I. World Trade Developments: The Highlights

WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS
I.
I. WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS
Merchandise trade and GDP The Highlights

Does trade follow the pattern of GDP growth? I
IN THIS CHAPTER :
Data in real terms show that world gross domestic product (GDP) and Merchandise trade and GDP
world merchandise exports not only move in tandem, but that export growth Merchandise trade
exceeds GDP growth. Growth of world GDP is associated with an even Trade and GDP
higher growth in international trade. Declines also show the same tendency
Regional merchandise trade
as is shown by Chart I.1 on the volatility of world merchandise trade and flows
GDP from 1960 to 2008.
Leading merchandise
traders
World merchandise exports and GDP, The crisis and least-
Chart I.1 1960-2008 developed countries
(Annual percentage change)
Trade in commercial
15
services
10
Foreign affiliates and
5 services trade
-5
-10
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
GDP Exports total
The income elasticity of manufac-

Elasticity of world merchandise trade,
tured exports is higher than that of Chart I.2 1960-2008
total merchandise exports. In other
words, trade in manufactured goods 3.5
responds more than merchandise 3.0

2.5
exports to changes in income. From
2.0
1960 to 2008, the average elasticity
1.5
for total merchandise was 1.7, but for
1.0
manufactured goods it was 2.1.
0.5
0.0
It is important to bear in mind that 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
merchandise trade flows are recorded

Trade in manufactures Total merchandise trade
on a “gross basis” whereas GDP
measures the value added during the
production of goods and services (i.e.
output less intermediate consumption). This means in particular that traded intermediate products are only taken into
account in GDP through the additional value produced at each step of the production process. In merchandise trade
data, intermediate goods are counted at full value each time they cross the frontier. A higher number of cross-border
movements in the case of intermediate manufactured goods may therefore result in a higher growth of merchandise
trade compared to GDP. The emergence of international supply chains increases this phenomenon.
1
Merchandise trade
What is the importance of trade in intermediate goods?
Increasing trade in intermediate

I goods is one of the major reasons Chart I.3 Share of intermediate goods in non-fuel merchandise trade, 2008
for world trade experiencing larger
Chinese Taipei
changes than world GDP. Each time
Malaysia
goods cross the frontier, an interna-
Indonesia
tional transaction is recorded. When Germany
international supply chains include a Czech Rep.
number of tasks – as is the case for Costa Rica
transport equipment and electronics – Hong Kong, China,
unfinished goods may cross frontiers China
several times during the assembly proc- World
ess. The compilation of merchandise 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
trade statistics by customs administra-
Import Export
tions results in the recording of these
goods more than once. The impact of
this “double counting” can be significant. The share of intermediate manufactured products in non-fuel world trade was
around 40 per cent in 2008, but it can vary among countries depending on their export specialization. For example,
Chinese Taipei has an import share of 65 per cent and an export share of 71 per cent. Thus, roughly two-thirds of its
trade was in intermediate goods in 2008.
Trade and GDP
What does the trade to GDP ratio reveal?
Chart I.4 Ratio of exports and imports of goods and commercial services to GDP, 2007
(Percentage based on current dollar values)
0 - 30
30 - 60
60 - 100
≥ 100
Data not available

Note: Colours and boundaries do not imply any judgement on the part of WTO as to the legal status or frontier of any territory.
The ratio of exports and imports of goods and commercial services to GDP is often used to indicate the openness
of an economy.
2
However, results should not be interpreted as a trade policy indicator. For example, the United States shows a rela-
tively low ratio despite its openness to trade — as reflected, for example, by its low tariffs. This reflects the fact that
service-oriented and larger economies tend to show a relatively small ratio.
An increase in the value of trade may not be a consequence of trade liberalization. For example, oil price increases
lead to an increase of the value of exports of oil exporters that do not fully reflect an increase in an economy’s GDP.
The situation is even more marked for importing countries because the rise in the value of fuel imports may depress I
domestic economic activity, leading to a higher trade to GDP ratio. Exchange rate fluctuations also have an impact on
making comparisons among countries.
Regional merchandise trade flows
What is the impact of the crisis on trade within regions?
International merchandise trade continued to increase rapidly during the first half of 2008. It was not until September
2008 that the impact of the financial crisis became evident. As a result, the 2008 figure for total merchandise trade still
shows a positive annual rate of growth of 15 per cent, only slightly lower than the 16 per cent in 2007 but still above
the average of 12 per cent observed since 2000.
The crisis, initiated by failings in the sub-prime mortgage market in the United States and quickly spreading across
world financial markets, has had a different impact across regions, with the full impact felt across all regions only in
the fourth quarter of 2008. Trade levels deteriorated most in Europe, falling by nearly 16 per cent in the fourth quarter
compared with the same period of 2007. Asia’s exports declined by 5 per cent and North America’s by 7 per cent (year-
on-year). Trade within regions seemed to contract faster than trade between regions: trade within Europe – perhaps
the most closely integrated economic area – declined 18 per cent. In contrast, trade within Asia decreased at half this
rate, while trade within North America fell 10 per cent.
The first quarter of 2009, on a Quarterly percentage change in world

year-on-year basis, saw much steeper Chart I.5 merchandise exports by region
declines in each region’s export rates. (Percentage change, yoy)
The strongest decline was recorded 0.0
-5.0
in the “other” region, which combines
-10.0
the Commonwealth of Independent -15.0
States (CIS), Africa and the Middle -20.0
-25.0
East. Falling commodity prices, due
-30.0
to the overall recession in the world -35.0
economy, were mostly responsible -40.0
-45.0
for these declines.
-50.0
World North America South and Europe Asia Others
Central America
Trade within Asia declined 9 per
Q4 2008 Q1 2009
cent in the fourth quarter of 2008. In
the first quarter of 2009 this decline
increased to about 29 per cent. Trade in automotive products was the sector most affected, declining by 48 per cent
during the first quarter of 2009 (year-on-year), followed by iron and steel (37 per cent), office and telecom equipment
(29 per cent) and integrated circuits (31 per cent).
The most recent monthly data for world merchandise trade (see http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/quar-
terly_world_exp_e.htm) indicate an end to the declining trend – world merchandise trade increased by 8 per cent
between the first and second quarter (quarter on quarter) of 2009, with second quarter results still being down 33 per
cent when compared with the same quarter of the previous year (year on year).
The newly industrialized countries of Asia have seen their trade flows rebound more strongly than those of developed
economies, suggesting that much of their recent growth could be due to trade within Asia. Support for this theory is
provided by the Republic of Korea, whose exports to the world grew more slowly in July (22 per cent) than exports to
Asia (26 per cent) or exports to China (27 per cent). The fact that China’s imports grew twice as fast as its exports in
June (16 per cent versus 8 per cent) also suggests that trade within Asia could be benefiting from the country’s fiscal
stimulus package. China’s merchandise trade surplus narrowed in June from US$ 13 billion to US$ 8 billion.
3
Leading merchandise traders
What is the impact of the crisis on trade balances?
Before the global crisis, an increasing

I number of countries were experiencing
Merchandise trade balance as percentage of GDP,
1980-2009FH
Chart I.6
trade imbalances. Many analysts iden- (Percentage)
tify this trend as one of the reasons for 25
growing global tensions, if not directly 20
one of the causes of the crisis. Since 15
the early 1980s, both Germany and 10

5
Japan had recorded significant mer-
0
chandise trade surpluses. During the
-5
early 1980s, Germany’s trade surplus
-10
constantly increased, reaching its peak 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
in 1988 at 5.9 per cent of GDP. After

United States Germany Japan
the steep drop in the early 1990s, the
trade surplus quickly increased again
until 2008 to reach 8 per cent of GDP.
Merchandise trade balance as percentage of GDP,
Japan’s merchandise trade balance in
Chart I.7 1980-2009FH
relation to GDP peaked in 1986 (4.1
(Percentage)
per cent). Before the crisis, its export 25
surplus amounted to 2.1 per cent of its 20
GDP. The US deficit reached 3.6 per 15
cent in 1987, and then fell to 1.4 per 10
cent in 1991. It grew to its peak of 5
6.8 per cent in 2006 and has declined 0
since then. -5
-10
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
Economic downturns, such as in the
Brazil India
early 1990s or the latest crisis, tend Russian Federation China
to redress these trade imbalances.
In 2008, Japan’s trade surplus repre-
sented 0.4 per cent of GDP, but turned into a trade deficit during the first quarter of 2009 (-0.02 per cent of GDP).
Germany’s export surplus fell to 7 per cent of GDP and the United States deficit to 6.2 per cent in 2008, further shrink-
ing to 3.4 per cent in the first quarter of 2009.
For the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russian Federation, India and China), trade balances as a percentage of GDP were
more volatile. This was especially the case where primary commodities, such as copper or grain, and products based on
oil or other natural resources comprise a high share of total exports. For example, Russian Federation’s trade surplus
was strongly affected by crude oil prices while Brazil’s trade balance has moved between deficit and surplus several
times since the 1980s. Throughout this period, India has faced a structural deficit in merchandise trade, that has grown
especially from 2000 onwards. China’s trade balance turned into a surplus in the mid-1990s, reaching 7.8 per cent
of GDP in 2007. Although its trade surplus fell to 6.7 per cent during 2008, and to 4.7 per cent in the first quarter of
2009, the latest monthly figures indicate that China is benefiting noticeably from the initial recovery of world trade.
The crisis and least-developed countries (LDCs)
How has the crisis affected trade in LDCs?
Total exports of goods and commercial services (on Balance-of-Payments terms) from LDCs grew at a high average
rate of more than 20 per cent over the 2000-2008 period, thanks to a succession of double-digit annual growth rates
since 2003. As a result, the LDCs out-performed the global trends in world trade (12 per cent growth), even though
their share in total trade of goods and services remained under one percentage point (0.9 per cent).
4
Table I.1
Trends in LDC exports of goods and services, 2000-2008
Values (billion dollars) Annual rate of growth (percentage)

