MINDANAO STATE UNIVERISTY- Gensan

College of Agriculture
CRS002
PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

CROP PRODUCTION

A WRITTEN

REPORT FOR

UPLAND RICE PRODUCTION

Armilla, Ericha Lea L.

Bagarinao, Jezreel Joyce
Mang, Jael
Pagdato, Ella Mariel Q.
Salce, Joshua P.
Tacbil, Norain
Villanueva, Marneth Y.
BSABM 3rd Year
 MINDANAO STATE UNIVERISTY- Gensan
College of Agriculture
CRS002
PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

From the upland to the lowland the planet is running out of farm land. More and
more vulnerable upland areas and tropical rain forests are being used to support rural
poor as population grows and prime agricultural land is used for other purposes. Almost
100 million individuals now rely on upland rice as their everyday staple meal. The
producers of upland rice are among the poorest of the world's farmers. Many barely
grow enough to nourish their families. Although not always the major component or
upland farming systems, rice is the dominant and preferred staple food and the focal
point of Asian farmers' resource allocation decisions.
Upland rice is grown in rainfed fields that much like those for wheat or maize that are
prepared and planted under dry conditions. Because plants grow in well-drained soils
that are not flooded, the upland rice ecosystem varies from others. The field are not
bound in comparison with rainfed lowlands. Nearly two-thirds of all upland rice area is in
Asia. In South and Southeast Asia upland rice is grown on about 4million ha of level to
gently rolling slope land and on 2 million ha where slopes are greater than 31B.
The upland rice yield is 1.5 tons per hectare. In the Philippines, according to Philippine
Statistics of Authority (PSA), as of August 01, 2020 the probable palay production may
increase to 3.551 million metric tons of by 0.2 percent from the initial estimate of 3.545
million metric tons as of July 01, 2020. The updated July to September 2020 estimated
palay production indicates a possible uptrend of 16.4 percent, from previous year's
same period output of 3.051 million metric tons.

CULTURAL PRACTICES
This is according to IRRI production handbook:

Use cropping calendar

How to create cropping calendar:
 Determine the best date to plant.
 Determine the time the variety takes from planting to harvest (short duration,
100–120 days; medium duration, 120–140 days; long duration, 160 days or
more).
 Most varieties take 50–55 days from panicle initiation to harvest.
 Mark on the calendar the date of planting and when each other operation needs
to be done (plowing, weeding, fertilizing, and harvesting).
 Pin the calendar in a prominent place to remind you when things need to be done.
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College of Agriculture
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

Choose the best variety that suits to your growing condition

The most suitable variety is the one best meeting farmer’s and consumer’s needs.
It may not always give the highest yield and will be influenced by availability of water
(either from rain or irrigation), soil type, and field elevation, and whether the rice will be
sold or consumed at home.

Varieties should be selected based on good yield potential, resistance to disease,

good eating qualities, high milling yield, and are suitable for the market. When selecting
a variety check the following:

Crop duration
 Long-duration varieties (160 days and longer) suitable for irrigated areas or flood-
prone areas
 Medium-duration varieties (120–140 days) suitable for both rainfed and irrigated
areas
 Short-duration varieties (less than 120 days) suitable for drought-prone areas or
for double cropping.

Crop height
 Tall varieties (1.4 m and taller) are suitable for flood-prone and unleveled fields,
lodging may be a problem.
 Medium height varieties (1–1.2 m) are suitable for most areas and are not as
susceptible to lodging when fertilizer is used.
 Short varieties are best suited to level fields especially in irrigated areas. They
are responsive to fertilizers and are normally less than 1 m in height.

Crop quality

• A premium is often paid for aromatic varieties, but yields are normally lower.
• Eating quality such as softness, stickiness, and color after cooking are important.

Use the best quality seeds:

High-quality seed reduces the required seeding rate and produces strong, healthy
seedlings, resulting in a more uniform crop with higher yields.
 MINDANAO STATE UNIVERISTY- Gensan
College of Agriculture
CRS002
PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

Good seed is:

• Clean with no stones, soil, or weed seed;

• Pure containing grains of one variety; and
• Healthy having full big grains of the same color with no cracks or spotting.

High-quality seed can be bought as certified seed or produced by the farmer.

Produce high quality seed

Select a level field with well-maintained bunds and easy access.

