto
de Física de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IFUNAM). Las mediciones se
realizaron utilizando los monitores de radón AlphaGUARD, Corentium Home, RAD7,
RTM 1688-2, Sun Nuclear 1027, Sun Nuclear 1029, y CR-39 Lantrack en un detector de
integración pasivo [1,2]. Las concentraciones de radón medidas por los sistemas de detección
activos y promediadas durante el período de medición oscilaron entre 10 y 13 . La
respuesta de los detectores de trazas a largo plazo proporciona una buena aproximación de
la concentración de radón en el laboratorio. Los datos se analizan en función de la
incertidumbre estándar y las características de los dispositivos de detección.
[1] Espinosa, G. (2013). Radiation Measurements. 50, 112-115.

[2] Menon S.R. (2015). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 99, 172-178.
Palabras Clave: Radón en interiores; Detectores activos; CR-39; Intercomparación.
5
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Benchmarking FLUKA and PENELOPE main codes for characterizing

magnetic field effects on dose distributions in MRI-LINAC technique
Amiel Gayol1,* , Mauro Valente1,2,3
1
Laboratorio de Investigación e Instrumentación en Física Aplicada a la Medicina e Imágenes por
Rayos X (LIIFAMIRx) -FAMAF - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
2
Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG) - CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
3
Centro de Física e Ingeniería en Medicina (CFIM) y Depto. de Ciencias Físicas – Universidad de la
Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
*
Email: amielgayol@gmail.com
Abstract
External radiotherapy is based on megavoltage electron or photon beams produced by

clinical linear accelerators. Image guided radiotherapy has been proposed and clinically
incorporated during the last decades aimed at using imaging techniques during radiation
therapy to improve treatment accuracy by equipping linear accelerators with imaging
technology to allow patient scanning during treatment and comparisons with previous
reference images enable to adjust more precisely tumor targeting. As known, magnetic
resonance imaging is one of the more accurate imaging techniques capable of suitable
distinction among different soft tissues, however it is based on strong magnetic fields that
may represent non negligible drawbacks if considered to be coupled with linear
accelerators. Incorporating magnetic resonance scanners to clinical linear accelerators may
constitute a high precision online image guide radiotherapy strategy. This work provides a
framework to investigate the effects of strong magnetic fields in dose distributions due to
incident photon beams, typically used in clinics. The proposed approach consists of
investigating and characterizing two independent well-validated Monte Carlo simulation
main codes, FLUKA [1] and PENELOPE [2]. Effects on charged particle track have been
carefully investigated and inter-compared between both main codes, remarking excellent
agreement among them as well as when compared with analytical relativistic formulation.
Additionally, dosimetry variations/distortions due to the presence of magnetic fields as
required for MRI-LINAC technique have been obtained using dedicated phantoms
including interfaces and inhomogeneities.
[1] Battistoni, G. et al. (2016). Front. Oncol., 11 May.

[2] Salvat, F. et al. (2015). PENELOPE-2014 A Code System for Monte Carlo Simulation of
Electron and Photon Transport. Workshop Barcelona, Spain 29 June-3 July.
Keywords: Image guided radiotherapy; Magnetic fields; Monte Carlo simulation.
6
ISSSD 2020
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Respuesta termoluminiscente del cuarzo natural
Claudia Angélica Márquez Mata1,* , Iliana Rosales Candela1 , Juan José Soto Bernal1 ,
Héctor Rene Vega Carrillo2 , Ma. Jesús Mata Chavez3 , Joel Vázquez Bañuelos4 ,
Guillermo Eduardo Campillo Rivera4 , Mayra Guadalupe García Reyna4
1
ITM/ Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
2
UaEN, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
3
UaCT, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, México
4
ITA-UaIE, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
*
Email: angiemata20@gmail.com
Resumen
El fenómeno de termoluminiscencia solo se presenta en materiales con características de

aislante o semiconductor, los cuales son estimulados térmicamente [1,2]. Existen materiales
naturales con este tipo de características como lo es la calcita, dolomita, aragonito,
magnesita, el cuarzo, entre otros [3]. Debido a las características termoluminiscentes del
cuarzo, se puede decir que es un dosímetro natural eficiente; se ha utilizado para fechar
artefactos arqueológicos [4]. Debido a estos antecedentes se procedió a estudiar la respuesta
termoluminiscente de siete variedades de cuarzo (Amatista, Cristal de Roca, Lechoso,
Calcedonia, Rosa, Flint y Jaspe), esto bajo la exposición de energías provenientes de la
fuente de Cs-137. Las muestras fueron recolectadas dentro del estado de Zacatecas,
México; estas se utilizaron de forma de lámina delgada, aproximándola a las dimensiones
de un dosímetro termoluminiscente comercial, esto para tener una mejor comparación.
Dentro de los resultados se presenta la respuesta de los siete cuarzos comparados con dos
TLD-100, en donde se puede observar que no todas las variedades tienen la capacidad
apropiada para su utilización como dosímetro.
[1] Bos, A.J.J. (2006). Radiation Measurements. 41: S45-S56.

[2] Chen, R., J.L. Lawless, and V. Pagonis (2017). Radiation Measurements 99: 10-17.
[3] Medlin, W.L. (1959). The Journal of Chemical Physics 30(2): 451-458.
[4] Fasoli, M. & Martini M. (2016). Journal of Luminescence 173: 120-126.
Keywords: Cuarzo, Termoluminiscencia, dosimetría.
7
ISSSD 2020
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Espectros de rayos X y factores  para tubos de rayos X

con energías de 70 a 120 kV
Guillermo Eduardo Campillo-Rivera1 , Carina Oliva Torres-Cortes1 ,
Joel Vazquez-Bañuelos1 , Mayra Guadalupe Garcia-Reyna1 ,
Claudia Angelica Marquez-Mata2 , Antonio Baltazar Raigosa3 ,
Marcial Vásquez Arteaga4 & Héctor René Vega-Carrillo5
1
Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería y Tecnología Aplicada
Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas,
Av. Lopez Velarde 800, Col. Centro. 98000, Zacatecas, Zac. México
2
TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes
Av. Adolfo López Mateos 1801 Ote., Frac. Bona Gens.
20256, Aguascalientes, Ags. México
3
Av. Lopez Velarde 800, Col. Centro. 98000, Zacatecas, Zac. México
4
Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Perú
5
Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas
Ciprés 10, Fracc. La Peñuela, 98060 Zacatecas, Zac. México
Buzón-e: guillermo_campillo_rivera@hotmail.com
Resumen
Mientras que la dosis recibida por los fotones de rayos X producidos en un tubo de rayos X
dependerá del espectro. La energía y el espectro de los fotones producidos en el tubo de rayos X,
dependerá de factores como la corriente, voltaje, blanco y filtro. Entonces, durante el
funcionamiento de una máquina que trabaje con radiación X, la dosis se deberá al haz útil, fuga de
fotones en el cabezal y fotones dispersos en el paciente. Un blindaje apropiado para la sala en donde
se tenga una máquina de rayos X es importante ya que con este se reducirá la tasa de dosis a los
límites permitidos. Un parámetro importante al momento de hacer el diseño de un blindaje es la
dosis normalizada a la corriente y tiempo, que en este trabajo se nombró como factor Gamma ().
En este trabajo se utilizaron métodos de Monte Carlo para calcular los espectros de los fotones
producidos, los factores () para el Kerma en aire (Ka) y la Dosis Equivalente Ambiental (H * (10))
para tubos de rayos X de 70, 80, 90, 100 y 120 kV con un blanco de Wolframio o tungsteno (W) y
filtro de aluminio (Al). Se calcularon las energías medias de los espectros de fotones y se calcularon
los coeficientes de conversión para H * (10) y Ka por unidad de fluencia y se compararon con los
coeficientes para fotones monoenergéticos.
Palabras Clave: Espectros de rayos X; Kerma en aire; dosis equivalente ambiental; Factores
gamma; Monte Carlo.
8
ISSSD 2020
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Gamma ray-induced defect formation in modified Fluoroplastics

and other materials used in Nuclear industry
Olesya A. Ukrainets1 *, Sergey V. Bedenko1

Nima Ghal-Eh2 & Hector R. Vega-Carrillo3
3
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3
Academic Unit of Nuclear Studies of the Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico
*
Email: lesyaukrainets@gmail.com
Abstract
The materials with specific properties and their ability to withstand extreme conditions are
widely studied in science and engineering. This can be explained by the recent trend
towards the increased burn-out of nuclear fuel, longer operation times, and also the
increased power and energy intensity of each single unit of nuclear power plants. To this
purpose, it is necessary to develop innovative structural materials, because the successful
performance of high fuel burnup is limited by the radiation resistance of the cladding and
casing materials of fuel assemblies, and also the operational life of thermal reactors is
limited by the contents of the vessels and internal materials [1, 2]. Moreover, it is necessary
to test the previously-developed materials for their radiation resistance in order to find out
not only the limits of their applicability, but also the possibility of using radiation as a
technological factor to improve material properties. The materials under intense irradiation
may undergo structural transformations, which primarily affect their mechanical properties
and corrosion resistance [3]. In this study, the influence of different gamma-irradiation
levels on dielectric and mechanical characteristics of fluoroplastic-4MBK was investigated
by evaluation of relative dielectric constant, tangent of dielectric loss angle, stress and
deformation of the exposed material.
[1] Drobny J.G., Ionizing Radiation and Polymers: Principles, Technology, and Applications,
Elsevier Inc., (2012).
[2] Wypych G., Handbook of Polymers: Second Edition, Elsevier Inc., (2016).
[3] Milinchuk V.K., Tupikov V.I., Radiation resistance of organic materials, Nuclear energy,
(2001).
Keywords: Modified fluoroplastics; Gamma-rays; Fluoroplastic-4MBK.
9
ISSSD 2020
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Borosilicate glass slide as thermoluminescence dosimeter

for 60Co HDR brachytherapy
A.A.Z. Ahmad Nazeri1 , S.F. Abdul Sani1* , N.M. Ung2

K.S. Almugren3 , F.H. Alkallas3 , D.A. Bradley4,5
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Clinical Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3
Department of Physics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
5
Sunway University, Centre for Biomedical Physics, Jalan Universiti, 46150 PJ, Malaysia
*
Email: s.fairus@um.edu.my
Abstract
Brachytherapy is commonly used in treatment of cervical, prostate, breast and skin cancers,
typically via the application of sealed radioactive sources that are inserted within or
alongside the area to be treated. A particular aim of the various brachytherapy techniques is
to accurately transfer to the targeted tumour the largest possible dose, at the same time
minimizing dose to the surrounding normal tissue, including organs at risk. The fall-off of
dose with distance from the sources is steep, the dose gradient representing a factor limiting
the dose distribution, also representing a challenge to the conduct of measurements around
sources. Amorphous borosilicate glass (B2 O 3 ) in the form of microscope cover slips are
recognized to offer a practicable system for thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD),
providing for high-spatial resolution (down to < 1mm), wide dynamic dose range, good
reproducibility and reusability, minimal fading, resistance to water and low cost. Herein,
investigation is made of the proposed dosimeter using a 1.25 MeV High Dose Rate (HDR)
60
Co brachytherapy source, characterizing dose response, sensitivity, linearity index and
fading. Analysis of the TL glow curves were obtained using the Tmax -Tstop method and first-
order kinetics using GlowFit software, detailing the frequency factors and activation
energy.
Keywords: Brachytherapy; Dosimetry, Microscope glass slide; Thermoluminescence
10
ISSSD 2020
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Dosimetría y espectrometría computacional de la

radiación dispersada y de fuga de tubos de rayos X
Joel Vázquez-Bañuelos1/* , Carina Oliva Torres-Cortés1 , Mayra G. Garcia-Reyna1 ,
Claudia A. Márquez-Mata2 , Ángel García-Durán3 , Marcial Vásquez Arteaga 4
& Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo1/3
1
Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería y Tecnología Aplicada
Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas
Zacatecas, Zac., México
2
ITM/Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes, Ags., México
3
Zacatecas, Zac., México
4
Universidad Señor de Sipán
Chiclayo, Perú
*
Buzón-e: joelvazba@gmail.com
Resumen
Los rayos X utilizados para el diagnóstico representan la mayor fuente de exposición para
la población a las fuentes de radiación artificiales[1]. Y debido a que las tecnologías médicas
están en constante evolución y su uso va en crecimiento, a provocando como consecuencia
un aumento en la exposición a las radiaciones ionizantes tanto de profesionales de la salud
como de pacientes[2]. Dentro de una instalación de rayos X, las dos principales fuentes de
exposición a la radiación para el personal son los rayos X dispersados por el cuerpo del
paciente y las fugas del tubo de rayos X. Las dosis resultantes de la radiación dispersa y de
fuga son un parámetro importante en la evaluación o diseño de las barreras de blindaje de
las salas de diagnóstico [3,4]. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar mediante métodos
Monte Carlo los espectros de la radiación dispersa y de fuga de tubos de rayos X de 70, 80
y 90 kV y calcular la Dosis Equivalente Ambiental (H*(10)) y el Kerma en aire (Ka). El
tubo de rayos X modelado consistió en una carcasa de vidrio al vacío que contenía al
blanco metálico (tungsteno) y a la fuente de electrones, esta carcasa estaba contenida en un
blindaje de plomo con una ventana donde se colocó un filtro de aluminio para la salida de
los rayos X. La carcaza de plomo reduce significativamente la fluencia de rayos X pero aun
así existe radiación de fuga, sin embargo, la dosis debida a esta radiación satisface la
recomendación de ser menor al 0.1% de la dosis del haz útil. Mientras que la fluencia de
rayos X y la dosis aumentan a medida que aumenta el ángulo de dispersión.
[1] de Gonzalez, A. B., & Darby, S. (2004). The Lancet, 363: 345-351.
[2] Teles et al. (2020). Radiat. Phys. Chem.,172: 108762.
[3] Chilton, A.B., et al. (1984). Principles of Radiation Shielding. Prentice Hall. Pp. 210-213.
[4] NCRP. (2003). Report No. 145. Pp. 101-115.
Palabras clave: Dosis, Espectro de rayos X, Radiación dispersa, Radiación de fuga,

MCNP.
11
ISSSD 2020
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Linear energy transfer characterization of five Gel dosimeter

formulations for electron and proton therapeutic beams
Mauro Valente1,2,3,* , Facundo Mattea4,5,2 , Igancio Scarinci1,2 ,
David Chacón2,6 , Alexis Wolfel1,2,4 , Pedro Pérez1,2
1
2
Laboratorio de Investigación e Instrumentación en Física Aplicada a la Medicina e Imágenes por Rayos X
(LIIFAMIRx) -FAMAF - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
3
Centro de Física e Ingeniería en Medicina (CFIM) y Depto. de Ciencias Físicas – Universidad de la Frontera,
Temuco, Chile.
4
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba,
Argentina.
5
Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA) - CONICET,
Córdoba, Argentina.
6
Departamento de Física - Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
*
Email: mauro.valente@gmail.com
Abstract
Gel dosimeters, including radiochromic types like Fricke, as well as polymer formulations,
are considered to be the only reliable option for accurate 3D dosimetry. Nevertheless, their
implementation in daily clinical quality assurance still remains strongly limited for a few
high specialized radiotherapy centres. Although gel dosimeters present very good water-
equivalence due to their inherent chemical and isotopic compositions, addressing the
corresponding dosimetry outputs is highly challenging, needing careful assessment in terms
of the different radiation qualities involved in the mixed field. Accurate estimations of the
linear energy transfer (LET) for each gel dosimeter formulation stands as a baseline for
further accurate dose deconvolution in mixed radiation fields. The present study reports on
the LET characterization of five different gel dosimeter formulations (FRICKE, ITABIS,
MAGIC, NIPAM, and PAGAT) for electron and proton therapeutic beams as obtained by
Monte Carlo approaches [1, 2] along with experimental results for validation purposes. The
LET, as a function of beam quality and penetration depth, is obtained for electron and
proton therapeutic beams remarking the presence of non-negligible variations, which need
to be accounted for a further precise dose deconvolution in mixed radiation fields.
[1] G. Battistoni et al. The FLUKA Code: An Accurate Simulation Tool for Particle Therapy. Front.
Oncol., 11 May, (2016).
[2] F. Salvat et al. PENELOPE-2014 A Code System for Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron and
Photon Transport. Workshop Barcelona, Spain 29 June-3 July, (2015).
Keywords: Gel dosimetry; Linear Energy Transfer; Monte Carlo simulation.
12
ISSSD 2020
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Producción de rayos gamma en tres

moderadores expuestos a neutrones
Mayra G. García Reyna1 , Guillermo E. Campillo Rivera1 , Claudia A. Márquez Mata2
Carina O. Torres-Cortés1 & Héctor René Vega Carrillo1
1
Doctorado en Ingeniería y Tecnología Aplicada
Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Eléctrica de la UAZ
Av. López Velarde s/n, Centro. 98000 Zacatecas, Zac. México
2
ITA/Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes
Av. Adolfo López Mateos Ote. 1801, Centro. 20256 Aguascalientes, Ags. México
Buzón-e: mayraggreyna@gmail.com
Resumen
El análisis por activación con neutrones tiene más de 80 años de antigüedad y actualmente
se utiliza, en sus diferentes variantes, en diversos campos de la ciencia y la tecnología. Esta
técnica nuclear analítica y no destructiva, permite la identificación de elementos de una
muestra y sus isótopos. En el presente trabajo se estimaron los espectros de altura de pulsos
inducidos en tres moderadores esféricos (agua, polietileno y alcohol) de 3, 5, 8 y 10
241
pulgadas de diámetro; expuestos a neutrones de una fuente isotópica de Am-Be. Los
espectros se calcularon usando la respuesta real de un centellador NaI(Tl) de 7.62 cm de
diámetro y 7.62 cm de alto. Durante la interacción de los neutrones con los moderadores se
inducen reacciones de captura neutrónica y de dispersión inelástica que producen rayos
gamma. Los espectros se calcularon mediante métodos Monte Carlo, en donde se
identificaron fotopicos de 2.2 MeV, 4.4 MeV y 6.1 MeV, atribuidos a procesos de captura y
dispersión inelástica del hidrógeno, carbono y oxígeno, respectivamente.
Palabras clave: Monte Carlo, Gamma rays, NaI(Tl), Isotopic source.
13
ISSSD 2020
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Gadolinium dose enhancement determination by unlaminated EBT3 films

in phantoms irradiated with 192Ir brachytherapy source
Mauricio Santibañez1* , Melani Fuentealba2
1
Departamento de Cs. Fisicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
2
Unidad de Radioterapia – Hospital Regional de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
*
Email: mauricio.santibanez@ufrontera.cl
Abstract
Radiation Dose Enhancement currently is a widely studied process which occurs when a high-Z
element infused in a low-Z material is exposed to ionizing radiation. This is mainly due to
photoelectric interactions in high- Z element. Some of the photoelectrons and Auger electrons
released in the high-Z element escape and penetrate into the surrounding low-Z medium producing a
high dose increase. Preliminary, relative dose enhancement measurements for Gadolinium (Gd) and
Gold (Au) have been reported through Gafchromic films EBT2 and EBT3 [1], showing the need of
increment the probability of Auger and photoelectrons with energies able to reach the radiosensitive
substrate of the Gafchromic film (125 μm gap). Film delamination has been proposed currently in
some application like an alpha dosimeter and in low energy Heavy Ions [2], but in these application,
Gafchromic Films are not immersing in water, limiting the application range where the evaluation
of different concentration of dose enhancement agents is necessary. In this work Gafchromic®
EBT3 films were carefully unlaminated and resealed with a thin film of 12 μm polyester for
implementing accuracy experimental measurements of Gd dose enhancement by a 192 Ir
brachytherapy source. A set of acrylic slabs of 30x30x0.5 cm3 were machining to contain in the
central axis 2 vials of 1.25x1.25x4.5 cm3 which were fill with a solution of 20 mg/ml of Gd agents
and with ultra-pure water, simulating a tumoral phantom doped and undoped with Gd. Additional
slab of solid water were used to complete a phantom of 30x30x16 cm3 . In the center of the
phantom, a machined acrylic slab was placed to introduce the 2.5 mm flexible guide of
GammaMedplus iX equipment and positioning the source in the central of the phantom. Fragments
of unlaminated and resealed EBT3 of 0.9x4 cm was placed inside the second vial and 0.5 cm away
from it, at 1.95 cm and 3.55 cm from the radioactive source respectively, for measuring
simultaneously the tumor dose enhancement and the radiation shielding produced at a proximal
zone. A CT was made to the phantom for planning using the Varian BrachyVision™ planning
system and prescribing to 5 Gy to 1.95 cm of the source (EBT3 film position). Films were readout
by a flatbed scanner Epson V750PRO, 48 hours after irradiation. Considering that film intervention
could produce damage in its dose response or a poor coverage could produce damage by water
penetration, the measurements in both the tumor and healthy tissue, were repeated ten times in each
condition to analyze the uncertainties of the complete experimental realization. The results show the
feasibility of measuring dose enhancement by 192 Ir source with the unlaminated Gafchromic EBT3
films of 137% for the concentration studied. Additionally, a radiation shielding up to 6 % was
achieved.
[1] antib ez M. et al. (2019). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 154, 108857

[2] Rakowski, J.T. et al. (2015). Med. Phys., 42: 5937-5944.
192
Keywords: Gd dose enhancement, unlaminated EBT3 dosimetry, Ir Brachytherapy.
14
ISSSD 2020
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Técnicas de remoción de Rn en agua usando

detectores pasivos LR-115 para su medición
N. Rojas-Arias1,2* , M. A. Sandoval-Garzón1 , M. E. Rodríguez-Sánchez1 ,

L. Sajo-Bohus3 & S. A. Martínez-Ovalle1
1
Grupo de Física Nuclear Aplicada y Simulación, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de
Colombia, Tunja-Colombia.
2
Departmento de Materiais-DEMa, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos-SP, Brasil
3
Universidad Simón Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela.
*Email: nicolas.rojas@uptc.edu.co
Resumen
En este estudio son evaluados cuatro sistemas de remoción de Rn evaluando su eficiencia

con detectores pasivos LR-115. Las mediciones se realizaron en muestras de aguas termales
recolectadas en la región de Paipa-Boyacá-Colombia. Las muestras fueron colectadas en
recipientes herméticos de vidrio con capacidad de 500 ml, sometidas a remoción del Rn
mediante las técnicas de: 1) burbujeo; 2) agitación mecánica; 3) agitación por ultrasonido y;
4) electrólisis. Los detectores LR-115 son depositados en cámaras de resguardo conectadas
a las muestras de agua, permitiendo el flujo de radón a través de cada uno de los sistemas.
Los resultados obtenidos en cada una de los sistemas propuestos fueron comparados con
mediciones realizadas con un dispositivo Pylon ABC-6[1]. Los resultados obtenidos
demuestran que la aplicación de técnicas de agitación mecánica presenta el mayor grado de
remoción de gas radón, seguido de los procesos de burbujeo, con un registro de la
concentración de gas radón en el agua del 78.2% y 61.3% respectivamente, con relación a
los datos registrados por el dispositivo Pylon. Por otro lado, los sistemas de ultrasonido y
electrólisis solo registran un 36% y 36.8%. Estos resultados permiten demostrar que es
posible remover el gas radón presente en el agua por diferentes técnicas convencionales,
mejorando la calidad del agua. Los autores muestran la importancia de aplicar estos
métodos como un sistema de registro y seguimiento de Rn en el agua, siendo posible
utilizar varias muestras de forma simultánea.
[1] Pylon, 2020. https://pylonelectronics-radon.com/.
Palabras clave: Radón en agua, aguas termales, LR-115, medición simultánea.
15
ISSSD 2020
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Aplicación de mapas espacio/temporales para el

registro y análisis de Rn en suelos
N. Rojas-Arias1,2* , M. E. Rodríguez-Sánchez1 , M. A. Sandoval-Garzón1 ,