2000 2008e 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008e 2000-2008e
Total goods and commercial
42.1 176.3 3.9 7.6 15.2 29.7 30.7 23.7 22.8 26.4 19.6
services I
Total goods 35.9 159.4 4.2 7.7 16.3 31.0 33.6 24.6 22.5 27.3 20.5
Commercial services 6.1 16.9 2.5 6.9 8.4 21.7 10.1 16.3 25.9 18.7 13.6
Other goods 20.4 46.0 6.8 4.1 10.4 14.3 13.4 12.2 14.3 10.7 10.7
Fuels and mining 15.6 113.4 0.7 12.8 23.8 50.0 51.2 32.6 27.0 35.6 28.2
Notes: WTO estimates based on Balance of Payments data. e = preliminary estimates.
The sustained increase in export values was principally the result of the surge in commodity prices, particularly for
fuels and other minerals, in international markets. Exports of fuels and mining benefited from this international trend,
growing at an annual average of 28 per cent since the beginning of the decade. Average annual growth in other goods
was less impressive (11 per cent since 2000), despite good results in 2008 that were due to a strong increase in
exports of food products. Despite year-to-year fluctuations, LDC exports of commercial services have enjoyed double-
digit growth since 2004, averaging an annual 14 per cent over this period.
The recent crisis lowered commodity prices and demand for tourism services, which affected the LDCs during a
particularly strong phase of export growth. The recovery of fuel and mineral prices after the first quarter of 2009 has
benefited commodity exporters, but the effect of the crisis on other LDCs translated into larger external deficits, com-
pounded by their dependence on external financing.
Trade in commercial services
Are exports of commercial services more resilient in times of crisis?
Overall, world exports of commercial services grew by 12 per cent in 2008, compared with 19 per cent in 2007. An
analysis of quarterly export data of leading exporting economies (representing 82 per cent of world exports of com-
mercial services) shows that in the first two quarters of 2008, world exports of commercial services increased by 20
per cent on average on a year-on-year basis. In the third quarter of 2008, export growth decelerated, and dropped by
6 per cent in the last quarter of the year. Preliminary figures for the first quarter of 2009 suggest a more pronounced
decline, by 19 per cent.
Data from leading exporters of com-

mercial services show that in 2008, World exports of commercial services
export growth slowed down signifi- Chart I.8 Q1 2008 - Q1 2009
cantly in several economies. In both the (Percentage change, yoy)
European Union and the United States, 25.0
20.0
which last year together accounted for 15.0
60 per cent of world exports of com- 10.0
5.0
mercial services, exports increased 0.0
-5.0
respectively by 10 and 11 per cent, -10.0
considerably less than in 2007. Exports -15.0
-20.0
from the BRIC countries continue to -25.0
grow overall at a steady rate, much Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009
higher than the world’s average. How-

ever, their individual export performance varies. Despite the ongoing economic recession, in 2008 Russia’s exports of
commercial services increased by 30 per cent, more than in 2007. Similarly, exports from Brazil recorded a 27 per cent
increase in 2008, in the same range as in the previous year.
For India and China, however, export growth slowed down significantly compared with 2007. China’s exports, which
reached US$ 146.4 billion in 2008, rose by 20 per cent, down from 33 per cent in 2007. However, the economy has
5
become the third largest exporter of commercial services in the world. Exports from India grew by 17 percentage points
in 2008, compared with 23 per cent in 2007.
The crisis principally affected services closely linked to trade in goods, such as transportation, while business services
remained relatively untouched. Although some sectors have proved more resilient than merchandise trade during the
initial phase of the crisis, trade in business services and travel might be particularly vulnerable to the secondary effects
I of the global crisis if private investment and household consumption levels continue to be sluggish.
Foreign affiliates and services trade
How has services trade changed over the past decade?
The globalization of business and the firms’ increas-

Intra-firm trade in US total private services
ing ownership of different stages of the production Chart I.9 exports, 1997-2007
process have increased the role of intermediate goods
(Billion dollars)
in merchandise trade over the last decade. A simi-
500
lar fragmentation of production has been emerging in 450
the field of services. The United States has recorded 400
350
an increasing share of trade between multi-nationals
300
and their majority-owned foreign affiliates, growing Value 250
from 21.5 per cent to more than a quarter of its total 200
150
trade (27.5 per cent) in 2007 (covering only non- 100
bank affiliates, and excluding transportation services 50
0
and travel). 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Total exports Intra-firm exports
6
1. Overview
Table I.1
Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2000-2008

I
2000-08 2006 2007 2008
World merchandise exports 5.0 8.5 6.0 1.5

Agricultural products 4.0 6.0 5.0 2.5
Fuels and mining products 3.0 4.0 3.5 0.5
Manufactures 6.0 10.5 7.5 2.0
World merchandise production 2.5 4.0 1.5 -0.5
Agriculture 2.5 1.5 2.5 3.0
Mining 1.5 1.0 0.0 1.0
Manufacturing 2.5 5.5 1.5 -1.5
World GDP 3.0 3.5 3.5 1.5
Note : See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports, production and GDP.
Table I.2
Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy, 2000-2008
Exports Imports
2000-08 2007 2008 2000-08 2007 2008
5.0 6.0 1.5 World 5.0 6.0 1.5

2.5 5.0 1.5 North America 3.0 2.0 -2.5
0.0 2.0 -6.0 Canada 3.5 5.0 0.5
2.0 1.5 -5.0 Mexico 3.0 4.0 0.5
3.5 6.5 6.0 United States 3.0 1.0 -3.5
5.5 3.5 0.5 South and Central America 8.5 17.5 13.5
3.5 4.0 0.0 Europe 3.0 4.0 -1.5
3.5 3.5 -0.5 European Union (27) 3.0 3.5 -1.5
1.0 1.5 0.0 Norway 5.0 9.5 2.0
3.5 7.0 1.5 Switzerland 2.0 5.0 2.5
7.5 7.5 2.5 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 17.0 20.0 16.5
10.0 11.5 5.5 Asia 8.0 8.0 4.5
2.5 2.5 5.5 Australia 9.0 11.0 10.0
20.5 19.5 8.5 China 16.0 14.0 4.0
-4.0 -20.5 -11.0 Hong Kong, China 3.0 7.0 -2.0
12.5 13.0 7.5 India 13.5 16.0 14.0
6.0 9.5 2.0 Japan 2.5 1.5 -2.0
8.0 8.5 4.5 Six East Asian traders a 5.5 5.0 4.0
a Hong Kong, China; Malaysia; Republic of Korea; Singapore; Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Taipei, Chinese) and Thailand.
7
2. Trade by region
Table I.3
World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy, 2008
I (Annual percentage change)
Exports Imports
2000-08 2007 2008 2000-08 2007 2008
Merchandise
12 16 15 World 12 15 15
7 11 11 North America 7 6 8
6 12 12 United States 7 5 7
6 8 9 Canada 7 9 7
15 14 21 South and Central America 14 25 30
17 17 23 Brazil 15 32 44
17 15 -2 Chile 16 23 31
12 16 11 Europe 12 16 12
12 16 10 European Union (27) 12 16 12
12 16 16 Switzerland 10 14 14
22 21 35 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 25 35 32
21 17 33 Russian Federation 26 36 31
21 28 36 Ukraine 25 35 41
18 18 28 Africa 17 24 26
13 20 16 South Africa 16 12 12
18 12 23 Nigeria a 22 35 41
18 16 33 Middle East 17 24 25
19 11 33 Saudi Arabia a 18 29 28
21 24 28 United Arab Emirates a 21 32 25
13 16 14 Asia 14 15 20
24 26 17 China 22 21 18
6 10 9 Japan 9 7 23
Commercial services
12 20 12 World 12 19 12
8 14 9 North America 8 9 7
8 16 10 United States 7 9 8
6 8 2 Canada 9 14 6
11 18 15 South and Central America 10 21 20
16 26 27 Brazil 14 28 28
12 30 16 Argentina 4 28 19
13 21 11 Europe 12 19 10
13 21 11 European Union (27) 12 19 10
12 20 16 Switzerland 12 18 10
22 27 28 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 22 30 25
23 27 30 Russian Federation 21 32 29
21 26 27 Ukraine 25 29 37
... 23 13 Africa ... 30 15
12 24 26 Egypt 11 27 25
... 13 -8 South Africa ... 16 2
14 14 19 Middle East 17 30 19
6 10 13 Israel 7 20 11
8 8 ... Saudi Arabia 15 59 ...
14 21 14 Asia 12 18 14
10 10 15 Japan 6 11 13
22 33 20 China 20 29 22
a Secretariat estimates.
8
Table I.4
Intra- and inter-regional merchandise trade, 2008
(Billion dollars and percentage)
Destination
South and I
North Central
Origin America America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia World
Value
World 2708 583 6736 517 458 618 3903 15717
North America 1014.5 164.9 369.1 16.0 33.6 60.2 375.5 2035.7
South and Central America 169.2 158.6 121.3 9.0 16.8 11.9 100.6 599.7
Europe 475.4 96.4 4695.0 240.0 185.5 188.6 486.5 6446.6
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 36.1 10.1 405.6 134.7 10.5 25.0 76.8 702.8
Africa 121.6 18.5 218.1 1.5 53.4 14.0 113.9 557.8
Middle East 116.5 6.9 125.5 7.2 36.6 122.1 568.9 1021.2
Asia 775.0 127.3 801.0 108.4 121.3 196.4 2181.4 4353.0
Share of regional trade flows in each region's total merchandise exports
World 17.2 3.7 42.9 3.3 2.9 3.9 24.8 100.0
North America 49.8 8.1 18.1 0.8 1.7 3.0 18.4 100.0
Europe 7.4 1.5 72.8 3.7 2.9 2.9 7.5 100.0
Africa 21.8 3.3 39.1 0.3 9.6 2.5 20.4 100.0
Middle East 11.4 0.7 12.3 0.7 3.6 12.0 55.7 100.0
Asia 17.8 2.9 18.4 2.5 2.8 4.5 50.1 100.0
Share of regional trade flows in world merchandise exports
World 17.2 3.7 42.9 3.3 2.9 3.9 24.8 100.0
North America 6.5 1.0 2.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.4 13.0
Europe 3.0 0.6 29.9 1.5 1.2 1.2 3.1 41.0
Africa 0.8 0.1 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.7 3.5
Middle East 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.8 3.6 6.5
Asia 4.9 0.8 5.1 0.7 0.8 1.2 13.9 27.7
Table I.5
Shares of regional trade flows in world merchandise exports, 2008
(Percentage)
South and
North Central
Destination World America America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia
Origin
Share
World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
North America 13.0 37.5 28.3 5.5 3.1 7.3 9.7 9.6
Europe 41.0 17.6 16.6 69.7 46.4 40.5 30.5 12.5
CIS 4.5 1.3 1.7 6.0 26.1 2.3 4.0 2.0
Africa 3.5 4.5 3.2 3.2 0.3 11.7 2.3 2.9
Middle East 6.5 4.3 1.2 1.9 1.4 8.0 19.8 14.6
Asia 27.7 28.6 21.9 11.9 21.0 26.5 31.8 55.9
9
Table I.6
World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2008
1948 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2008

I Value
World 59 84 157 579 1838 3676 7377 15717
Share
World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
North America 28.1 24.8 19.9 17.3 16.8 18.0 15.8 13.0
United States 21.7 18.8 14.9 12.3 11.2 12.6 9.8 8.2
Canada 5.5 5.2 4.3 4.6 4.2 4.0 3.7 2.9
Mexico 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 1.4 1.4 2.2 1.9
Brazil 2.0 1.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.3
Argentina 2.8 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Europe 35.1 39.4 47.8 50.9 43.5 45.4 45.9 41.0
Germany a 1.4 5.3 9.3 11.6 9.2 10.3 10.2 9.3
France 3.4 4.8 5.2 6.3 5.2 6.0 5.3 3.9
Italy 11.3 9.0 7.8 5.1 4.0 4.6 4.1 3.4
United Kingdom 1.8 1.8 3.2 3.8 5.0 4.9 4.1 2.9
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) b - - - - - - 2.6 4.5
Africa 7.3 6.5 5.7 4.8 4.5 2.5 2.4 3.5
South Africa c 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.5
Middle East 2.0 2.7 3.2 4.1 6.8 3.5 4.1 6.5
Asia 14.0 13.4 12.5 14.9 19.1 26.1 26.2 27.7
China 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.2 2.5 5.9 9.1
Japan 0.4 1.5 3.5 6.4 8.0 9.9 6.4 5.0
India 2.2 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1
Australia and New Zealand 3.7 3.2 2.4 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.4
Six East Asian traders 3.4 3.0 2.4 3.4 5.8 9.7 9.6 9.0
Memorandum item:
EU d - - 27.5 38.6 31.3 37.4 42.4 37.5
USSR, former 2.2 3.5 4.6 3.7 5.0 - - -
GATT/WTO Members e 62.8 69.6 75.0 84.1 77.0 89.4 94.3 93.4
a Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through 1983.
b Figures are significantly affected by i) changes in the country composition of the region and major adjustment in trade conversion factors between 1983 and 1993; and ii) including the mutual trade flows of the
Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and 2003.
c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union.
d Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, EU(25) in 2003 and EU(27) in 2008.
e Membership as of the year stated.
Note: Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 export shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments.
10
Table I.7
World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2008
1948 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2008