Use clean, pure, and healthy seed.
Do a float test on the seed before planting and remove any seeds that float.
Use good management practices by planting on time, applying fertilizer, weeding
before 21 days after establishment, and not letting weeds go to seed.
Rogue the fields by removing all rice plants that clearly look different during the
vegetative, flowering, and grain-filling stages.
Harvest at full maturity when 80–85% of the grains are straw-colored or at 21–
22% moisture.
Thresh and dry quickly after harvest.
Store seed safely and label containers or bags with variety name and date of
harvest.
Land preparation
A well-prepared field has:

• Many small soil clods to give good seed-soil contact — clod size and seed size
are similar;
• No weeds;
• Harder plow layer at 10 cm to stop water penetration;
• Level and smooth surface after working; and
• Well-constructed bunds.
 MINDANAO STATE UNIVERISTY- Gensan
College of Agriculture
CRS002
PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

To prepare the field

 When possible, plow immediately after the previous harvest — especially if the
soil is still moist.
 First or primary plowing. Use a disc or moldboard plow to kill weeds and
incorporate crop residue, preferably 6–8 weeks before planting with maximum
depth of 10 cm.
 Second plowing. Plow across the field with the disc or tine harrow at least twice
to make small clod sizes. Second plowing should be 2–3 weeks before planting
and the last harrowing 1 week before planting with maximum depth of 5–7.5 cm.
 Repair bunds, destroy rat burrows, repair any holes and cracks, and recompact
the bunds. Bunds should be at least 0.5 m high and 1 m wide.
 Leveling the field will give better water coverage, better crop establishment, and
better weed control.
 Soil puddling should be done at least 1–2 days before seeding to allow the water
to clear when direct seeding.

Seed Sowing
Planting the crop on time will help produce a fast-growing, uniform crop that will
have higher yields and will be better able to compete with weeds and pests. The best
time to plant depends on the locality, variety, water availability, and the best harvest
time. Rice can either be transplanted from a nursery or direct-seeded in the field.
Transplanted crops will normally take less time in the production field but 10–15 days
longer for the total crop duration. In both cases, a well prepared seedbed is needed.
For transplanted crops:
 Select a nursery site that is 1/10 in size of the intended planting area.
 Prepare the nursery by plowing at least twice and harrow at least once.
 Level the soil surface and put in drainage lines across the field.
 Pre-germination and sowing. Soak the seed for 24 hours and then drain for 24 hours
in the shade. Broadcast seed in the nursery evenly, over the watercovered soil
surface.
 Apply seed: 30–40 kg seed/ha transplanted area.
 Apply both chemical and organic
fertilizer in the field before the last plowing.
 Transplanting age: short-medium duration varieties need 20-30 days and long-
duration varieties need 20-40 days in nursery after seeding.
 Transplant in lines into puddled and water-covered fields.
 Maintain water coverage in field
 MINDANAO STATE UNIVERISTY- Gensan
College of Agriculture
CRS002
PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

For direct seeding:

1. Prepare the field by plowing at least twice and harrowing once-compare seed size
and clod size.
2. Level the soil surface.
3. Apply and incorporate basal fertilizer before the last plowing or at 10 days after
establishment.
Wet direct seeding:

1. Pre-germination of seed. Soak the seed for 24 hours and then drain for 4 hours in
the shade before broadcasting evenly over the water-covered soil surface.
2. Broadcast pre-germinated seed at
100 kg/ha
3. Allow surface water to drain or percolate naturally into soil
4. Keep soil surface moist by adding water
5. Add permanent water at 10–15 days after establishment or at 2–3leaf stage.
6. Apply basal fertilizer after permanent water is added.

Dry direct seeding

1. Hand broadcast dry seed at 100 kg/ha or machine drill seed at 80 kg/ha and 20 mm
depth
2. Apply basal fertilizer through the seed drill
3. Cover broadcast seed and fertilizer with a light harrowing
4. Flash flood until 15 days after emergence or 2-leaf stage then add permanent water.
Weeding

Weeds compete directly with the rice plants and reduce rice yield. Each 1 kg dry matter
of weeds is equivalent to 1 kg grain loss. Weeds cause most yield loss within the first
20–50 days after crop establishment. Weeding after panicle initiation may also be
important to prevent weeds shedding seeds in future crops.

