TOPIC-I

FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Introduction to topic :

Weightage for university exam: 04 Marks

No. of lectures required to teach: 03 hrs + 02 hrs (tut)

Definition:
An equation which involves differentials or differential coefficients is called
a differential equation.
d2y
Thus, y 0 is a differential equation.
dx 2

Classification of differential equation:

Differential equations can be classified in two classes

(1) Ordinary Differential Equations.(involves ordinary derivatives)
(2) Partial Differential Equations. (involves partial derivatives)

The Order and Degree of a Differential equation:

The Order of a Differential Equation is the order of the highest derivative

that appears in the Differential Equations.

The Degree of a Differential Equation is the Degree of the highest

derivative when the derivatives are free from radicals and fractions.

For e.g.

Equation Order Degree

2
d y
y 0 02 01
dx 2
dy sin x dx 01 01
z z
1 01 01
x y

Solution of a Differential Equation:

A solution or integral of a differential equation is a relation between the variables,
that is free from derivatives and it satisfies the differential equations.
d2y
For e.g. y = m x + c is a solution of 2 0 .
dx
General and particular solution:
The solution which contains a number of arbitrary constants equal to the order of
the differential equation is called the general solution or the complete integral.
d2y
y = A cosx + B sinx is a general solution of y 0.
dx 2

Lecture notes by Mr. Zalak Patel -1-

Lecturer, IITE
 Formation of a differential equation:

To form a differential equation from a given relationship of variables we

will eliminate arbitrary constants using derivatives of functions.

Solution of differential equation s of the first order and first degree:

Differential equations of the first order can be solved only if they can be
reduced to one of the following types
(1) Equations in which variables are separable
(2) Homogeneous equations
(3) Linear Equations
(4) Exact Equations

Variable Separable Method:

If a differential equation of the first order and first degree can be

converted in the form
f1 ( x)dx f 2 ( y )dy 0 . then it is called variable separable equation .
And its general solution is f1 ( x)dx f 2 ( y )dy c . C is arbitrary constant.
dy
Further if f (ax by c) can be reduced to form in which variables are
dx
separable by assuming ax + by+ c = v .

Homogeneous Equation:

dy f1 ( x, y )
An equation which can be converted in the form is
dx f 2 ( x, y )
called homogeneous equation if f1 ( x, y ) & f 2 ( x, y ) are homogeneous functions.
dy dv
To solve this type equations assume y = vx and hence x v.
dx dx
Finally equation will be converted in to variable separable form.
dy ax by c
Further if can be reduced to homogeneous equation form.
dx dx ey f
By assuming x = X + k and y = Y + n and replacing k and n by that values which
can convert given equation in to homogeneous form.

Linear Differential Equation:

dy
A differential equation of the formPy Q
dx
Where P and Q are functions of x or constants. Above equation is called
Leibnitz s linear equation
Pdx Pdx
Solution of linear equation is x e Q(e ) dy c
Pdx
e is also called integrating factor.

Lecture notes by Mr. Zalak Patel -2-

Lecturer, IITE
 Bernoulli s Equation:
dy
An Equation of the form Py Q y n where n>1 and P and Q
dx
are functions of x or constants is called Bernoulli s Equation.To solve this type
equation assume y 1-n = v , equation will reduce to linear form.
dy
Also, An equation f ( y ) Pf ( y ) Q Where P and Q are functions of
dx
x or constants.
To solve this type equation assume f(y) = v , equation will reduce to linear form.

Clairaut s Equation:
An Equation of the form y px f ( p) is known as Clairaut s Equation.
The solution of the Clairaut s Equation can be obtained by replacing p by c.

Exact Differential Equation:

M N
An equaion M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0 is exact differential equation, if .
y x
To solve it we will apply following method:
(1) Integrate M with respect to x keeping y constant.
(2) Integrate only those terms of N with respect to y, which do not
contain x.
(3) Equate the sum of results obtained above in (1) & (2) to an
arbitrary constant. This sum is the solution.

Integrating factors:
Several times an equation M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy = 0 may not be
exact. But we can make it exact by multiplying it with suitable function
say F(x,y). then this function F(x,y) is called integrating factor.
Now we are going to find such kind functions in following few steps
The following differential should consider in priority to find
integral factors
xdy ydx y
(1) xdy ydx d xy 5 d log
xy x
xdy ydx x ydx xdy x
2 2
d 6 d log
x y xy y
ydx xdy y xdy ydx 1 y
3 2
d 7 d tan
y x x2 y2 x
xdy ydx xdy yd 1
4 d log xy 8 d log x 2 y2
xy x2 y2 2
xdy ydx 1 x y
9 d log
x2 y 2
2 x y

Lecture notes by Mr. Zalak Patel -3-

Lecturer, IITE
 Rules for finding integrating factor :

(1) If Mx +Ny 0 and the equation is homogeneous then

1
is an integrating factor.
Mx Ny

(2) If Mx - Ny 0 and the equation can be written in the form

1
f1 xy ydx f 2 xy xdy 0 then is an integrating factor.
Mx Ny

(3) For the equation M dx + N dy = 0

1 M N f ( x ) dx
If is a function of x alone, say f(x) then e
N y x

is an integrating factor.

(4) For the equation M dx +N dy = 0

1 N M g ( y ) dy
If is a function of y alone, say g(y) then e
M x y

is an integrating factor.

(5) If the equation M dx +N dy = 0 can be written as

x a y b (mydx nxdy ) x c y d ( pydx qxdy ) 0

Where a,b,c,d,m,n,p and q are all constants, then equation has

integrating factor xh yk where h &k are so chosen that after

multiplying the equation by xh yk the equation becomes exact.

Lecture notes by Mr. Zalak Patel -4-

Lecturer, IITE
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