L. Sajo-Bohus3 , S. A. Martínez-Ovalle1
1
Colombia, Tunja-Colombia
2
Departmento de Materiais-DEMa, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos-SP, Brasil
3
Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela.
*Email: nicolas.rojas@uptc.edu.co
Resumen
El rastreo y medición de gas radón en suelos, es una actividad ampliamente aplicada en

diversas áreas de interés como: física, geología, ingeniería entre otras, debido a su
influencia sobre la salud humana. El comportamiento de este gas se ve afectado por las
condiciones del terreno, eventos sísmicos y factores atmosféricos; alterando su
concentración en diferentes periodos de tiempo, dificultando así el registro de estas
medidas al ser analizadas posteriormente. Algunos métodos como el manejo de mapas
espaciales (uno por medición) o líneas temporales (solo para uno o pocos puntos de
medición) son utilizados por diversos autores. Sin embargo, el análisis de grandes áreas en
intervalos de tiempo prolongado resultan ineficientes estos métodos. En este trabajo se
propone un nuevo método de registro y generación de gráficos temporales/espaciales de
forma simultánea, el cual permite analizar de forma efectiva el comportamiento de diversos
puntos de medición (áreas de medición) en diferentes intervalos de tiempo al mismo
tiempo, así como su correlación con eventos meteorológicos. Los resultados presentados
corresponden a mediciones realizadas en una zona propensa a eventos sísmicos mediante el
uso de detectores LR-115. El registro y mapas temporales/espaciales de la zona, muestran
un incremento en la concentración de radón debido al incremento de la taza de
precipitación, humedad relativa y evaporación baja, reflejando una tasa de concentración
diferente en los diferentes puntos de la zona estudiada. De otra parte, la concentración de
radón entre los puntos de medición muestra la necesidad de tener información de puntos
adicionales de medición para el análisis de zonas relativamente pequeñas, así como un
monitoreo constante para observar su variación temporal.
Palabras clave: Gas Rn; mapas temporales; LR-115; eventos meteorológicos.
16
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White solid-state lighting potential of Dysprosium-doped

lithium strontium zinc borate glass
A. U. Ahmad1,3,* , S. Hashim1,2 , S. K. Ghoshal1 and D.A. Bradley4,5
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
2
Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials (CSNano), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research
(ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
3
Department of Integrated Science, Jigawa State College of Education, PMB 1002, Gumel, Nigeria
4
School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Selangor, Bandar
Sunway, Malaysia
5
Department of Physics, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, Guilford, United Kingdom
*
Email: ahmadu50@gmail.com
Abstract
Solid-state photoluminescent materials for efficient production of white light with

properties that resolve current challenges such as red and green re-absorption of blue light,
halo effect, and removal of epoxy resin are much needed. As a result, borate-based glasses
were prepared using standard melt-quenching techniques with a molar composition of
20Li2 CO 3 –5SrO–5ZnO–(70- )B2 O3 – Dy2 O3 ( ). Prepared samples were
characterised to identify their white light-emitting ability. The XRD analysis of the glasses
revealed a large hump in the range 2θ without any diffraction peak which indicated that the
samples were glasses. The FTIR absorption spectra indicated the existence of borate
functional groups, while the EDX study confirmed the incorporation of primary trace
elements into glass systems. The DTA thermogram analysis of the samples showed
excellent thermal stability against crystallisation of 114 o C and the Hruby parameter of
2.44. The optical absorption spectra of the glasses demonstrated twelve bands associated
with dysprosium ion transitions. The emission spectra measured at an excitation
wavelength of 350 nm displayed strong blue and yellow peaks and weak red peaks. The
peaks are associated with transitions from 4 F9/2 to 6 H15/2 , 6 H13/2 , and 6 H11/2 . The 1931 CIE
colour map showed coordinates in the cool white light area with a difference of about 1−10
%. The evaluated CCT values were above 5300 K and the colour purity range was 4.8−11.6
%. Such disclosure can contribute to the efficient generation of white light based on glass.
Keywords: Dysprosium ions, Borate glass, White light, Solid-state lighting.
17
ISSSD 2020
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Thermoluminescence kinetic parameters of pure Gold nanoparticles

embedded BaSO4-TeO2-B2O3 glasses co-doped with rare earth ions
1,2/*
Ibrahim Abdullahi , Suhairul Hashim1 , Sib Krishna Ghoshal1
1
Department of Physics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
2
Department of Physics, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State Nigeria.
*Email: abdullahi-1978@graduate.utm.my
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation arising from both the natural and artificial sources is almost
unavoidable. According to the report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the
Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), exposure to ionizing radiation beyond the
threshold limit has serious health implication [1]. Thus, application of radiation dosimetry to
avoid deleterious consequences is inevitable. The most widely used radiation dosimeter is
the thermoluminescence (TL) dosimeters [2, 3]. The TL characteristics of a material are
deeply a function of the lattice defects. Thus, evaluation of the kinetic parameters is crucial
in understanding the overall TL process. Herein, the kinetic parameters of pure gold
embedded Barium-Sulfur-Telluro-Borate glass co-doped with samarium/Dysprosium were
evaluated using the peak shape, initial rise, whole glow curve, and computerized glow
curve deconvolution methods, respectively.The co-doped and AuNPs embedded glasses
displayed TL response exhibiting a simple second-order glow curve with maximum
intensity (Im) at 272 o C. The appearance of Im at high-temperature region indicated the
stability of the glass against fading effect. The activation energies of the optimum glass
obtained using the peak shape, initial rise, whole glow curve and computerized glow curve
deconvolution methods were 1.021, 1.50, 1.537, and 1.369 eV, respectively. In conclusion,
the synthesized glass samples were found to be suitable for TL applications due to the
exhibited simple TL glow curve.
[1] UNSCEAR. Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, UNO (2016).
[2] Omanwar, S.K. (2014). Def. Diff. For. 347, 75–110.
[3] Alajerami, Y.S. (2013). App. Radiat. Isot. 78: 21–25.
Keywords: Ionizing Radiation, Thermoluminescence process, Kinetic Parametes, Borate

glasses, Rare Earth Ions, Glow Curve
18
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Afterglow – based dosimetry performance of CaSO 4:Dy
A. I. Castro-Campoy1/* , R. Bernal2 , C. Cruz-Vázquez1
1
Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales
Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, México.
2
Departamento de Investigación en Física
Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, México.
*
e-mail: ivan@gimmunison.com
Abstract
The afterglow-based dosimetry performance of self-agglomerating pellet-shaped

CaSO 4 :Dy phosphors synthesized using a low cost and environmentally friendly method is
reported for the first time. In order to investigate their thermoluminescence (TL) and
afterglow (AG) features, some samples were exposed to beta particle irradiation in the dose
range from 0.06 to 8.0 Gy. Characteristic TL glow curves consist of an intense TL
maximum located at 120 °C , which is suitable for AG dosimetry, a shoulder located at 190
°C and a maximum located at 400 °C. Ca O 4 :Dy exhibits a highly sensitive AG
response for as long as 2 hours with linear behavior from 0.06 Gy up to 1.0 Gy. A
remarkable reusability of the TL and AG response was observed in ten irradiation – TL/AG
readout cycles with no need of any pre-irradiation annealing. The synthesized
CaSO 4 :Dy exhibits promising properties to be considered as AG-based real-time radiation
detectors and dosimeters. Moreover, this phosphor might be applied as a long persistent
luminescence phosphor.
Keywords: CaSO4 ; Persistent Luminescence; Afterglow Dosimetry.
19
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Analysis of the physical and elemental properties of RuO 2 Thin Film
Nik Noor Aien Mohamed Abdul Ghani1,* , Izyan Hazwani Hashim1,2,3 ,

Muhammad Firdaus Omar1,4 , Yung Szen Yap1,4,5,6
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 Johor bahru, Johor, Malaysia
2
Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University
567-0047 Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, Japan.
3
National Centre Particle Physics, Universiti Malaya
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4
Center for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81300 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
5
Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore
3 Science Dive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
6
Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
*
Email: aienghani@gmail.com
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown the interesting isotope detection and production when a
target is being irradiated by radiation. The physical and elemental properties of the
fabricated metallic target are very important to provide clean measurement with very low
contamination in ppb range. The present work provides the physical and elemental
properties RuO 2 thin film fabricated using normal evaporation method. The physical and
elemental analyses of the thin film are measured by means of FESEM, ICPMS, ICPOES
and FESEM-EDX to access the thickness, cross section, elemental-contents and purity of
the thin film. Within our experimental scope, we found that the fabrication process of this
target can be applied to any metal target which requires sampling thickness within few
micrometers thin.
Keywords: Physical Properties; Elemental Properties; RuO2 Thin Film; Isotope Detection
and Production.
20
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Radioluminescence response of Ge-doped cylindrical

and flat silica fibers for real-time dosimetry
Adebiyi Oresegun1* , Zubair H. Tarif1,5 , Louay Ghassan1 , Mohd Hafiz Bin Mohd Zin2 ,
Hairul Azhar Abdul-Rashid1 & David A. Bradley3,4
1
Fibre Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Jalan Multimedia
63100, Cyberjaya, Malaysia.
2
Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Bertam 13200,
Kepala Batas Penang, Malaysia
3
Centre for Radiation Sciences, Sunway University, 46150 PJ, Malaysia.
4
Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
5
Lumisysns Technology Sdn Bhd, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia
*Email: hairul@mmu.edu.my
Abstract
This paper reports the radioluminescence (RL) response of Ge-doped Silica flat and
cylindrical fiber exposed to photon irradiation beams (6MV and 10MV) with varying
doses. The fiber under study are custom fabricated with varying germanium (Ge) doping
concentrations (6-10 mol%) and cut into 20mm length samples. Each sample was exposed
under similar parameters to observe their performance as potential dosimeters, particularly
the RL yield linearity, least detectable dose, energy dependence and reproducibility. All
measurements were made under the same conditions, with the same field size and same
source to surface distance (SSD). The RL response for lower concentration Ge doped
samples showed a higher yield compared to the higher concentration samples. Both
samples, flat and cylindrical fibers responded linearly to the absorbed dose, with the
cylindrical fiber showed a 38% higher RL yield compared to the flat fiber. The cylindrical
fiber also exhibits dose repeatability of <1%, compared to the flat fiber at a 6MV photon
energy. Each fiber was able to demonstrate a favorable response to doses as low as 0.1Gy
with a 37% lesser response when compared to doses ranging from 2Gy to 4Gy.
Keywords: Doped fibers, Photon radiation, dosimetry.
21
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Synthesis and effect of milling on the thermoluminescent

properties of new Ce doped ZnO phosphors
1*
M. Cañez-Morales , C. Cruz-Vázquez 1 & R. Bernal2
1
Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora. Apartado
Postal 130, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, México.
2
Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora. Apartado Postal 5-088,
Hermosillo, Sonora 83190, México.
* Email: michellcm@gimmunison.com
Abstract
The optical properties of ZnO can be modified by doping with different elements. The
thermoluminescent properties are very susceptible to being modified due to the presence of
impurities2 . Variation in particle size is another factor that influences the thermoluminescence (TL)
properties of materials3 . In the present work a systematic study was carried out on the TL properties
of new Ce doped ZnO phosphors as well as the effect of mechanical milling on them. ZnO:Ce
samples were synthesized by a controlled precipitation chemical method. The powders obtained
were subjected to mechanical milling for 6 minutes and then placed into a cylindrical mold to make
pellet-shaped samples that were subjected to thermal annealing. X-ray diffraction patterns showed
that the zincite hexagonal structure corresponding to ZnO was obtained, as well as a small quantity
of CeO2 . Photoluminescence spectra of ZnO:Ce showed a quenching of the emission and a blue
shift when compared to the spectrum of pure ZnO, confirming the presence of Ce in the ZnO
crystalline structure. ZnO:Ce subjected to 6 minutes of milling and a thermal annealing at 900 °C
for 24 hours presents a simple glow curve (GC) after exposure to beta particle irradiation. The GC
displays maxima around 230 ᵒC and 315 ᵒC, temperatures considered suitable for TL dosimetry, as
well as a shoulder close to 100 ᵒC. The TL sensitivity of milled ZnO:Ce is 380 times greater than
that of unmilled non-doped ZnO. ZnO:Ce shows a reusability with a standard deviation of 1.1 % in
ten irradiation – TL readout cycles. Integrated TL as a function of irradiation dose shows a linear
dependence in the range from 8.0 to 128 Gy. We conclude that the synthesized ZnO:Ce phosphors
presents adequate features to be considered a promising candidate to be used as a TL dosimeter.
[1] Klingshirn C. (2007). Chemical Physics Chemistry, 8:782-803.

[2] McKeever S.W.S. THERMOLUMINESCENCE OF SOLIDS, Cambridge UniversityPress,
(1985).
[3] Barbosa, A., et al., (2010). Materials Research, 13: 265-271.
Keywords: Thermoluminescence; ZnO; Dosimetry; Milling; Doping.
22
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Study of emission and absorption spectra in α-Al2O3 radiation detectors
Daniel Silva Calheiro1,* , Anna Luiza Fraga da Silveira1 , Helena Cristina de Matos Garcia1 ,
Ângela Moreira Marques dos Santos1 , Luiz Claudio Meira-Belo1 ,
1
Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
*
Email: daniel.calheiro@cdtn.br
Abstract
In general, the emission spectrum of a luminescent material is shifted to lower energies

relative to the absorption spectrum, which is called a Stokes shift. Spectrometric methods
has been largely used to evaluate absorption and emission spectra related to dosimetric
properties of phosphors [1 2]. The study aimed to investigate dosimeters’ physical
properties through optical process. The analysis was performed in commercial α-Al2 O3
dosimeter (supplied by Harshaw and Radpro), sapphire plates developed by the Shanghai
Famous Trade CO., LTD, and ceramic radiation detectors, developed at the Centro de
Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN). The samples were investigated by
spectrophotometry in modes transmittance and specular reflectance in order to determine
the absorption spectra ranging from 190 to 1100 nm. The emission spectra were studied by
thermo stimulated emission luminescence with resolution in wavelength ranging from 200
to 700 nm. Absorption peaks were observed about 205, 230 and 255 nm, corresponding
probably to F-center (205nm) and F+-center (230 and 255 nm). Sapphire dosimeter did not
show any relevant absorption at the studied wavelength range. The results showed that
ceramic dosimeters present similar parameters when compared to commercial dosimeters,
namely, a large Stokes shift which is consistent with the expressive thermal quench effect
observed on the detectors when studied by thermoluminescent techniques.
[1] Yen, W.M. et al. (2006). CRC press, 2006.

[2] Yukihara, E.G. et al (2011). John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
Keywords: Stokes shift, spectrophotometry; reflectance; radiation dosimetry.
23
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Experimental shielding properties for a novel glassy system
M.H.A. Mhareb1,2* , M.I.Sayyed3,4 , Y.S.M. Alajerami5 , Nidal Dwaikat6
1Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
2Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
3Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman – Jordan
4Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations
(IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU)
P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
5Medical Imaging Department, Applied Medical Sciences Faculty, Al Azhar University-Gaza,
Palestine
6Department of Physics, College of Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals,
Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
*
Email: mhsabumhareb@iau.edu.sa
Abstract
In this work, five glass samples with a composition 10SrO-10Al2 O3 -10MoO3 -(70-x)B2 O3 -
xTeO 2 , where (x= 0, 17.5, 35, 52.5, and 70 mol%) were fabricated by a standard melt-
quench method. The current glass compositions structure was explored via Fourier
transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD pattern proves an absence of
sharp peaks, affirming the amorphous nature of the prepared samples. FTIR spectrum
within the range of 1650-400 cm-1 clarifies the functional groups' existence and the
variation in BO 3 , BO 4 and TeO 2 with the addition of TeO 2 . The obtained results show a
direct relationship between the density and the adding of TeO 2 amounts. In contrast, the
relation between the TeO 2 and Poisson's ratio and packing density is inverse. The
supplement of TeO 2 to the glass system gradually drove to a slight reduction in glass
stability. Furthermore the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) was defined experimentally by
using two sources (137 Cs and 166 Ho) with five energies (0.184, 0.280, 0.661, 0.710, and
0.810 MeV). The excellent agreement between experimental and XCOM values is evident.
Based on the experimental results, several radiation shielding properties, including linear
attenuation coefficient (LAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), half-value layer (HVL), mean
free path (MFP), tenth value layer (TVL), Transmission Factor (TF) and were computed.
The results indicate that the sample G5 has a superior photon shielding competence
compare with other standard shielding materials. Lastly, it can conclude that the prepared
glasses may be used in different sectors as a radiation shielding material.
Keywords: Experimental shielding; Mass attenuation coefficient; Transmission factor.
24
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A new heavy-metal doped clay brick for gamma-ray protection purposes

Mahmoud Karem 1,2,* , Oleg Tashlykov 1 , M.H.A. Mhareb3,4 , Y.S.M. Alajerami5
Mohammed I Sayyed6,7
1
Department of nuclear power plants and renewable energy, Ural power institute, Ural Federal University,
Yekaterinburg, Russia
2
Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, P. O. Box 530, Cairo, Egypt
3
Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982,
Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
4
Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982,
5
Department of Medical Radiography, Al-Azhar University, Gaza Strip, Palestine
6
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
7
Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam
Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
*Email: kmakhmud@urfu.ru, karemabdelazeem@yahoo.com
Abstract
The application of radionuclides in medicine and the medical industry attracted much
attention in the last decades. However, the benefits achieved by these applications, the
danger of radionuclides handling on human health, is still severe. Numerous previous work
reported different materials, concretes, glass samples, and alloys to be used as candidates
for radiation shielding purposes[1-3]. Concretes are considered the best and economical
shielding material due to the high cost of heavy metal compounds that constitute the glass
and alloys besides the unique equipment required to fabricate the glass and alloy shielding
materials. The present work novelty pointed to fabricate new clay bricks doped with heavy
minerals to be used in the building materials as a candidate for radiation shielding. Firstly,
the mixture was manufactured as MineralXClay(1-X), where X= 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 fractional
weight. The required amount of clay and minerals were weighted and well mixed manually.
A fixed amount of water was added to the mixture and covered with a plastic sheet for 48 h.
After that, the wet samples were well mixed for the second time and placed in cube molds
for two weeks to dray. Then, the prepared samples were burned in an electric furnace at a
temperature around 1100 o C. The bricks' chemical composition was measured using ICP-
AES, and the density measures using the Archimedes method. The prepared bricks'
chemical composition and density were introduced to the Monte Carlo simulation code
MCNP-5 to estimate the prepared bricks' protection capacity. The simulated linear
attenuation coefficient was found in the range between 0.258 and 0.328 cm-1 . In contrast,
the half-value thickness decreased from 2.685 to 2.116 cm, increasing the mineral doping
ratio between 0 and 0.3 weight fraction at 0.662 MeV, respectively.
[1] Bashter I.I. et al., (1996). Ann. Nuc. Ener. 23: 65–71.
[2] Agar O. et al., (2019). Results Phys. 12: 101–106.
[3] Akman F. et al., (2018). J. Alloys Compd.772: 516-524.
Keywords: Bricks preparation; gamma-ray; protection capacity.
25
ISSSD 2020
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Thermoluminescence features of decorative building material

marble for using retrospective accident dosimetry
S. Yasmin1,*, M. U. Khandaker 2, S.N. Mat Nawi2,

S.F. Abdul Sani3, D.A. Bradley2, 4
1
Department of Physics, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology,
Chittagong, Bangladesh
2
Centre for Biomedical Physics, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences,
Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4
Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
* Email: sabinayasmin309@gmail.com
Abstract
Bangladeshi dwellers have been using six types of marble in their building
most commonly for decorating their house have been analyzed for
retrospective accident dosimetry. With the interest of characterizing several
key thermoluminescence properties to examine their potentiality for
dosimetry, annealing - irradiation - readout steps have done chronologically
which comprises effective atomic number analysis, glow curves, relative
sensitivity, dose response, reproducibility and fading. An ERESCO model 200
MF4-RW X-ray machine and a Gammacell-220 60 Co source for irradiations
and also for thermoluminescence readouts a Harshaw 3500 TLD reader (USA)
supported by WinREMS software have been used. Considering the various TL
parameters marble “Carrara” imported from Italy present comparatively better
ability of retrospective dosimetry up to dose range 50 Gy. From fading result
it is clear that for absorbing dose after exposure up to four weeks marble can
be used several times. The Zeff values for the various marble samples are
found to be in the range of 13.65-19.12, comparing favorably against that of
the dosimeter TLD-200 (Zeff =16.3) which can be used as for low-level
environmental radiation dosimetry. This type of measurement has been done
first time for doses in the range 10-50 Gy.
Keywords: TL dosimetric properties; TLI; Fading; Retrospective dosimeter.
26
ISSSD 2020
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Enhancement of optical properties of Dysprosium ion in Samarium

activated Strontium Magnesium borate glasses
Andrew Ichoja1* , Suhairul Hashim1,2 , Sib Krishna Ghoshal1 ,
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310
Johor Bahru, Malaysia
2
Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials (CSNano), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific
and Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM
Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
*
Email: andy.ichoja@gmail.com
Abstract
Strontium magnesium borate glass co-doped dysprosium and samarium ions of various
concentrations have been successfully synthesized following conventional melt quenching
technique and characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis and PL to understand their
luminescence behaviour. XRD spectrum confirmed the amorphous state of the glass. The
presence of local structure was revealed by FTIR spectroscopy. The PL emission spectra
identified combined emission spectra belonging to both Dy3+ and Sm3+. The optimized 0.7
mol% of Dy3+ is co-doped with Sm (varied contents) to examine the sensitization effect of
Sm3+ on Dy3+ luminescence. The results disclosed that with the addition of Sm3+ to Dy3+
doped strontium magnesium borate glass, the emission intensity of Sm3+ increased linearly
up to 0.4 mol% and quenches thereafter. It was observed that the Sm3+ ion have strongly
enhanced the emission intensity of Dy3+ in the co-doped strontium magnesium borate glass
due to cross-relaxation process through the excitation energy transfer mechanism of Sm3+.
[1] Gedam, R.S (2019). J. Luminescence: 208: 443-452.