I
Value
World 62 85 164 595 1882 3787 7692 16127
Share
World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
North America 18.5 20.5 16.1 17.2 18.5 21.4 22.5 18.1
United States 13.0 13.9 11.4 12.3 14.3 15.9 16.9 13.5
Canada 4.4 5.5 3.9 4.2 3.4 3.7 3.2 2.6
Mexico 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.8 2.3 2.0
Brazil 1.8 1.6 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.1
Argentina 2.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4
Europe 45.3 43.7 52.0 53.3 44.2 44.6 45.0 42.3
Germany a 2.2 4.5 8.0 9.2 8.1 9.0 7.9 7.5
France 13.4 11.0 8.5 6.5 5.6 5.7 5.2 4.4
United Kingdom 5.5 4.9 5.3 6.3 5.3 5.5 5.2 3.9
Italy 2.5 2.8 4.6 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.4
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) b - - - - - - 1.7 3.1
Africa 8.1 7.0 5.2 3.9 4.6 2.6 2.1 2.9
South Africa c 2.5 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6
Middle East 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.7 6.2 3.3 2.7 3.6
Asia 13.9 15.1 14.1 14.9 18.5 23.6 23.5 26.4
China 0.6 1.6 0.9 0.9 1.1 2.7 5.4 7.0
Japan 1.1 2.8 4.1 6.5 6.7 6.4 5.0 4.7
India 2.3 1.4 1.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.8
Australia and New Zealand 2.9 2.3 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5
Six East Asian traders 3.5 3.7 3.1 3.7 6.1 10.3 8.6 8.9
Memorandum item:
EU d - - 29.0 39.2 31.4 36.1 41.8 38.8
USSR, former 1.9 3.3 4.3 3.5 4.3 - - -
GATT/WTO Members e 52.9 66.0 74.2 89.1 79.8 89.5 96.1 95.8
a Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through 1983.
b Figures are significantly affected by i) changes in the country composition of the region and major adjustment in trade conversion factors between 1983 and 1993; and ii) including the mutual trade flows of the
Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and 2003.
c Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union.
d Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, EU(25) in 2003 and EU(27) in 2008.
e Membership as of the year stated.
Note: Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 export shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments.
11
3. Leading traders
Table I.8
Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2008
I (Billion dollars and percentage)
Annual Annual
percentage percentage
Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change
1 Germany 1461.9 9.1 11 1 United States 2169.5 13.2 7
2 China 1428.3 8.9 17 2 Germany 1203.8 7.3 14
3 United States 1287.4 8.0 12 3 China 1132.5 6.9 18
4 Japan 782.0 4.9 9 4 Japan 762.6 4.6 23
5 Netherlands 633.0 3.9 15 5 France 705.6 4.3 14
6 France 605.4 3.8 10 6 United Kingdom 632.0 3.8 1
7 Italy 538.0 3.3 8 7 Netherlands 573.2 3.5 16
8 Belgium 475.6 3.0 10 8 Italy 554.9 3.4 8
9 Russian Federation 471.6 2.9 33 9 Belgium 469.5 2.9 14
10 United Kingdom 458.6 2.9 4 10 Korea, Republic of 435.3 2.7 22
11 Canada 456.5 2.8 9 11 Canada 418.3 2.5 7
12 Korea, Republic of 422.0 2.6 14 12 Spain 401.4 2.4 3
13 Hong Kong, China 370.2 2.3 6 13 Hong Kong, China 393.0 2.4 6
domestic exports 17.0 0.1 -6 retained imports 97.6 0.6 4
re-exports 353.3 2.2 7
14 Singapore 338.2 2.1 13 14 Mexico a 323.2 2.0 9
domestic exports 175.7 1.1 13
re-exports 162.5 1.0 13
15 Saudi Arabia 313.4 2.0 33 15 Singapore 319.78 1.947 22
retained imports 157.306 0.958 31
16 Mexico 291.7 1.8 7 16 India 293.4 1.8 35
17 Spain 268.3 1.7 6 17 Russian Federation a 291.9 1.8 31
18 Taipei, Chinese 255.6 1.6 4 18 Taipei, Chinese 240.4 1.5 10
19 United Arab Emirates b 231.6 1.4 28 19 Poland 204.3 1.2 23
20 Switzerland 200.3 1.2 16 20 Turkey 202.0 1.2 19
21 Malaysia 199.5 1.2 13 21 Australia 200.3 1.2 21
22 Brazil 197.9 1.2 23 22 Austria 183.4 1.1 13
23 Australia 187.3 1.2 32 23 Switzerland 183.2 1.1 14
24 Sweden 183.4 1.1 9 24 Brazil 182.4 1.1 44
25 Austria 181.0 1.1 11 25 Thailand 178.7 1.1 28
26 Thailand 177.8 1.1 17 26 Sweden 167.2 1.0 10
27 India 177.5 1.1 21 27 United Arab Emirates b 165.6 1.0 25
28 Norway 172.5 1.1 27 28 Malaysia 156.9 1.0 7
29 Poland 168.0 1.0 20 29 Czech Republic a 141.5 0.9 20
30 Czech Republic 146.3 0.9 19 30 Indonesia 126.2 0.8 36
31 Indonesia 139.3 0.9 18 31 Saudi Arabia 115.1 0.7 28
32 Turkey 132.0 0.8 23 32 Denmark 110.8 0.7 12
33 Ireland 124.1 0.8 2 33 Hungary 107.9 0.7 13
34 Denmark 116.8 0.7 14 34 South Africa b 99.5 0.6 12
35 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 113.4 0.7 28 35 Finland 91.8 0.6 12
36 Hungary 107.7 0.7 13 36 Portugal 90.0 0.5 15
37 Finland 96.5 0.6 7 37 Norway 89.3 0.5 11
38 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 93.5 0.6 35 38 Ukraine 85.5 0.5 41
39 Kuwait 87.1 0.5 39 39 Ireland 83.2 0.5 -1
40 South Africa 80.8 0.5 16 40 Romania 82.7 0.5 18
41 Nigeria 80.8 0.5 23 41 Viet Nam 80.4 0.5 28
42 Algeria 79.3 0.5 32 42 Greece 79.0 0.5 4
43 Kazakhstan 71.2 0.4 49 43 Slovak Republic a 73.4 0.4 22
44 Slovak Republic 71.0 0.4 22 44 Israel 67.7 0.4 15
45 Argentina 70.0 0.4 26 45 Chile 61.9 0.4 31
46 Angola b 67.1 0.4 51 46 Philippines 60.3 0.4 4
47 Ukraine 67.0 0.4 36 47 Argentina 57.4 0.4 28
48 Chile 66.5 0.4 -2 48 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 57.4 0.4 28
49 Qatar b 63.8 0.4 52 49 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela a, b 49.6 0.3 8
50 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya b 63.1 0.4 34 50 Egypt 47.5 0.3 28
Total of above c 14871.8 92.5 - Total of above c 15002.2 91.4 -
World c 16070.0 100.0 15 World c 16422.0 100.0 15
a Imports are valued f.o.b.

b Secretariat estimates.
c Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export.
Note: For annual data 1998-2008, see Appendix Tables A6 and A7.
12
Table I.9
Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-EU (27) trade), 2008
Annual Annual
Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change I
1 Extra-EU (27) exports 1924.9 15.9 13 1 Extra-EU (27) imports 2282.2 18.3 16
2 China 1428.3 11.8 17 2 United States 2169.5 17.4 7
3 United States 1287.4 10.6 12 3 China 1132.5 9.1 18
4 Japan 782.0 6.5 9 4 Japan 762.6 6.1 23
5 Russian Federation 471.6 3.9 33 5 Korea, Republic of 435.3 3.5 22
6 Canada 456.5 3.8 9 6 Canada 418.3 3.4 7
7 Korea, Republic of 422.0 3.5 14 7 Hong Kong, China 393.0 3.2 6
retained imports 97.6 0.8 4
8 Hong Kong, China 370.2 3.1 6 8 Mexico a 323.2 2.6 9
domestic exports 17.0 0.1 -6
re-exports 353.3 2.9 7
9 Singapore 338.2 2.8 13 9 Singapore 319.8 2.6 22
domestic exports 175.7 1.5 13 retained imports 157.3 1.3 31
re-exports 162.5 1.3 13
10 Saudi Arabia 313.4 2.6 33 10 India 293.4 2.4 35
11 Mexico 291.7 2.4 7 11 Russian Federation a 291.9 2.3 31
12 Taipei, Chinese 255.6 2.1 4 12 Taipei, Chinese 240.4 1.9 10
13 United Arab Emirates b 231.6 1.9 28 13 Turkey 202.0 1.6 19
14 Switzerland 200.3 1.7 16 14 Australia 200.3 1.6 21
15 Malaysia 199.5 1.6 13 15 Switzerland 183.2 1.5 14
16 Brazil 197.9 1.6 23 16 Brazil 182.4 1.5 44
17 Australia 187.3 1.5 32 17 Thailand 178.7 1.4 28
18 Thailand 177.8 1.5 17 18 United Arab Emirates b 165.6 1.3 25
19 India 177.5 1.5 21 19 Malaysia 156.9 1.3 7
20 Norway 172.5 1.4 27 20 Indonesia 126.2 1.0 36
21 Indonesia 139.3 1.2 18 21 Saudi Arabia 115.1 0.9 28
22 Turkey 132.0 1.1 23 22 South Africa b 99.5 0.8 12
23 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 113.4 0.9 28 23 Norway 89.3 0.7 11
24 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 93.5 0.8 35 24 Ukraine 85.5 0.7 41
25 Kuwait 87.1 0.7 39 25 Viet Nam 80.4 0.6 28
26 South Africa 80.8 0.7 16 26 Israel 67.7 0.5 15
27 Nigeria 80.8 0.7 23 27 Chile 61.9 0.5 31
28 Algeria 79.3 0.7 32 28 Philippines 60.3 0.5 4
29 Kazakhstan 71.2 0.6 49 29 Argentina 57.4 0.5 28
30 Argentina 70.0 0.6 26 30 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 57.4 0.5 28
31 Angola b 67.1 0.6 51 31 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela a, b 49.6 0.4 8
32 Ukraine 67.0 0.6 36 32 Egypt 47.5 0.4 28
33 Chile 66.5 0.5 -2 33 Pakistan 42.3 0.3 30
34 Qatar b 63.8 0.5 52 34 Morocco 41.8 0.3 30
35 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya b 63.1 0.5 34 35 Nigeria b 41.7 0.3 41
36 Viet Nam 62.9 0.5 30 36 Colombia 39.7 0.3 21
37 Israel 60.8 0.5 12 37 Belarus 39.5 0.3 38
38 Iraq b 59.7 0.5 51 38 Algeria 39.5 0.3 43
39 Philippines 49.0 0.4 -3 39 Kazakhstan 37.9 0.3 16
40 Oman 37.7 0.3 53 40 New Zealand 34.4 0.3 11
41 Colombia 37.6 0.3 25 41 Iraq b 31.2 0.3 45
42 Belarus 32.9 0.3 36 42 Croatia 30.7 0.2 19
43 Peru 31.5 0.3 13 43 Peru 30.0 0.2 46
44 Azerbaijan 30.6 0.3 44 44 Qatar b 26.9 0.2 22
45 New Zealand 30.6 0.3 14 45 Kuwait 24.9 0.2 22
46 Egypt 24.0 0.2 25 46 Tunisia 24.6 0.2 29
47 Pakistan 20.3 0.2 14 47 Bangladesh 23.8 0.2 28
48 Morocco 20.1 0.2 31 48 Serbia 23.0 0.2 24
49 Tunisia 19.3 0.2 27 49 Oman b 23.0 0.2 43
50 Ecuador 18.5 0.2 29 50 Angola a, b 21.1 0.2 54
Total of above c 11697.0 96.7 - Total of above c 11904.8 95.6 -
World (excl. intra-EU (27)) c 12096.0 100.0 17 World (excl. intra-EU (27)) c 12449.0 100.0 17

