POSITONAL PROTECTION OF

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING

GPS

BY

K.M.N SUDHEER S.SATISHWAR RAJU

3/4 B.TECH E.E.E 3/4 B.TECH E.E.E
sudheer.868@gmail.com satish.61189@gmail.com
Contact no.9885855170 Contact no.8801737875

R.V.R &J. C. College of Engineering

GUNTUR-522019
 communications, and software systems can be
ABSTRACT
designed. Technology is available which can
help determine fault location to within a
This is a new technique for the
transmission span of 300 meters. Reliable self
protection of transmission systems by using
monitoring hardware can be configured for
the global positioning system (GPS) and fault
installation sites with varying geographic and
generated transients. In this scheme the relay
environmental conditions. Communications
contains a fault transient detection system
systems can retrieve fault location
together with a communication unit, which is
information from substations and quickly
connected to the power line through the high
provide that information to system operators.
voltage coupling capacitors of the CVT.
Other communication systems, such as
Relays are installed at each bus bar in a
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
transmission network. These detect the fault
(SCADA), operate fault sectionalizing circuit
generated high frequency voltage transient
breakers and switches remotely and provide a
signals and record the time instant
means of fast restoration. Data from SCADA,
corresponding to when the initial traveling
such as sequence of events, relays, and
wave generated by the fault arrives at the bus
oscillographs, can be used for fault location
bar. At each substation relay determine the
selection and verification. Software in a
location of the fault by comparing the GPS
central computer can collect fault information
time stay measured locally with those
and reduce operator response time by
received from the adjacent substations.
providing only the concise information
INTRODUCTION required for field personnel communications.
Fault location systems usually determine
Accurate location of faults on power
“distance to fault” from a transmission line
transmission systems can save time and
end. Field personnel can use this data to find
resources for the electric utility industry. Line
fault locations from transmission line maps
searches for faults are costly and can be
and drawings. Some utilities have automated
inconclusive. Accurate information needs to
this process by placing the information in a
be acquired quickly in a form most useful to
fault location Geographical Information
the power system operator communicating to
System (GIS) computer. Since adding
field personnel.
transmission line data to the computer can be
To achieve this accuracy, a complete system a large effort, some utilities have further
of fault location technology, hardware, shortened the process by utilizing a
transmission structures location database.
Several utilities have recently created these
databases for transmission inventory using
GPS location technology and handheld
computers.
The inventory database probably contains
more information than needed for a fault
location system, and a reduced version would
save the large data-collection effort. Using
this data, the power system operator could
provide field personnel direct location
information.
Field personnel could use online information
to help them avoid spending valuable time
looking for maps and drawings and possibly
even reduce their travel time. With precise
information available, crews can prepare for
the geography, climatic conditions, and
means of transport to the faulted location.
Repair time and resources would be
optimized by the collected data before
departure. Accurate fault location can also aid
in fast restoration of power, particularly on
transmission lines with distributed loads.
Power system operators can identify and
isolate faulted sections on tap loaded lines
and remove them by opening circuit breakers
or switches remotely along the line, restoring
power to the tap loads serviced by the
unfaulted transmission sections.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Electric power transmission, a process in the
delivery of electricity to consumers, is the
bulk transfer of electrical power. Typically,
power transmission is between the power
plant and a substation near a populated area.
Electricity distribution is the delivery from
the substation to the consumers. Electric
power transmission allows distant energy
sources (such as hydroelectric power plants)
to be connected to consumers in population
centers, and may allow exploitation of low-
grade fuel resources that would otherwise be
too costly to transport to generating facilities.
Due to the large amount of power involved,
transmission normally takes place at high
voltage (110 kV or above). Electricity is
usually transmitted over long distance
through overhead power transmission lines.
Underground power transmission is used only
in densely populated areas due to its high cost
of installation and maintenance, and because
the high reactive power produces large
charging currents and difficulties in voltage
management. A power transmission system is
sometimes referred to colloquially as a "grid";
however, for reasons of economy, the obtained. Fault location can then be obtained
network is not a mathematical grid. by multiplying the wave velocity by the time
Redundant paths and lines are provided so difference in line ends. This collection and
that power can be routed from any power calculation of time data is usually done at a
plant to any load center, through a variety of master station. Master station information
routes, based on the economics of the polling time should be fast enough for system
transmission path and the cost of power. operator needs.
Much analysis is done by transmission
BENEFITS OF TRAVELING WAVE
companies to determine the maximum
reliable capacity of each line, which, due to FAULT LOCATION
system stability considerations, may be less
Early fault locators used pulsed radar.
than the physical or thermal limit of the line.
This technique uses reflected radar energy to
determine the fault location. Radar equipment
WHAT IS TRAVELING WAVE FAULT
LOCATION? is typically mobile or located at substations
and requires manual operation. This
Faults on the power transmission system
technique is popular for location of
cause transients that propagate along the
permanent faults on cable sections when the
transmission line as waves. Each wave is a
cable is de-energized. Impedance-based fault
composite of frequencies, ranging from a few
locators are a popular means of transmission
kilohertz to several megahertz, having a fast
line fault locating. They provide algorithm
rising front and a slower decaying tail.
advances that correct for fault resistance and
Composite waves have a propagation velocity
load current inaccuracies. Line length
and characteristic impedance and travel near
accuracies of ±5% are typical for single-
the speed of light away from the fault location
ended locators and 1-2% for two-ended
toward line ends. They continue to travel
locator systems. Traveling wave fault locators
throughout the power system until they
are becoming popular where higher accuracy
diminish due to impedance and reflection
is important. Long lines, difficult accessibility
waves and new power system equilibrium is
lines, high voltage direct current (HVDC),
reached. The location of faults is
and series-compensated lines are popular
accomplished by precisely time-tagging wave
applications. Accuracies of <300 meters have
fronts as they cross a known point typically in
been achieved on 500 kV transmission lines
substations at line ends. With wave’s time
with this technique. Hewlett-Packard has
tagged to sub microsecond resolution of 30
developed a GPS-based sub microsecond
m, fault location accuracy of 300 m can be
timing system that has proven reliable in
several utility traveling wave projects. This
low-cost system can also be used as the
substation master clock.