[2] Mhareb, M.H.A. (2016). J. Luminescence: 177: 366-372.
[3] Naresh, V. (2015). J. Alloys and Compounds: 632: 59-67
Keywords: PL emission intensity; Energy transfer mechanism; Samarium ion.
27
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Characterization of silica-based glass for use in medical applications

A. Alyahyawi1,3* , D.A. Bradley2,3
1
Department of Diagnostic Radiology,University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
2
Sunway University, Centre for Biomedical Physics, Jalan Universiti 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
3
Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
*Email: a.alyahyawi@uoh.edu.sa
Abstract
Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) form a very important subset of passive detector

technology, for many decades enjoying widespread use in making radiation exposure
assessments, not least in regard to medical applications. TLDs are available in a wide range
of physical and chemical forms, the LiF-based commercial product TLD-100 being notably
popular in personal and patient dose evaluations due their desirable properties such as small
size, tissue equivalence, and relatively low fading. Thus said, several of the more recent
TLD studies have focused on doped and undoped silica-made glass fibres, showing these to
have great potential as effective dosimeters for diagnostic radiology and therapeutic dose
measurements, also offering several advantages over the well-established phosphor-based
TL detectors. The latter include being water impervious, reproducible in response, of good
sensitivity and offering wide dynamic range. In present study we investigate a new type of
cost-effective silica-based glass, examining the characteristic of these materials, including
dose response, energy response, sensitivity, and fading, with use focusing on x-ray tube
clinical diagnostic applications.
Keywords:Thermoluminescence dosimetry, Diagnostic radiology applications, silica-based glass
28
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Dose profile evaluation of a 6 MV beam in a field of 5x5 cm²
Caio F. T. Portela¹, André Lima de Souza Castro², Arnaldo P. Mourão¹

1
Nuclear Engineer Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte - MG
2
Radiocare, Grupo Oncoclínicas, Hospital Felício Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
Rua dos Timbiras, 3609, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte - MG
*
Email: caiofernando_fisica@yahoo.com.br
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a treatment of malignant tumors aiming at their elimination or the

inhibition of their growth, using irradiation techniques increasingly collimated. There are
innovations in conformation methodologies, with the objective of greater preservation of
healthy tissues surrounding tumor tissues. In this work, the dose distribution of an X-ray
beam was recorded using a solid water phantom, for an irradiation field with 5x5 cm². The
6 MV X-ray beam was generated in a linear accelerator model Synergy from the
manufacturer Elekta, and radiochromic film sheets were used to record dose profiles inside
the solid water phantom. The solid water phantom loaded with radiochromic film was
positioned 1 m away from the X- ray beam's focus. The longitudinal profile of absorbed
dose obtained presented the maximum dose value at 1.09 cm of depth inside the phantom.
For depth of 2.6 cm the dose was still 95% the maximum dose value, and at 10 cm depth
the absorbed dose corresponds to 59.83%. The axial dose profiles were recorded at 1 cm
depth, and presented dose values in the plateau region of 98.02 ± 1.02 % for the X axis and
98.22 ± 1.44 % for the Y axis, considering the maximum dose value. In radiotherapy
procedures, small-sized fields can modify the dose deposition profiles and this
understanding should be considered. The obtained profiles allowed to verify disturbances
present in the exposures, considering the dosimetry of small fields and the impacts on the
planing of local dose deposition.
[1] Khan, F.M., Gibbons, J.P. The Physics of Radiation Therapy. Fifth Edition. Wolters Kluwer
Health. Philadelphia, EUA. 2014.
[2] Scaff, L.A.M. Física da Radioterapia. 1 ed. Sarvier Editora de Livros Médicos Ltda. São Paulo.
1997. 84-86 p.
[3] Mourão, A.P. & Oliveira, F. A. Fundamentos de radiologia e imagem. 1 ed. São Caetano do Sul,
SP: Difusão, 2009. 343-365 p.
Keywords: Dose Profile; Radiotherapy; Smaller Field.
29
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Outdoor radon, thoron and terrestrial gamma radiation measurements

and estimation of radiation dose in Perak Malaysia
Habila Nuhu1,4* , Suhairul Bin Hashim1,2 , Muneer Aziz Saleh3

Mohamad Syazwan Sunusi1 , Wan Muhamad Saridan Bin Wan Hassan1
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, 81310
UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
2
Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (ISISIR), Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Johor, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
3
Nuclear Engineering Programme, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
4
Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Plateau state polytechnic Barkin Ladi
PMB 2023 Bukuru, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria.
*
Email: habilanuhu@yahoo.com
Abstract
The activity concentration of radon (222 Rn) and thoron (220 Rn) in the outdoor air of the
study area was assessed using a RAD7 222 Rn and 220 Rn Detector. The 222 Rn activity
concentration in outdoor air ranged from 5.79 – 5110 Bq m−3 , with a mean of 320.03 Bq
m−3 which is higher than the EPA level of 14.8 Bq m−3 . The range of the 220 Rn activity
concentration outdoor was from 0.00 – 4226.7 Bq m−3 , with a mean of 226.1 Bq m−3 which
was above the UNSCEAR recommended level of 10 Bq m−3 . The Terrestrial gamma
radiation dose rates range was from 98.31 – 3769.71 nGy h−1 with a mean of 446.27 nGy
h−1 . The 222 Rn dose of the study location contributed most (84%) of the total effective dose
outdoor. The 220 Rn and gamma dose contributions outdoor were not very significant. The
total annual outdoor effective dose with an occupancy factor of 1825 h (5 h day−1 ) was
estimated to be within the range of 0.30 – 551.41mSv, with a mean of 3.75 mSv which is a
little higher than the world average of 2.4 mSv.
Keywords: activity concentration, effective dose, outdoor air, radiation, dose rate
30
ISSSD 2020
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Estimación de la dosis absorbida de dos boratos termoluminiscentes ante

neutrones monoenergéticos
Carina Oliva Torres-Cortés1,* , Mayra G. García-Reyna1 , Guillermo E. Campillo-Rivera1 ,
Joel Vázquez-Bañuelos1 , Antonio Baltazar-Raigosa2 , Luis Hernández-Adame3 ,
Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo1
1
Ingeniería y Tecnología Aplicada, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Eléctrica,
Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas
Av. Ramón López Velarde No. 801, Col. Centro. 98000, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
2
Av. Ramón López Velarde No. 801, Col. Centro. 98000, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico.
3
CONACyT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR),
Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur.
23090, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico.
*
Buzon-e: califetorres7@gmail.com
Abstract
Los neutrones se usan en la medicina, la química analítica, biología, estudio de materiales,

etc. Los neutrones tienen una alta eficiencia radiobilógica por lo que la exposición a éstos
representan un riesgo a la salud [1]. Para el diseño de protocolos seguros de uso, manejo y
blindaje contra los neutrones es necesario conocer su espectro o en su defecto medir la
dosis [2]. Para esto se utilizan diferentes instrumentos como detector pasivo y activo, en
nuestro grupo se sintetizaron compuestos de Borato de Magnesio (MBO) con propiedades
termoluminiscentes ante gammas del 137 Cs y neutrones de 241 AmBe [3]. El objetivo de este
trabajo fue determinar la respuesta a la dosis absorbida del MBO:Dy y el MBO:Dy,Na,
como detectores de neutrones térmicos en un monitor de área ante neutrones
monoenergéticos. La función respuesta se estimó mediante métodos Monte Carlo [4], para
47 neutrones monoenergéticos (1E(-9) hasta 20 MeV). El monitor de área es un cilindro
de polietileno de 20.32 Ø x 20.32 cm. Encontramos que la respuesta a la dosis absorbida
del MBO:Dy es ligeramente mayor que la del MBO:Dy,Na. Además, la captura de
neutrones es la interacción que ocurre con mayor probabilidad.
[1] Hu G. et al., (2016). AIP Adv. 6: 125025.

[2] Vega-Carrillo H.R., Martinez-Ovalle, (2016) Appl. Radiat. Isot. 117: 42-50.
[3] Torres-Cortés et al., (2019). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 147: 159-164.
[4] X-5 Monte Carlo team. (2003).
Palabras clave: Función respuesta, Dosis absorbida, Boratos de Magnesio,

Termoluminiscencia, Neutrones, Monte Carlo.
31
ISSSD 2020
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Gamma radiation transmission factor and attenuation features studies of

Li2 O-B2 O3 -P2 O5 -TeO2 glass systems using MCNP5 Monte Carlo code
M.I.Sayyed1,2,* , Karem Mahmoud3,4 , Oleg Tashlykov 3 ,

M.H.A. Mhareb5,6 , , Y.S.M. Alajerami7
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
2
Department of Nuclear Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam
Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of nuclear power plants and renewable energy, Ural power institute, Ural Federal
University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
4
Nuclear Materials Authority, El Maadi, P. O. Box 530, Cairo, Egypt
5
Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982,
6
Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box
1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Medical Radiography, Al-Azhar University, Gaza Strip, Palestine
*
Email: mabualssayed@ut.edu.sa
Abstract
This research focuses on the determination of gamma attenuation performances of different
lithium borophosphate glasses containing TeO 2 glasses using the MCNP5 and Phy-X tools.
These tools were used to calculate the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) at twelve energy
values ranging between 0.122 MeV and 1.46 MeV. The agreement between the MAC
values obtained by the two methods were measured by means of relative difference (RD)
and the maximum RD reported for the chosen glasses is less than 10%. The replacement of
Li2 O, B2 O 3 and P2 O5 by TeO 2 causes an improvement on the linear attenuation coefficient
(LAC) values and the glass with the composition of 10Li2 O-2B2 O 3 -8P2 O5 -80TeO 2
(Li10Te80 ρ=4.69 g/cm3 ) has the highest LAC. The transmission factor (TF) results
demonstrates that increasing the thickness from 0.3 to 1.1 cm led to a dramatic decrease in
the TF. The maximum TF for Li50Te0 and Li10Te80 glasses is found at 0.3 cm and equals
to 0.899 and 0.455 at 0.122 MeV. We determined the ratio between the tenth value layer
(TVL) values of Li50Te0 to Li10Te8 and we found that the ratio at any energy is higher
than 1 implying that Li50Te0 has higher TVL than Li10Te80. The ratio starts at a
maximum value of 2.84, then sharply decreasing to 1.84 at 1.005 MeV, thereafter the ratio
decreases steadily and reaches its minima at 1.458 MeV (the ratio at this energy equals to
1.82). The radiation shielding parameters showed that Li10Te80 has the better gamma ray
shielding potential.
Keywords: MCNP5; radiation shielding; transmission factor.
32
ISSSD 2020
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Dose evaluation of head CT scans using phantom

for optimization protocols
Fernanda Stephanie Santos1,* , Arnaldo Prata Mourão1
1
Department of Nuclear Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
*
email: fernanda.stephaniebh@yahoo.com.br
Abstract
Computed Tomography (CT) scans promote a higher dose deposition than conventional
radiology exams. These tests contribute significantly to the increase in the patient and
collective dose, being a public health concern worldwide [1]. There is a great need to
improve protocols to seek lower doses while maintaining the diagnostic image quality [2].
The development of phantoms allows the testing of different acquisition protocols. For this,
the phantoms must present an absorption characteristic of the X-ray beam similar to that of
the represented patient [3]. In this study, two CT head phantoms were used, the standard
head phantom and another of smaller volume. The objects are cylinders with 16 cm
(standard adult) and 12 cm in diameter and 15 cm in length, made of polymethyl-
methacrylate (PMMA). Tests of acquisition protocols were performed on a GE CT scanner,
LightSpeed VCT model with 64 channels. The central slice of the phantoms was irradiated
successively, and using a pencil ionization chamber, measurements of CT air kerma index
in PMMA (Ck ,PMMA,100 ) were performed. From these results, the CT Dose Index values
weighted and volumetric (CTDIw, CTDIvol) were obtained for 10 cm scans of the central
region of the head phantoms, in helical mode. The scans were performed using different
voltage values (80, 100 and 120 kV) and load (mA.s). Dose values varied from 6.87 just
24.83 mGy. The highest recorded dose value was 24.83 mGy for the smaller head phantom
and 19.96 mGy for the standard head phantom. The results obtained allowed to evaluate
that, for the generation of images with the same diagnostic objective, the volumetric dose
index showed a higher dose value in the 12 cm phantom, corresponding to a head with less
volume, compared to the value measured in the standard head phantom.
[1] ICRP. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Exposure.

Publication 103, (2007).
[2] Miglioretti,D. L., et al. (2013). JAMA pediatric. 167: 700-707.
[3] Santos, A. C., et al. (2017). Revista Pleiade. 10: 94-101.
Keywords: Computed Tomography; Phantom; Dosimetry.
33
ISSSD 2020
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Pediatric Effective doses and radiogenic risk from

Computed tomography examinations in Saudi Arabia
Abdelmoneim Sulieman1 *, Batil Alonazi1 , Ali Alhaili1 ,

Mohammed Alkhorayef2,3 , David Bradley3,4
1
Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj,
Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Radiological Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
4
Sunway University, Institute for Health Care Development, Jalan Universiti, 46150 PJ, Malaysia
*
Email: abdelmoneim_a@yahoo.com
Abstract
In respect of efforts towards optimizing dose, in hospitals worldwide CT dosimetry forms

one of the more challenging aspects of this widely used imaging modality, with CT
contributing up to 70% of the collective dose to the population from imaging. In Saudi
Arabia, while the task is acknowledged to be essential, up to to-date relatively few patient
studies have been performed. Current study concerns radiation doses to paedriatic patients
undergoing CT scans of the head, chest, abdomen, and CAP (chest, abdomen, and pelvis in
one scanning procedure), estimates being made of the effective dose. From a study of five
hospitals in the Riyadh region, a total of 282 pediatric patients (mean age 5.6±3 and age
range from 0.5 to 15 years old) were included in the investigation of dose received, use
being made of five multidetector CT machines. The radiation dose parameters were
presented in terms of CTDIvol (mGy) and DLP (mGy.cm). The mean CTDIvol (mGy) was
50.5, 9.4, 10.3, and 11.3 mGy for the head, chest, abdomen, and CAP, respectively. The
mean DLP (mGy.cm) was 912.2, 427.9, 604.3, and 737.9 for head, chest, abdomen, and
CAP, in that order. It is evident that the greatest doses were received during head CT
procedures, the least being for CT chest examinations. Also evident is that patient doses
depended on both the imaging protocol as well as the anatomy of the organ of interest.
Patient doses showed wide variations, due to technologist selection of exposure parameters.
The patient doses were found to be greater than that recorded for most previous CT studies
undertaken locally. Local diagnostic reference level (DRL) was proposed for further dose
reduction.
[1] Mettler, et al. (2020). Radiology. 295 (2),418–427.

[2] Aamri, et al. (2020). Radiat. Phys. Chem. 172, 1-6.
[3] Abuzaid, et al. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 167, 1-4.
Keywords: Computed tomography; Radiation risk; Patient dosimetry.
34
ISSSD 2020
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Evaluation of Fricke gel dosimeter layers for stereotactic radiosurgery
P. Pérez1,2,3,* , P. Rico Torres2,3 , A. Bruna4 , M. Brunetto5 ,

D. Franco5 , F. Mattea6,7,2 , M. Valente1,2,8
1
2
Laboratorio de Investigación e Instrumentación en Física Aplicada a la Medicina e Imágenes por Rayos
X (LIIFAMIRx) -FAMAF - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
3
Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas; Venezuela.
4
FiMe - Física Médica srl; Argentina.
5
Centro Médico Privado Deán Funes, Cordoba; Argentina.
6
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de
Córdoba, Argentina.
7
Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA) -
CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
8
Centro de Física e Ingeniería en Medicina (CFIM) y Depto. de Ciencias Físicas – Universidad de la
Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
*
Email: pedro.perez @unc.edu.ar
Abstract
Stereotactic radiosurgery is a highly precise form of radiation therapy to treat brain

abnormalities that requires accurate treatment verification. Dose distributions in
radiosurgery were verified by Fricke gel dosimeter layers, radiochromic films and Monte
Carlo simulations adapting a head-like phantom scanned by computed tomography for
further planning with the Blue Frame SRS - FiMe treatment planning system. Radiosurgery
plan consisted of two small targets irradiated with a 10 MV photon beam. Dose
distributions were compared by means of the Gamma index. Dose distributions were
directly measured with film dosimeters and Fricke gel layers analyzed by visible light
transmission, while treatment planning and Monte Carlo simulations were based on
tomography images. Results from exhaustive evaluation of dose profiles and two-
dimensional maps showed good performance when comparing treatment planning system
with Monte Carlo simulation, film and Fricke gel dosimeters. Additionally, three-
dimensional dose distributions were obtained by Fricke gel stack layers and further image
processing with the toolkit. This work presents investigations regarding the feasibility,
reliability and accuracy of Fricke gel dosimeter layers for stereotactic radiosurgery. Good
agreement was found between experimental and calculated dose distributions in different
regions close to the target. The capability of the developed system for 3D dose mapping
was shown, obtaining promising results when compared with well-established dosimetry
methods, thus supporting the viability of Fricke gel dosimeter layers analyzed by optical
methods for stereotactic radiosurgery.
Keywords: Fricke gel dosimetry; Stereotactic radiosurgery; Quality assurance.
35
ISSSD 2020
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Estimation of patient organ and effective Doses in PET/CT in Kuwait
Meshari Alnaaimi1,* , Mohammed Alkhorayef 2, 3 , Abdelmoneim Sulieman4 ,

Musa Alduaij1 , Talal Mohammedzein 1 , David Bradley3,5
1
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Shwiekh, Kuwait
2
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University,
PO Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
3
4
Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of
Applied Medical Sciences,Saudi Arabia
5
Sunway University, Institute for Health Care Development, Jalan University, 46150 PJ, Malaysia
*
Email: m.alnaaimi@gmail.com
Abstract
The combination of positron emission tomography (PET) with Computed tomography (CT)
has been used to diagnose and evaluate many clinical conditions. However, both imaging
modalities expose the patients to significant radiation dose from ionizing radiation. The
radiation dose from both the positron emitters (18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and 18 F-
Sodium Flouride (NaF)) and from X-rays used PET/CT imaging results in high patient
dose. Therefore, there is considerable and urgent need to assess and optimize the radiation
dose to the patients during PET/CT procedures. The objective of this study is to evaluate
the patients’ radiation dose and radiation risks and to establish diagnostic reference levels
(DRL) for PET/CT procedures in Kuwait. A total of 109 patients doses were investigated:
87 (79.8%) concerning use of 18 F-NaF and 22 (20.2% ) concerning 18 F-FDG PET/CT. The
patients were scanned using a General Electric (GE) discovery 710 PET/CT scanner at the
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kuwait Cancer Control Center (KCCC). Patient effective
doses were estimated and associated with the administered activity. Mean effective doses
were estimated using patient exposure parameters and ImPACT software. The mean and
range of the administered activity of 185 MBq (5.0 mCi) per procedure is based on patient
body mass index (BMI). The range of patient effective doses per procedure was observed to
be 5 - 18 mSv, with a radiation risk per procedure of the order of 1x10 -5 . Patient doses
depend on the size of patient, type of scanner, the imaging protocol and reconstruction
method used. The present effective doses are considered to be low when compared against
that of previous studies. Proper justification and radiation dose optimisation are required for
further dose reduction.
[1] Salah (2020) Radiat. Phys. Chem. 173,1-6.

[2] Czernin. J. (2004) Nuc Med 45.1s-3s.
Keywords: PET/CT; Radiation risk; effective dose; nuclear medicine,18F-FDG; 18 F-NaF.
36
ISSSD 2020
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Distribución de la tasa de partículas de un tubo de

rayos X de ánodo rotatorio utilizando MCNP
José Domingo Peña Vidal1,* , Modesto Sosa Aquino1 , Pablo Víctor Cerón1 ,
Miguel Ángel Vallejo1 , Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo2
1
División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato
Loma del Bosque #103, Lomas del Campestre, C.P. 37150. León, Gto., México.
2
Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas
Ciprés #10, Fraccionamiento La Peñuela, Zacatecas, México.
*Email: jd.penavidal@ugto.mx
Resumen
En este trabajo se presenta el análisis Monte Carlo de la distribución de la tasa de partículas

de los rayos X producidos en procedimientos de radiodiagnóstico. El trabajo se hizo con el
código MCNP6 con el que se modeló un tubo de rayos X de ánodo rotatorio y se calcularon
los espectros primarios de rayos X producidos durante la interacción de electrones
monoenergéticos de 120 keV, los cuales son comparados con los espectros que genera el
software SpekCalc e IPEM Report 78. Para visualizar la distribución se generaron espectros
de rayos X variando algunos parámetros como: el ángulo del ánodo (10, 12, 15 y 20 grados)
y el tipo de blanco (Tungsteno, Molibdeno y Rodio). Con el fin de tener una buena
estadística se usaron 109 historias mediante el estimador F5. Esta información será usada
para tener un catálogo de espectros de rayos X con su distribución de tasa de partículas.
Palabras clave: MCNP, Tubo de rayos–X, Tasa de partículas.
37
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Cálculo dosimétrico del 177Lu-iPSMA y 225Ac-iPSMA a nivel celular en un

modelo de metástasis ósea
Miguel Angel Nava-Cabrera1 , Erika Patricia Azorín-Vega2* ,

Rigoberto Oros-Pantoja1 , Liliana Aranda-Lara1
1
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Edo. de México, México
2
Departamento de Materiales Radiactivos, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares,
Ocoyoacac, México
*
Email: erica.azorin@inin.gob.mx
Resumen
Las metástasis óseas derivadas de cáncer de próstata generan una gran cantidad de
sintomatología adversa, y pueden ser tratadas mediante radiofármacos de tercera
generación, permitiendo una mayor expectativa de vida. Radiofármacos como el 177 Lu-
iPSMA o el 223 RaCl2 han sido utilizados para tratar estas metástasis, obteniendo una
remisión completa deficiente o produciendo toxicidad en tejidos sanos [1,2]. En el presente
trabajo se ha comparado la dosis absorbida debida a un nuevo radiofármaco, el 225 Ac-
iPSMA, con respecto al 177 Lu-iPSMA, en metástasis óseas producidas en un modelo
murino. La dosis absorbida se determinó con base en la metodología de la Dosis Médica de
Radiación Interna (MIRD). La dosis absorbida se obtuvo como el producto de la actividad
acumulada en un órgano y del factor de dosis correspondiente [3]. Los factores de dosis se
obtuvieron para ambos radiofármacos mediante simulaciones Monte Carlo, utilizando el
código MCNPX 5. La actividad acumulada se determinó en el núcleo de células tumorales,
generadas previamente en ratones machos CD1 utilizando un modelo de inoculación de
células LNCaP intra femuro-tibial, así como en algunos órganos de riesgo como pulmones,
riñones, hígado, intestino, bazo y esqueleto. Esto se logró evaluando la biodistribución de
ambos radiofármacos en cinco tiempos distintos, y cuyos datos fueron introducidos en el
software OLINDA para obtener los modelos biocinéticos de ambos. Utilizando estos
modelos se pudo determinar la actividad acumulada debida a ambos radiofármacos, con
éstos se determinó la dosis absorbida en el núcleo de las células metastásicas de cáncer de
próstata y se comparó este valor para ambos radiofármacos. Se obtuvo que para el tumor la
razón de dosis entre el 225 Ac-iPSMA y el 177 Lu-iPSMA fue aproximadamente de 5, siendo
de 2.3 Gy para el primero y de 0.5 Gy para el segundo, ambos por unidad de MBq
inyectado.
[1] Azorín-Vega E. et al. (2019).Appl. Radiat. Isot. 146:66-71.

[2] Sato, J. et al. (2019) J Clin. Trials Regulat. 1:8-16
[3] Sgouros, G. et al. (2018) Curr. Radiopharm. 11:209-2014
Palabras clave: Modelo de metástasis ósea, radiofármacos, dosis absorbida.
38
ISSSD 2020
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Evaluation of occupational doses in SPECT/CT examinations
Ali Aamry1* , Abdelmoneim Sulieman2 , Yehia Johary3 , Hussin Aamri3 , Hassan Salah4 ,
Mohammed Alkhorayef5,6 , Mayeen Uddin Khandaker7 , David Bradley6,7
1
2
Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj,
Saudi Arabia
3
Medical physics Department, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
4
INAYA Medical Collage, Nuclear Medicine Department, Riyadh 13541, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, PO
Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
6
7
*Email : a.aamry@ksmc.med.sa
Abstract
Staff occupational radiation exposure is limited to 20 mSv annually to prevent tissue

reaction and reduce the probability of cancer effect. Staff occupational exposure arises
during the preparation, injection, and scanning of the patients. Recent studies reported that
nuclear medicine personnel might exceed the annual dose limit in high workload and poor
radiation protection circumstances. Therefore, an accurate estimation of the annual dose
limit is recommended. This study aims to estimate the annual effective dose for nuclear
medicine physicians, technologists, and Nurses during SPECT/CT procedures. A total of 15
staff worked in the nuclear medicine department at King Saud Medical City (KSMC),
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were evaluated for the last five years. 99mTc is used more frequently
for most of the patients. The procedures include renal, cardiac scintigraphy procedures.
Staff dose was measured using calibrated Thermoluminecnt dosimeters (TLD-100) with an
automatic TLD reader (Harshaw 6600). Exposure to ionizing radiation was evaluated in
terms of deep doses (Hp(10) were evaluated. Nuclear medicine physicians and
technologists' average dose was 3.6±2.1 (1.9-6.0) and 7.4±1.6 (6.1-10.2). The overall mean
and range of cumulative dose for the current monitoring period (mSv) were 6.2±1.5 (1.9 –
10.2). Technologists and nurses received higher doses of compared to the nuclear medicine
physicians. Technologists and nurses involved in radionuclide preparation, patients'
injection, and image acquisition. Staff annual exposure is below the annual dose limits;
however, this dose is considered high compared to the current workload.
[1] Alkhorayef, et al. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 175 2020,1-5.