b Secretariat estimates.
c Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export.
Note: For annual data 1998-2008, see Appendix Tables A6 and A7.
13
Table I.10
Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2008
Annual Annual
I Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change
1 United States 521.4 13.8 10 1 United States 367.9 10.5 8
2 United Kingdom 283.0 7.5 1 2 Germany 283.0 8.1 11
3 Germany 241.6 6.4 11 3 United Kingdom 196.2 5.6 0
4 France 160.5 4.2 11 4 Japan 167.4 4.8 13
5 China 146.4 3.9 20 5 China 158.0 4.5 22
6 Japan 146.4 3.9 15 6 France 139.4 4.0 8
7 Spain 142.6 3.8 12 7 Italy 131.7 3.8 11
8 Italy 121.9 3.2 10 8 Ireland 106.2 3.0 12
9 India 102.6 2.7 17 9 Spain 104.3 3.0 9
10 Netherlands 101.6 2.7 8 10 Korea, Republic of 91.8 2.6 12
11 Ireland 99.2 2.6 12 11 Netherlands 90.8 2.6 8
12 Hong Kong, China 92.3 2.4 9 12 Canada 86.6 2.5 6
13 Belgium 86.1 2.3 16 13 India 83.6 2.4 18
14 Singapore 82.9 2.2 3 14 Belgium 81.9 2.3 17
15 Switzerland 75.2 2.0 16 15 Singapore 78.9 2.3 6
16 Korea, Republic of 74.1 2.0 20 16 Russian Federation 74.6 2.1 29
17 Denmark 72.0 1.9 17 17 Denmark 62.3 1.8 16
18 Sweden 71.6 1.9 13 18 Sweden 54.3 1.6 13
19 Luxembourg 68.9 1.8 5 19 Thailand 46.3 1.3 21
20 Canada 64.8 1.7 2 20 Hong Kong, China 45.8 1.3 8
21 Austria 61.7 1.6 12 21 Australia 45.5 1.3 18
22 Russian Federation 50.7 1.3 30 22 Brazil 44.4 1.3 28
23 Greece 50.4 1.3 17 23 Norway 43.9 1.3 13
24 Australia 45.6 1.2 15 24 United Arab Emirates 42.8 1.2 28
25 Norway 45.6 1.2 13 25 Austria 42.6 1.2 9
26 Poland 35.3 0.9 23 26 Luxembourg 40.7 1.2 7
27 Turkey 34.5 0.9 22 27 Switzerland 36.6 1.0 10
28 Taipei, Chinese 33.6 0.9 8 28 Saudi Arabia a 34.6 1.0 ...
29 Thailand 33.4 0.9 11 29 Taipei, Chinese 33.6 1.0 -2
30 Malaysia 29.3 0.8 4 30 Poland 29.9 0.9 26
31 Brazil 28.8 0.8 27 31 Malaysia 29.1 0.8 5
32 Portugal 26.1 0.7 13 32 Indonesia a 27.9 0.8 ...
33 Egypt 24.7 0.7 26 33 Mexico 24.7 0.7 6
34 Finland 24.2 0.6 5 34 Greece 24.4 0.7 23
35 Israel 23.8 0.6 13 35 Finland 23.1 0.7 5
36 Czech Republic 22.2 0.6 29 36 Israel 19.6 0.6 11
37 Hungary 20.0 0.5 18 37 Hungary 18.5 0.5 20
38 Lebanon 18.9 0.5 46 38 Czech Republic 17.3 0.5 21
39 Mexico 18.5 0.5 5 39 South Africa 16.5 0.5 2
40 Macao, China 18.1 0.5 25 40 Portugal 16.5 0.5 17
Total of above 3400.0 90.0 - Total of above 3065.0 87.8 -
World 3780.0 100.0 12 World 3490.0 100.0 12
a Secretariat estimate.
Note : Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. Annual percentage changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of
economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata. For annual data 1998-2008, see Appendix Tables A8 and A9.
14
Table I.11
Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services (excluding intra-EU (27) trade), 2008
Annual Annual
Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change I
1 Extra-EU (27) exports 743.2 26.9 11 1 Extra-EU (27) imports 620.7 23.9 13
2 United States 521.4 18.8 10 2 United States 367.9 14.2 8
3 China 146.4 5.3 20 3 Japan 167.4 6.4 13
4 Japan 146.4 5.3 15 4 China 158.0 6.1 22
5 India 102.6 3.7 17 5 Korea, Republic of 91.8 3.5 12
6 Hong Kong, China 92.3 3.3 9 6 Canada 86.6 3.3 6
7 Singapore 82.9 3.0 3 7 India 83.6 3.2 18
8 Switzerland 75.2 2.7 16 8 Singapore 78.9 3.0 6
9 Korea, Republic of 74.1 2.7 20 9 Russian Federation 74.6 2.9 29
10 Canada 64.8 2.3 2 10 Thailand 46.3 1.8 21
11 Russian Federation 50.7 1.8 30 11 Hong Kong, China 45.8 1.8 8
12 Australia 45.6 1.6 15 12 Australia 45.5 1.8 18
13 Norway 45.6 1.6 13 13 Brazil 44.4 1.7 28
14 Turkey 34.5 1.2 22 14 Norway 43.9 1.7 13
15 Taipei, Chinese 33.6 1.2 8 15 United Arab Emirates 42.8 1.6 28
16 Thailand 33.4 1.2 11 16 Switzerland 36.6 1.4 10
17 Malaysia 29.3 1.1 4 17 Saudi Arabia a 34.6 1.3 ...
18 Brazil 28.8 1.0 27 18 Taipei, Chinese 33.6 1.3 -2
19 Egypt 24.7 0.9 26 19 Malaysia 29.1 1.1 5
20 Israel 23.8 0.9 13 20 Indonesia a 27.9 1.1 ...
21 Lebanon 18.9 0.7 46 21 Mexico 24.7 1.0 6
22 Mexico 18.5 0.7 5 22 Israel 19.6 0.8 11
23 Macao, China 18.1 0.7 25 23 South Africa 16.5 0.6 2
24 Ukraine 17.3 0.6 27 24 Egypt 16.3 0.6 25
25 Croatia 15.2 0.5 21 25 Turkey 16.2 0.6 15
26 Indonesia a 14.7 0.5 ... 26 Nigeria a 15.7 0.6 ...
27 Morocco 12.4 0.4 8 27 Ukraine 15.1 0.6 37
28 South Africa 12.2 0.4 -8 28 Lebanon 13.4 0.5 34
29 Argentina 11.9 0.4 16 29 Angola a 13.0 0.5 ...
30 Chile 10.6 0.4 20 30 Argentina 12.6 0.5 19
31 Kuwait 10.3 0.4 13 31 Kuwait 12.1 0.5 16
32 Philippines 10.2 0.4 4 32 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 12.0 0.5 13
33 Cuba 9.1 0.3 6 33 Chile 11.1 0.4 15
34 United Arab Emirates 9.0 0.3 21 34 Kazakhstan 10.8 0.4 -5
35 New Zealand 8.8 0.3 -3 35 New Zealand 9.5 0.4 6
36 Saudi Arabia a 8.8 0.3 ... 36 Pakistan 9.0 0.3 7
37 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 6.8 0.2 10 37 Viet Nam 8.6 0.3 24
38 Nigeria a 6.6 0.2 ... 38 Philippines 8.5 0.3 16
39 Viet Nam 6.3 0.2 4 39 Qatar a 7.9 0.3 ...
40 Panama 5.8 0.2 19 40 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 7.8 0.3 8
Total of above 2630.0 95.1 - Total of above 2420.0 93.2 -
World (excl. intra-EU (27)) 2765.0 100.0 13 World (excl. intra-EU (27)) 2595.0 100.0 13
a Secretariat estimate.
Note: Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat . Annual percentage changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of
economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata. For annual data 1998-2008, see Appendix Tables A8 and A9.
15
4. Bilateral trade of leading traders
Table I.12
Merchandise trade of Canada by origin and destination, 2008
I (Billion dollars and percentage)
Exports Imports a
Annual Annual
Destination Value Share change Origin Value Share change
2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008
Region Region
World 456.5 100.0 100.0 8 9 World 418.3 100.0 100.0 9 7
North America 360.6 87.7 79.0 5 7 North America 239.9 67.7 57.4 8 4
Europe 39.8 5.1 8.7 31 4 Asia 80.9 14.5 19.3 12 7
Asia 37.5 5.3 8.2 13 19 Europe 61.7 12.4 14.8 7 12
South and Central America 8.1 1.0 1.8 23 31 South and Central America 13.2 1.8 3.2 11 1
Middle East 4.4 0.4 1.0 32 41 Africa 12.9 0.8 3.1 14 49
Africa 4.0 0.4 0.9 39 29 Middle East 6.1 0.7 1.5 3 40
CIS 2.0 0.1 0.4 37 38 CIS 3.6 0.2 0.9 -1 85
Economy Economy
United States 353.3 87.3 77.4 5 6 United States 219.1 64.4 52.4 7 4
European Union (27) 34.0 4.7 7.5 26 5 European Union (27) 52.2 10.6 12.5 7 10
Japan 10.5 2.2 2.3 4 22 China 41.2 3.2 9.8 18 12
China 9.8 0.9 2.1 29 10 Mexico 17.3 3.4 4.1 14 5
Mexico 5.5 0.5 1.2 20 19 Japan 14.8 4.7 3.5 7 0
Above 5 413.1 95.6 90.5 - - Above 5 344.4 86.2 82.3 - -
Korea, Republic of 3.6 0.5 0.8 -3 29 Algeria 7.3 0.3 1.7 8 53
Norway 2.7 0.2 0.6 106 -23 Norway 5.9 1.2 1.4 4 17
Brazil 2.4 0.3 0.5 21 73 Korea, Republic of 5.7 1.4 1.4 -1 13
India 2.3 0.1 0.5 13 36 Taipei, Chinese 3.7 1.4 0.9 6 3
Australia 2.0 0.3 0.4 0 24 Canada 3.5 ... 0.8 17 1
Hong Kong, China 1.7 0.3 0.4 2 16 Malaysia 2.8 0.7 0.7 5 1
Taipei, Chinese 1.5 0.3 0.3 17 2 Switzerland 2.6 0.4 0.6 13 24
Russian Federation 1.4 0.0 0.3 39 32 Angola 2.6 0.0 0.6 109 133
Indonesia 1.4 0.2 0.3 31 48 Brazil 2.6 0.4 0.6 4 -19
United Arab Emirates 1.3 0.1 0.3 51 29 Thailand 2.3 0.5 0.6 8 9
Switzerland 1.2 0.1 0.3 44 -11 Peru 2.3 0.1 0.6 8 16
Turkey 1.2 0.1 0.3 30 86 Saudi Arabia 2.2 0.3 0.5 15 26
Saudi Arabia 1.0 0.1 0.2 33 50 Iraq 2.1 0.2 0.5 -4 50
South Africa 0.9 0.1 0.2 27 19 India 2.1 0.3 0.5 9 12
Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 0.8 0.2 0.2 3 18 Russian Federation 2.0 0.2 0.5 -10 40
Algeria 0.8 0.1 0.2 110 76 Chile 1.7 0.2 0.4 -4 7
Malaysia 0.8 0.1 0.2 20 43 Australia 1.6 0.4 0.4 18 -7
Singapore 0.8 0.1 0.2 31 -9 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 1.3 0.4 0.3 30 -8
Cuba 0.7 0.1 0.2 16 38 Singapore 1.2 0.4 0.3 60 -16
Chile 0.7 0.1 0.1 69 -4 Israel 1.1 0.2 0.3 17 28
Thailand 0.7 0.1 0.1 16 22 Azerbaijan 1.1 0.0 0.3 369 439
Colombia 0.7 0.1 0.1 37 8 Indonesia 1.0 0.2 0.2 11 9
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 0.6 0.2 0.1 -6 152 Viet Nam 0.9 0.1 0.2 23 27
Egypt 0.6 0.0 0.1 -13 84 Nigeria 0.9 0.1 0.2 -58 221
Gibraltar 0.6 0.0 0.1 32 1297 Cuba 0.8 0.1 0.2 78 -15
Israel 0.6 0.1 0.1 1 38 South Africa 0.8 0.1 0.2 41 -21
Philippines 0.5 0.1 0.1 21 23 Philippines 0.8 0.4 0.2 -18 8
Pakistan 0.5 0.0 0.1 20 23 Turkey 0.7 0.1 0.2 -5 26
New Zealand 0.4 0.0 0.1 11 14 Bangladesh 0.6 0.0 0.1 6 21
Sri Lanka 0.4 0.0 0.1 3 61 Colombia 0.6 0.1 0.1 -22 37
Peru 0.4 0.1 0.1 22 16 Argentina 0.6 0.1 0.1 -12 37
Viet Nam 0.3 0.0 0.1 45 11 Suriname 0.6 0.0 0.1 97 52
Morocco 0.3 0.1 0.1 53 27 New Zealand 0.5 0.1 0.1 10 -5
Bangladesh 0.3 0.0 0.1 137 -21 Hong Kong, China 0.4 0.4 0.1 10 -12
Trinidad and Tobago 0.3 0.0 0.1 19 23 Costa Rica 0.4 0.1 0.1 0 3
Above 40 449.2 99.7 98.4 - - Above 40 411.6 97.0 98.4 - -

