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Methodology
Methodologies vary depending on the nature of the subjects being studied. Studies
typically fall into one of three categories: observational, experimental, or
theoretical. Earth scientists often conduct sophisticated computer analysis or
visit an interesting location to study earth phenomena (e.g. Antarctica or hot spot
island chains).
Earth's spheres
Nature timeline
This box: viewtalkedit
-13 —–-12 —–-11 —–-10 —–-9 —–-8 —–-7 —–-6 —–-5 —–-4 —–-3 —–-2 —–-1 —–0 —
Reionization
Matter-dominated
era
Accelerated expansion
Water
Single-celled life
Photosynthesis
Multicellular
life
Vertebrates
Dark Ages
←
Universe (−13.80)
←
Earliest stars
←
Earliest galaxy
←
Earliest quasar/sbh
←
Omega Centauri
←
Andromeda Galaxy
←
Milky Way spirals
←
Alpha Centauri
←
Earth/Solar System
←
Earliest life
←
Earliest oxygen
←
Atmospheric oxygen
←
Sexual reproduction
←
Earliest animals/plants
←
Cambrian explosion
←
Earliest mammals
←
Earliest apes
L
i
f
e
(billion years ago)
Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere,
the atmosphere, and the biosphere;[25] these correspond to rocks, water, air and
life. Also included by some are the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct
portion of the hydrosphere and the pedosphere (corresponding to soil) as an active
and intermixed sphere.