[2] Anaaimi, et al. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 140, 2017, 233-236.
Keywords: Occupational exposure; Dose limits; Staff protection; Nuclear medicine; SPECT/CT.
39
ISSSD 2020
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Patients’ tissue and organ Equivalent doses in
interventional Orthopedic procedures
Israa Abdullatif1 , Abdelmoneim Sulieman2 *, Ali Abdelrazig3 , Abdulrahman Elnour4 ,

Mohammed Alkhorayef5,6 , David Bradley6,7
1
College of Medical Radiologic Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
2
Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Radiology and Medical
Imaging Department, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
3
Radiology Department, University of Jazan, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
4
Radiology Department, College of Radiological Sciences and Nuclear Medicine, National Ribat University,
Khartoum, Sudan,
5
6
Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey
GU2 7XH, UK
7 Sunway University, Institute for Health Care Development, Jalan Universiti, 46150 PJ, Malaysia
*Email: Abdelmoneim_a@yahoo.com
Abstract
Fluoroscopic guided intraoperative orthopedic surgery procedures are expanding rapidly due to its
numerous advantages. Previous studies showed that the dosed are not optimized, and patients
received avoidable additional exposure. The objective of this study is to evaluate the patients'
radiation doses at four orthopedic departments. A total of 57 procedures (20 (35.1%) Female and 37
(64.9%) males) were evaluated at three orthopedic departments. The procedures include Kirschner
wires, Dynamic hip screw (DHS), vertebral column, and lower extremities (knee, leg, and foot).
Three C-arms fluoroscopic X-ray machines from different manufacturers were used equipped with
kerma area product meter (KAP). Effective doses were estimated using computer software based on
Monte Carlo simulation from the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB SR262), currently
health protection board. The mean patient age was 45±19 (18.0-75.0) years. The mean and range of
patient weight (kg) were 75.2± 14 (48.0-110.0). The overall exposure parameters were 59.1±13
(42.0-82.0), 2.0±0.5 (1.5-2.7) and 0.5±0.8 (0.3-2.8) for the tube voltage (kVp) and tube current-time
product (mAs) and fluoroscopic time (m), respectively. The mean and range of patient dose per
procedure were 640 (40- 7580) mGy.cm2 . The effective doses (mSv) overall mean and range were
range from 80 (0.01 to 122.0) per procedure. Patients' radiation dose per procedure showed wide
variation up to 100 times due to variation in the clinical indication and examined organ. Variation
of patient's doses among different departments attributed to the variation in the x-ray machines
settings. For all types of studied orthopedic procedures, the patient doses are lower than the tissue
reaction threshold (2.0 Gys) per procedure. However, the probability of future cancer induction has
no threshold and dose-dependent. Therefore, dose reduction is recommended for high dose
procedures such as the DHS through proper equipment setting and establishment of the diagnostic
reference level (DRL).
[1] ICRP (2010). 117, 40(6),1-106.

[2] Sulieman et al.(2015). Appl.Radiat. Isot.100,60-69.
Keywords: Patient dosimetry; Effective dose; Radiation risk.
40
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Characterization of the auditory system by Fractional anisotropy (FA)

and apparent Diffusion coefficient (ADC) by Nuclear magnetic Resonance
imaging
Héctor Ramírez1,* , Pilar Dies2 , Eduardo Barragán2 ,
Juan Carlos García Beristain2 & Silvia S. Hidalgo Tobón1,2,** .
1
Department of Physics, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana , Mexico City, Mexico
2
Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
*Email: ledzephec@live.com
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a tool that allows visualizing the tissues of the
human body in vivo without the need for invasive medical intervention, with the use of
non-ionizing radiation. One of her techniques known as Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
has opened the door to obtain a greater understanding of the human brain, not only from an
anatomical point of view, but also from its functionality. What allows this technique to be
visualized is the Brownian movement of extracellular water molecules throughout brain
tissue, with which valuable information can be obtained on the biological microstructure
from certain diffusion parameters such as Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and the Apparent
Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) using regions of interest (ROI’s) [1]. Often ignored, the
central auditory system is fundamental in our hearing, since it is there that the information
received is processed and meanings are assigned to the perceived sounds [2]. The diffusion-
weighted images of 51 children were analyzed with an average age of (9.39  2.68) years,
18 female and 33 males. A 1.5 Teslas PHILIPS equipment was used, with a sequence of
Fast Echo Planar Diffusion Weighted Imaging pulses covering the entire brain, TR =
7711s, Echo train length 63, flip angle 90, acquisition matrix 124x124, 15 directions of
gradients non-collinear, with fat suppression, 2mm gap, 8-channel RF antenna of the skull
with SENSE technology, a post-processing was carried out for the correction of spurious
currents with the FSL software (https: //fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl). The MedInria software was
used (https://med.inria.fr) to analyze the auditory functional tracts. When obtaining the
diffusion parameters, a Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained for both parameters,
resulting in a positive correlation between FA and a negative correlation for ADC [3].
[1]Mori, S., & Zhang, J. Principles of diffusion tensor imaging and its applications to basic
neuroscience research. Neuron, 51(5), 527-539 (2006).
[2] Nieuwenhuys, R., Voogd, J., & Van Huijzen, C. (2007). The human central nervous system: a
synopsis and atlas. Springer Science & Business Media.
[3] Brander, at. al. Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain in a healthy adult population: Normative
values and measurement reproducibility at 3 T and 1.5 T. Acta Radiologica, 51(7), 800-807 (2010).
Keywords: MRI; DTI; Auditory; Tractography.
41
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Patient’s Effective dose and performance assessment

of Computed radiography systems
Atifa Bushra1 , A. Edam1 , Abdelmoneim Sulieman2* ,
E. Babikir3 , Mohammed Alhorayef4,5 , David Bradley5,6
1
Radiation safety institute, Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Khartoum, Sudan
2
Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, College of Applied Medical Sciences
Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
3
Radiologic Technology Program, Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences
University of Bahrain, Bahrain
4
Department of Radiological Sciences , King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
5
Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics
University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
6
Sunway University, Institute for Health Care Development, Jalan Universiti, 46150 PJ, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: Abdelmoneim_a@yahoo.com
Abstract
Computed tomography is widely used for planar imaging. Previous studies showed that CR systems involve
higher patient radiation doses compared to digital systems. Therefore, assessing the patient's dose and CR
system performance is necessary to ensure that patients received minimal dose with the highest possible
image quality. The study was performed at three medical diagnostic centers in Sudan: Medic al Corps Hospital
(MCH), Advance Diagnostic Khartoum Center (ADCK), and Advance Medical Center (AMC). The following
tools were used in this study: Tape measure, Adhesive tape, 1.5 mm copper filtration (>10×10 cm), TO 20
threshold contrast test object, Resolution test object (e.g., Huttner 18), MI geometry test object or lead ruler,
Contact mish, Piranha (semiconductor detector), Small lead or copper block (~5×5 cm), and Steel ruler, to do
a different type of tests (Dark Noise, Erasure cycle efficiency, Sens itivity Index calibration, Sensitivity Index
consistency, Uniformity, Scaling errors, Blurring, Limiting spatial Resolution, Threshold, and Laser beam
Function. Entrance surface air kerma (ESAK (mGy) was calculated from patient exposure parameters using
DosCal software for three imaging modalities.A total of 199 patients were examined (112 chest X rays, 77
lumbar spine). The mean and standard deviation (sd) for patients ESAK (mGy) were 2.56±0.1 mGy and 1.6
mGy for the Anteroposterior (AP) and lateral projections for the lumbar spine, respectively. The mean and sd
for the patient's chest doses were 0.1±0.01 for the chest X-ray procedures. The three medical diagnostic
centers' CR system performance was evaluated and found that all of the three centers have goo d CR system
functions. All the centers satisfy all the criteria of acceptable visual tests. CR's image quality and sensitivity
were evaluated, and the CR image is good because it has good contrast and resolution. All the CR system
available in the medical centers and upgraded from old x-ray systems to new systems, has been found to work
well. The patient's doses were comparable for the chest X-ray procedures, while patients' doses from the
lumbar spine showed variation up to 2 folds due to the variation in patients' weight and X-ray machine
setting. Patients dose optimization is recommended to ensure the patients received a minimal dose while
obtaining the diagnostic findings.
[1] Babikir et al (2020). Radiat.Phys. Chem 173, 1-7.

[2] Sulieman et al.(2017). Radiat.Phys. Chem.140, 202-206.
Keywords: Computed radiography; patient dosimetry; effective dose; radiation risk .
42
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Thermoluminescence of SrZrO3 obtained by solid state synthesis
C. Cortez-Galaz1,* , R. Bernal2,** , C. Cruz-Vázquez1 , C. A. Huerta-Rivera1 .

1
Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora
Apartado Postal 130, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000 México
2
Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora
Apartado Postal 5-088, Hermosillo, Sonora 83190 México.
*
Email: cayetanocortez@gimmunison.com
Abstract
Zirconium oxide is one of the most widely investigated oxide materials over the last two
decades, concerning mainly its electrical and optical properties, such as high dielectric
constant (about 23-29), good thermal stability, high melting point and wide band gap (5-7
eV) [1]. Recently, SrZrO 3 has been studied as a photocatalyst to separate water into
hydrogen and oxygen. In spite of their remarkable physical properties, the SrZrO 3
perovskite phosphor has not been investigated concerning their thermoluminescence (TL)
properties. In this work, we report on the synthesis of SrZrO 3 phosphors synthesized
through solid state reaction, and their TL features after beta particle irradiation. The
characteristic glow curves present a maximum located at 240 °C when a 5.0 °C heating rate
is used after 64 Gy exposure. The integrated TL as a function of dose displays a linear
behavior in the dose range from 1.0 to 512 Gy. The TL shows a remarkable reproducibility
when tested in ten irradiation – TL readout cycles., The computational deconvolutions of
the glow curves assisted with experimental data from partial thermal cleanings readouts
were carried out and the kinetics parameters of the resolved individual TL peaks obtained.
After milling, the synthesized phosphors showed a sensitivity decrease, but an increase in
the linear dose response region It can be concluded that SrZrO 3 show TL features attractive
for dosimetry applications.
[1].- Tripathi, S. et al. (2018). Optik 157: 365-381.
Keywords: Thermoluminescence, solid state.
43
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Alternative materials for bolus in radiotherapy
J. A. Diaz-Merchán1,2* , H. R. Vega-Carrillo3 , S. A. Martinez-Ovalle1,2

1
2
Centro de Cancerología de Boyacá, Tunja-Colombia
3
Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, C. Cipres 10,
Fracc. La Peñuela, 98060, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
*
Email: jose.diaz@uptc.edu.co
Abstract
In skin cancer treatment with radiotherapy it is necessary to place over the lesion the
bolus made with a material being dosimetrically equivalent to water. The bolus´ role
is to avoid the radiation buildup optimizing the electrons´ absorbed dose on the
superficial lesion protecting the organs at risk [1]. Bolus materials commercially
available are expensive and during customization can have changes like air gaps
impacting on the reproducibility and the treatment precision. In this work, Monte
Carlo method with GEANT4 code [2] was used to estimate the percentage depth dose
due to electrons in materials with different compositions obtained from the ICRU
Report 44 [3]. The model included the LINAC cX head from the Cancer center from
Boyacá, Colombia [3]. Calculated results were validated with experimental
measurements made with 6, 9, 12 and 16 MeV electrons. The specific features of
materials for bolus have been identified; thus, a new low-cost and easy to handle
materials for bolus are reported for first time.
[1] Gahbauer, R. et al. (2004). J of the ICRU, 4: 1-2.

[2] Agostinelli, S. et al. (2003). Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 506. 250-303.
[3] ICRU. (1989). Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry and Measurement. ICRU
Report 44. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, USA.
Keywords: Bolus; Radiotherapy with electrons; Monte Carlo.
44
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Evaluation of patients´ radiation dose and Cancer risk associated

with Computed tomography Coronary angiography
H. Salah1,2* , Mohammad Rabbaa3 , Mohammad Abuljoud3 , A Sulieman4 , M. Alkhorayef5,6

H. I. Al-Mohammed7 , and D.A.Bradley6,8
1
INAYA Medical Collage, Nuclear Medicine Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2
College of Medical Radiologic Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology
Khartoum, Sudan
3
Radiology Department, Riyadh Care Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4
Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Radiology and Medical
5
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
6
Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, University of Surrey
Guildford, United Kingdom
7
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint
Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
8
*Email: hassan.salah.ibrahim1@gmail.com
Abstract
Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) has generated tremendous interest

over the past 20 years because of its high diagnostic accuracy and efficacy in assessing
patients with coronary artery disease. This method is related to high radiation dose, and this
has raised serious concerns within the literature. Effective dose (E) may be a single
parameter meant to reflect the relative risk from radiation exposure. Therefore, it is
necessary to calculate this parameter to point relative radiation risk. The objectives of this
study are to evaluate patients' exposure during diagnostic and estimate the radiation risk. A
total of 790 patients was estimated of radiation risk dose for three years, respectively. The
patient's exposure was estimated based on a Computed Tomography device's delivered
radiation dose (Siemens Somatom Sensation 64 (64-MDCT)). The participating physicians
obtained the parameters relevant to the radiation dose from the scan protocol generated by
the CT system after each CCTA study. The parameters included the volume CT dose index
(CTDIvol) and DLP. The CTDI value, which is a basic radiation dose parameter of CT. The
mean and range of CTDI and DLP for three respective year was (2018) 10.18(42.73-1.14) ,
458.2 (3112.64-1.14) , (2019) 15.1 (348.5-1.13), 554.4 (4328.2-1.13) and (2020) 10.2
(50.47-0.7), 393.27 (2575.8-1.13). Therefore, the CT acquisition parameter optimization is
vital to reduce the dose to its minimal value. Patients' doses were slightly higher compared
to previous studies.
[1] Sulieman et al. (2020) Radiat. Phys. Chem. 168,1-7.

[2] Almujally et al. (2020) J. Clin. Imag. Sci. 10(46),1-4.
Keywords: CT angiography; Radiation risk; Effective dose.
45
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Effective and organ doses resulted from

heart PET/CT-3N-NH3 procedures
H. I. Al-Mohammed1* , A Sulieman2 , H. Salah3,4 , M. Alkhorayef5,6 and D.A.Bradleye6,7
1
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint
Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2
Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Radiology and Medical
3
INAYA Medical Collage, Nuclear Medicine Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4
College of Medical Radiologic Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
5
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
6
Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, United
Kingdom
7
*Email: hialmohammad@pnu.edu.sa
Abstract
Positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) is a useful hybrid
imaging modality for assessment and staging diseases. PET/CT procedure with N-Ammonia (¹³N-
NH3) as a radiotracer for the heart blood perfusion measurement. The current study intended to
estimate patients' organ and effective dose during myocardial perfusion PET/CT-13N-NH3
procedures and estimate the radiogenic risk. A total of 34 PET/CT procedures were carried out
using N-Ammonia (¹³N-NH3) as a radiotracer. All procedures were conducted using PET/CT
Discovery 710 (Ge Healthcare) equipped with a 64 slice CT machine. The mean age 64.1 ± 10.7
and age range from 46 to 86 years old). The mean, sd, and range of patients' body mass
index(kg/m2) were 33.0 ± 7.1(18.6-52.4). The mean and range of AA (MBq) and effective dose
(mSv) for NH3 rest and stress study were 731.1±39 (629-814) and 1.5 ±0.1 (1.3-1.6) & 718.4 ±52
(579.1-810.3) and 1.4±0.1 (1.2-1.6) at the same order. The mean and range of tube current-time
product (mAs) for CT procedure were 16±3 (11.0-17.0). Constant X-ray tube potential (kVp), 120,
was used for all patients. The effective dose from CT is four times higher compared to the PET
procedure. Technologists focus on the optimization of radiotracer than the CT scan parameter. CT
dose optimization strategies are recommended to ensure that patients received a lower radiation
dose. Patient effective and organ doses are slightly lower compared to previous studies.
[1] Salah (2020) Radiat. Phys. Chem. 173,1-6.

[2] Jora et al (2011) Indian. J. Nucl .Med. 26(2): 78–81..
Keywords: Patient dosimetry; PET/CT, N-Ammonia; ¹³N-NH3 , effective dose.
46
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Evaluation of inhomogeneities correction in radiotherapy

treatments using MTS radiation detectors
Anna Luiza Fraga da Silveira 1,2* , Fernanda da Silva Gonçalves Araújo1,3 , Daniel Silva
Calheiro1 , André Luiz Tavares e Silva1 , Bruno Rodrigues Gonçalves2 , André Lima de
Souza Castro3 , Arnie Verde Nolasco2 , Luiz Claudio Meira-Belo1 .
1
Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
2
Instituto de Radioterapia São Francisco, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
3
Radiocare - Centro Especializado em Radioterapia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
*
Email: anna.silveira@cdtn.br
Abstract
The development of physical simulators for dose evaluation had enormous progress in recent years
[1-3]. Some dosimetric studies use solid materials, equivalent to human tissues, to evaluate dose
distribution. The objective of this work is to evaluate the inhomogeneities correction carried out by
the Monaco / Elekta radiotherapy planning software. For this purpose, a physical simulator
composed of cork boards was used to simulate the lung tissue and solid water to simulate the other
tissues, and a dosimetric system based on MTS thermoluminescent detectors. The
thermoluminescent detectors were positioned at different depths, using a 2.0 mm thick acrylic
precisely drilled plate, with the detectors placed in predefined positions. The simulator was
irradiated in an Elekta Synergy® Platform accelerator, by a photon beam with an acceleration
voltage of 6MV, with a field size of 15×15 cm and 100 cm of source surface distance (SSD). The
radiation dose used in this study was 200 cGy. In addition to dosimetric evaluation with
thermoluminescent detectors, EBT-3 radiochromic films were also used to evaluate the dose at the
same points. The dose distribution data measured with the detectors were compared with the values
provided by the planning system (TPS) and the inhomogeneity correction was checked. The results
showed percentage dose variations between the dosimetric techniques involved and will be better
studied and discussed, in order to analyze the inaccuracy of the TPS in the context of dose
distribution in interfaces of different densities.
[1] ADLIENĖ D. et al. (2019). pringer ingapore p. 643-647.

[2] KISHORE, V. et al. (2020). Radiation Physics and Chemistry, v. 170, p. 10863.
[3] HENKNER, K. et al. (2015). Physics in Medicine & Biology, v. 60, n. 18, p. 7151.
Keywords: Dosimetry; Radiotherapy; Inhomogeneity.
47
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Simulation and comparison of the quality control of the tomotherapy

equipment using the AAPM TG-148 and IAEA TRS 483 codes of practice
Using Geant4
K. Castañeda 1 , J. A. Diaz-Merchán2,3 , S. A. Martinez-Ovalle2,3 , M.Sosa1

1,
Departamento de física, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato, México
2
3
*
Email: ka.castanedamarin@ugto.mx
Abstract
Thanks to continuous technological advances, there are currently techniques such as helical
tomotherapy to provide treatments of radiotherapy [1]; Helical tomotherapy is a modality of
IMRT (Intensity Modulated RadioTherapy), in which treatment is delivered by describing a
helix by means of a fan-collimated rotating beam, which radiates axial sections of the
patient while the treatment table is moved perpendicular to the plane of rotation. It is a
relatively recent technique, supplied exclusively by the ACCURAY trade house. For the
commissioning of this equipment, the Therapeutic Physics Committee of the American
Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) developed in 2010 the code of practice TG-
148 [2], to perform the quality control of these equipment. However, due to the dosimetric
problems that arise from the use of small fields in radiotherapy treatments, in 2017 this
committee developed a new code of practice for the dosimetry of small static fields used in
external megavoltage photon beam radiotherapy, published by the IAEA as TRS-483 [3].
Taking into account the above, the results of the simulation of the geometry of the
tomotherapy equipment installed in the State Cancer Center of Durango (CECAN) and a
comparison of its quality control using the AAPM TG-148 and TRS-483 codes of practice
are presented in this work, using Monte Carlo methods, more specifically the Geant4
toolkit.
[1] Jeraj R et al. (2004). M edical physics, 31(2), 396-404.

[2] Papanikolaou N et al. Report of the AAPM Task Group 148.
[3] Palmans H et al. (2018). Medical Physics, 45(11), e1123-e1145.
Keywords: Tomotherapy, Geant4, TG-148, TRS- 483.
48
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Estimation of Breast Radiogenic risk during

SPECT/CT and PET/CT procedures
*
Huda Al-Mohammed
a
Department of Radiological Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University for Women,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
*Email: hialmohammad@pnu.edu.sa
Breast malignancy incidence is increasing worldwide due to numerous factors including

exposure to carcinogenic agents (radiation or chemicals). Breasts are radiosensitive organ
and contribute 12% of whole body sensitivity to ionising radiation [1]. It was estimated
that breast cancer incidence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is 28% of all cancers in Saudi
Arabia (22.4 per 100,000 women)[2]. With the increasing frequency of medical imaging
procedures, female breasts receive high dose during diagnostic imaging procedure,
although the breast is not the organ of interest. Therefore, assessment of breast cancer risk
is recommended to increase awareness of practioners and to develop dose optimisation
measures. This study intended to evaluate breast doses and imaging protocol during
PET/CT imaging procedures (Brain Chest and abdomen) and to estimate the radiogenic risk
of radiation induced cancer. A total of 96 female patients were evaluated in this study.
Breast dose and effective dose per procedure was estimated using the administered activity
(18 F-FDG) and radiation dose resulted from CT exposures (GE PET/CT VCT). The mean
and range of patients’ age (years) and body mass index ((BMI) kg/m2 ) were 41.1±14.2
(18.0-71) and 24.3±6.9 (15.0-35.6), respectively. The mean and range of administered
activity (MBq) and effective dose (mSv) were 451.9±80 (345.0-561.9) and 9.1±1.7 (6.6-
11.1) in that order. The average breast equivalent dose (mGy) per PET/CT brain, chest and
abdomen procedures were 7.2±4, 32.2±11.0 and 12.6±6, respectively. The cancer risk is
one cancer incidence per 500 per PET/CT procedure. The highest equivalent dose is during
CT chest procedure because the breasts within the primary X ray beam. CT contributed up
to 70% of effective dose, thus CT dose optimisation will reduce the breast dose and
radiation risk. In addition to that, proper shielding is also effective in breast dose reduction.
The breast equivalent dose during PET/CT imaging is up to 15 folds of the breast dose
during mammographic planar imaging procedure. Because young females have higher risk,
proper justification criteria and dose optimisation are crucial to reduce over exposure while
maintaining image quality.
[1] ICRP (2007) ,103,1-132.

[2] Sulieman et al. (2019) Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 26(6), 1107-1111.
Keywords: Patient dosimetry; Breast dose; radiation risk.
49
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Thermoluminescence of SrB4O7 phosphors

exposed to beta particle irradiation
L. J. Castillo-Garcia1, * , C. A. Huerta-Rivera1 , C. Cruz-Vázquez1 , R. Bernal2, **
1
Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora.
Apartado Postal 130, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, México.
2
Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora.
Apartado Postal 5-088, Hermosillo, Sonora 83190, México.
*
Email: lucerocastllo@gimmunison.com
Abstract
Strontium borate (SrB4 O7 ) have an orthorhombic phase, high sensitivity to radiation,

excellent mechanical properties, good luminescence characteristics, effective atomic
number similar to that of human tissue, and ability to stabilize rare earth elements, being
attractive for use as a thermoluminescence (TL) dosimeter [1,2]. These compounds usually
have TL sensitivity greater than that of commercial dosimeters, for which the study of their
dosimetry properties is of great interest [3,4]. In this work, the synthesis of SrB4 O7 through
solid state reaction and its TL characterization after exposure to beta radiation is reported.
The structural characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction. The TL response of the
synthesized phosphors showed remarkable reproducibility in successive irradiation – TL
readouts cycles, and the glow curve shows maxima around 200 and 300 °C which are
considered suitable for TL dosimetry. The integrated TL as a function of the irradiation
dose shows a linear dependence in the dose range from 1.0 to 8.0 Gy. The lower detection
limit was calculated to be 87.6 mGy. The synthesized SrB4 O 7 has a relative TL sensitivity
of 0.49 relative to that of the TLD-100 dosimeter. From the experimental evidence here
presented, we conclude that the synthesized SrB4 O7 phosphors are promising materials for
use as radiation dosimeters.
References
[1] M. Santiago et al. (2001). Phys. Status Solidi Appl. Res., 185: 285–289.
[2] L. Wang et al. (2008). Solid State Commun., 148: 331–335.
[3] M. Santiago et al. (2001). Phys. Status Solidi Appl. Res., 185: 285–289.
[4] C.B. Palan et al. (2016). Mat. Res. Bull., 76: 216-221.
50
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Is Computed tomography dose justified for diagnosing appendicitis?

Accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosing appendicitis
Shyma M. Alkhateeb1,* , Mohammad A Wazzan2 , Ahmed H. Abduljabbar2

1
Diagnostic Radiography Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2
Diagnostic Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
*Email: smalkhateeb@kau.edu.sa
Abstract
Appendicitis has to be diagnosed early and treated sensibly due to its late-diagnosis implications [1,
2]
. Various research studies have been conducted to investigate the best modality for imaging
appendicitis. [3, 4] This research study was conducted to compare computed tomography (CT) and
ultrasound (US) findings for 100 patients who went through both diagnostic modalities. Some
appendicitis characteristics were recorded, such as length (cm), diameter (cm), fluid thickness
(mm), wall thickness (mm), intraluminal air, tip location, base location, thickened paracolic gutter
fascia, thickened cecal base and ilieum, and the presence of phlegmon. The patients’ mean age was
29.62 ± 15.4. With respect to patients’ gender 32% of the patients were male and 68% were
female. Compared with the CT results, the sensitivity of US for diagnosing appendicitis was 27.3%,
and the specificity was 97%. In addition, the positive predictive value was 81.8%, and the negative
predictive value was 73%. The false negative value of US diagnosis was very high (72.7%). A very
low but significant agreement was found between the two diagnostic tools (Kappa value of 0.292, P
< 0.001). An appendicitis patient with a thickened cecal base and ilieum was more likely to be
positively diagnosed via US (75%) than a patient without a thickened cecal base and ilieum was
(25%). However, this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.066). Given CT’s high radiation
dose, it is the diagnostic modality that should be used for diagnosing appendicitis. This is
especially true in hospitals where resident radiologists, rather than consultants, are the ones who are
on call.
[1].- Shogilev, D.J., Duus, N., Odom, S.R., Shapiro, N.I., (2014). West. J. Emerg. Med.
[2].- FITZ, R. (1935).New England Journal of Medicine, 213(6), 245–248.
[3].- Lee, S. L., & Ho, H. S. (2003). Seminars in Ultrasound CT and MRI. W.B. Saunders.
[4].- Old, J. L., Dusing, R. W., Yap, W., & Dirks, J. (2005). American Family Physician.
Keywords: Computed tomography (CT), Ultrasound (US), Appendicitis.
51
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Design of a temporary container for neutron sources at LPN-CIEMAT

Sergio Rivera Vázquez1 , Roberto Méndez Villafañe1 , Xandra Campo Blanco1
Francisco González Sánchez1 , Eduardo Gallego Díaz2
1
LPN-LMRI, CIEMAT, Madrid, España
2
ETSII-UPM, Madrid, España
Email: sergio.rivera@ciemat.es
Abstract
Neutron Standards Laboratory (LPN) at CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas,

Medio-Ambientales y Tecnológicas), is the Spanish national reference for calibration of
neutron detectors [1,2]. At the moment, it counts with two calibration sources, 252 Cf (B=
5.956·107 s-1 ) and 241 Am-Be (B= 1.11·107 s-1 ) stored in a water pool with dimensions 1m
(width) x 1.5 m (length) x 1m (depth). When an irradiation is required, the neutron sources
are remotely manipulated from their storage position, 1m under water, to the irradiation
point, 4m above the floor, in the geometric center of the irradiation room. It is really
convenient to count with an alternative place to store neutron sources in case of necessity.
For this reason, a temporary container has been designed and built. Simulations have been
performed with MCNP6.2. Neutron and photon contributions to the ambient dose
equivalent rate have been taken in account, keeping the level of dose under 3mSv/h at
distance of 1m. Water has been chosen as the shielding material, and different geometries
of the container have been studied, being the parallelepiped form finally chosen. The
proposed temporary container has been built and both neutrons sources have been placed in
it, due to repairing works in the storage pool. In order to measure the ambient equivalent
dose rate an ATOMTEX AT1123 gamma detector, based on a plastic scintillator, and an
ATOMTEX BDKN-03 neutron monitor, with a He-3 detector, have been employed. H*(10)
values for gamma and neutrons were measured at different points around the container.
Comparisons between simulation data and experimental measurements validated the
temporary container designed.
[1]. R. Méndez-Villafañe, J.E. Guerrero, M. Embid, R. Fernández, R. Grandio, P.Pérez-Cejuela,

J.L. Márquez, F. Alvarez, P. Ortego. (2014). Design and verification of the shielding around
the new Neutron Standards Laboratory (LPN) at CIEMAT. Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 161: 393 –
397.
[2]. Karen A. Guzman-Garcia, Roberto Mendez-Villafañe, Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo (2016).
Neutron field characteristics of Ciemat’s Neutron Standards Laboratory. App. Rad. and Isot.,
114.
Keywords: Neutron, MCNP, shielding, container.
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Dose profile variation in head and neck CT scan using an

anthropomorphic phantom
Álvaro Mauricio Ladino Gómez* , Arnaldo Prata Mourão
Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear, Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Minas

Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
*
Email: amlgphys@gmail.com
Abstract
The use of ionizing radiation in medical diagnosis has generated an increase in the absorbed
dose in the exposed population each year. In the USA, since the years 2008, Computed
Tomography (CT) has become the technique that most contributed to the dose increase in
the population [1]. In the Brazilian Universal Health System (SUS), between 2001 and 2011,
there was an increase of approximately of 14.7% in the number of head CT tests [2,3]. The
use of phantoms in CT dosimetry studies helps to optimize acquisition protocols aiming at
reducing the dose absorbed by the patient. In this work, CT tests were performed to
determine the dose profile in an adult patient using routine acquisition protocol for head,
using an anthropomorphic head and neck phantom. A radiochromic film strip was used to
record the absorbed dose variation along the longitudinal axis of the phantom from the head
top to the first thoracic vertebra. The scans were performed on a GE CT scanner of 64
channels, Lightspeed VCT model, in helical mode. The recorded absorbed dose values
ranged from 16.40 to 25.60 mGy. The CTDIvol values reported by the CT scanner were
below the reference level for head CT scans according to the normative instruction of the
Brazilian Ministry of Health [4].
[1] Bolus, N.E. (2013). Journal of nuclear medicine technology. 41 (4), 255-260.
[2] Dovales, A. C., et al, (2016). Journal of radiological protection, 36 (3), 547.
[3] Dovales, A. C., et al, (2015) Revista Brasileira de Física Médica, 9 (1), 11-14.
[4] Ministério da saúde, Diário oficial da união (2019).
Keywords: Computed Tomography; Anthropomorphic Phantom; Dosimetry.
53
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MCNPX modelling of a CdTe detector with its collimation system
Alan de Melo Antunes1,* , Peterson Squair Lima1 , Maria do Socorro Nogueira1

Bruno Melo Mendes1 & Marco Aurélio de Sousa Lacerda1
1
Centro de Desenvolvimento de Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN / CNEN), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
*
Email: alanmelo.a@gmail.com
Abstract
The knowledge of the photon spectrum emitted by X-ray tubes is important for an accurate
estimate of the dose and image quality in diagnostic radiology. In recent years, most
spectral measurements in the diagnostic radiology energy range have been carried out with
portable cadmium telluride (CdTe) detectors. These detectors have numerous advantages
such as high atomic number and detection efficiency, in addition to small dimensions.
However, the spectra measured with CdTe detectors show considerable spectral distortions.
Response matrices for CdTe detectors have been calculated using an algebraic model
approach or computational codes based on the Monte Carlo (MC) method [1, 2]. Generally,
a simplified modeling of CdTe is used in MC studies, considering only the crystal, the
beryllium window and the electrodes. Our group recently used the MCNPX code to
determine the response matrix for a CdTe detector using more complex detector modeling
[3]. Differences were observed in the response curves of the detectors due to interactions of
radiation with other components of the detector. However, in this study, the collimation
system, sometimes used in measurements with this detector, was not included in the
modeling. In the present work, the response matrix of the CdTe detector was calculated,
including the modeling of the collimation system, using the computational code MCNPX.
The collimator kit was modeled separately for later fusion with modeling of the cadmium
telluride detector already carried out by our group. The preliminary analysis of the
simulations points out that for photons of lower energies such as 50 keV, the changes made
in the modeling do not contribute significantly to the response curve of the semiconductor
crystal. However, for energies above 50 keV, more complex modeling can result in more
realistic response curves and therefore better spectrum corrections.
[1] Tomal, Alessandra, et al. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 100 (2015): 32-37.
[2] Mendes, B.M. et al. Anais XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Física Médica, 2019. v. 1. p. 1-8
[3] Kurková, Dana; JUDAS. Radiation Measurements, v. 85, p. 64-72, 2016.
Keywords: CdTe detector; X-ray spectra; MCNPX; Response functions.
54
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226
H*(10) and fluences in a neutron Howitzer with a Ra-Be source
Bedher O. Vega-Cabrera1,* , Héctor R. Vega-Carrillo2 , Víctor M. Viera Castillo1 ,
César J. Guevara Pillaca1 , Patrizia E., Pereyra Anaya1 , María E. López Herrera1 ,
& Daniel F. Palacios Fernández1
1
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Sección de Física. Av. Universitaria 1801, Apartado
1761, Lima – Perú.
2
Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, C. Ciprés 10,
Fracc. La Peñuela, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac. México.
* E-mail: omar.vega@pucp.edu.pe
Abstract
Neutron howitzer is a moderator with an isotopic neutron source being used for teaching,
training and limited research activities. Normally the moderator has radial and/or axial
irradiation ports. In order to use the neutron howitzer in safe and optimal way the dose rate
levels and the neutron features must be known. In this work Monte Carlo methods were
used to estimate the thermal, epithermal and fast neutron fluences in seven irradiation ports
of a neutron howitzer with a 226 Ra-Be source. The howitzer has paraffin enclosed in a steel
container with axial irradiation ports allocated to different distances from the neutron
source. The ambient dose equivalent, due to neutrons, was estimated to 50 and to 100 cm
outside the neutron howitzer. Obtained results were compared with those reported for
howitzers with different moderator and different neutron source.
[1] Abdessamad, D., et al. (2015). Elixir Nuclear & Radiation Phys. 83: 32963-32967
[2] AlTaani, A., et al. (2017). Jordan Journal of Physics. 10(1): 1-10.
[3] Asamoah, M., et al. (2011). Annals of Nuclear Energy. 38: 1219–1224
[4] Holden, N. E., et al. (2004). Health Physics. 86: S110-S112.
Keywords: MCNP 6.1 code; neutron flux; H*(10); 226 Ra-Be and 241 Am-Be neutron sources.
55
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Shielding of CT imaging facility: A Monte Carlo study

Ashwani Kumar Yadav1* , Manuel Iván León Madrid1 , Pablo Víctor Cerón Ramírez1 ,
Miguel Ángel Vallejo Hernández1 & Modesto Antonio Sosa Aquino1
1
División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, 37150, León, Guanajuato, México
*
E-mail: ak.yadav@ugto.mx
Abstract
Radiation application in medicine offers extraordinary benefits. But radiation is like a

double-edged sword, it has both benefits and associated risks on the community in contact.
To justify the safety of workers and members of the public, regulated use of radiation is
assessed by the radiation protection protocols. The aim of this study is to design a
Computed Tomography (CT) facility with a simplified model of CT scanner, whose
shielding follows the guidelines of National Council on Radiation Protection and
Measurements (NCRP) Report No. 147. To design the study model, Monte Carlo (MC)
radiation transport code in MCNPX 2.6.0 was used for the simulation. Furthermore,
MCNPX was used to measure the photon flux in a vicinity or the detector cell. To validate
the functioning of the X-ray tube, the experimental results were compared with the X-ray
Transition Energies Database of National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S
Department of Commerce. The results obtained were within 0.60% of relative error. To
confirm the functioning of shielding design, radiation levels were detected at several points
outside of the CT room and they were under the safe limits of radiation dose as
recommended by NCRP, which demonstrates that the shielding design can block radiation
produced in the room. The study can be used for an easy evaluation of any CT room within
the framework of the model of the study.
Keywords: Radiation protection, Monte Carlo simulation, CT room
56
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Análisis de los parámetros derivados del Tensor de difusión en pacientes

autistas y con problemas de lenguaje en imágenes por Resonancia
magnética
Villanueva Junes Fernando1,* , Silvia Hidalgo Tobón1,2,** ,

Pilar Dies-Suarez2 , Eduardo Barragán2
1
Departamento de Física, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, México
2
Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Ciudad de México, México
*Buzón-e: fernando_8808@hotmail.com
Abstract
Las imagenes obtenidas por tensor de difusión generan un conjunto de parámetros que
sondean la estructura de la materia blanca en el cerebro. De igual forma es posible analizar
las imágenes obtenidas por un grupo de pacientes en un estudio llamado conectometría,
donde las imágenes reconstruidas se compilan en un espacio base y mediante una prueba de
permutación se pueden correlacionar variables, que en el caso partícular de este trabajo son
cualitativas es decir el diagnóstico de los pacientes. La prueba de permutación en este caso
es la más adecuada por la inhomogeneidad en la muestra de pacientes, 19 controles, 14
pacientes con problemas de lenguaje y 5 autistas. Así mismo, los parámetros estudiados
(Anisotropía Fraccional, Difusividad Media, Axial y Radial), no siguen una distribución
normal. En los pacientes con problemas de lenguaje se encontraron correlaciones
significativas en tractos cerebelosos y cuerpo calloso, lo cual es consistente con hallazgos
de la literatura que han propuesto modelos donde el cerebelo se involucra en funciones más
complejas en este caso el lenguaje, contrario a lo que se consideraba clasicamente como un
regulador de los movimientos.
[1] Hyo Jung De Smet, Philippe Paquier, Jo Verhoeven, Peter Mariën. (2013). The cerebellum: its role in
language and related cognitive and affective functions. Brain & Language 127 (2013)334 -342.
[2] Bruce E. Murdoch. (2010). The cerebellum and language: Historical perspective and review. CORTEX 46
(2010) 858-868.
Keywords: Tensor de difusión; Lenguaje; Conectometría.
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Radiación de fuga y dispersada en torno a un TomoLINAC

Basilia Quispe Huillcara1,* , Pablo V. Cerón Ramírez1 , Miguel A. Vallejo Hernández1 ,
Uvaldo Reyes Serrano2 , Segundo A. Martínez Ovalle3 , Modesto A. Sosa Aquino1
& Hector R. Vega-Carrillo4
1
División de Ciencias e Ingenierías Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, Lomas del Bosque 103, Col.
Lomas del Campestre 37150 León, Gto. México.
2
Centro Estatal de Cancerología, Calle 5 de Febrero, Zona Centro, 34000 Durango, Dgo. México.
3
Grupo de Física Nuclear Aplicada y Simulación de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia
Sede Central Tunja-Boyacá, Av. Central del Norte 39-115.
4
Ciprés 10, Fracc. La Peñuela 98060 Zacatecas, Zac. México.
*Email: b.quispehuillcara@ugto.mx
Abstract
La radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT) presenta grandes ventajas sobre la técnica

convencional, sin embargo, el tiempo de exposición del paciente al haz de radiación es
mayor, por ende, la radiación de fuga y dispersada se incrementan significativamente, esto
es aún mayor para la tomoterapia que emplea el enfoque de IMRT para cada corte. De
acuerdo con esta idea, es posible que la radiación de fuga del cabezal y la radiación de
fondo dentro del bunker contribuyan con una dosis no contemplada en el plan de
tratamiento del paciente Debido a estos antecedentes en el presente trabajo se modeló un
TomoLINAC ACCURAY de 6 MV, mediante el código MCNP basado en Monte Carlo
para estimar la radiación de fuga y dispersa en torno al TomoLINAC. Tomando en cuenta
las recomendaciones de la Comisión Electrotécnica Internacional (IEC), se estimaron
Kerma en aire y H*(10) en el plano del isocentro a diferentes ángulos y distancias para tres
rotaciones helicoidales, con todos los colimadores multihojas cerradas para la radiación de
fuga y para la radiación dispersada por el paciente, mediante un fantoma de agua sólida
(cilíndrico de 30 cm de diámetro y longitud de 18 cm) y un modelo voxelizado expuestos a
un campo de radiación de 40x5 cm2 . Se encontró que la radiación dispersa fue de menor
contribución que la radiación de fuga, estos resultados son similares a investigaciones
preliminares.
[1] Balog J, Lucas D, DeSouza C and Crilly R (2005). Helical tomotherapy radiation leakage and
shielding considerations Med. Phys. 32 710–9
[2] Baechler S., Bochud F.O. Verellen D and Moeckli R. (2007) Shielding requirements in helical
tomotherapy, Phys. Med. Biol. 52: 5057-5067
[3] TomoTherapy Accuray System. (2016). System Site Planning Guide T-SPG-01000, Rev E.
Accuray Incorporated. USA.
Palabras claves: TomoLINAC, radiación de fuga, radiación dispersada, Ka, H*(10).
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Shielding design for neutrons and photons

outside the PET/Cyclotron bunker
S. A. Martinez-Ovalle1*, H. R. Vega-Carrillo2 , M. A. Sandoval-Garzón1 ,
L. X. Gozalez-Puin3 , J. M. Gomez-Ros4
1
Grupo de Física Nuclear Aplicada y Simulación,
Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja-Colombia
2
Unidad Academica de Estudios Nucleares de la Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas
Cipres 10, Fracc. La Peñuela. 98060 Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico.
3
Ciclotron-Colombia SAS, Medellín, Antioquia-Colombia
4
Spanish Research Centre in Energy, Environment and Technology, CIEMAT
Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
*
Email: s.agustin.martinez@uptc.edu.co
Abstract
Cyclotrons for Positron Emission Tomography are normally installed in hospitals or health
facilities. Through nuclear reactions with protons and deuterons short half-life
radioisotopes are produced that are used for tomographic studies of human body. During
operation a pulsed, mixed and intense radiation fields are produced that also produce
activation. In order to reduce the radiation levels cyclotrons are installed in halls with
concrete walls whose thickness must be calculated in the stage of shielding design. During
shielding construction supervision activities are carried out to verify the shielding integrity.
Later, shielding performance must be evaluated through dose measurements. The aim of
this work was to evaluate the Ambient dose equivalent due to neutrons outside the
cyclotron bunker to verify that dose levels are safe for general public [1,2]. Calculations
were carried out using Monte Carlo methods with the MCNPX code. In the calculations
were included the -rays induced in the concrete walls through neutron interactions.
Cyclotron features were taken from the manufacturer (IBA). Obtained results are consistent
with already working facilities.
[1] Protección radiológica aplicada a instalaciones nucleares Ciemat, Madrid Ciemat 1996
[2] Protección radiológica en instalaciones nucleares / Sociedad nuclear española, (Madrid)
Sociedad nuclear española 1989.
Keywords: Cyclotron; Monte Carlo; Shielding; Neutrons; Photons.
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Estudio de los espectros Fotoluminiscentes de BeO:Mg,Si

irradiado con radiación gamma
Rodrigo Martínez Baltezar*, Juan Azorín Nieto, Rebeca Sosa Fonseca
Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana

Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, MÉXICO
*
Email: martinez_rodrigo17@hotmail.com
Abstract
Se presentan los resultados del estudio del comportamiento de los espectros de emisión y
excitación de BeO:Mg,Si irradiado con radiación gamma. La deconvolución mostró que a
λexc = 330 nm se presentaron cuatro bandas de emisión centradas en 404 nm, 430 nm, 468
nm y 545 nm; estas bandas de emisión estuvieron presentes tanto en BeO irradiado como
no irradiado, sin embargo, las muestras irradiadas presentaron una banda de emisión extra
centrada en 416 nm. El espectro de excitación se obtuvo ajustando el monocromador de
emisión a una longitud de onda λ 0 = 400 nm. Mediante deconvolución se obtuvo que el
espectro de emisión de las muestras no irradiadas está constituido por dos bandas centradas
en 307 y 331 nm, mientras que para las muestras irradiadas el espectro tiene tres
componentes centrados en 297, 334 y 317 nm. Además, se encontró que el área bajo la
curva de todas las bandas de emisión disminuye después de la irradiación, esto puede
deberse a la formación de pares electrón-hueco después de la irradiación, que tienen el
efecto de reducir los fenómenos radiativos, lo que podría ser positivo para las aplicaciones
del BeO en dosimetría de radiación ionizante.
60
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A novel conceptualization in the analysis and design of

passive neutron area monitors based on gold foil activation
Roberto García-Baonza1,* , Gonzalo F. García-Fernández1,2 ,

Eduardo Gallego1 & Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo3
1
Departamento de Ingeniería Energética, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,
José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
2
Biología y Técnica de la Radiación, S.L. (Bioterra, S.L.), C. Camino de los Perdigones 2, 28224,
Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
3
Zacatecas, 98060, Mexico
*
Email: roberto.gabaonza@upm.es
Abstract
For 10 to 20 MeV neutrons, passive neutron area monitors with gold foil activation detector
do not have a good adjustment of their dose response function to the ICRP74 neutron
fluence-to-Ambient dose equivalent conversion function [1]. For the same energy interval
commercially available active neutron area monitors such as Berthold LB6411 [2] or
Thermo FHT 751 BIOREM [3], as well as extended-range rem-meters, like WENDI-II [4],
underestimate the ambient dose equivalent. The aim of this work is to present how the
mathematical combination of response functions to (n γ) and (n 2n) nuclear reactions in
197
Au extend up to 20 MeV the response of neutron area monitors with gold foil. The
inclusion of these responses avoids the need of introducing high-Z inserts or any other
design modification for getting a good behavior of these neutron area monitors.
[1] ICRP. (1996). Conversion Coefficients for use in Radiological Protection against External
Radiation, ICRP Publication 74.
[2] B. Burgkhardt, et al. (1997). The neutron fluence and H(*)(10) response of the new LB 6411
rem counter,. Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 70: 361–364, 1997.
[3] C. Chen & C. Chung (1997). Low intensity cosmic neutron measurements using a portable
BF3 counting system. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 395: 195–201.
[4] R. H. Olsher et al. (2000). WENDI: An improved neutron rem meter. Health Phys., 79: 170–
181.
Keywords: Passive detector; Neutron area monitor; Gold foil activation; Response
function; MCNP6
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Determination of the uncertainties associated to the use of different

nuclear data libraries in the analysis of extended-range rem-meters
Roberto García-Baonza1,* , Gonzalo F. García-Fernández1,2 , Eduardo Gallego1 ,

Lenin E. Cevallos-Robalino3 & Óscar Cabellos1
1
2
3
Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas de Control y Robótica, GISCOR, Universidad Politécnica
Salesiana, C. Robles 107 Chambers, 090108, Guayas, Guayaquil, Ecuador
*
Abstract
In proton accelerator facilities such as proton therapy centers stray neutron radiation of up
to 230 - 250 MeV is generated by (p, Xn) nuclear reactions. Therefore, the use of systems
for the control and measurement of this radiation is mandatory to ensure the radiation
protection of professionals and the general people. One of the most common extended-
range neutron rem-meter used in this kind of facilities is the WENDI-II rem-meter [1],
whereas in the last years the LUPIN-II rem-meter [2] has developed for its application in
pulsed neutron fields. The aim of this project was to characterize the response function of
both rem-meters by Monte Carlo methods (MCNP 6.1 [3]), from 10-9 MeV up to 230 MeV.
However, in this work different nuclear data libraries (ENDF/B-VII.1 [4], TENDL2017 [5],
TENDL2019 [5], JEFF-3.3 [6]) have been used applying the mix & match methodology. The
results obtained in this work allow determining the uncertainties in the response function of
extended-range rem-meters associated with the application of different nuclear data
libraries, providing data about the order of these differences, which are very significant
around 150 - 200 MeV, and an analysis of the neutron spectra in the active volume.
[1] R. H. Olsher et al., (2000). Health Phys., 79: 170–181.

