A homework on Engineering Analysis

By AMRIT ARYAL
Sep,2020

Problem 1: Euler ODE system

Consider the first order linear system
1
x0 (z) = Ax(z) (1)
z
where x(z) is an n component vector and A is an n Ö n matrix of constants.
This is the generalization of the Euler ODE for any order n.The eigenvalues of
A are all distinct
Relation of eigenvalues and eigenvector with matrix

Ay = λy
; where A is n×n matrix, ’n’ number of eigenvalues (λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ....λn
and
’n’ number of eigenvectors y1 , y2 , y3 , .....yn , respectively.

Diagonalize matrix A.By solving

T −1 AT = D , where, T is column matrix of eigenvectors.D is diagonal matrix
of eigenvalues.

.. .. ..
 
. . ... .  
 .. .. ..  λ1
. . ... .
   λ2 
T= y y . . . y , and , D =
 
 1 2 n
  .. 
. . .  . 
 .. .. . . . .. 

  λn
.. .. ..
. . ... .
lets,
u = T −1 x ; x = T u

differenting with respect to z

u0 = T −1 x0

= T −1 z1 Ax

1
= T −1 z1 AT u
u0 = 1 Du
R du z R dz
u =D z
solving this, we get
loge u = D loge z + loge c
where, c is an arbitrary constant. or,loge u = loge cz D
taking exponential both side
e( loge u) = e( loge cz D )
u = cz D
where,PD is the diagonal matrix with diagonal component λ, D = λI = λi
n
ui = i=1 ci z λi
Substitute value of ui on
x = Tu P
n
or, xi = T i=1 ci z λi
where, T is column matrix of eigenvector, so T=[yi ]

Put value of T on xi
Pn
xi = i=1 ci yi z λi
is the general solution of (1)

Problem 2: Series solution for simple harmonic

motion
Given Simple harmonic equation is

y 00 (x) + y(x) = 0 (2)

Solution
Taylor series expansion of y can be written as
P∞
y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 ... + 0 an xnn
P∞
Now,y 0 = a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x2 + 4a4 x3 ... + n 0 an xn−1
n

P∞
again,y 00 = 2.1a2 + 3.2a3 x + 4.3.a4 x2 .. + n(n − 1) 0 an xn−2
n
substitute value of y” and y in ODE(2)
we get, P∞ n−2 2 3
P∞ 2 + n3.2a3 x + ... + n(n − 1) 0 an xn ) + (a0 + a1 x + a2 x + a3 x + ... +
(2.1a
0 an xn ) = 0

collect similar term,

(2a2 + a0 ) + (3.2a3 + a1 )x + (4.3a4 + a2 )x2 + ...
Equating the same power coefficient of x is equal to zero. we have 2a2 + a0 =

2
0; 3.2a3 + a1 = 0; 4.3a4 + a2 = 0
Solving these equation and express a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 ... in term of a1 and a0
or,a2 = − a20 = − a2!0 ;
a1
a3 = − 3.2 = − a3!1 ;
a2 a0
..a4 = − 4.3 = 4.3.2 = a4!0
a5 = − 5.4 = 5.4.3! = a5!1
a3 a1

P∞
y = a0 + a1 x − a2!0 x2 − a3!1 x3 + a4!0 x4 . + a1 5
5! x − ..... + 0 an xnn
is the general solution of Given ODE.

x2 x4 x3 x5
y = a0 (1 − 2! + 4! − ...) + a1 (x − 3! + 5! − ...)

y = a0 cos x + a1 sin x
is the required solution in terms of sine and cosine.