POSSIBLE CAUSES OF FAULT

WHAT IS GPS?

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a

satellite-based navigation system made up of
a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit.
GPS was originally intended for military
applications, but in the 1980s, the government
made the system available for civilian use.
GPS works in any weather conditions,
anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. GPS
Technology allows precise determination of
location, velocity, direction, and time. GPS
are space-based radio positioning systems
that provide time and three-dimensional
position and velocity information to suitably
equipped users anywhere on or near the
surface of the earth (and sometimes off the
earth). Concept of satellite navigation was
first conceived after the launch of Sputnik 1
in 1957 when scientists realized that by
measuring the frequency shifts in the small
bleeps emanating from this first space vehicle
it was possible to locate a point on the earth's
surface. The NAVSTAR system, operated by
the US Department of Defense, is the first
such system widely available to civilian
users. The Russian system, GLONASS, is
similar in operation and may prove
complimentary to the NAVSTAR system.
Current GPS systems enable users to
determine their three dimensional differential
position, velocity and time. By combining
GPS with current and future computer
mapping techniques, we will be better able to
identify and manage our natural resources.
Intelligent vehicle location and navigation
systems will let us avoid congested freeways
and more efficient routes to our destinations,
saving millions of dollars in gasoline and tons
of air pollution. Travel aboard ships and
aircraft will be safer in all weather conditions.
Businesses with large amounts of outside
plant (railroads, utilities) will be able to
manage their resources more efficiently,
reducing consumer costs.
HOW IT WORKS?
GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a
very precise orbit and transmit signal
information to earth. GPS receivers take this
information and use triangulation to calculate
the user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS
receiver compares the time a signal was
transmitted by a satellite with the time it was
received. The time difference tells the GPS
receiver how far away the satellite is. Now,
with distance measurements from a few more
satellites, the receiver can determine the
user's position and display it on the unit's
electronic map. By knowing the distance
from another satellite, the possible positions
of the location are narrowed down to two
points (Two intersecting circles have two
points in common). A GPS receiver must be
locked on to the signal of at least three
satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude
and longitude) and track movement. With
four or more satellites in view, the receiver
can determine the user's 3D position (latitude,
longitude and altitude). Once the user's
position has been determined, the GPS unit
can calculate other information, such as
speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to
destination, sunrise and sunset time and more.
Accurate 3-D measurements require four
satellites. To achieve 3-D real time
measurements, the receivers need at least four
channels.
THE GPS SATELLITE SYSTEM
The 24 satellites that make up the GPS space
segment are orbiting the earth about 12,000
miles above us. They are constantly moving,
making two complete orbits in less than 24
hours. These satellites are traveling at speeds
of roughly 7,000 miles an hour. GPS satellites
are powered by solar energy. They have
backup batteries onboard to keep them
running in the event of a solar eclipse, when
there's no solar power. Small rocket boosters
on each satellite keep them flying in the
correct path. 1994. Each satellite is built to
last about 10 years. Replacements are
constantly being built and launched into orbit.
The GPS system has 3 major segments:
space, control and user.The Space Segment
consists of a constellation of 24 satellites
orbiting the earth at an altitude of 20,000
kms. These satellites act as reference points
from which receivers on the ground
determine their position. GPS satellites
transmit radio signals that will pass through
clouds, glass and plastic .The Control
Segment consists of 5 stations here on earth
which track the satellites.The User Segment
consists of antennas and receiver-processors.
DISTORTION AND ATTENUATION
OF TRAVELING WAVES
The accuracy of fault location depends on
the ability to accurately time tagging the
arrival of the traveling wave at each line
terminal. The traveling wave once generated
is subject to attenuation and distortion as it
propagates along the transmission line.
Attenuation occurs due to resistive and
radiated losses. Distortion of the waveform
occurs due to a variety of factors including
bandwidth limitations of the transmission
line, dispersion from different propagation
constants of phase-to-phase and phase-to-
ground components, etc. These effects
combine to degrade the quality of the
"leading edge" of he traveling wave at large
distances from the fault inception point. The
accuracy of time tagging the traveling wave
diminishes for the substations far away from
the fault. Experience with the evaluation
system has shown that the traveling wave is
relatively "undistorted" for distances less than
350 km. To effectively reduce the effects of
attenuation and distortion requires traveling