Effective weed management

 Plowing and harrowing in fallow should be undertaken at least 10–14 days apart
or after rain.

• Good land leveling reduces weed growth because most weeds have trouble
germinating under water.
• Select varieties which have early vigor.
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College of Agriculture
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

• Use clean rice seed which is free of weed seeds.

• Apply permanent water early — weeds cannot germinate under water.
• First weeding begins within 2–3 weeks after establishment and the second in
another 2–3 weeks. Weed before fertilizer application.
• Using herbicides. Identify the weed correctly and use the appropriate herbicide as
recommended on the label.
• Spray when the weeds are small.
• Apply pre-emergence herbicides after planting prior to establishment.
• Apply post-emergence herbicides after emergence being careful of crop damage.
• Herbicides are poisonous; if they are not used properly they can cause health and
environment problems. Label them clearly and keep them out of children’s reach.
• Always use protective clothing when spraying.
• Do not wear raincoats when spraying as this increases sweating.

Manuring

• Use organic fertilizer (manure, compost, straw, husk, plant leaves) whenever
possible, especially in nurseries.
• Apply fertilizer according to soil type and expected yield. As a guide, a 2 t/ha yield
on clay loam soil will require 20 kg N and 5 kg P. Sandy soils may require another
10–15 kg K. Double these recommendations for a 3 t/ha expected yield.
• Apply all P, K, and 10% N evenly and incorporate just before seeding or
transplanting. For direct seeded broadcast crops, it is okay to apply 10–14 days
after establishment when there is water in the field.
• Apply remaining N (urea) in 2 equal portions at 30 days and 50–60 days (panicle
initiation) after emergence.
• In established crops, apply chemical fertilizer only in standing water and evenly
across the whole field.
• Do not apply high rates of fertilizer for traditional varieties as they may have
limited response and cause lodging.
• Do not use chemical fertilizer if you need more than 5 kg paddy to pay for 1 kg of
fertilizer.
• Inorganic fertilizers must be stored in a dry and cool place that is out of children’s
reach.
 MINDANAO STATE UNIVERISTY- Gensan
College of Agriculture
CRS002
PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

Irrigation

Water availability largely determines the potential crop yield. For a crop to continue to
grow, the water supply needs to be similar or a little above evaporation. In an efficient
system, each 1 kg of grain produced will require a minimum of 2,000 liters or 2 m³ of
water. Good water control increases crop yields and grain quality as well as improving
the efficiency of other inputs such as fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticides. To maximize
water-use efficiency:

• Maintain the bunds;

• Level the fields;
• Puddle the fields where possible;
• Use direct-seeding techniques; • Use short-duration crops; and
• Harvest on time.

Water quality

Good-quality water is necessary to maximize crop growth. The rice plant is susceptible
to salinity especially at the seedling stage and during the panicle development stage
from panicle initiation to booting. Symptoms of salt toxicity include “firing” of leaves and
reduced dry matter production. The effects of high salinity during panicle development
are less obvious as there is little leaf effect, but florets and grain numbers per panicle
are reduced greatly reducing yield.

Factor Units No Slight – Severe

problem moderate problems
problem
pH no units 6.5–8.5 <6.5;>8.5 <6.5;>8.5
Salinity dS/m = <2.0 2.0–2.6 >2.6
(water) – ECW mmol/cm
Salinity (soil) – dS/m <3.0 3.0–3.8 >3.8
ECS
TDS mg/l <450 450–2,000 >2,000
Specific ion
toxicity
Sodium – SAR no units <3 9 >9
Chloride me/l <4 10 >10
 MINDANAO STATE UNIVERISTY- Gensan
College of Agriculture
CRS002
PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

Boron mg/l <0.7 0.7–3.0 >3.0

Bicarbonate me/l <4 >4 >4
HCO32-

Pest and disease management

Farmers lose an estimated average of 37% of their rice crop to pests and diseases
every year. In addition to good crop management, timely and accurate diagnosis
can significantly reduce losses. The best control for pests and disease problems is
prevention. To limit pest and disease incidences in a rice crop, the following
recommendations can be followed:

1. Practice good cleaning of equipment.

2. Clean the field between seasons by managing stubbles and ratoons, and by
maintaining & repairing bunds.
3. Use clean seeds and resistant varieties.
o Certified seed is recommended. If certified seed is not available, use clean
seed having no discolored seeds, weed seeds or other rice varieties
mixed in.
o Use short-duration and resistant cultivars to decrease insect pest
populations.
4. Plant at the same time as your neighbors (or within a 2 week window) to
minimize insect, disease, bird, and rat pressure on individual fields.
5. Do not over apply fertilizer. Following specific fertilizer recommendations is
important because high nitrogen can increase susceptibility to certain pests and
diseases.
6. Encourage natural pest enemies.
o Overuse of pesticide is common among farmers and can actually lead to
pest outbreaks.
o Natural enemies of rice pests are killed when pesticides are applied which
can lead to a pest outbreak.
7. Do not apply pesticide within 40 days of planting.
o Rice crops can recover from early damage without affecting yield.
o Get appropriate information on specific diseases that require early
management.
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College of Agriculture
CRS002
PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

If there are pest or disease incidences in the crop, it is important to diagnose the
problem accurately. For help with the diagnosis, seek advice from a professional. You
may seek advice through Rice Doctor, a diagnostic app to assist in identifying pests and
diseases. (http://ricedoctor.irri.org).

When deciding to use a chemical for pest and disease control, it is important to:

o Use well-maintained spray equipment that has been properly calibrated;

o Apply the dosage recommended by the manufacturer; and
o Follow the safety precautions for mixing and spray applications.

Harvesting
Harvesting the crop on time is very important to maximize yields and grain quality.
Crops harvested too early will have many unfilled and immature grains. Immature grains
break easily when milled and will not germinate when used for seed. If crops are
harvested late, heavy losses will occur through shattering and bird attacks. Quality will
also decrease due to grain weathering, resulting in breakage and downgrading due to
undesirable grain color.

Crops should be harvested when:

 Grain moisture is between 20–22%, which is normally about 30 days after

flowering;
 80–85% of the grains are straw colored;
 Grains in the lower part of the panicle are hard, not soft; and
 Grains are firm but not easily broken when squeezed between the teeth.

After cutting, maximize grain quality by:

 Ensuring the panicles do not touch the ground or lay in water;

 Minimizing the time the cut panicles remain in large bundles in the field —
thresh within 24 hours of cutting;
 Drying the grains as soon as possible after threshing;
 Turning or stirring the grains at least once every hour when sun drying to
achieve uniform drying;
 Sun drying on tarpaulins or clean drying pads;
 Keeping the thickness of the grain layer at 3–5 cm;
 Covering the grain on hot days during mid-day to prevent over-heating, and
covering immediately if it starts raining;
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

 Cleaning the grain by repeated winnowing after drying; and

 Storing the rice in a cool, dry, and clean area, preferably in sealed containers
for seed.
Storing
Rice can be stored for longer periods if:

• Moisture content is maintained at less than 14% for

grain and 12% for seed;
• Grain is protected from insects, rodents, and birds;
and
• Grain is protected from re-wetting by rain or from the
surrounding air.

A rule of thumb for seed is that the life of the seed will be halved for every 1%
increase in moisture content or a 5°C increase in storage temperature above
recommended levels.

Rice storage system

Bag storage system
 Bags should not be stacked higher than 4
meters.
 Bags should be stacked under a roof, in a
shed or under water-proof tarpaulins.
 A one-meter gap should be left between and
around stacks.
 Bags should be stacked on pallets or above
ground.
 Bags should be stacked so that fumigation can
be undertaken if necessary.

Bulk storage

Grain can be stored in bulk in containers made from wood, metal, or concrete and
located under or inside the house. While these storage containers vary in size, they all
need to be protected from insect, rodent, and bird attacks as well as moisture uptake.
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College of Agriculture
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

Hermetic or sealed storage

Sealed or hermetic storage systems are an effective means of controlling grain moisture
content and insect activity for seed or grain stored in tropical regions. Sealed storage
containers come in all shapes and sizes ranging from 50 kg-Super bags, small 25-liter
plastic containers, and 200-liter oil drums to costly sealed large plastic commercial
storage units of 1–300 tons.