b In 2008, Canada reported imports from Canada accounting for nearly 1 percent of its total merchandise imports.
16
Table I.13
Merchandise trade of the United States by origin and destination, 2008
Exports Imports
Annual Annual
I
2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008
Region Region
World 1287.4 100.0 100.0 12 12 World 2169.5 100.0 100.0 5 7
North America 413.2 37.0 32.1 6 7 Asia 762.4 37.8 35.1 5 1
Asia 329.4 27.6 25.6 11 8 North America 559.0 29.4 25.8 5 5
Europe 311.1 23.6 24.2 16 14 Europe 409.6 20.3 18.9 6 4
South and Central America 135.0 7.5 10.5 21 28 South and Central America 167.4 6.2 7.7 1 18
Middle East 55.0 2.4 4.3 21 22 Africa 117.3 2.3 5.4 14 23
Africa 28.8 1.4 2.2 28 20 Middle East 115.3 3.2 5.3 8 44
CIS 13.8 0.4 1.1 49 32 CIS 38.5 0.8 1.8 5 45
Economy Economy
Canada 260.9 22.6 20.3 8 5 China 356.6 8.5 16.4 11 5
Mexico 151.2 14.3 11.7 2 11 Canada 339.1 18.5 15.6 3 7
China 69.7 2.1 5.4 17 11 Mexico 218.6 10.9 10.1 6 3
Japan 65.1 8.4 5.1 5 7 Japan 143.6 12.0 6.6 -2 -4
Above 5 818.8 68.9 63.6 - - Above 5 1435.8 68.6 66.2 - -
Korea, Republic of 34.8 3.6 2.7 7 0 Saudi Arabia 57.0 1.2 2.6 12 53
Brazil 32.3 2.0 2.5 28 34 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 52.6 1.6 2.4 7 28
Singapore 28.8 2.3 2.2 6 10 Korea, Republic of 49.8 3.3 2.3 4 1
Taipei, Chinese 25.3 3.1 2.0 14 -4 Nigeria 39.2 0.9 1.8 17 16
Australia 22.4 1.6 1.7 8 17 Taipei, Chinese 37.7 3.4 1.7 0 -5
Switzerland 22.0 1.3 1.7 18 29 Brazil 32.1 1.2 1.5 -3 18
Hong Kong, China 21.6 1.9 1.7 13 8 Malaysia 31.6 2.1 1.5 -10 -6
India 17.7 0.5 1.4 55 18 Russian Federation 27.9 0.6 1.3 -2 38
United Arab Emirates 15.7 0.3 1.2 -3 36 India 27.0 0.9 1.2 9 7
Israel 14.5 1.0 1.1 19 11 Thailand 24.6 1.4 1.1 0 3
Malaysia 13.0 1.4 1.0 -7 11 Iraq 23.1 0.5 1.1 -3 94
Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 12.6 0.7 1.0 13 24 Israel 22.6 1.0 1.0 9 7
Saudi Arabia 12.5 0.8 1.0 33 20 Algeria 20.0 0.2 0.9 15 9
Chile 12.1 0.4 0.9 22 46 Angola 19.5 0.3 0.9 6 51
Colombia 11.4 0.5 0.9 28 34 Switzerland 18.2 0.8 0.8 3 20
Turkey 10.4 0.5 0.8 15 59 Indonesia 16.7 0.9 0.8 6 10
Russian Federation 9.3 0.3 0.7 55 28 Singapore 16.2 1.6 0.7 3 -14
Thailand 9.1 0.9 0.7 4 7 Viet Nam 13.9 0.1 0.6 23 21
Philippines 8.3 1.1 0.6 1 8 Colombia 13.8 0.6 0.6 2 38
Argentina 7.5 0.6 0.6 23 29 Australia 10.9 0.5 0.5 5 22
Dominican Republic 6.6 0.6 0.5 14 8 South Africa 10.1 0.3 0.5 20 9
South Africa 6.5 0.4 0.5 24 18 Ecuador 9.5 0.2 0.4 -14 46
Peru 6.2 0.2 0.5 41 50 Trinidad and Tobago 9.5 0.2 0.4 6 1
Egypt 6.0 0.4 0.5 30 13 Philippines 9.1 1.1 0.4 -3 -7
Indonesia 5.9 0.3 0.5 38 40 Chile 9.0 0.3 0.4 -5 -8
Costa Rica 5.7 0.3 0.4 11 24 Norway 7.6 0.5 0.4 3 0
Panama 4.9 0.2 0.4 38 32 Kuwait 7.4 0.2 0.3 3 72
Honduras 4.8 0.3 0.4 21 9 Hong Kong, China 6.7 1.0 0.3 -12 -8
Guatemala 4.7 0.2 0.4 16 16 Argentina 6.2 0.3 0.3 13 28
Nigeria 4.1 0.1 0.3 25 47 Peru 6.1 0.2 0.3 -11 12
Ecuador 3.4 0.1 0.3 8 18 Congo 5.2 0.0 0.2 0 63
Norway 3.4 0.2 0.3 27 11 Turkey 5.0 0.3 0.2 -15 1
Qatar 3.1 0.0 0.2 108 11 Azerbaijan 4.5 0.0 0.2 162 131
Netherlands Antilles 3.0 0.1 0.2 40 42 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 4.4 ... 0.2 35 23
Viet Nam 2.8 0.0 0.2 73 47 Honduras 4.2 0.3 0.2 5 3
Above 40 1231.3 97.1 95.6 - - Above 40 2094.8 96.5 96.6 - -
17
Table I.14
Merchandise trade of the European Union (27) by origin and destination, 2008
Exports Imports
I Annual Annual
2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008
Region Region
World 5898.4 100.0 100.0 16 10 World 6255.8 100.0 100.0 16 12
Europe 4313.5 73.5 73.1 16 9 Europe 4298.9 69.2 68.7 16 10
Asia 440.5 7.5 7.5 17 11 Asia 784.5 12.0 12.5 19 9
North America 434.7 10.3 7.4 7 4 CIS 329.5 2.7 5.3 12 31
CIS 218.3 1.3 3.7 33 25 North America 323.7 8.3 5.2 15 9
Africa 171.8 2.4 2.9 22 24 Africa 214.2 2.9 3.4 12 30
Middle East 156.1 2.2 2.6 17 18 South and Central America 128.6 1.7 2.1 17 17
South and Central America 89.0 1.7 1.5 21 20 Middle East 111.0 1.9 1.8 7 19
Economy Economy
United States 362.7 8.9 6.1 6 2 China 363.7 2.7 5.8 30 15
Russian Federation 153.2 0.8 2.6 34 27 United States 268.3 7.3 4.3 13 8
Switzerland 143.7 2.7 2.4 15 13 Russian Federation 254.0 2.2 4.1 11 28
China 113.7 1.0 1.9 23 17 Norway 135.3 1.7 2.2 6 29
Above 5 4746.7 81.4 80.5 - - Above 5 4994.7 78.4 79.8 - -
Turkey 79.8 1.2 1.4 15 11 Switzerland 117.8 2.2 1.9 17 12
Norway 64.3 1.0 1.1 24 8 Japan 109.9 3.3 1.8 11 2
Japan 60.4 1.7 1.0 6 3 Turkey 67.5 0.7 1.1 23 5
United Arab Emirates 46.6 0.5 0.8 16 27 Korea, Republic of 57.9 1.0 0.9 11 2
India 45.6 0.5 0.8 32 15 Brazil 52.1 0.7 0.8 31 16
Canada 38.4 0.8 0.7 6 8 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 50.3 0.5 0.8 15 34
Korea, Republic of 37.7 0.6 0.6 18 11 India 43.2 0.5 0.7 28 19
Brazil 37.6 0.6 0.6 30 32 Algeria 41.7 0.6 0.7 -7 48
Australia 37.0 0.6 0.6 17 19 Taipei, Chinese 35.4 1.0 0.6 6 -1
Ukraine 37.0 0.2 0.6 34 21 Canada 35.0 0.7 0.6 29 10
Singapore 32.3 0.6 0.5 14 15 South Africa 32.3 0.5 0.5 23 14
Mexico 32.0 0.5 0.5 20 13 Saudi Arabia 31.1 0.6 0.5 -14 23
Saudi Arabia 31.3 0.5 0.5 25 14 Malaysia 25.8 0.7 0.4 11 4
Hong Kong, China 31.0 0.8 0.5 6 8 Kazakhstan 25.6 0.1 0.4 5 39
South Africa 28.9 0.4 0.5 12 5 Thailand 25.2 0.5 0.4 23 11
Algeria 22.5 0.2 0.4 23 46 Singapore 23.8 0.6 0.4 4 -6
Morocco 21.2 0.3 0.4 29 25 Nigeria 22.6 0.2 0.4 3 62
Croatia 21.1 0.2 0.4 17 16 Ukraine 21.1 0.2 0.3 37 24
Israel 20.7 0.6 0.4 12 6 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 21.1 0.3 0.3 5 11
Egypt 18.7 0.3 0.3 25 31 Mexico 20.2 0.3 0.3 25 22
Taipei, Chinese 17.1 0.6 0.3 10 -6 Indonesia 19.9 0.4 0.3 14 13
Malaysia 17.0 0.3 0.3 21 9 Hong Kong, China 16.9 0.4 0.3 -2 12
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 16.7 0.2 0.3 -2 21 Chile 16.6 0.2 0.3 10 -4
Nigeria 16.5 0.2 0.3 32 42 Australia 16.5 0.3 0.3 15 2
Tunisia 14.6 0.3 0.2 19 12 Israel 16.5 0.4 0.3 24 6
Serbia 13.3 ... 0.2 51 21 Azerbaijan 15.5 0.0 0.2 47 54
Thailand 12.5 0.3 0.2 18 15 Argentina 15.5 0.2 0.2 26 32
Qatar 9.7 0.1 0.2 34 13 Tunisia 14.0 0.2 0.2 29 13
Belarus 9.4 0.1 0.2 20 41 Iraq 13.4 0.2 0.2 48 44
Argentina 8.9 0.2 0.2 34 9 Viet Nam 12.6 0.2 0.2 25 17
Indonesia 8.8 0.2 0.1 19 18 Morocco 12.3 0.2 0.2 22 11
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 8.4 0.1 0.1 23 48 Egypt 11.9 0.1 0.2 0 23
Kazakhstan 8.3 0.1 0.1 32 1 Angola 11.4 0.1 0.2 111 99
Angola 7.8 0.0 0.1 44 41 Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 9.3 0.1 0.1 -3 25
Chile 7.5 0.1 0.1 22 15 Belarus 8.9 0.0 0.1 7 49
Above 40 5667.5 96.2 96.1 - - Above 40 6065.5 96.5 97.0 - -
a The figures are affected by the "INTRASTAT" system of recording trade between EU member States. Intra-EU (27) imports are underrecorded. To compensate for this under-recording, intra-EU (27) exports have
been used to obtain total (World) imports.
18
Table I.15
Merchandise trade of Japan by origin and destination, 2008
Exports Imports
Annual Annual
I
2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008
Region Region
World 782.0 100.0 100.0 10 9 World 762.6 100.0 100.0 7 23
Asia 406.2 43.3 51.9 12 13 Asia 361.1 46.4 47.4 7 19
North America 158.1 32.7 20.2 0 -4 Middle East 166.7 13.0 21.9 5 46
Europe 119.3 17.8 15.3 12 6 North America 94.3 22.0 12.4 5 12
Middle East 34.0 2.0 4.4 37 30 Europe 79.6 13.9 10.4 9 10
CIS 19.3 0.2 2.5 51 54 South and Central America 22.2 2.2 2.9 21 13
South and Central America 19.2 1.7 2.5 25 28 Africa 21.4 1.3 2.8 14 40
Africa 12.5 0.9 1.6 22 19 CIS 14.8 1.3 1.9 57 28
Economy Economy
China 146.2 8.9 18.7 16 13 China 143.3 14.5 18.8 8 12
United States 137.4 30.0 17.6 -1 -4 United States 77.7 19.1 10.2 4 9
Korea, Republic of 59.5 6.4 7.6 8 9 Saudi Arabia 51.1 3.7 6.7 -5 45
Taipei, Chinese 46.1 7.5 5.9 2 3 Australia 47.5 3.9 6.2 12 52
Above 5 499.4 69.6 63.9 - - Above 5 389.9 53.8 51.1 - -
Hong Kong, China a 40.3 - - 7 4 United Arab Emirates 47.1 3.9 6.2 2 45
Thailand 29.4 2.8 3.8 12 15 Indonesia 32.6 4.3 4.3 10 23
Singapore 26.6 4.3 3.4 13 22 Korea, Republic of 29.5 5.4 3.9 0 8
Australia 17.3 1.8 2.2 14 22 Qatar 26.6 1.5 3.5 14 57
Russian Federation 16.5 0.1 2.1 53 53 Malaysia 23.2 3.8 3.0 12 33
Malaysia 16.4 2.9 2.1 14 9 Taipei, Chinese 21.8 4.7 2.9 -2 10
Indonesia 12.6 1.6 1.6 23 39 Thailand 20.8 2.8 2.7 9 13
Panama 10.9 1.3 1.4 7 26 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 18.3 1.4 2.4 14 45
United Arab Emirates 10.8 0.5 1.4 33 35 Kuwait 15.3 1.3 2.0 9 54
Canada 10.8 1.6 1.4 6 2 Russian Federation 13.3 1.2 1.7 59 26
Philippines 10.0 2.1 1.3 5 5 Canada 12.8 2.3 1.7 4 28
Mexico 9.9 1.1 1.3 11 -3 Viet Nam 9.1 0.7 1.2 16 49
India 7.9 0.5 1.0 39 28 South Africa 9.0 0.8 1.2 17 16
Saudi Arabia 7.9 0.6 1.0 45 17 Brazil 8.7 0.8 1.1 18 45
Viet Nam 7.8 0.4 1.0 37 38 Philippines 8.4 1.9 1.1 10 -3
Brazil 5.9 0.5 0.8 31 48 Chile 7.9 0.7 1.0 12 -3
South Africa 4.6 0.4 0.6 14 1 Singapore 7.9 1.7 1.0 -6 12
Switzerland 4.3 0.4 0.6 25 44 Switzerland 6.4 0.9 0.8 2 23
Oman 3.9 0.2 0.5 46 56 Oman 5.6 0.5 0.7 34 56
Turkey 3.1 0.3 0.4 15 13 India 5.2 0.7 0.7 3 26
Chile 2.7 0.1 0.4 45 74 Brunei Darussalam 4.5 0.4 0.6 7 81
New Zealand 2.5 0.3 0.3 19 1 Sudan 4.3 0.1 0.6 -11 59
Israel 2.2 0.3 0.3 58 15 Mexico 3.8 0.6 0.5 12 21
Kuwait 2.1 0.1 0.3 40 26 New Zealand 2.9 0.6 0.4 6 8
Ukraine 2.0 0.0 0.3 61 87 Peru 2.1 0.1 0.3 69 -5
Qatar 2.0 0.1 0.3 26 9 Norway 2.1 0.3 0.3 37 24
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 1.9 0.1 0.2 14 42 Nigeria 1.8 0.1 0.2 -18 168
Egypt 1.9 0.2 0.2 13 44 Egypt 1.6 0.0 0.2 111 91
Bahamas 1.8 0.1 0.2 2 45 Hong Kong, China 1.6 0.4 0.2 -5 7
Pakistan 1.5 0.1 0.2 -11 -7 Iraq 1.5 0.2 0.2 12 49
Norway 1.3 0.2 0.2 -31 18 Equatorial Guinea 1.1 0.0 0.1 82 94
Colombia 1.1 0.1 0.1 29 -15 Algeria 1.0 0.0 0.1 200 160
Algeria 1.1 0.0 0.1 96 24 Israel 0.9 0.2 0.1 8 2
Argentina 1.0 0.2 0.1 27 18 Papua New Guinea 0.9 0.1 0.1 27 8
Peru 1.0 0.1 0.1 44 79 Kazakhstan 0.8 0.0 0.1 20 111
Above 40 a 782.5 - - - - Above 40 750.3 98.5 98.4 - -
a Includes significant shipments recorded as exports to Hong Kong, China with China as final destination.
19
Table I.16
Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2007
(Million dollars and percentage)
Exports Imports
I Annual percentage Annual percentage
Value Share change Value Share change
2007 2007 2004-07 2006 2007 2007 2007 2004-07 2006 2007
European Union (27)