wave detector installations spaced at regular
intervals. For B.C. Hydro, this translates to
installing fault location equipment at fourteen
out of nineteen 500 kV substations.
WHAT’S THE SIGNAL?
GPS satellites transmit two low power radio
signals, designated L1 and L2. Civilian GPS
uses the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the
UHF band. The signals travel by line of sight,
meaning they will pass through clouds, glass
and plastic but will not go through most solid
objects such as buildings and mountains.
HOW ACCURATE IS GPS?
• Today's GPS receivers are extremely
accurate, thanks to their parallel multi-
channel design. 12 parallel channel
receivers are quick to lock onto
satellites when first turned on and they
maintain strong locks, even in dense
foliage or urban settings with tall
buildings. Certain atmospheric factors available for real-time differential
and other sources of error can affect correction.
the accuracy of GPS receivers. GPS
SOURCES OF GPS SIGNAL ERRORS
receivers are accurate to within 15
meters on average. Users also get
Factors that can degrade the GPS
better accuracy with Differential GPS
signal and thus affect accuracy include the
(DGPS), which corrects GPS signals
following: Ionosphere and troposphere delays
to within an average of three to five
— The satellite signal slows as it passes
meters. The U.S. Coast Guard
through the atmosphere. The GPS system
operates the most common DGPS
uses a built-in model that calculates an
correction service. This system
average amount of delay to partially correct
consists of a network of towers that
for this type of error. Signal multipath — this
receive GPS signals and transmit a
occurs when the GPS signal is reflected off
corrected signal by beacon
objects such as tall buildings or large rock
transmitters. In order to get the
surfaces before it reaches the receiver. This
corrected signal, users must have a
increases the travel time of the signal, thereby
differential beacon receiver and
causing errors. Receiver clock errors — A
beacon antenna in addition to their
receiver's built-in clock is not as accurate as
GPS. There are two differential
atomic clocks onboard the GPS satellites.
correction methods: postprocessing
and real-time.When the satellite
signals reaches a base station, the
APPLICATION OF GPS ON
base station recognizes the difference
POWER SYSTEM AND RELAY DESIGN
between its accurate surveyed position
and the error position sent by the
When a fault occurs on any part of the
satellites. The correction is either
transmission network, high frequency signals
saved to a hard disk for
are generated at the fault point and travel
postprocessing or communicated real-
outwards from that point along the network
time to the GPS receiver. Real-time is
conductors. In time, they will reach the
valuable for navigation. Post-
monitored busbars and be detected by the
processing is more accurate. There are
relays connected to them. Each relay records
over 200 Trimble base stations world-
the arrival instant(GPS time) of the initial
wide for post-processing. Navigation
signal generated by the fault. The relays then
beacons and satellite systems are
code this time information with details of
their identification and transmit this to
neighboring relays. All relays are
continuously ready to receive the coded
messages sent by other devices. Data
protocols are used to avoid conflict between
information sent by different devices along
the same line. Following an event, the relays
compare the fault transient arrival time
recorded at its site with those sent by the
other relays. From this they determine The transient detector is responsible for
whether or not the fault is within its protected detecting the fault generated fast transient
zone. If appropriate, tripping instructions are signals and recording the time tag obtained
then sent to the relevant local circuit breakers. from the GPS clock. The transmitter circuit
The actual location where the fault occurs can sends this time tag corresponding to the
be clearly identified at each relay location by instant when the transient is captured, to the
this method. receivers of the other relays installed involved
in the network protection scheme Unlike
The transient detector unit is connected to the conventional protection scheme, where each
line using the three phase CVTs. These are relay is dedicated to the protection of one line
able to detect the fault generated high section and only associates with one circuit
frequency voltage signals. The breaker on that line section, the proposed
communication unit, containing a transmitter relaying scheme will be responsible for
and a receiver circuits, also uses the CVTs protection of several lines connected to the
together with a hybrid unit to separate the busbar where it is installed.
transmitted and received communications
signals.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, the technique offers a network

protection scheme rather than one which
concentrates on specific units of plant. This
provides several technical advantages and
potentially economic advantages over
conventional relaying.

Thus the use of GPS in protection of

transmission systems is beneficial with
respect to

Value regarding programmatic goals: more

reliable monitoring using GPS related
technologies.

Technical merit: new fault location

algorithm based on new input data.

REFERENCES

www.howstuffworks.com

www.wikipedia.com

IEEE journal