MARKET PROSPECT
The rice economy is sharply skewed. Rice cultivation has provided the bulk of
agricultural output and employment in most developing economies in Asia, by far the
largest grower of this staple food grain. Surplus production comes from a handful of
countries, again mostly located in Asia, while the sources of import demand are
numerous and spread across the world. Rice exports are marginal relative to global
output.
In particular, income growth will generate demand shifts in favour of better quality
(e.g. fragrant varieties) and grades of rice, and this will present significant export
opportunities. The daily diet will also have greater contents of meat, fish, fruit and diary
produce. But economic expansion will constrain rice supplies and availability due to
competing, and often more remunerative, demands for farm labour and grain land from
other productive sectors and other agricultural activities as well. This trend will be
compounded by sizable increases in the utilization of rice as inputs, notably feed grains.
There is generally limited scope for more extensive cultivation of rice in Asia, a
continent already heavily populated. More intensive farming would require massive
investment in complementary infrastructure and extension services, including another
bio-engineering-based green revolution. This is because the first one has spread to the
most progressive, adaptable, and reachable segments of the farming population in the
major producing economies. On the other hand, productivity growth associated with the
earlier revolution has slowed down or stagnated, not least because of the declining
resources base.
Rice continues to be the most important commodity in the Philippines, accounting
for about 15% of gross value added in agriculture. It is grown on nearly two-thirds of the
country’s arable land and is a major source of livelihood of many small farmers and
agricultural landless households. Also, rice remains as staple food for Filipinos,
contributing 35% of the population’s total calorie intake on average, and as much as 60-
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

65% of the households in the lowest income quartile. Rice constitutes about 11% of
total household’s expenditure, and double the ratio among poor households.
Though the farmers had many rice varieties in the past, the Department of
Agriculture (DA) is carrying out development and improvement of upland rice varieties
that can generate higher yields which capitalizes on native varieties drought tolerance is
support to organic agriculture and adaptive to the effect of climate change. In spite of
the Rice Tarrification Law’s full implementation upland rice varieties have better taste
and can be kept for a longer time without spoiling compared to varieties grown in the
lowlands as well as imported rice. It was noted that most varieties grown in upland rice
areas are traditional varieties which are less input intensive and usually requires natural
growing practice.
Sine people prefer good taste rice; upland rice would be their first preference
when buying at the market for customers will continually consume rice favorable for
their taste. It is sad to note that, rice farming is the highest labor absorption (11.5 million
farmers) among the different sectors of Philippine Agriculture, and farmers engage in
this kind of industry belong to the lowest income bracket (Phil Rice 2007). However,
currently the DA is pushing its program of increasing yields and higher income for
farmers through its motto, “Masaganang Ani, Malaking Kita”.
MARKETING
 MINDANAO STATE UNIVERISTY- Gensan
College of Agriculture
CRS002
PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

Table 1: Value chain of upland rice.

In spite of series of modern and high yielding varieties that were made available
by international and national institutions worldwide, yields of rainfed upland rice remain
very low about 1.5 to 2 tons/ha. Along with this upland rice still requires an intensive
process to be able to consume. The value chain of upland rice starts with the input
provision where its function is the production of planting materials and organic fertilizers,
a variety of seed and other farm inputs. Farming tasks includes farm maintenance and
farm operations and practices in farming upland rice.
After harvests and drying of the palay, it will now transport to different clients or
milling companies. Hence, the processing chain includes drying, milling, grading and
storing the palay so that they can sell in to the final sale. The last chain where
consumers purchase the rice is through supermarkets and local rice outlets. On the
other hand, farmers or the middlemen can venture in exporting the rice depending on
what kind of variety of rice they have. Thus, the general flow of upland rice or palay was
from farmers to millers, then millers to middlemen either merchant middlemen or agent
middlemen and the NFA.
Knowing that rice is major staple in the country, it is obvious that the potential
patrons of these upland rice might be the consumers in your community or other
localities near the farm. These consumers include all ages; young or adult, since every
Filipino eats rice as their primary staple food. The Philippines is the eight largest
producers of rice in the world having 19.832 million metric tons of rice, ironically the
country is also the third largest importer of rice in the world importing 1.8 million metric
tons of rice in 2015. However, upland rice is given more attention nowadays, given that
every Filipino is promoting on buying local rice despite of its lowland or upland varieties.
Furthermore, according to Miranda, head of the Technology Management and Services
Division of PhilRice and national coordinator of the Upland Rice Development Program,
upland rice varieties command a high price in the local market and can easily find a
niche in the international market.
COMMON PROBLEMS IN UPLAND RICE PRODUCTION
1. Drought-prone
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

Availability of water is more uncertain for upland than for lowland rice
because upland fields are not bunded. Since upland rice depends entirely on rain
water, both the amount and the distribution of rainfall are important. Low rainfall
during the growing season generally means decreased rice yields. The daily
rainfall is actually more critical than the monthly or annual rainfall. Moisture stress
can damage or even kill plants.
How to manage:

 Reduce water stress.