World 1586629 100.0 14 13 21 World 1371589 100.0 12 10 19
European Union (27) 918349 57.9 14 13 20 European Union (27) 823565 60.0 12 10 19
United States 186557 11.8 10 11 14 United States 168917 12.3 9 5 14
Switzerland 83728 5.3 14 8 26 Switzerland 58615 4.3 13 4 26
Japan 26376 1.7 5 -4 14 Japan 18427 1.3 13 11 14
Russian Federation 25930 1.6 32 20 43 China 18386 1.3 27 28 26
Above 5 1240938 78.2 - - - Above 5 1087911 79.3 - - -
Norway 25875 1.6 16 13 27 Russian Federation 16020 1.2 18 11 19
China 24001 1.5 30 9 45 Norway 15977 1.2 11 11 22
Canada 15768 1.0 16 18 23 Turkey 15897 1.2 9 -4 21
Singapore 15491 1.0 19 24 19 Canada 12762 0.9 15 16 24
Australia 14617 0.9 19 10 28 Hong Kong, China 10919 0.8 20 18 34
India 12754 0.8 42 38 45 Singapore 9548 0.7 16 10 29
Hong Kong, China 11218 0.7 9 -15 28 India 9333 0.7 23 15 32
Korea, Republic of 9804 0.6 13 16 16 Australia 8378 0.6 10 4 14
Turkey 8813 0.6 23 25 21 Egypt 7590 0.6 13 -1 23
Brazil 8693 0.5 24 15 33 Croatia 6599 0.5 16 9 12
Above 15 1387972 87.5 - - - Above 15 1200934 87.6 - - -
United States
World 472680 100.0 13 13 16 World 341673 100.0 10 12 9
European Union (27) 176509 37.3 ... ... ... European Union (27) 133350 39.0 ... ... ...
Canada 42238 8.9 13 14 15 Canada 24617 7.2 6 8 4
Japan 39615 8.4 4 -1 -2 Japan 24509 7.2 7 7 3
Mexico 23397 4.9 10 6 10 Bermuda 16554 4.8 3 20 2
Switzerland 15459 3.3 14 13 22 Mexico 15627 4.6 5 4 6
Above 5 297218 62.9 - - - Above 5 214658 62.8 - - -
China 13964 3.0 23 27 24 Switzerland 14949 4.4 20 19 11
Korea, Republic of 12518 2.6 11 17 4 India 9616 2.8 50 52 26
Australia 10287 2.2 15 14 22 China 8770 2.6 14 16 14
Brazil 9683 2.0 26 29 31 Taipei, Chinese 7171 2.1 8 5 4
India 9208 1.9 28 32 37 Hong Kong, China 6887 2.0 13 14 12
Singapore 7114 1.5 9 40 -11 Korea, Republic of 6563 1.9 6 6 2
Bermuda 6956 1.5 16 26 10 Australia 5958 1.7 15 5 22
Taipei, Chinese 6869 1.5 8 17 -7 Brazil 4028 1.2 28 58 21
Hong Kong, China 5704 1.2 18 18 18 Singapore 3921 1.1 12 0 6
Bolivarian Rep. of Venezuela 3823 0.8 17 17 26 Israel 3082 0.9 13 7 21
Above 15 383344 81.1 - - - Above 15 285603 83.6 - - -
Japan
World 127060 100.0 12 13 10 World 148685 100.0 7 9 11
United States 33478 26.3 ... ... 7 United States 42658 28.7 ... ... 3
Singapore 9943 7.8 ... ... 16 China 8071 5.4 ... ... 15
Taipei, Chinese 9001 7.1 ... ... 19 Singapore 7953 5.3 ... ... 21
China 8155 6.4 ... ... 8 Korea, Republic of 7142 4.8 ... ... 9
Above 5 93517 73.6 - - - Above 5 98494 66.2 - - -
Korea, Republic of 7412 5.8 ... ... 33 Hong Kong, China 5881 4.0 ... ... 10
Thailand 4217 3.3 ... ... 14 Taipei, Chinese 4148 2.8 ... ... 14
Canada 2092 1.6 ... ... -3 Australia 3711 2.5 ... ... 17
Switzerland 1723 1.4 ... ... 18 Switzerland 2897 1.9 ... ... 30
Australia 1648 1.3 ... ... 2 Thailand 2780 1.9 ... ... 5
Indonesia 1581 1.2 ... ... -14 United Arab Emirates 1917 1.3 ... ... 40
Philippines 1368 1.1 ... ... 39 Philippines 1730 1.2 ... ... 6
Saudi Arabia 1215 1.0 ... ... 44 Canada 1640 1.1 ... ... 11
India 1170 0.9 ... ... 55 Indonesia 1622 1.1 ... ... 8
United Arab Emirates 1019 0.8 ... ... -32 Malaysia 1318 0.9 ... ... 20
Above 15 116960 92.1 - - - Above 15 126138 84.8 - - -
20
Table I.16 (continued)
Exports Imports
Annual percentage Annual percentage
I
2007 2007 2004-07 2006 2007 2007 2007 2004-07 2006 2007
Hong Kong, China a

