Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
This the Lecture No. 5
Angina Pectoris
1 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Angina Pectoris
Term used to describe chest pain that result
from CAD.
2 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Pathophysiology
Transient, reversible myocardial ischemia
precipitated by an imbalance between
myocardial O2 demands and supply.
Causes or theories:
3 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Pathophysiology
‐ narrowing of coronary artery resulting in
dec myocardial perfusion
‐ spasm caused by hypercontractility of
vascular smooth muscle, endothelial
dysfunction → obstruction → dec perfusion
→ dec supply.
‐ arterial inflammation → arterial
narrowing → dec supply
4 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Pathophysiology
5 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Classification
Class of Angina Assessment Findings/ Treatment
Stable angina Chest pain occurs with activity or emotional
(chronic stable, classic, stress.
exertional angina) Treatment: rest, nitrates
Unstable angina Chest pain occurs at rest. Pain lasts longer
(preinfarction or and is more severe than stable angina.
crescendo angina) Treatment: emergent; risk for MI,
dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
Variant angina form Chest pain occurs at rest from midnight to 8
of unstable angina A.M.
(Prinzmetal’s or Treatment: emergent; usually severe disease
vasospastic angina) in at least one vessel; vasospasms occur
near area of blockage
6 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Assessment
History:
Five important factors obtained during
history:
‐ description of the symptom: NOPQRST
‐ past history of CAD
‐ pt age
‐ pt gender
‐ Number of risk factors
7 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
NOPQRST
N: pt baseline before onset of pain
O: when started
P: exertion and emotion, after meals, exposure
to cold
Relived by rest or NG, while unstable cannot
relieved by these
Q: deep, poorly localize chest or arm discomfort,
heaviness, squeezing, choking
R: substernal with radiation to the back, lt arm,
neck or jaw
S: 5 or over
T: 30 sec – 30 min, for unstable and MI last
longer than 30 min.
8 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Diagnostic test
‐ ECG:
ST segment depression and T wave inversion.
ECG should compared with previous one.
‐ ETT or pharmacological
‐ cardiac cath.
9 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Management
Goal: restore balance between supply and
demands
‐ pt V/S and mental status assessed
frequently.
‐ pt. Placed on cardiac monitor for ischemia
and dysrhythmia detection
10 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Management
‐ bed rest until stabilized to dec demand
‐ O2 supplement to inc supply.
‐ pulse oxi. And ABG used to evaluate
oxygenation status.
11 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Management
1‐ Pharmacological therapy
Nitroglycerine: S/L if 3 doses taken 5 min
apart doesn’t relieve the pain → I.V infusion
until the symptom disappear for 12 ‐24 hr.
Morphine: 1‐5mg I.V is recommended for
pain, especially if not relived by N/G
12 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Management
B‐blocker: dec contractility →dec workload
→ dec O2 consumption
→ inc time for
diastolic filling → improving blood flow to
coronary arteries
Ca channel blockers: dec afterload,
contractility, and HR→ dec O2 demand
Aspirin.
13 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Management
2‐ Invasive therapy:
Especially for unstable angina
IABP: inc coronary artery perfusion, and dec
afterload.
PTCA and stent.
CABG
14 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011
Management
3‐ Risk factor modification:
Stop smoking, maintain optimal wt., daily
exercise. Diet and meds
15 Dr. Ahmad Tubaishat September 2011