 Ensure fields are well-leveled, choose an appropriate cultivar and planting
date that increases the probability of moisture being available during the
critical flowering period.
 When possible, identify periods of probable moisture stress, and avoid
these periods.

2. Soil Erosion

Upland environment usually have sloping land with erosion problems.

How to Manage

 Natural Vegetative Strips

 Contour Ploughing
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

3. Phosphorus deficiency
Phosphorus is one of the very important nutrients a plant needs. It is
important in stimulation for root development. Highly weathered upland soils are
inherently low in phosphorus and are acidic and the Lack of phosphorus in
upland farms is limiting rice crop yields. Phosphorus deficiency is widespread in
all major rice ecosystems and is the major growth-limiting factor in acid upland
soils where soil P-fixation capacity is often large.

How to manage:

 Use high quality seed of a high yielding variety.

 Use rice cultivars that use P efficiently, particularly on acid upland soils.
 On acid, low-fertility rainfed lowland and upland soils, all existing soil
fertility problems (acidity, Al toxicity, and deficiencies of Magnesium,
Potassium, and other nutrients) must be corrected before a response to P
is obtained.
 Incorporate rice straw. Although the total amount of P recycled with the
straw is small (1 kg P t-1 straw), it will contribute to maintaining a positive P
balance in the long term.
 Apply optimum doses of N and K and correct micronutrient deficiencies.
 Replenish P removed in crop products by applying P fertilizers, farmyard
manure, or other materials (night soil, compost).
 Apply fertilizers efficiently.
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4. Blast
-In upland rice, large day-night temperature differences that cause dew
formation on leaves and overall cooler temperatures favor the development of
the disease.
-Rice can have blast in all growth stages. However, leaf blast incidence
tends to lessen as plants mature and develop adult plant resistance to the
disease.
-Rice blast is one of the most destructive diseases of rice. A leaf blast
infection can kill seedlings or plants up to the tillering stage. At later growth
stages, a severe leaf blast infection reduces leaf area for grain fill, reducing grain
yield.

How to manage:

 The primary control option for blast is to plant resistant varieties. Contact
your local agriculture office for up-to-date lists of varieties available.

Other crop management measures can also be done, such as:

 Adjust planting time. Sow seeds early, when possible, after the onset of
the rainy season.
 Split nitrogen fertilizer application in two or more treatments. Excessive
use of fertilizer can increase blast intensity.
 Flood the field as often as possible
 Systemic fungicides like triazoles and strobilurins can be used judiciously
for control to control blast
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College of Agriculture
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

RICE VARIETIES

According to a researcher from the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice),

upland farmers can plant some of the modern upland rice varieties such as PSB Rc9,
Rc11, NSIC Rc192, and 23, as well as their traditional rice varieties.

Modern upland rice varieties have greater yields than conventional rice varieties.
Increased in yields could help communities in the upland communities achieve food
security, according to Ruben B. Miranda, head of the Technology Management and
Services Division of PhilRice and national coordinator of the Upland Rice Development
Program. He added that traditional rice varieties should also be planted because this
command a high price in the local market and will easily find a niche in the international
market.

Pinoy Rice Knowledge Bank identified the popular traditional upland rice varieties
per region. These varieties have outstanding features such as resistance to pests and
diseases, low fertilization requirement, non-lodging and non-shattering, long panicles for
easy harvest/storage, aromatic with good eating quality, and command high cost in the
market.