World 84643 100.0 15 14 16 World 42450 100.0 11 9 15
China 20698 24.5 11 7 17 China 11271 26.6 10 8 14
United States 17829 21.1 17 19 16 European Union (27) 7236 17.0 ... ... ...
European Union (27) 15530 18.3 ... ... ... United States 6236 14.7 11 8 14
Japan 5762 6.8 13 15 12 Japan 3498 8.2 9 7 12
Taipei, Chinese 4640 5.5 5 3 -1 Singapore 2367 5.6 26 36 21
Above 5 64459 76.2 - - - Above 5 30608 72.1 - - -
Singapore 2498 3.0 18 16 25 Australia 2219 5.2 5 2 6
Korea, Republic of 2247 2.7 18 30 17 Taipei, Chinese 1653 3.9 10 7 13
Australia 2128 2.5 27 28 10 Canada 1182 2.8 7 3 19
Canada 1386 1.6 15 12 22 Thailand 1001 2.4 2 5 1
Switzerland 1055 1.2 20 14 47 Korea, Republic of 743 1.8 -2 -14 8
Malaysia 1038 1.2 15 12 23 Malaysia 662 1.6 17 16 22
Thailand 802 0.9 12 6 3 Macao, China 597 1.4 10 8 19
India 692 0.8 10 15 12 India 570 1.3 31 23 33
Indonesia 662 0.8 27 26 24 United Arab Emirates 413 1.0 27 31 10
Philippines 624 0.7 21 -9 31 Philippines 404 1.0 7 2 13
Above 15 77591 91.7 - - - Above 15 40052 94.4 - - -
Singapore b, c
World 80490 100.0 20 20 26 World 74687 100.0 15 17 16
Japan 6456 8.0 14 16 17 Japan 3722 5.0 8 42 -9
China 4318 5.4 24 15 52 Hong Kong, China 2323 3.1 23 31 26
Hong Kong, China 3560 4.4 20 11 28 China 2092 2.8 17 13 41
Above 5 34367 42.7 - - - Above 5 32317 43.3 - - -
Australia 3324 4.1 18 17 15 Australia 1641 2.2 18 22 34
Korea, Republic of 2704 3.4 16 5 26 India 1248 1.7 26 28 27
Indonesia 2647 3.3 12 24 9 Switzerland 1206 1.6 17 7 35
Malaysia 2609 3.2 14 10 29 Malaysia 1021 1.4 14 12 25
India 2458 3.1 25 23 36 Korea, Republic of 1020 1.4 15 10 20
Switzerland 2188 2.7 18 12 44 Indonesia 841 1.1 4 0 15
Thailand 1908 2.4 13 7 17 Thailand 765 1.0 12 1 17
Taipei, Chinese 1616 2.0 15 15 15 Taipei, Chinese 713 1.0 21 8 37
United Arab Emirates 1233 1.5 20 26 33 Norway 517 0.7 16 -18 34
Viet Nam 974 1.2 39 15 95 United Arab Emirates 343 0.5 17 15 32
Above 15 56028 69.6 - - - Above 15 41631 55.7 - - -
Canada d
World 59014 100.0 ... 8 ... World 71919 100.0 ... 11 ...
United States 31867 54.0 ... 3 ... United States 41176 57.3 ... 7 ...
European Union (27) e 10842 18.4 ... ... ... European Union (27) e 12037 16.7 ... ... ...
Bermuda 1576 2.7 ... 24 ... Japan 2490 3.5 ... 25 ...
Japan 1324 2.2 ... 4 ... Hong Kong, China 1562 2.2 ... 8 ...
Switzerland 1064 1.8 ... 81 ... Bermuda 1311 1.8 ... 7 ...
Above 5 46674 79.1 - - - Above 5 58575 81.4 - - -
Hong Kong, China 1047 1.8 ... 36 ... Switzerland 1297 1.8 ... 36 ...
China 986 1.7 ... 18 ... Mexico 1060 1.5 ... 5 ...
Barbados 741 1.3 ... -19 ... Barbados 1035 1.4 ... 8 ...
Australia 667 1.1 ... 7 ... China 1009 1.4 ... 47 ...
Korea, Republic of 636 1.1 ... 16 ... Singapore 934 1.3 ... 23 ...
Mexico 562 1.0 ... 3 ... Australia 575 0.8 ... 27 ...
Taipei, Chinese 373 0.6 ... 8 ... Russian Federation 371 0.5 ... 11 ...
Singapore 366 0.6 ... 29 ... Korea, Republic of 358 0.5 ... 33 ...
Brazil 321 0.5 ... 29 ... Norway 357 0.5 ... 6 ...
India 320 0.5 ... 20 ... India 355 0.5 ... 35 ...
Above 15 52694 89.3 - - - Above 15 65926 91.7 - - -
21
Table I.16 (continued)
Exports Imports
I Annual percentage Annual percentage
2007 2007 2004-07 2006 2007 2007 2007 2004-07 2006 2007
Korea, Republic of f
World 61729 100.0 15 11 28 World 82108 100.0 18 17 21
China 8943 14.5 21 17 33 Japan 9813 12.0 16 13 19
Japan 6701 10.9 0 -2 4 China 8841 10.8 22 18 18
Above 4 41611 67.4 - - - Above 4 57603 70.2 - - -
Australia
World 39728 100.0 13 7 22 World 38614 100.0 12 6 22
European Union (27) 7271 18.3 ... ... ... European Union (27) 8486 22.0 10 3 17
China 3273 8.2 21 8 32 Singapore 3488 9.0 15 8 19
New Zealand 2849 7.2 11 -1 24 New Zealand 1955 5.1 8 4 18
Singapore 2640 6.6 16 11 24 Japan 1638 4.2 4 -7 12
Above 5 20771 52.3 - - - Above 5 22395 58.0 - - -
Japan 2271 5.7 -2 -4 -3 Hong Kong, China 1389 3.6 8 -3 17
India 1722 4.3 41 21 49 Thailand 1302 3.4 27 30 44
Korea, Republic of 1553 3.9 23 20 25 China 1018 2.6 8 -13 28
Hong Kong, China 1320 3.3 4 -2 10 Switzerland 867 2.2 4 -10 14
Malaysia 1105 2.8 10 -4 23 Malaysia 812 2.1 15 1 31
Indonesia 711 1.8 3 -3 20 Fiji 592 1.5 6 3 3
Thailand 665 1.7 14 6 31 Canada 591 1.5 12 -4 28
Canada 618 1.6 19 30 19 Indonesia 546 1.4 -8 -44 46
Switzerland 490 1.2 17 -2 49 Viet Nam 418 1.1 16 6 33
Taipei, Chinese 432 1.1 7 -3 18 Korea, Republic of 393 1.0 18 11 34
Above 15 31660 79.7 - - - Above 15 30321 78.5 - - -
Russian Federation g
World 39119 100.0 24 25 27 World 57684 100.0 21 16 32
European Union (27) 15680 40.1 22 20 30 European Union (27) 25248 43.8 23 14 32
United States 3184 8.1 22 22 20 Turkey 5365 9.3 23 13 36
Kazakhstan 1786 4.6 43 52 65 United States 3078 5.3 12 30 25
Ukraine 1757 4.5 ... 38 15 Ukraine 2458 4.3 ... -5 26
Turkey 1541 3.9 34 37 22 Egypt 1687 2.9 32 33 29
Above 5 23947 61.2 - - - Above 5 37835 65.6 - - -
Switzerland 1240 3.2 15 17 -3 Switzerland 1461 2.5 16 18 27
British Virgin Islands 955 2.4 39 18 61 China 1366 2.4 15 14 24
Uzbekistan 952 2.4 ... 117 100 Panama 832 1.4 29 12 25
China 869 2.2 11 28 4 Kazakhstan 765 1.3 22 18 24
Tajikistan 690 1.8 67 172 52 Belarus 668 1.2 18 16 36
Japan 583 1.5 11 16 -5 United Arab Emirates 657 1.1 18 26 23
Canada 549 1.4 67 225 46 Serbia 523 0.9 ... ... ...
Korea, Republic of 510 1.3 14 20 13 Thailand 467 0.8 41 107 60
Belarus 479 1.2 25 35 22 Israel 445 0.8 15 -6 22
Moldova 323 0.8 ... 82 41 Korea, Republic of 372 0.6 24 38 4
Above 15 31097 79.5 - - - Above 15 45391 78.7 - - -
a Financial intermediation services are not allocated geographically. In 2007, they represented 2 per cent of exports, and 0.3 per cent of imports.
b The following transactions are not allocated geographically: travel exports and imports; financial services exports related to foreign exchange trading; imports of freight transportation services and, insurance on
goods imports. Overall, they represent 12 per cent of commercial services exports, and 32 per cent of imports.
c ASEAN countries accounted for 12 per cent of total commercial services exports and 5 per cent of imports.
d 2006 instead of 2007. The geographical breakdown includes government services n.i.e. In 2006, they represented 3 per cent of services exports, and 1 per cent of imports.
e Excluding Bulgaria and Romania.
f In 2007 trade in commercial services not allocated geographically accounted for 10 per cent of exports and 8 per cent of imports.
g In 2007 trade in commercial services not allocated geographically accounted for 8 per cent of exports and 13 per cent of imports.
Note: For more information on asymmetries, see the Metadata.
22
5. Regional Trade Agreements
Table I.17
Merchandise trade of NAFTA countries by major product group and by origin/destination, 2008