[2] M. Caresana et al., (2014). Rev. Sci. Instrum., 85
[3] T. Goorley et al., (2012). Nucl. Technol., 180: 298–315.
[4] M. B. Chadwick et al., (2011). Nucl. Data Sheets, 112: 2887–2996.
[5] A. J. Koning & D. Rochman, (2012). Nucl. Data Sheets, 113: 2841–2934.
[6] A. J. M. Plompen et al., (2020). Eur. Phys. J. A, 181.
Keywords: Nuclear data libraries; Proton therapy; WENDI-II; LUPIN-II; MCNP6
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Combined application of Berthold LB6411 and WENDI-II rem-meters

for neutron area monitoring in D-T neutron generators
Roberto García-Baonza1,* , Gonzalo F. García-Fernández1,2 & Eduardo Gallego1 ,

1
2
*
Abstract
Neutron area detectors do not have a good adjustment of their dose response functions to
the ICRP74 neutron fluence-to-H*(10) conversion function [1] for neutron energies between
10 MeV and 20 MeV, range of energies of D-T neutron generators. Conventional area
monitors, such as Berthold LB6411[2] or LUDLUM 30-7B [3], have response functions with
negative slopes in this range of energies, and the best extended-range rem-meters such as
the LUPIN-II [4] have an almost flat response function. This fact provokes that area
monitors tend to underestimate the dose rate, the PRESCILA neutron probe [5] is one
exception, although this monitor underestimates dose rates between 2 10 -1 MeV and 2
MeV. This project aimed to establish a mathematical methodology for the combination of
the response functions of two common neutron area monitors, Berthold LB6411 and
WENDI-II [6], adjusting this combined response function to the ICRP74 neutron fluence-to-
H*(10) conversion function. This new combined response function shows an almost perfect
adjustment to the ICRP74 function in the range of energies between 5 10-1 MeV and 20
MeV.
[1] ICRP. (1996), ICRP Publication 74.

[2] A. Klett & B. Burgkhardt (1997). IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 44: 757–759.
[3] Ludlum Measurements (2019) “Model 30-7B Lightweight Digital Neutron Detector ”
Sweetwater, Texas.
[4] M. Caresana et al., (2014). Rev. Sci. Instrum., 85.
Keywords: Neutron dosimetry; D-T neutron generators; WENDI-II; Berthold LB6411
63
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Attenuation properties of Pb used in the manufacturation of radiological

protection elements, theoretical-experimental study
José A. Diaz-Merchán1,*, Diana Ortegón-Pineda3 , Diego Orjuela-Lagos3 , S. Agustín Martínez O. 2
1
Colombia, Sede Tunja. Colombia
2
Centro de Cancerología de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
3
Sievert SAS, Medellín, Colombia
*
Abstract
In diagnostic radiology departments, lead-based garments are essential for the radiological
protection of patients and occupationally exposed staff against ionizing radiation, due to
their effective attenuation of x-ray beams1 . Industry offers different geometries and
configurations of radiological protection elements for use in radiology departments,
generally with well known lead thicknesses. However, due to the high toxicity of lead, the
need to prevent cracks in the material and ensure its efficiency over time, these Pb sheets
must be covered with different polymeric layers that prevent the leakage of particulate
2
material and give structure to the protections, increasing their lifetime . In this study, Pb
sheets used in the manufacturation of radiological protection elements are theoretically and
experimentally characterized, and the structural design is made using materials with
elemental composition and known thicknesses, giving importance to the most used
protections in a radiology department (lead aprons and thyroid collar), that aim to protect
the thorax and thyroid, due to their radiosensitivity. The dosimetric characterization is done
experimentally with thermoluminescent detectors and Monte Carlo simulation with Geant4
code. In the experimental arrangement 40 TLD-UD802 detectors are used and located
before and after the protections, and these detectors are irradiated with known X-ray
spectra. From the measurements, the attenuation and efficiency of the elements are
calculated. In adition, the Monte Carlo simulation of the TLD-UD802 detectors and the
protections is done to reproduce the experimental measurements and calculate the
efficiency of the elements.
[1] Hyun, S. J., Kim, K. J., Jahng, T. A., & Kim, H. J. (2016). Efficiency of lead aprons in blocking radiation−
how protective are they?. Heliyon 2: e00117.
[2] Burns, K. M., Shoag, J. M., Kahlon, S. S., Parsons, P. J., Bijur, P. E., Taragin, B. H., & Markowitz, M.
(2017). Lead aprons are a lead exposure hazard. Journal of the American College of Radiology 14: 641-647.
Keywords: lead apron; TLD-UD802; Monte Carlo
64
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Revisión de las bases físicas de la técnica

de elastografía por resonancia magnética
Patricia Lecuona Sánchez1 , Silvia S. Hidalgo Tobón2

1
Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
Unidad Iztapalapa, México
*
Email: paty.lesa11@gmail.com
Resumen
La elastografía por resonancia magnética (ERM) es una técnica no invasiva que ayuda a
diagnosticar distintas patologías mediante la medición indirecta de la rigidez del tejido
biológico de interés. Cantidades de interés como la rigidez (también llamado módulo de
corte), la velocidad de ondas transversales y el campo de desplazamiento son importantes
para poder comparar con cantidades reportadas para tejido sano. En este trabajo se estudian
las bases físicas de la técnica, como es la obtención de la ecuación del movimiento del
campo desplazamiento y la ecuación de la onda que se propaga así como su velocidad,
haciendo un análisis de la deformación con ayuda de la teoría de elasticidad en el régimen
de deformaciones infinitesimales. La importancia de la utilización de la ERM como técnica
estándar de diagnóstico radica en que es poco invasiva y tiene un gran potencial para
mejorar la detección y caracterización de tejido maligno en otras afecciones, principalmente
el cancer.
[1] Pepin, K. M., Ehman, R. L., \& McGee, K. P. (2015). Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE)
in cancer: Technique, analysis, and applications. Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy, 90-91, 32-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnmrs.2015.06.001.
[2] Hirsch, S., Braun, J., \& Sack, I. (2017). Magnetic Resonance Elastography: Physical
Background and Medical Applications. Wiley-Vch.
[3] Venkatesh, S. K., \& Ehman, R. L. (2014). Magnetic Resonance Elastography (2014 ed.).
Springer.
Keywords: Elastografía; rigidez; Resonancia Magnética.
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Dosimetric characterization with TLD-UD802 and Computed

Tomography of a new low-cost material for use as bolus in radiation
therapy with electrons
J. A. Diaz-Merchán1,2* , H. R. Vega-Carrillo3 , S. A. Martinez-Ovalle1,2

1
2
3
Fracc. La Peñuela, 98060, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
*
Abstract
Malleable, non-toxic and low-atomic number materials should be used in the construction of bolus
material for use in radiation therapy. The physics properties of these materials should not change at
room temperature, they can't have air gaps inside and preferably they should be inexpensive [1,2]. In
this work, a bolus material which have all the requirements of the ICRU 44 report was
manufactured and characterized[3]. For the validation and characterization of the material, 20 sheets
of this material and 20 sheets of two materials bolus conventionally used were manufactured. The
three materials were characterized dosimetrically using experimental measurements made with a
plane-parallel ionization chamber, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-UD802) and statistical
study of Hounsfield Units (HU) taken with Computed Tomography (CT) for the three materials.
The new manufactured material presented broad dosimetric advantages over the other two
conventionally used materials, none air gaps were observed during customization and, most
importantly, the cost turned out to be considerably lower, in addition to being disposable and
personalized. Once the material was dosimetrically validated, the implementation process began at
the Centro de Cancerología de Boyacá, Colombia.
[1] Vyas, V., Palmer, L., Mudge, R., Jiang, R., Fleck, A., Schaly, B., ... & Charland, P. (2013). On bolus
for megavoltage photon and electron radiation therapy. Medical Dosimetry, 38(3), 268-273.
[2] Boman, E., Ojala, J., Rossi, M., & Kapanen, M. (2018). Monte Carlo investigation on the effect of air
gap under bolus in post-mastectomy radiotherapy. Physica Medica, 55, 82-87.
[3] Goldstone, K. E. (1990). Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry and Measurement, in: ICRU Report
44, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, USA (1989).
Keywords: Bolus; Hounfield Units; TLD-UD802.
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Occupational and Patients effective radiation doses in dental imaging

Nissren Tamam1 , Aljawhara H. Almuqrin 1 , Ali Abdelrazig2 ,
Abdulrahman Elnour3 , Abdelmoneim Sulieman4
1
Physics Department, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University
P.O Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
2
Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University
Jazan , Saudi Arabia.
3
Radiologic Science Department, The National Ribat University, Khartoum, Sudan
4
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University
P.O Box 10219 Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
Email: nissrentamam@gmail.com
Abstract
Ionizing radiation exposure from medical applications is increasing annually worldwide. It was
estimated that 325 million dental procedures were performed in the United States. Radiation
exposure from dental radiography consists of extraoral, intraoral, panoramic, and 3D imaging cone-
beam computed tomography imaging. Recent studies reported an association between dental
imaging procedures and increased cancer probability of brain and thyroid. Previous studies showed
that some dental imaging practices exposed patients and staff to unnecessary radiation doses due to
incorrect image acquisition and insufficient radiation protection measures. This study aims to (i)
measure the occupational and patients doses during dental procedures and (ii) assess the current
imaging techniques and radiation protection practices. Two hundred fourteen patients were
evaluated for periapical, bitewing, cephalometric, occlusal, and panoramic procedures. Organ
equivalent doses were quantified for the breast, eye lens, and thyroid gland. Occupational and
ambient dose assessment were assessed using calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-100
(LiF:Mg.Ti)). Ambient doses were measure at different locations at the department using TLDs.
Patients' radiation doses were quantified using kerma area product (PKA (mGy.cm)) and the
entrance surface air kerma (ESAK (mGy)). Fixed tube voltage (65 kVp) and tube current-time
product (7 mAs) were used. The overall mean, standard deviation (sd), and range of patients age
(years) were 30.2±10.3 (20.0-50.0). The overall mean, sd, and range of patients dose values during
intraoral (mGy), and extraoral (mGy cm2 ) examinations were 1.6±0.7 (0.2-3.1) 56.1±12 (24.1- 110),
respectively. The mean and range of the annual occupational doses (mSv) were 3.4 (1.6-3.7), which
below the annual dose limits for radiation workers (20 mSv/y). The study showed that inadequate
radiation protection for patients existed in terms of the use of the thyroid shield, the technologist's
presence inside the room during radiation exposure. Patients' radiation doses were comparable with
the international diagnostic reference level (DRL). Staff education and training in radiation
protection aspects are highly recommended.
[1] Almugrin et al.(2020). Radiat. Phys. Chem.176, 1-5.

[2] Suliman et al.(2018). Phys. Med. 46, 148–152.
[3] IRM ER (2017),1322, 1-37.
Keywords: Dental imaging; radiation risk; occupational exposure; ambient doses;TLD.
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Investigating the potential use of 3γ as a diagnostic technique

for assessment of tumor hypoxia using Positron Emission Tomography
M. Alkhorayef1 *, N. Alkhomashi2 , O. Alsager2 , F. Alrumayan3 , A. Sulieman4
1
Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University
P.O Box 10219 Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
2
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
3
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4
Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Radiology and
Medical Imaging Department, P.O.Box 422, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
*Email: malkhorayef@ksu.edu.sa
Abstract
Inadequate tissue oxygenation (hypoxia or anoxic) affect cancer treatment and results in resistance
to radio and chemo-therapy. Evaluation of Oxygen deficiency is necessary to assure successful
treatment. Many ongoing clinical trials are using conventional positron emission tomography (PET)
scans with radioisotope as molecular markers to detect tumor hypoxia, a method that is based on the
physics of 2γ annihilation. However 3γ annihilation in which the positronium and its annihilation
serve as an oxygen-sensitive indicator, could be used as a new PET molecular imaging modality.
The effective yield of 3γ annihilation depends on the rates of positronium formation and quenching.
The formation of positronium is not only sensitive to physical parameters but also behaves as an
active chemical particle. This work describes the preparations and methods employed to measure
the oxygen levels in biological samples. The main contribution of this work is that it helps to
identify the best methods for the preparation of biological samples with different oxygen
concentrations. In addition to develop a configuration system for the determination of the 3γ yield
using HPGe detectors in order to investigate the measurement of 3γ imaging. This accomplishment
will help to determine whether 3γ annihilation with different concentrations of oxygen can be used
to image the oxygen levels in biological samples and to develop more feasible methods for clinical
use. Although many diverse disciplines are involved in this work, the advantages and disadvantages
of each possible technique have yet to be concisely summarized. This work is to provide sufficient
background to examine the clinical applications of the 3γ PET technique and to compare this non-
invasive method with existing oxygen measurement devices.
[1] Watanabe, et al. (2019). EJNMMI Res 9, 60. 1-8.

[2] Khairi, et al. (2020). Radiat. Phys. Chem. 109000, 1-6.
Keywords: Three gamma; Radiation dosimetry; HPGe detectors.
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Estudio comparativo de métodos de identificación de vórtices
Angélica Viridiana Román-Martínez1,* , Silvia Hidalgo-Tobón1,2

Julio García-Flores3 , Pilar Dies-Suárez2
1
Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, CDMX,
México
2
Departamento de Imagenología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, CDMX, México
3
Departament of Radiology and Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
*
Email: anvi19@live.com.mx
Abstract
La técnica “Flujo 4D” de Imagen por Resonancia Magnética proporciona los campos de
velocidad del flujo sanguíneo a cada tiempo, presente en alguna cavidad cardíaca [1].
Resulta de interés analizar la información de estos campos para detectar alguna
anormalidad en el funcionamiento del corazón. Debido a la forma y movimiento de este
órgano, es normal encontrar la formación de vórtices en la sangre; presenciar un
comportamiento anómalo de los vórtices es señal de una inadecuada funcionalidad [2], que
ayudaría al médico a detectar una posible patología cardíaca. Existen varios criterios de
identificación de vórtices, los más utilizados son el Criterio de Q y Criterio de Lambda2
[3]; ambos son similares en el sentido de que parten del análisis del gradiente de velocidad,
entonces es necesario evaluar su capacidad de detección [4] ya que “la caracterización
cuantitativa del flujo de vórtice podría proporcionar una herramienta objetiva para evaluar
la función” en determinadas zonas del corazón [5]. El objetivo del presente trabajo es
realizar un estudio comparativo entre estos criterios usando el modelo teoríco-físico
“Vórtice de Burgers”. Utilizar dicho modelo permite un analisis analítico con el proposito
de establecer ventajas y desventajas entre ambos criterios, demostrar su precisión para
determinar el tamaño del tubo vórtical y caracterizar las consecuencias de la variación de
parámetros físicos del modelo en los métodos de identificación. Los resultados muestran
que los dos criterios son exitosos al detectar el vórtice principal, el criterio de Q permite un
cálculo más inmediato; sin embargo, el criterio de Lambda2 es superior por su postulación.
La finalidad de contrastar es obtener conclusiones analíticas, previas al uso en datos reales
de Flujo 4D.
[1] Pineda, JA., et al. (2014). Radiología; 56:485-495.

[2] Pinochet, N., et al. (2011). Rev. Ch. de Radiología. 17:134-140.
[3] Jeong, J., et al. (1995). J. Fluid Mech, 285:69-94.
[4] Evin, M., et al. (2014) Comp Meth Biomech and Biomed Engine. 22:sup1, S71-S73
[5] Elbaz, M., et al. (1995). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 16:78.
Keywords: Burgers Vortex; Q Criterion; Lambda2 Criterion.
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Optimization of PET radiation dose for four different categories of BMI

patients using Monte Carlo N-Particle simulations
Nazreen Waeleh1,2* , Marianie Musarudin3 , M. Iqbal Saripan1 ,

Syamsiah Mashohor1 , Fathinul Fikri Ahmad Saad4
1
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Melaka, Malaysia
3
School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
4
Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
*
Email: nazreen@utem.edu.my
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging procedure that uses a

radioactive tracer to visualize organ or tissues functions for the purposes of diagnoses,
staging and therapy monitoring of cancer. However, reconstructed images produced by
PET are often accompanied with noise resulting in inaccuracies in diagnosis and other
treatment procedures[1]. This has been more apparent with patients who are grossly
overweight or morbidly obese[2]. The present study was conducted to quantitatively
determine the optimal amount of injected radiotracer required to attain sufficient quality of
PET images based on differing physiques. A simulation process was undertaken and
completed in three main phases: (i) modelling of four different sizes of phantoms typifying
underweight, normal, overweight and obese patients using Monte Carlo N-particle
(MCNP); (ii) reconstructing images in the range of 435-650 keV energy window using
MATLAB; and (iii) determining optimal dose of activity required to induce adequate tumor
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value for the proposed imaging system. Three different
activities were tested with modelled NEMA IEC PET phantom starting from 6, 8 and 10
mCi of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) with tumor-to-background ratio (TBR), ranging
from 2:1 to 6:1 TBR. Results showed that reducing activity of injected radiotracer in PET
imaging is possible for variations in body weights while maintaining image quality. The
SNR value for different dosages differed only by maximum value less than 2.0. Hence, the
study serves as a basis for further clinical PET studies using reduced radiotracer doses as
compared with conventional PET protocols.
[1] Lindemann, M.E. et al. (2018). Towards fast whole-body PET/MR: Investigation of PET image quality
versus reduced PET acquisition times. PLoS ONE. 13: 1–15.
[2] Taniguchi, T. et al. (2015). Improvement in PET/CT image quality in overweight patients with PSF and
TOF. Ann. Nucl. Med. 29: 71-77.
Keywords: PET; Dosimetry; Optimization; Body Mass Index; MCNP.
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192
Effectiveness of the MamoSite device using Ir and 60Co sources
S. A. Martínez-Ovalle1,2* , A. T. Montañez-Reyes1 , M. A. Sandoval-Garzón1
1
Grupo de Física Nuclear Aplicada y Simulación
Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja-Colombia
2
*
Email: s.agustin.martinez@uptc.edu.co
Abstract
For women undergoing breast-conserving surgery, Brachytherapy with the MammoSite

device adds an additional boost of radiation to the tumor site, this technique is conservative,
reduces morbidity, and has demonstrated local control of cancer cells. The radioactive
source is housed in an inflatable silicone balloon, The balloon filling mix contains a 10: 1
ratio of isotonic saline solution 0.9% and the contrast agent used Peritrast Oral-GI 300 mg
mL-1, whose main component (60%) is L-lysine amidotrizoate (C17H23I3N4O6) [1]. The
equipment used for this treatment uses two radioisotopes: 192 Ir with gamma photons
emission of 316 KeV on average and 60 Co with photons of 1.25 MeV on average. This
energy difference is very significant and is of special interest due to the range of the most
energetic photons. However, the filling material of the balloon plays an important role. In
this work, a study is made of the radially absorbed dose from the MammoSite device using
the two sources, showing the importance of the silicone balloon and the material with
which it is filled to guarantee an effective treatment during brachytherapy. Although
different dose distributions and different photon spectra are evidenced for each of the
sources studied, clinical experience does not show significant differences. However, it is
shown that the range of the photons of the 60 Co source is greater, the Compton effect will
be fundamental in the interaction of the photons with the breast tissue followed by the
photoelectric effect, while for the 192 Ir source, will be relevant the effect photoelectric, that
is, if there are significant differences.
[1] Budde, M., Adamietz, I. A., Sommer, H., & Hermani, H. (2018). Dosimetrische Verifikation von
MammoSite-Bestrahlungsplänen mit Monte-Carlo-Simulationen sowie Messungen mit einem 2D-
Ionisationskammer-Array. Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik , 28(2), 158-163.
Keywords: MamoSite device; Brachytherapy; Monte Carlo.
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MCNPX simulation of the response functions of Bonner spectrometers

with spheres of different polymer materials
Lucas Moacir Machado Mendes1,* , Juliana Batista da Silva1 , Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo2 ,
Evaldo Simões da Fonseca3 , Walsan Wagner Pereira3
Roberto Méndez-Villafañe4 , Marco Aurélio de Sousa Lacerda1
1
Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN/CNEN), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
2
Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, (UAZ), Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico.
3
Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria (IRD/CNEN), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
4
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, CIEMAT, Madrid, España
*
Email: lucasmoacir2010@hotmail.com
Abstract
The Bonner Multisphere Spectrometry System, or Bonner Spectrometer (EB), is widely used to
obtain the neutron energy spectrum. This system consists of spheres, usually of high-density
polyethylene (HDP), with varying diameters, associated with active or passive detectors. In a
previous work, we studied the response functions of Bonner spheres printed with the polymer ABS
(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene – (C8 H8 C4 H6 C3 H3 N)n ) [1]. In the present work, we compare the
response functions of a spectrometer with HDP spheres [2] with the response functions obtained for
spheres with ABS and another polymeric material: PLA (Polyactic Acid – (C3 H4 O2 )n ). The Monte
Carlo N-Particle radiation transport code MCNPX, version 2.7.0, with ENDF/B-VII.0 nuclear data
library was used to estimate the response functions of the BSS systems. Disks with the same
diameters as the spheres emitting unidirectional monoenergetic neutrons and two reference sources,
241
Am-Be and 252 Cf [3], were used as source term. In the center of the spheres a 4x4∅ mm 6 LiI(Eu)
scintillator was modeled, being perpendicular to the incoming neutron beam. The responses were
the total nuclear reactions occurring in the 6 Li axis of the detector [2]. Some spheres were printed
with a 3D printer of the company GTMAX Tecnologia Em Eletrônica LTDA, model GTMAX 3D
CORE AB400, with the software Simplify3D®. Dimensions of the LUDLUM HDP spheres were
taken and 3D drawings were made using the cad software Microstation V8i of the Bentley
Systems®. Preliminary results showed the response functions of spheres with the two different
polymer materials presented lower moderation performance in comparison with spheres made of
polyethylene. The 3D printer were capable of printing small spheres with good quality finishing and
dimensions very close to the designed ones. For the bigger spheres, it is necessary to print them in
nested parts. The design of these spheres, in nested parts, are being studied and must be included in
MCNPX simulations. Validation of MCNPX simulations are still in progress. We are irradiating the
printed small spheres (2” and 3”) using neutron beams from the Low cattering Room (L R) of the
Neutron Metrology Laboratory (LN), from the Brazilian National Laboratory of Ionizing Radiation
Metrology (LNMRI) of the Radiation Protection and Dosimetry Institute (IRD).
[1] Mendes, L.M. et al. (2019). 3rd ICDA, Lisbon, Portugal, Book of Abstracts, P7.1.
[2] Lacerda, M.A.S. et al. (2017). Nucl. Instr. Methods. Phys. Res. A., 868: 122-128.
[3] IAEA, TRS 318, (2001)
Keywords: Neutrons, MCNPX, Neutron spectrometry, Bonner spectrometers.
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Luminescence and kinetics parameters of high

sensitivity MgB4O7 phosphor doped with Tm and Dy
P. R. González*, O. Ávila, L. Escobar-Alarcón, D. Mendoza-Anaya
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares

Carretera México-Toluca S/N, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México C.P.52750, México
*
Email: pedro.gonzalez@inin.gob.mx
Abstract
Borates are thermoluminescent materials useful for radiation dosimetry especially because
of their equivalence with tissue. Tissue equivalent magnesium borate has an advantage over
lithium borate as it is insoluble in water. This work presents values for the kinetics
parameters of high sensitivity doped Tm and Dy magnesium borate obtained by the
solution combustion technique. Kinetic parameters obtained applying both the
deconvolution method and the peak shape method were found and compared. Results
showed that the new material doped with Tm and Dy, subjected to 1223 K, for three hours,
has a sensitivity about ten times higher than that of the usual reference which is the
commercial dosimeter TLD-100. In addition to its high sensitivity this new material also
exhibits a glow curve with two well-defined and very stable peaks which make it highly
promising for use in clinical dosimetry.
Keywords: Thermoluminescence; Magnesium borate; Solid State Detectors; Dosimetry.
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Assessment of individual neutron dosimeters in the design of the

operational radiation protection of Compact Proton Therapy Centers
(CPTC) using MCNP6.2 and GEANT4 Monte Carlo codes
Gonzalo F. García-Fernández1,2 * , Eduardo Gallego1 , José Mª Gómez-Ros3 ,

Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo4 , Karen A. Guzmán-García4 ,
Roberto García-Baonza1 & Lenin E. Cevallos-Robalino5
1
Dep. de Ingeniería Energética, ETSII, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
2
Biología y Técnica de la Radiación, S.L. (Bioterra, S.L.), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
3
Centro de Inv. Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
4
Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
5
GISCOR, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Guayaquil, Ecuador
*
Email: gf.garcia@upm.es
Abstract
Proton therapy, an external radiotherapy using proton beams with energies between 50 and
230 MeV, is in continuous ever evolving and improvement to obtain more precise and
beneficial treatments for patients. Some prominent current trends involve cutting-edge
delivery techniques or building compact proton therapy centers (CPTC), merging the most
advanced technologies, reducing their size while achieving more affordable facilities. In the
interaction of protons of therapy, a huge production of stray radiation is yielded, mainly
neutrons, therefore optimal selection of individual neutron dosimeters for exposed workers
is a key task in the operational radiation protection of CPTC. The aim of this work was to
characterize the performance of different personal neutron dosimeters, through the Monte
Carlo codes, as MCNP6 or GEANT4. Individual neutron dosimetry continues to be one of
the problems in radiation protection, as no single method provides the combination of
energy response, sensitivity, orientation dependence characteristics and accuracy necessary
to meet the requirements of a personnel dosimeter. Furthermore, neutron dosemeters should
be subject to measurement uncertainties in compliance with the recommendations given in
European Commission Report Radiation Protection 160. The work is framed into the
project Contributions to operational radiation protection and neutron dosimetry in
compact proton therapy centers (CPTC), which is focused on assessing the impact of
innovations on the operational radiation protection and commissioning of these facilities.
Keywords: Compact proton therapy centers; individual neutron dosimeter; MCNP6.2:

GEANT4.
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Dosimetric study in chest Computed tomography

scans using adult and pediatric phantoms
Wadia Namen Aburjaile* , Arnaldo Prata Mourão
Department of Nuclear Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brazil
*
Email: wadia.namen@gmail.com
Abstract
The dissemination of Computed Tomography (CT) tests has promoted a significant increase
in the absorbed dose by patients due to the diagnosis. Therefore, it is indispensable to
improve protocols, seeking lower doses, without impairing the diagnostic quality of the
image [1]. The risks of stochastic effects are greater for children due to tissue
radiosensitivity coupled with longer life expectancy [2, 3]. In this work it was evaluated
optimized chest acquisition protocols to different chest sizes. It was used five chest
phantoms, a cylindrical and four oblongs made of polymethylmethacrylate. The cylindrical
phantom is the adult standard chest (AS) used in CT tests. The oblong phantoms included
the axilar region, they are: one adult oblong (AO) with the same cut area of the AS and
three pediatric (P8, P4 and P2) representing the chest of children with eight, four and two
years. The oblong phantom were constructed based on the typical dimensions of these
children. A comparative study was performed on a GE CT scanner, LightSpeed VCT model
with 64 channels. The central slice of the phantoms was irradiated successively and using a
pencil ionization chamber it was obtained the values of Air kerma in PMMA. Based on
these measurements it was obtained the values of Dose Index weighted and volumetric
(CTDIw, CTDIvol). The scans were performed with the routine chest acquisition protocols
of the radiodiagnostic service, and optimized protocols were performed using 120, 100 and
80 kV. This work allowed compare the absorbed dose behavior between adult phantoms
with different shapes and between patients with different chest volumes for image
generation with the same diagnostic objective.
[1] INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION. Recommendations

of the International Commission on Radiological Exposure. Elsevier: ICRP. Publication 103,
(2007).
[2] Miglioretti,D. L., et al. (2013). JAMA pediatric. 167: 700-707.
[3] Santos, A. C., et al. (2017). Revista Pleiade. 10: 94-101.
Keywords: Computed tomography; Chest phantom; Dose index.
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Espectros y dosimetría clínica de neutrones en tratamientos de Cáncer de

mama durante el incremento de dosis con electrones
Jorge Luis Benites-Rengifo1/* & Héctor René Vega-Carrillo2
1
Comité de Investigación del Centro Estatal de Cancerología de Nayarit
Calzada de la Cruz 118 sur, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit. México
2
C. Ciprés 10, Fracc. La Peñuela, C.P. 98068 Zacatecas, Zac. México.
*Buzón-e: neutronesrapidos@gmail.com
Resumen
Usando métodos Monte Carlo, con el código MCNP5, se modeló el cabezal cilíndrico
heterogéneo del LINAC, hecho de W y Pb con radio interno de 18 cm. En el centro del
cabezal se ubicó el origen del sistema de coordenadas y a 33.6 cm del origen se colocó un
sistema de dos láminas dispersoras, la primera de 2x2x0.05 cm3 de W y la segunda de
5x5x0.02 cm3 de Al, donde incide un haz de electrones de 3 mm de diámetro para generar
electrones terapéuticos de 12 MeV. Se modeló un bloque de aleación de cerrobend de
20x20x1.5 cm3 ubicado a 99 cm del origen y a 100 cm del mismo se colocó un maniquí de
agua sólida de 30x30x30 cm3 . En la superficie interna del maniquí se modeló una esfera en
agua sólida de 1.95 cm de radio. Se colocaron detectores a las salidas de las láminas
dispersoras y del bloque del cerrobend. Se determinaron espectros, flujo y dosis absorbida
por neutrones y fotones en dos puntos de referencia; a una distancia de 35 cm del origen de
coordenadas y a 100 cm del mismo, donde se ubica la cicatriz de la paciente.
Palabras clave: Mastectomía, LINAC, cerrobend, neutrones, Monte Carlo.
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Noise comparison in optimized head CT protocols using two phantoms
Lorena Cunha Fernandes* , Arnaldo Prata Mourão
Department of Nuclear Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Belo Horizonte, Brazil
*
email: lorenacunhafernandes@gmail.com
Abstract
Computed tomography has been widely used in radiological imaging diagnostics, but it
generates higher doses of radiation in patients [1]. The growth in demand for tomography
exams has generated concern from the scientific community in increasing the population
dose generated by this technique [2]. For this reason, there is a concern to reduce the
absorbed dose generated by the exam and maintain the diagnostic quality of the medical
image [3]. In this work, two head phantoms, one cylindrical made of PMMA and another
Alderson's anthropomorphic, were used for tests on a CT scanner GE, lightSpeed VCT
model of 64-channel. Different acquisition protocols were tested in order to observe the
brain structure region. Measurements of CTDIvol values using a pencil ionization chamber
were performed on the PMMA phantom in order to define the lowest dose protocols. The
selected protocols were applied in helical scans of the phantoms and the image noise, in the
cerebral region, of the central slice was calculated. For each protocol, the noise between the
phantoms was compared. The study showed a reduction of up to 82.7% in the dose between
the suggested and routine protocols and a noise value close to 1%.
[1] Gharbi, S., et al. (2018). Journal of Radiological Protection, 38: 807
[2] Marconato, J. A., et al (2004). Radiologia Brasileira, 37: 351-356.
[3] Yu, L., et al. (2009). Imaging in Medicine, 1: 65.
Keywords: Computed Tomography; phantom; Dosimetry; Noise.
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Radon and thoron concentration in relation

to their decay products in soil
Jessica Toribio Calero*, Bertin Pérez Ancaya, César J. Guevara-Pillaca,

Ricardo Flores Camargo, Maria Elena Lopez Herrera, Daniel Palacios Fernández
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
*
Email: jessica.toribio@pucp.edu.pe
Abstract
Radon, thoron and their progenies are measured indoors since they represent a health risk
for inhalation. Some researchers claim that radon is a natural tracer useful in geosciences,
e.g. as an earthquake precursor, which can be passively measured using LR-115 detectors
inside diffusion chambers. However, the LR-115 covered with an absorbing foil, called
direct progeny sensor (DRPS or DTPS), may register radon and thoron progenies. The aim
of this work is to evaluate the relationship between concentrations of the radioactive noble
gases and their progeny concentrations, in the airborne and deposited states, within PVC
pipes buried in the ground. For this purpose, several pinhole twin-chamber single entrance
dosimeters have been used for simultaneous measurements of radon and thoron. Following
the technique of DRPS and DTPS, we used two detectors LR-115 covered with 24μm and
36μm aluminium foils instead of the commonly used aluminized Mylar in order to register
alpha particles of 214 Po and 212 Po, respectively. These devices were placed on the top of
each twin-chamber. One twin-chamber with two LR-115 detectors inside them and two
modified direct progeny sensors on the twin chamber was placed at the bottom of the PVC
tube buried in the ground at a depth of 80 cm. Tubes were kept covered with a lid at the top
during the measurement period. Among results, the equilibrium equivalent concentration of
radon and thoron (EERC and EETC), and the LR-115 detector response in the DRPS/DTPS
devices are given.
Keywords: DRPS; DTPS; progenies; equilibrium equivalent
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Evaluación dosimétrica de Radiofármacos en riñones/pared uterina

de mujer con embarazo temprano utilizando representaciones
de Stabin / Segars
Marcial Vasquez Arteaga1,* , Hector Rene Vega Carrillo2 , Carlos Saavedra Leveau3 ,
Carlos Rodriguez Benites4 , Huber Rodriguez Nomura1 , Norma Galvez Diaz1
1
Universidad Señor de Sipan, Lambayeque, Peru
2
Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
3
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
4
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Perú
*
Email: marvva@hotmail.com
Abstract
Con el objetivo de determinar el procedimiento que administra la dosis de radiación más

baja en los riñones y pared uterina de una mujer con embarazo temprano, se realizan las
evaluaciones dosimetricas de radiofarmacos 99mTc-DTPA, 99m Tc-DMSA y 99m Tc-MAG3,
mediante el uso del formalismo MIRD, y las representaciones antropomórficas debido a
Stabin/ Segars Estudios preliminares indican: En representaciones Stabin [1] / Segars [2] ,
la menor dosis absorbida por los riñones se obtienen usando 99mTc-MAG3, dosis de
0.0045/0.0046 mGyMBq-¹, auto-dosis 89% / 87 %. Las tendencias dosimétricas debido a
órganos de la biocinética son similares. Luego, para estudios de riñones los fantomas de
referencia de Segars (ICRP-89/RADAR) se pueden reemplazar por el estilizado de Stabin.
En representaciones Stabin/Segars la menor dosis absorbida por la pared uterina se obtiene
usando 99m Tc-DMSA, dosis 0.0052 /0.0059 mGyMBq-¹. La vejiga + “resto” contribuyen
con 77 % / 79.6% a la dosis embrionaria. Las tendencias dosimétricas de la vejiga “resto”
y riñones (biocinética) son similares. Luego, para estudios de la pared uterina los fantomas
de referencia de Segars NO se pueden sustituir por el estilizado de Stabin. De los órganos
comprometidos considerados en el estudio: ovarios, hígado y mamas, la mayor dosis
absorbida ocurre en los ovarios cuando se usa 99mTc-MAG-3, dosis de 0,0085/0,011
mGyMBq-¹, representaciones Stabin/Segars correspondientes.
[1] Stabin MG, Siegel JA. Physical models and dose factors for use in internal dose assessment.
Health Phys. 2003; 85:294–310. [PubMed: 12938720] .
[2] Segars JP. Development and Application of the New Dynamic NURBS-Based Cardiac-Torso
(NCAT) Phantom [dissertation]. University of North Carolina; 2001
Keywords: Dosimetria MIRD, representaciones Stabin/Segars, Riñones/pared uterina.
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Initial characterization of a non-commercial double wall radon

monitor
César J. Guevara Pillaca1/* , Ricardo Flores Camargo1 , Bertin Pérez Ancaya1 ,
María Elena López Herrera1 , Patrizia Pereyra Anaya1 , Daniel Palacios Fernández1
1
Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú,
Av. Universitaria 1801, 15088, Lima, Perú.
*E-mail: cesarj.guevara@pucp.edu.pe
Abstract
Solid state nuclear track detectors are used inside diffusion chambers as passive radon
monitors for indoor measurements. These monitors have been successfully applied
throughout in environments within certain ranges of temperature and humidity [1]. High
humidity conditions can influence measures of radon when using monitors [2]. LR-115 type
II detector located inside a non-commercial G2 monitor based on a double wall
polypropylene diffusion chamber was used [3]. The air contained between walls may
mitigate the influence of the environmental conditions in radon measurement. In this
investigation, the performance of the G2 monitor was experimentally evaluated in normal
and extreme environmental conditions for radon measurement. Characteristic parameters of
the G2 monitor were estimated, such as the transmission factor, calibration factor, and
detection limit. Based on these results, the G2 monitor may be used for radon
measurements under different environmental conditions.
[1] Tommasino, L., et al. (2018). J. Nucl. Phys. Mat. Sci. Rad. A. 6, 1-7.
[2] Műllerov M. et al. (2016). J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 310 (3), 1077–1084.
[3] Pérez, B., et al. (2020). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 160, 109112.
Keywords: Characterization, G2 monitor, LR-115 detector, calibration factor, detection limit.
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Effect of milling time in CaZrO3 phosphors synthesis on its

thermoluminescent signal when exposed to beta particle irradiation
C. A. Huerta-Rivera1, * , L. J. Castillo-Garcia1 , C. Cruz-Vázquez1 , R. Bernal2
1
2
Apartado Postal 5-088, Hermosillo, Sonora 83190, México.
*
Email: carloshuerta@gimmunison.com
Abstract
Calcium zirconate (CaZrO 3 ) has been extensively studied for its physical and chemical
properties for various applications, including hydrogen sensors and as a refractory material
in the metallurgical industry [1] [2]. Recently the CaZrO 3 photoluminescence properties
have been investigated for applications in the forensic field [3]. In this work CaZrO 3
synthesized by solid state reaction was studied, it was decided to investigate the effect that
the milling time of the reagents has, prior to annealing, on their thermoluminescent
properties since it has been reported that it affects grain and crystallite size of the material
[4], which can affect the distribution of the intrinsic defects of the material modifying the
characteristics of its thermoluminescent signal. Their thermoluminescence (TL)
characterization is reported using beta radiation as TL excitation source. The structural
characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction. The TL response of the synthesized
phosphors using milling times from 1 to 12 minutes, stopping every 2 min for scrapping off
the material sticking to the vial, showed higher intensities for smaller times of milling as a
slight shifting towards lower temperature of the first maximum of the glow curve located at
142 °C moving around 5 grades while the second maximum located around 207 °C kept the
same position, besides the phosphors showed remarkable reproducibility in successive
irradiation – TL readout cycles. The integrated TL as a function of the irradiation dose
exhibits a linear dependence in the dose range from 0.5 up to 256 Gy. From the
experimental evidence here presented, we conclude that the milling time can modify the
thermoluminescent signal of the synthesized CaZrO 3 phosphors.
[1] Shimizu, Y.; Sakagami, S.; Goto, K.; Nakachi, Y.; Ueda, K., Tricolor luminescence in rare earth
doped CaZrO3 perovskite oxides. Materials Science and Engineering B 161 (2009) 100-103.
[2] Stoch, P.; Szczerba, J.; Lis, J.; Madej, D.; Pedzich, Z., Crystal structure and ab initio calculations of
CaZrO3 . Journal of the European Ceramic Society 32 (2012) 665-670.
[3] Navami, D.; Basavaraj, R.B.; Darshan, G.P.; Inamdar, H.K.; Sharma, S.C.; Premkumar, H.B.;
Nagabhushana, H., Evolution of shapes and identification of level II and III features of fingerprints
using CaZrO3 :Sm3+ fluorescent markers prepared via solution combustion route. Optical Materials
88 (2019) 479–487.
[4] Kalinkin, A.M.; Nevedomskii, V.N.; Kalinkina, E.V.; Balyakin, K.V., Milling assisted synthesis of
calcium zirconate CaZrO3 . Solid State Sciences 34 (2014) 91-96.
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Comparison of FANT’s results using ENDF/B VII.1, JEFF-3.3 and

TENDL2017 nuclear data libraries
Lenin E. Cevallos-Robalino1* , Roberto García-Baonza2 , Gonzalo García-Fernández2 ,

Eduardo Gallego2 , Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo3
1
Carrera de Ingeniería Electrónica, Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas de Control y Robótica,
(GISCOR), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
C. Robles 107 Chambers, 090108, Guayas, Guayaquil, Ecuador
2
Departmento de Ingeniería Energética, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
C. José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
3
C. Ciprés, 10, 98060 Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
*
Email: lcevallos@ups.edu.ec
Abstract
FANT (Fuente Ampliada de Neutrones Térmicos, in Spanish) is a thermal neutron irradiation

facility with extended and very uniform irradiation area, developed by the Neutron Measurements
Laboratory of the Energy Engineering Department at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid [1]. The
device is a parallelepiped box of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) moderator material with a
neutron source of 111 GBq nominal activity. The facility design was previously
optimized, the neutron spectra were estimated by extensive calculations with MCNP6.1, and
experimentally verified. The facility takes advantage of the scattering of neutrons with the walls of
the chamber, where the moderation process is effective, allowing obtain useful thermal fluence
rates. The main goal of this work has been to simulate the conditions of FANT, by modifying cross-
section data libraries through Monte Carlo simulation with the MCNP6.2 code [2]. This work shows
the neutron characterization of FANT using ENDF/B VII.1, JEFF-3.3, and TENDL2017 cross-
section nuclear data libraries for neutrons of E < 20 MeV. The transport of thermal neutrons,
E<1eV, in polyethylene was considered through (α β) treatment. In order to reduce uncertainties to
less than 5%, 108 histories were processed [3]. The results are compared between them and with
those obtained previously.
[1].- Cevallos-Robalino L. et al. (2020). Appl. Radiat. Isot., 167: 109437.

[2].- Werner C.C. (Ed). MCNP users manual – Code versión 6.2. (2017).
[3].- Pelowitz D. et al. MCNP users manual – Code versión 6.2. (2017).
Keywords: FANT, Thermal neutron source, ENDF/B VII.1, JEFF-3.3 and TENDL2017 cross-
section nuclear data libraries.
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Simulation of the Brownian diffusion of radon/thoron exhaled from a wall

and that of their progenies. Space-time distributions and response of a
bare LR-115 detector placed on the wall
Daniel Palacios Fernández* & Patrizia Pereyra Anaya

Lima, Perú
*
Email: dpalaciosf@pucp.edu.pe
Abstract
Nuclear track detectors enclosed in diffusion chambers are commonly used for long-term
radon concentration measurements in dwellings [1]. Bare LR-115 detectors have also been
applied for this purpose, although this mode has been questioned because in addition to
radon it can also record tracks due to thoron and the progeny of both radioactive gases [2].
Here, Monte Carlo techniques were used to simulate the air diffusion of exhaled
radon/thoron from a wall [3,4], the formation and decay of different radioactive species
during transport, their air and deposited distributions, and the response of a bare LR-115
detector placed on the wall. The spatial distributions of radionuclide decays and the
detector's partial and total sensitivities to radon/thoron and their progenies were
determined. Results of simulations were numerically validated and some of them proved
experimentally in a radon chamber. It was possible to know what the detector really
measures in the studied configuration, its ability to measure indoor radon concentrations,
and the influence of some geometric variables on detector response.
[1] Onishchenko, A., Malinovsky, G., Vasilyev, A., Zhukovsky, M. (2017). Radiation Protection
Dosimetry, 177(1-2), 112-115.
[2] Sahoo, B.K., Sapra, B.K. (2015). Solid State Phenomena, 238, 116-126.
[3] Silverman, M.P. (2017). Journal of Modern Physics, 8, 1809-1849.
[4] Silverman, M.P. and Mudvari, A. (2018). World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 8,
86-119.
Keywords: Radon; Thoron; Progeny; Brownian diffusion; Bare LR-115 detectors; Monte
Carlo simulation.
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Medición de dosis en mamografía con simulador de mama comprimida
Mabel Bustos Flores1* , Arnaldo Prata Mourão1

1
Departamento de Engenharia Nuclear, Escola de Engenharia
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brasil
*
Email: mabelita.bfm@gmail.com
Abstract
La normativa brasilera recomienda el control periódico de todo es sistema mamográfico y

uno de los testes de mayor importancia es la medición de la dosis [1]. Este teste sirve para
estimar la dosis que el paciente recibe y es realizado con ayuda de simuladores de mama
comprimida, cuyo material del que están hechos tiene propiedades radiográficas similares a
las del tejido mamário. En este artículo se realiza la medición de dosis en mamografía
utilizando un simulador de mama hecho de materiales polimeriméricos con el que fueron
hechas exposiciones sucesivas variando la espesura del simulador para evaluar la dosis para
diferentes espesuras de mama comprimida. Los resultados presentados muestran que los
valores de dosis medidos están dentro de los valores de referencia internacionales [2], lo que
garantiza la optimización de la dosis recibida por el paciente y la calidad de la imagen
generada.
[1] Pernicka, F., McLean, I.D. DOSIMETRY IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY. IAEA, (2007).
[2] IAEA, TRS. 457 DOSIMETRY IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL
CODE OF PRACTICE. IAEA, (2007).
Keywords: Dosimetría; Radiografía Computarizada; Mamografía.
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Visualización y estudio de las fibras del corazón por

medio de la técnica del Tensor de difusión
Jaime Torres Juáreza, Pilar Dies Suárezb . Silvia Hidalgo-Tobóna,b
a
Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma M etropolitana – Iztapalapa
jaimeuami@gmail.com, shid@xanum.uam.mx
b
Departamento de Imagenologia, Hospital Infantil de M éxico Federico Gómez, CDM X
Resumen
De acuerdo a las estadísticas reportadas por la OMS las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la
[1]
principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo , es por tal motivo la importancia del estudio del corazón
para la prevención de las diversas patologías que afectan el corazón. La Resonancia Magnética (RM) nos
permite ver el interior del cuerpo humano, mediante la interacción de un poderoso campo magnético y el
núcleo de los átomos de hidrógeno presentes en el cuerpo humano. El Tensor de Difusión (DTI) [2], es
una técnica que se aplica cuando se realiza un estudio de RM, esta técnica analiza el movimiento de las
moléculas de agua presentes en los cardiomicitos y nos permite obtener imágenes de las innumerables
fibras del corazón (tractografía (tgr)). Podemos entender el fenómeno de difusión con la ley de Fick
y el desarrollo de un modelo probabilístico para describir el desplazamiento de un conjunto de
moléculas al relacionar la ley de Fick y el movimiento browniano, de acuerdo a la siguiente expresión
. Para la obtención de las imágenes por Resonancia Magnética (RM) [3] de tres corazónes
post mortem(pm) de cerdo, se utilizó una máquina de RM SIEMENS Skyra 3T, secuencia EPI,
, No. de direcciones = 30, grosor de corte = 4mm, tiempo de repetición = 8200 ms, tiempo
eco = 95 ms, ancho de banda = 1350 Hz, flip angle= 90°, dimensiones del voxel = 0.77 x 0.77 x 4 mm3 .
Usando un software especializado (TrackVis) se obtuvieron las tgr de los corazones, con los siguientes
parámetros de reconstrucción: modelo = DTI, valor de , orientación = Axial, ángulo de
umbral . Los ROI’s (regiones de interés) fueron colocados en las aurículas y ventrículos derecho e
izquierdo del miocardio, para obtener el valor de anisotropía fraccional y el valor de ADC de las
moléculas de agua presentes en los cardiomiocitos que forman la fibra muscular. La FA describe el
grado de difusión de las moléculas de agua en un tejido [5]. Un valor de 0 significa que la difusión es
isotrópica (no está restringida), un valor de 1 significa que la difusión se produce en un solo eje
(restringida en otras direcciones), por otra parte un valor escalar de ADC entre cero y uno describe la
restricción espacial de las moléculas de agua por los tejidos musculares del corazón, un valor de 0
significa que el movimiento de las moléculas de agua está restringido por la microestructura del tejido,
mientras que un valor de uno, significa que las moléculas de agua no se encuentran restringidas en su
movimiento espacial. De los ROI medidos en la pared exterior del ventrículo derecho de los tres
corazones obtuvimos respectivamente los siguientes valores: 0.396507±0.1781, 0.402071±0.2623,
0.378987±0.0788. Por otra parte, para los ROI medidos en la pared exterior del ventrículo izquierdo se
obtuvieron respectivamente: 0.319209±0.1344, 0.296134±0.1467, 0.297482±0.0687. En los
experimentos realizados, se trabajó con corazones de cerdo sanos, los valores encontrados se
compararon con los valores reportados en la literatura, sin embargo, también se encuentran reportados
los valores para corazones que sufrieron de alguna patología como es el caso de corazones infartados, lo
que nos permite contrastar los datos de FA y ADC para un corazón sano y un corazón que sufrió un
infarto, esto nos permite tener un protocolo para la detecc ión del desarrollo de alguna patología en un
corazón sano.
[1]. OM S. (2018). https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death.