POPULAR TRADITIONAL UPLAND RICE VARIETIES PER REGION

DA- Provinces Most Preferred Traditional

Regions Varieties
CAR Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Kalinga, Ifugao, Palawan, Mimis, Azucena,
Mt. Province Pinilisa
1 Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Palawan, Kamuros, Inumay
Pangasinan
2 Nueva Vizcaya, Isabela, Cagayan, Palawan, Mimis, Galo,
Quirino, Batanes Kamuros, Pinilisa
3 Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Aurora, Tarlac, Palawan, Galo, Binernal white,
Pampanga, Bataan, Zambales Dinurado, Binundok
4A Cavite, Batangas, Quezon, Laguna, Binerhen, Kinamuros,
Rizal Kinandang, Inipotibon,
Pirurutong
4B Mindoro Occ, Mindoro Or., Marinduque, Kamuros, Inipot-ibon,
Romblon, Palawan Inasucena, Dinurado, Milagrosa
5 Albay, Camarines Sur, Camarines Norte, Dinorado, Palawan, Gios,
Sorsogon, Masbate, Catanduanes Binerhen
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6 Aklan, Capiz, Iloilo, Antique, Guimaras, Dinorado, Malido, Manumbalay,

Negros Occ. Azucena, Palawan
7 Bohol, Negros Or., Cebu, Syquijor Dinorado, Kamuros, Azucena,
8 Leyte, Biliran, Eastern Samar, Northern Kalinayan, Baysilanon, Kanukot
Samar, Western Samar
9 Zamboanga Norte, Zam Sur, Zam Dinorado, Remulites, Mimis,
Sibugay, Zambales, Azucena
10 Bukidnon, Lanao Norte, Misamis Occ., Dinorado, Azucena, Dumudao,
Mis. Oriental Palawanon, Mimis
11 Compostela Valley, Davao Oriental, Dinorado, Peria, Remulites,
Davao Norte, Davao Sur Azucena
12 North Cotabato, South Cotabato, Sultan Dinorado, Azucena, Hinomay
Kudarat, Saranggani
13 Agusan Norte, Agusan Sur, Surigao Dinorado, Azucena, Mimis,
Norte, Surigao Sur, Dinagat Island Remulites
ARMM Maguindanao, Lanao Sur, Basilan, Sulu, Dinorado
Tawi-Tawi

MAJOR PEST AND DISEASES

Upland rice insects are more influenced by physical than by biological or socioeconomic
parameters:
1) Well-drained soils (lack of prolonged flooding or soil puddling),
2) high probability of drought during crop growth,
3) restricted growing season (lengthy non-rice fallow),
4) Rice fields interspersed with other crops (diversified flora), and
5) low use of agrochemical (because of low and unstable yield),

Although a dry-land habitat represents an extreme hydro logical condition, upland

rice is host to all but the most aquatic insects. Whorl maggots, case worms, water
weevils, and blood worms require ponding. Many soils and scalding pests are not
common in lowland rice fields. Deep water rice is established in dry soil and, therefore,
has more in common with upland and rainfed lowland rice than with irrigated rice, even
though water depths may later reach 1-3 in. Second, to deep water rice, upland rice
represents the most unstable rice environment for foliar insects. But upland rice is highly
stable for soil insects. The significance of abiotic factors in upland rice insect ecology
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

will be apparent in a discussion of the most prevalent groups of insects attacking upland
rice worldwide.