[2] Kolecki, J. (2002). https://grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/Numbers/M ath/documents/Tensors_TM 02002
211716.pdf
[3] Edelman R & Gaa J (1994). M agn. Reson. M ed., 32: 423–428.
[4] E. M ark Haacke, Robert W. Brown. (1999). M R Imaging. Canada: Wiley -Liss
[5] Reese TG, Wedeen VJ. (1995). M agn. Reson. M ed.,34: 786–791.
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Estudio de las propiedades termoluminiscentes de Fluorita natural para

su uso en dosimetría de la radiación ionizante
Jadhiel Dan Tetlalmatzi Cruz,* & Juan Azorín Nieto
Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa

Ciudad de México, México.
*
Email: danjtc3@gmail.com
Resumen
Se estudiaron los parámetros cinéticos de la fluorita natural verde (CaF 2 ) para utilizar este
mineral como dosímetro de radiación, mediante termoluminiscencia (TL), que es uno de los
métodos más prácticos y económicos por sus ventajas frente a otros tipos de dosímetros.
Se utilizó un espécimen de roca de fluorita natural, que se encuentra comúnmente en la
región central de México. De esta roca se tomaron muestras con una masa de 24 ± 4 mg, las
cuales se sometieron a un tratamiento térmico a 500 °C durante una hora. Las lecturas se
realizaron con una velocidad de calentamiento de 5 °C/s hasta una temperatura máxima de
385 °C. Las muestras se expusieron a radiación gamma de una fuente de 137 Cs a dosis entre
0.2 a 1.4 cGy.
La curva de brillo obtenida para la fluorita muestra un pico bien definido alrededor de los
300 °C, el cual es apropiado para la dosimetría debido a su temperatura suficientemente alta
que minimiza el desvanecimiento a temperatura ambiente; y por otro lado, no es tan alta
como para acercarse al umbral de la incandescencia. Los parámetros cinéticos de este pico
se determinaron mediante el método de Chen, basado en la forma de la curva de brillo,
obteniendo una energía de activación de 1.4 eV. La respuesta TL de la fluorita en función
de la dosis fue lineal en el intervalo de 0.2 a 1.4 cGy.
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Indoor measurements of total alpha exposure

222
( Rn, 220Rn and their progeny) in Lima City, Peru
Patrizia Pereyra Anaya* , María Elena López,

Daniel Palacios Fernández, Cesar Guevara Pillaca
Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
*
Email: ppereyr@pucp.edu.pe
Abstract
Inhalation of radon (222 Rn), thoron (220 Rn) and its short-lived decay products accounts for more than
half of the effective dose from natural radiation sources [1]. Peru has begun long-term and large-
scale surveys using the LR-115 nuclear track detector in bare and enclosed modes. Here we report
results of measurements of total alpha exposure (TAE) indoors (radon + thoron + alpha progenies)
for two years. Bare LR-115 nuclear track detectors placed-on-walls were used for that purpose [2,3].
According to results, TAE values has not been found to vary significantly with seasonal changes,
but also with the age, the building materials of houses, the ventilation conditions and with specific
sites and geological materials. Moreover, TAE averages in dwellings have a mean of (83.6 ± 8.4)
Bq/m3 . Results are in the range of (11 ± 6) Bq.m-3 – (407 ± 34) Bq.m-3 . A map of indoor TAE was
obtained, showing the areas above and below the reference value adopted in Peru (200 Bq.m-3 ),
considering the gas radon as the main contributor to the induced track densities in detectors. TAE
values were above the radon reference level in only 2% of dwellings.
[1] Ramola, R., Prasad, M., Kandari, T., Pant, P., Bossew, P., Mishra, R., Tokonami, S. (2016).
Scientific Reports. 6, 31061.
[2] Shikha,D., Singh,T.P., Pal, M. (2019). AIP Conference Proceedings 2142, 120011.
[3] Singh, P., Singh, S., Sahoo, B., Sapra, B., Bajwa, B. (2015). J. Radiat. Res. 8, 226-233.
Keywords: Radon; Thoron; Progeny; Total Alpha Exposure; LR-115 track detector; Lima.
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Estimation of CR-39 response to isotopic neutron source

for neutron dosimetry applications
Bertin A. Pérez Ancaya*, Bedher O. Vega-Cabrera, Patrizia E. Pereyra Anaya,
María E. López Herrera, Daniel F. Palacios Fernandez

Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel 15088, Perú
*Email: bertin.perez@pucp.edu.pe
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear track detectors, such as CR-39 (poly allyl glycol carbonate), were used
for neutron dosimetry. The detector overlaid with SN1 converter film (natural boron +
PET) may register alpha particles due to reactions. A simulation program has been
developed in order to estimate the detector response to a volumetric 241 Am-Be neutron
source. The program uses MCNP6 code to calculate the reactions rates (reactions.cm-3 .s-1 )
in the natural boron film. The data output from MCNP6 were manipulated in a subroutine
written in Python as a 5x5x10 volumetric array in the natural boron film. Based on Monte
Carlo methods, the subroutine determines which alpha particles produced in the tablet
generate visible tracks on the detector. The experimental and simulated results of spatial
and area distributions of visible tracks on the detector are shown and compared. Different V
functions were used in simulations.
[1] Nikezic, D. & Yu, K. (2004). Formation and growth of tracks in nuclear track materials.
Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 46: 51–123.
[2] Zaki-Dizaji, H., Shahriari, M., & Etaati, G. R. (2007). Monte Carlo calculation of CR-39
efficiency for fast neutron detection using a combination of MCNP and SRIM codes, and
comparison with experimental results. Radiation measurements 42: 1332-1334.
[3] Ziegler, J.F., Ziegler, M.D., Biersack, J.P. (2010). SRIM–The stopping and range of ions in
matter (2010). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 268: 1818–1823.
Keywords: CR-39, thermal neutron, fast neutron, nuclear reactions, isotopic neutron
sources, neutron dosimetry.
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Estación Meteorológica IoT
Juan Vargas-Saldivar1,* , Víctor Hernández-Dávila1,2 , Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo1 ,

Manuel Ortiz-López2 , Ángel García-Duran1 , Litzia Dominguez-Fraire1
1
Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
2
Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, España
*
Email: juan.car1995@hotmail.com
Resumen
Una estación meteorológica es el sistema en donde se realizan mediciones y observaciones
puntuales de los diferentes parámetros meteorológicos, utilizando los instrumentos
adecuados para así poder establecer el comportamiento atmosférico. La medición fiable de
las variables meteorológicas, tiene un impacto significativo en la calidad y control de la
información de los datos a ser analizados [1]. De los diferentes tipos de estaciones
meteorológicas la nuestra se construye usando tecnología IoT [2] y con diferentes tipos de
variables a medir; Temperatura del aire, Presión atmosférica, Humedad relativa, Dirección
y Velocidad de viento, Pluviómetro, CO2 en aire, Radiación solar total, índice UV y
Radiación g y X, no muy común en las estaciones meteorológicas. Para el envío de datos,
se decidió utilizar el módulo Wi-Fi ESP 8266 y empleando My App Inventor; que es un
entorno de desarrollo para creación de aplicaciones para sistema operativo Android en telefonía
móvil. Además, en un entorno de MATLAB se usa ThingSpeak, que es un servicio de
plataforma de análisis de IoT, que le permite agregar, visualizar y analizar flujos de datos
en vivo en la nube. De esta manera, cualquier usuario podrá acceder a los datos que se han
recolectado desde cualquier parte del mundo.
[1] WMO No. 8, Edition 7 (2008)

[2] K. Ashton, RFID Journal (2009).
Palabras clave: Meteorología; X-and gamma-rays; IoT.
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Síntesis de fósforos de TiO2 y TiO2:Eu para su potencial aplicación en

dosimetría termoluminiscente de dosis alta
Guadalupe Aidé Bustamante Lopez1,* , Catalina Cruz Vázquez1
Rodolfo Bernal Hernández2 , Víctor M. Castaño3
1
Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales
Sonora, México.
2
Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigación en Física,
Sonora, México.
3
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Departamento de Ingeniería Molecular de Materiales
Ciudad de México, México.
*
E-mail: aidebl@gimmunison.com
Resumen
Durante los últimos años, se ha incrementado el interés en las propiedades

termoluminiscentes de TiO 2 , y su potencial aplicación como dosímetro de radiación
ionizante [1]. Los estudios anteriores han sido llevados a cabo sobre muestras de TiO 2
sintetizado principalmente por el método de sol gel [2]. En este trabajo se presentan los
resultados de la caracterización termoluminiscente de TiO 2 y TiO 2 :Eu sintetizados por un
método químico de precipitación, al ser irradiados con partículas beta. Las pastillas de TiO 2
fueron tratadas térmicamente a 500 y 900 °C por 24 horas, mientras que las muestras de
TiO2 :Eu se trataron a 900 °C por 24 horas y después se les dio un segundo tratamiento a
900 °C por 12 horas. Las muestras sinterizadas fueron expuestas a una dosis de radiación
beta de 500 Gy, a una razón de calentamiento de 5 °C/s. Las curvas de brillo del TiO 2
tratado a 500 °C por 24 horas muestran tres máximos termoluminiscentes localizados a
130, 200 y 315 °C y un hombro a 250 °C aproximadamente, en cambio, el TiO 2 con
tratamiento de 900 °C por 24 horas no presentó respuesta termoluminiscente. El TiO 2 :Eu
presentó un máximo a 135 °C, comprobándose la presencia de Eu en la red de TiO 2 por la
aparición de sus picos característicos de emisión fotoluminiscente a 592 y 614 nm. Los
resultados preliminares indican que el TiO 2 y TiO 2 :Eu sintetizados en este trabajo son
materiales promisorios para el desarrollo de dosímetros de radiación de altas dosis.
[1] Azorín-Vega, J. C., Azorín-Nieto, J., García-Hipólito, M., & Rivera-Montalvo, T. (2007).
Thermoluminescence properties of TiO2 nanopowder. Radiation Measurements 42: 613-616.
[2] Mendoza Anaya, D., Salas, P., Angeles Chávez, C., Pérez Hernández, R., & Castaño, V. M. (2004).
Caracterización microestructural y morfología de TiO 2 para aplicaciones termoluminiscentes.
Revista Mexicana de Física 50 (Suplemento 1): 12–16.
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Thermal annealing effect on the thermoluminescence of ZnO:Na
R. Avilés-Monreal1* , C. Cruz-Vázquez2 , R. Bernal1

1
Apartado Postal 5-088, Hermosillo, Sonora 83190. México.
2
*Email: raulaviles@gimmunison.com
Abstract
ZnO is a semiconductor material with a band gap of 3.37 eV. It exhibits an excellent
resistance to radiation in addition it is inert and stable to environmental conditions, also it is
not toxic and is insoluble in water. It is known that their optical properties are modified by
doping. Thermoluminescence (TL) is the thermally stimulated emission of light following
the previous absorption of energy from radiation [1,2]. In this work, we report results
concerning the effect of different thermal annealing treatments on the thermoluminescence
(TL) features of Na doped ZnO phosphors [3,4]. The characterized samples were synthesized
by a chemical precipitation method and then sintered at 700, 800, 900 °C and 1000 °C for
24, 48 or 72 h. The best reusability into successive irradiation-TL readout cycles were
observed for the samples annealed at 900 °C for 48 h. The characteristic glow curves show
three maxima located at ~ 135 °C, ~ 235 °C and ~ 295 °C after exposure to beta particle
irradiation in the dose range from 0.5 to 1,024 Gy. The integrated TL increases by
increasing the irradiation dose with no saturation clouds. From the experimental results
here reported, we conclude that the synthesized ZnO:Na phosphors are promising to
develop new high performance TL dosimeters and suitable thermal annealing procedures
can be used to improve the TL properties.
[1] Park, H. (2002). Physical Review B, 66: 073202-1-073202-3.

[2] Özgür, Ü. (2005). J. Appl. Phys. 98: 12-15.
[3] Huang, G. (2009). Phys. Condens. Matter. 21: 345802.
[4] Yang, X. P. (2012). J. Appl. Phys. 112: 113510.
Keywords: Thermoluminescence; ZnO; dosimetry.
91
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Preliminary three-dimensional quality assurance with polymer gel
dosimetry for stereotactic radiosurgery
Facundo Mattea1,2,3* , David Chacón3,4 , José Vedelago3,5 , Mauro Valente3,6,7

1
Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
2
Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA) - CONICET, Córdoba,
Argentina.
3
Laboratorio de Investigación e Instrumentación en Física Aplicada a la M edicina e Imágenes por Rayos X (LIIFAM IR x) -
FAM AF - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
4
Departamento de Física - Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
5
Division of M edical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany.
6
7
Centro de Física e Ingeniería en M edicina (CFIM ) y Depto. de Ciencias Físicas – Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco,
Chile.
*
Email: fmattea@unc.edu.ar
Abstract
Polymer gel dosimeters represent one of the most promising devices for the assessment of clinical
radiotherapy treatments[1,2]. Modern techniques like stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or
stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) can deliver high dose gradients and great accuracy in complex
geometries, therefore achieving shorter treatments plans, and ensuring the protection of surrounding
healthy tissue. Nevertheless, dose verification and quality assurance of these complex treatments
demand inherent three-dimensional methods, with high spatial resolution, and tissue-equivalence. In
this study polymer gel dosimetry systems based on acrylamide and N N’ methylenebisacrylamide
in a gelatin matrix crosslinked with glutaraldehyde were used for SRS verification involving doses
between 5 and 20 Gy, attaining 5 targets, as planning treatment volumes (PTV) with diameters
lower than 1 cm. The main objective using this polymer gel dosimeter is to provide a stable dose
distribution by minimizing the polymerization on the high gradient dose regions after the
irradiation, which generates an overdose readout. With that in mind, the mobility of the chemical
species involved in the polymerization reaction was affected by increasing the crosslinking degree
in the gelatin matrix. Results comparing the dose profiles crossing the PTVs indicate that the
overestimation of the dose in the boundary regions can be reduced and eliminated by the proposed
approach regardless of the dose values within a dose range of 5 Gy to 20 Gy.
[1] C. Baldock, Y. De Deene, S. Doran, G. Ibbott, A. Jirasek, M. Lepage, K.B. McAu ley, M. Oldham,
L.J. Schreiner, Polymer gel dosimetry., Phys. Med. Biol. 55 (2010) R1-63. doi:10.1088/0031-
9155/55/5/R01.
[2] B. Farhood, G. Geraily, S.M.M. Abtahi, A systematic review of clinical applications of polymer gel
dosimeters in radiotherapy, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 143 (2019) 47–59. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.08.018.
Keywords: Polymer Gel dosimetry; SRS; glutaraldehyde .
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Sub kGy photon irradiation alterations in carbon rich media
David Bradley
Centre for Biomedical Physics, Sunway University, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guidlford GU2 7XH, UK.
Abstract
Present work builds on previous investigation exploring the use of polymer pencil-lead
graphite (PPLG) as a novel material for passive radiation dosimetry, encompassing photon-
mediated doses from sub Gy up to 0.2 kGy. Study focuses on strutural alterations,
investigating the luminescence characteristics of PPLG of different diameters, also human
hair and thin graphite sheets. Evaluation has been made of trapping parameters using the
Peak shape method to estimate the order of kinetics, activation energy and frequency factor.
Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were
also carried out, focusing on atomic spacing, the lattice constant and degree of structural
order of the samles when exposed to gamma- and x-ray radiation, supported by bandgap
and crystallite size evaluations. The results are self-consistent and evident of structural
alterations, recovery also being seen to arise as a result of radiation-driven thermal
annealing. The behaviour infers complexity in seeking to use TL and other various
responses over a wide dynamic range of dose. The results, supportive of previous TL,
Raman and electrochemical studies, are readily understood to arise from irradiation changes
occurring at the microscopic level. The potential for applications, made more complex by
non-linearity, nevertheless also point to a capability of the various methods utilised herein
in sensitive detection of radiation damage. The work has been undertaken in a hitherto little
studied low dose low LET range, with potential for impact on performance and durability.
In so-doing, it has been demonstrated that systems are available that can provides a low-
cost but nonetheless highly effective method for studies of radiation-driven changes in
carbon.
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Probable Radon and Geogenic neutron correlation
L. Sajo-Bohus1/* , H.R. Vega-Carrillo2 , T. Viloria-Ávila3 ,
D. Palacios5 & S.A. Martinez-Ovalle4
1
Universidad Simón Bolívar, Nuclear Laboratory, 1080 A, Caracas, Venezuela.
2
Unidad Academica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas
C. Cipres 10, Fracc. La Peñuela, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac. México.
3
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Cuenca, Ecuador.
4
Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia 150008, Tunja, Colombia.
*
Email: lsajo@usb.ve
Abstract
Ambient neutrons are produced as secondary particles induced by nuclear reactions mostly
between GCR rays and the atmospheric elements; near the earth surface are accompanied
by neutrons of terrestrial origin or geo-neutrons. These are related phenomenologies such
as: i.- spontaneous fission (uranium isotopes), ii.- induced fission (by ambient neutrons and
muons), iii.- (, n) induced nuclear reaction with soil chemical elements, iv.- thunderstorms
photonuclear reactions produced in the atmosphere. Radioactivity concentration shows a
large variation in the human environment that changes with time either due to natural or
anthropogenic activities. In this case we often refer to Normally Occurring Radioactive
Matter (NORM) accumulation that may form geo-anomalies deposits. Consequently a
correlation between the alpha emitter radioisotopes e.g. radon and progeny, are expected.
Radioisotopes that decay by energetic -particles (natural radioactive families contain more
than 30) may induce neutrons by (, n) reaction such as given by radioisotopic source e.g.
Ra, Rn. Surficial neutrons wide-energy range (10-3 -1014 eV) reaches a flux of around
23×10−6 n.cm−2 .s−1 asl, however the latter increases exponentially with altitude,
geographical location due to earth magnetic field anisotropy and geo-physical
characteristics. One meter below the surface, cosmic-ray related neutrons are negligible
flux (excluding muons) while those originated by muons and by NORM-(, n) reactions
could become important. Alpha-particles with energies from 4 to 9 MeV have short range
in soil (50-100 μm) being adequate to accomplish neutron producing reaction. The reaction
rate is in the range of one neutron per million of α-particles, nevertheless our measurements
indicate that natural conditions exists at hot-spots classified areas where a non-negligible
impact on human health should be considered. Neutrons affect our body metabolism even
in the case of weak thermal neutron fluxes. Ambient neutron where NORM concentration
may reach value above 200 kBq.m-3 (geological anomalies such as those reported e.g. in
Tunja Colombia, Peña Blanca Mexico or Las Trincheras Venezuela) could reach intensities
that may pose a health risk. The expected additional geogenic neutron component at hot-
spots, is determined by MC-simulation applied to selected sites where NORM
concentration was measured by nuclear track methodology (NTM) and by active portable
monitor (Markus-10).
Palabras clave: Radon, hot spot, geogenic neutrons, NORM.
94
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Mexican Society of Irradiation and Dosimetry
2020
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I SSSD 2 0 2 0

Mexican Society of Irradiation and Dosimetry

Lydia Paredes Gutiérrez

Consuelo Letechipía de León

Erika P Azorín Vega

Pedro R. González Martínez

Teodoro Rivera Montalvo

Victor M. Hernandez Davila,

Miguel A. Salas Luevano

Arturo A. Ortiz Hernandez

Juan Azorín Nieto

Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo

Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo

Marco Aurelio de Sousa Lacerda (Brazil), Segundo A Martínez Ovalle (Colombia)

Mercedes Díaz Lagos (Colombia), Tony Jesús Viloria Ávila (Ecuador)

Ahmed El-Khayatt (Egypt), Vishwananth P Singh (India), Rahim Khabaz (Iran)

Nima Ghal-Eh (Iran), David Bradley (Malaysia/UK)

Lydia Paredes Gutierrez (Mexico), Catalina Cruz Vázquez (Mexico)

Consuelo Letechipía de León (Mexico), Tzinnia G. Soto Bernal (Mexico)

Miguel Ángel Vallejo (Mexico), Diego Medina Castro (Mexico)

Teodoro Rivera (Mexico), Blanca G. Pulido (Mexico), Pablo V. Cerón (Mexico),

Miguel A. Salas-Luevano (Mexico), Rodolfo Bernal (Mexico)

Victor M. Hernández Dávila (Mexico), Arturo A. Ortiz Hernandez (Mexico)

Eduardo Gallego (Spain), Roberto Méndez (Spain), Alfredo Lorente (Spain)

Richard Hugtenburg (UK), Nolan E. Hertel (USA), Laszlo Sajo-Bohus (Venezuela)

G10_02 MATTEA, F. et al., Preliminary three-dimensional quality assurance with 92

Characterizing the coaxial HPGe detector using Monte Carlo simulations

A standard procedure for characterizing the high-purity germanium detector (HPGe),

Determination of thermoluminescence kinetic parameters in polymer

This study performed thermoluminescence (TL) measurements of polymer pencil lead

Keywords: Thermoluminescence; kinetic parameters; activation energy; three-point

Intensity and neutron spectrum of the 13C( ,n)16O reaction in the

Gennady N. Vlaskin1 , Sergey V. Bedenko2* and Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo3

[1] Harissopulos, S. et al. (2005). Phys. Rev. C 72: 062801(R)

Keywords: Nedis-2m; ( ,n)- reaction; KamLAND.

Mapping of PET/CT protocols used in Brazil

Una intercomparación de datos de radón en interiores utilizando SSNTDs

Julio Montoya1,* , Guillermo Espinosa2 & José Golzarri2

[1] Espinosa, G. (2013). Radiation Measurements. 50, 112-115.

Palabras Clave: Radón en interiores; Detectores activos; CR-39; Intercomparación.

Benchmarking FLUKA and PENELOPE main codes for characterizing

External radiotherapy is based on megavoltage electron or photon beams produced by

[1] Battistoni, G. et al. (2016). Front. Oncol., 11 May.

Keywords: Image guided radiotherapy; Magnetic fields; Monte Carlo simulation.

Respuesta termoluminiscente del cuarzo natural

El fenómeno de termoluminiscencia solo se presenta en materiales con características de

[1] Bos, A.J.J. (2006). Radiation Measurements. 41: S45-S56.

Keywords: Cuarzo, Termoluminiscencia, dosimetría.

Espectros de rayos X y factores  para tubos de rayos X

Gamma ray-induced defect formation in modified Fluoroplastics

Olesya A. Ukrainets1 *, Sergey V. Bedenko1

Keywords: Modified fluoroplastics; Gamma-rays; Fluoroplastic-4MBK.

Borosilicate glass slide as thermoluminescence dosimeter

A.A.Z. Ahmad Nazeri1 , S.F. Abdul Sani1* , N.M. Ung2

Keywords: Brachytherapy; Dosimetry, Microscope glass slide; Thermoluminescence

Dosimetría y espectrometría computacional de la

Palabras clave: Dosis, Espectro de rayos X, Radiación dispersa, Radiación de fuga,

Linear energy transfer characterization of five Gel dosimeter

Keywords: Gel dosimetry; Linear Energy Transfer; Monte Carlo simulation.

Producción de rayos gamma en tres

Palabras clave: Monte Carlo, Gamma rays, NaI(Tl), Isotopic source.

Gadolinium dose enhancement determination by unlaminated EBT3 films

[1] antib ez M. et al. (2019). Appl. Radiat. Isot. 154, 108857