Pests Symptoms Cause Management

Plants may show no Insect Rotating crop for a period of

Leafhoppers &
symptoms of leafhopper of one year is an effective and
planthoppers Neph
planthopper damage; economical method of
otettix spp.
feeding punctures can controlling hopper numbers;
leave the plants susceptible natural enemies and
to bacterial or fungal predators are often very
infections; insects transmit successful at controlling
many rice viruses; if hoppers and should be
infestations is severe, conserved by avoiding
insects may cause plant to inappropriate use of
completely dry out; adults insecticides which can
insects are pale green or damage their populations;
brown winged insects with planting resistant varieties is
piercing-sucking mouth a very effective control
parts method; chemical control
with an appropriate
insecticide may be
necessary but should only
be applied if the insects
have reached an economic
threshold
The insect attacks during Insect Keep the field and
Rice
spikelet stage of rice crop. surrounding area free from
bug Leptocorisa
Both nymphs and adults weeds which serves as
oratorius F. and
suck the content out of alternative host for insect
Leptocorisa acuta
grains from pre-flowering during non cropping season.
Thunberg
spikelets to soft dough Equal distribution of
stage. This leads to unfilled, fertilizers and water in rice
empty and discolored field to encourage even crop
grains. growth. Collect and kill
insects manually by using
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION
Gall midge maggot bore Insect
Rice gall
into bud or stalk of rice
midge Orseolia
plant and feeds on internal
oryzae
content which leads to
formation of tubular gall at
the base of the tillers. This
leads to elongation of leaf
sheath which is commonly
called as silver shoot or
onion shoot. The leaves will
be wilted, deformed and
curled up.
Longitudinal white patches Insect
Stem borers (Yellow
on leaf sheaths; central leaf
stem borer, Striped
whorl drying out and turning
stem borer, White
brown; tillers drying out
stem borer,
without producing panicles;
etc.) Scirpophaga
panicles may dry out or
incertulas
may produce no grain; adult
Chilo suppressalis
insects are nocturnal moths
Scirpophaga
which lay their eggs on the
innotata
leaves or leaf sheaths of
the rice plants; larvae are
legless grubs which feed on
leaf sheaths before entering
the stem of the pant
net during early morning
and late after noon.
Encourage biological control
agents.
Grow available gall midge
resistant cultivars. Follow
proper cultural practices like
crop rotation, ploughing the
ratoon crop and other
alternative hosts, planting
early etc. Use light traps to
attract adult flies and kill
them. Conserve biocontrol
agents in rice field.
Stem borers are difficult to
control with insecticides as
once they bore inside the
stem they are protected
from chemical sprays; in
order for chemical control to
be successful, repeated
applications of appropriate
insecticide must be made to
the foliage; granular
formulations give better
control than sprays; clipping
seedling prior to
transplanting can
successfully reduce moth
numbers as eggs are laid at
leaf tips; harvesting plants at
ground level can remove the
majority of larvae from the
field; plowing or flooding the
remaining stubble will kill off
most of the remainder of the
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

larvae in the field

Diseases Symptoms Cause Management

Bacterial leaf
Small, water-soaked Bacterium Control of bacterial
streak Xanthomonas
streaks between leaf veins leaf streak is
oryzae
which are initially dark dependent on the use
green and then turn of resistant rice
translucent; streaks grow varieties and on
larger, coalesce and turn planting of treated
light brown in color; tiny seed
beads of yellow colored
bacterial exudate are
common on the surface of
the streaks; leaves turn
brown and then gray-white
in color before they die

Leaf
As name suggest we will Fungus Grow resistant
scald Microdochium
see scalded appearance on varieties. Treat the
oryzae
leaves. The lesion is seeds with suitable
marked with different zone fungicide. Apply only
from alternating light tan recommended quantity
and dark brown from leaf of nitrogen fertilizer in
tips or edges. As the leaves split dose.
mature the lesion is with
light brown halos. Margins
and leaf tips are
translucent.
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

Rice Bacterial
Water-soaked stripes on Bacterium Bacterial blight can be
blight Xanthomonas
leaf blades; yellow or white effectively controlled
oryzae pv. oryzae
stripes on leaf blades; by planting resistant
leaves appear grayish in rice varieties; avoid
color; plants wilting and excessive nitrogen
rolling up; leaves turning fertilization; plow
yellow; stunted plants; plant stubble and straw into
death; youngest leaf on soil after harvest
plant turning yellow

Sheath
Circular, oblong or elliptical, Fungus Avoid overfertilizing
blight Rhizoctonia
green to gray water-soaked plants as excessive
solani
spots on leaf sheaths; nitrogen application
lesions with pale green or has been shown to
white center and purple- increase susceptibility
brown margin; lesions to the disease;
covering leaf sheaths and applications of foliar
stems; poorly filled grains fungicides may be
required; two
applications are
recommended and
should be timed so
that the first
application is made
between the early
internode elongation
and the second
application made on
emerging panicles 10-
14 days later
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PRACTICES ON CROP PRODUCTION

Stem
Symptoms generally begin Fungus Bury crop residue
rot Magnaporthe
to appear after the mid deeply in the soil after
salvinii
tillering stage; black lesions harvest; avoid
appear on outer leaf sheath excessive nitrogen
at the water-line; lesions fertilization; plant less
expand and begin to infect susceptible rice
inner leaf sheaths and culm varieties
begins to rot; infections
which reach the culm can
leaf to lodging of plants,
unfilled panicles and death
of tillers
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