I
World NAFTA Other origin/destination
Annual Annual Annual
percentage percentage percentage
Destination Value Share change Value Share change Value Share change
2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008
Exports
Canada
Agricultural products 54 12.6 11.9 10 11 30 9.2 8.4 4 4 24 36.4 24.8 21 21
Fuels and mining products 161 17.5 35.3 16 30 137 18.0 38.0 12 32 24 13.7 25.3 43 21
Manufactures 214 63.5 46.9 4 -5 173 65.8 48.1 2 -7 41 47.2 42.5 18 6
Total exports 456 100.0 100.0 8 9 360 100.0 100.0 5 7 96 100.0 100.0 24 15
Mexico
Manufactures 213 83.3 72.9 8 4 179 85.6 74.2 5 1 34 63.1 67.2 28 23
Total exports 292 100.0 100.0 9 7 241 100.0 100.0 6 5 51 100.0 100.0 28 21
United States
Manufactures 963 83.0 74.8 10 7 318 85.4 77.0 4 3 645 81.6 73.7 13 10
Total exports 1287 100.0 100.0 12 12 412 100.0 100.0 6 7 875 100.0 100.0 15 15
NAFTA
Manufactures 1390 78.6 68.3 8 5 669 78.5 66.1 3 0 720 78.8 70.5 14 10
Total exports 2036 100.0 100.0 11 11 1013 100.0 100.0 5 7 1022 100.0 100.0 17 15
Imports
Canada
Manufactures 308 83.6 73.7 7 2 186 87.5 77.6 6 -1 122 75.4 68.4 10 8
Total imports 418 100.0 100.0 9 7 240 100.0 100.0 8 4 178 100.0 100.0 10 12
Mexico
Manufactures 251 83.4 77.6 2 11 121 86.6 71.8 1 5 129 74.6 83.9 2 18
Total imports 323 100.0 100.0 10 9 169 100.0 100.0 7 9 154 100.0 100.0 14 10
United States
Manufactures 1417 76.9 65.3 4 1 309 71.2 55.4 4 -5 1107 79.3 68.7 5 2
Total imports 2169 100.0 100.0 5 7 559 100.0 100.0 5 5 1611 100.0 100.0 6 8
NAFTA
Manufactures 1976 78.6 67.9 5 2 617 78.3 63.7 4 -2 1359 78.7 69.9 5 4
Total imports 2911 100.0 100.0 6 8 968 100.0 100.0 6 5 1943 100.0 100.0 7 9
23
Table I.18
Merchandise trade of MERCOSUR countries by major product group and by origin/destination, 2008
World MERCOSUR Other origin/destination

I Annual Annual Annual
2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008
Exports
Argentina
Agricultural products 37.5 45.4 53.6 35 30 3.7 28.4 23.2 29 24 33.8 53.4 62.7 36 31
Fuels and mining products 8.8 20.6 12.6 -9 8 2.4 22.9 15.0 16 8 6.4 19.5 11.9 -16 7
Manufactures 21.6 32.4 30.8 17 25 10.0 48.7 61.8 27 39 11.6 24.7 21.5 11 15
Total exports 70.0 100.0 100.0 20 26 16.1 100.0 100.0 25 29 53.9 100.0 100.0 18 24
Brazil
Fuels and mining products 44.0 11.8 22.2 22 37 2.5 5.7 11.3 25 34 41.6 12.8 23.6 21 37
Manufactures 86.4 57.5 43.7 9 15 18.1 83.7 83.4 21 27 68.3 53.2 38.8 7 13
Total exports 197.9 100.0 100.0 17 23 21.7 100.0 100.0 24 25 176.2 100.0 100.0 16 23
Paraguay
Fuels and mining products 0.0 0.5 0.7 14 25 0.0 0.5 1.1 23 44 0.0 0.3 0.3 0 -13
Manufactures 0.3 19.3 7.8 26 -9 0.2 16.5 10.3 34 -9 0.1 24.4 5.6 15 -9
Total exports 4.4 100.0 100.0 46 59 2.1 100.0 100.0 50 53 2.3 100.0 100.0 43 65
Uruguay
Fuels and mining products 0.2 2.0 3.6 30 -4 0.1 4.1 5.6 373 -13 0.1 0.3 2.9 -20 4
Manufactures 1.5 41.4 25.9 15 15 0.9 54.6 56.7 22 29 0.6 30.8 14.6 7 0
Total exports 5.9 100.0 100.0 13 32 1.6 100.0 100.0 32 28 4.3 100.0 100.0 7 33
MERCOSUR
Manufactures 109.9 48.8 39.5 11 17 29.2 63.3 70.3 23 30 80.6 45.0 34.1 8 13
Total exports 278.3 100.0 100.0 18 24 41.6 100.0 100.0 26 28 236.8 100.0 100.0 16 24
Imports
Argentina
Manufactures 46.3 87.1 80.7 29 22 16.2 81.5 79.5 22 23 30.2 89.4 81.3 32 21
Total imports 57.4 100.0 100.0 31 28 20.3 100.0 100.0 27 26 37.1 100.0 100.0 33 30
Brazil
Manufactures 128.2 73.4 70.3 20 58 9.2 46.0 57.2 28 39 119.1 78.0 71.5 20 60
Total imports 182.4 100.0 100.0 32 44 16.0 100.0 100.0 29 30 166.4 100.0 100.0 32 46
Paraguay
Agricultural products 0.7 17.8 7.1 36 33 0.6 25.7 13.4 56 31 0.1 9.3 2.5 -11 41
Fuels and mining products 1.7 14.3 16.2 27 65 0.8 20.9 18.4 104 15 0.9 7.2 14.7 -31 175
Manufactures 7.8 67.9 76.6 20 39 2.9 53.2 68.2 58 41 4.9 83.5 82.7 6 38
Total imports 10.2 100.0 100.0 22 42 4.3 100.0 100.0 66 34 5.9 100.0 100.0 1 48
Uruguay
Fuels and mining products 2.7 16.4 30.6 -5 108 1.2 10.6 29.3 19 107 1.6 20.9 31.6 -17 110
Manufactures 5.3 69.4 59.3 27 46 2.2 67.7 54.9 16 37 3.1 70.8 62.7 36 53
Total imports 8.9 100.0 100.0 17 59 3.9 100.0 100.0 17 53 5.0 100.0 100.0 17 63
MERCOSUR
Manufactures 187.6 77.0 72.5 23 46 30.4 62.3 68.2 26 30 157.2 80.7 73.3 22 50
Total imports 259.0 100.0 100.0 31 41 44.5 100.0 100.0 30 30 214.4 100.0 100.0 31 43
24
Table I.19
Merchandise trade of Andean Community countries by major product group and by origin/destination, 2008
World Andean Community Other origin/destination

I
2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008
Exports
Bolivia
Fuels and mining products 4.5 34.2 70.4 16 50 0.1 3.5 16.6 -38 5 4.5 42.4 75.1 19 52
Manufactures 0.6 25.1 9.0 6 31 0.1 10.0 10.7 0 25 0.5 29.1 8.9 7 32
Total exports 6.4 100.0 100.0 15 45 0.5 100.0 100.0 2 19 5.9 100.0 100.0 17 47
Colombia
Manufactures 11.9 32.3 31.5 35 1 2.0 71.2 80.6 12 17 9.9 29.5 28.1 40 -2
Total exports 37.6 100.0 100.0 23 25 2.5 100.0 100.0 8 14 35.2 100.0 100.0 24 26
Ecuador
Agricultural products 5.2 39.5 28.3 8 23 0.3 22.9 10.7 -12 11 5.0 41.6 31.0 9 24
Manufactures 1.4 8.4 7.6 -3 30 0.7 34.5 29.5 -2 33 0.7 5.1 4.2 -3 28
Total exports 18.5 100.0 100.0 13 29 2.5 100.0 100.0 22 16 16.0 100.0 100.0 11 32
Peru
Agricultural products 5.3 27.2 16.7 10 26 0.2 19.6 15.4 -2 46 5.0 27.6 16.8 10 25
Manufactures 4.1 16.5 13.0 21 22 0.9 49.6 55.7 30 44 3.2 14.9 10.8 20 18
Total exports 31.5 100.0 100.0 17 13 1.6 100.0 100.0 19 28 30.0 100.0 100.0 17 12
Andean Community
Manufactures 17.9 23.2 19.1 28 8 3.6 49.7 51.8 12 26 14.3 21.0 16.4 32 4
Total exports 94.1 100.0 100.0 18 23 7.0 100.0 100.0 15 18 87.1 100.0 100.0 19 23
Imports
Bolivia
Manufactures 3.8 78.6 76.8 24 40 0.4 81.7 84.0 23 66 3.4 78.4 76.0 24 38
Total imports 5.0 100.0 100.0 23 44 0.5 100.0 100.0 19 61 4.5 100.0 100.0 23 43
Colombia
Fuels and mining products 2.8 4.5 7.1 25 44 0.3 10.3 12.8 15 -7 2.5 4.1 6.7 28 55
Manufactures 31.8 80.1 80.2 25 18 1.6 41.8 64.8 28 11 30.2 82.8 81.2 25 18
Total imports 39.7 100.0 100.0 26 21 2.5 100.0 100.0 20 12 37.1 100.0 100.0 26 21
Ecuador
Fuels and mining products 3.7 9.2 19.8 11 23 0.2 3.5 7.4 -23 -48 3.5 10.2 21.6 17 32
Manufactures 13.2 70.8 70.5 9 44 1.8 81.9 77.4 9 29 11.4 68.8 69.5 8 47
Total imports 18.7 100.0 100.0 15 34 2.3 100.0 100.0 4 17 16.4 100.0 100.0 17 37
Peru
Manufactures 20.7 70.3 69.0 35 48 0.9 36.6 27.2 19 20 19.8 74.2 74.2 36 50
Total imports 30.0 100.0 100.0 34 46 3.3 100.0 100.0 23 25 26.7 100.0 100.0 36 50
Andean Community
Manufactures 69.5 75.6 74.5 24 32 4.8 52.6 54.9 18 23 64.7 77.9 76.5 25 32
Total imports 93.3 100.0 100.0 25 32 8.7 100.0 100.0 16 20 84.7 100.0 100.0 27 33
25
Table I.20
Merchandise trade of ASEAN countries by major product group and by origin/destination, 2008
World ASEAN Other origin/destination

I Annual Annual Annual
2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008 2008 2000 2008 2007 2008
Exports
Indonesia
Manufactures 53.6 56.7 38.5 9 7 13.3 68.9 48.0 14 9 40.3 54.1 36.1 8 7
Total exports 139.3 100.0 100.0 14 18 27.6 100.0 100.0 21 20 111.7 100.0 100.0 12 18
Malaysia
Manufactures 130.0 80.4 65.1 6 4 33.7 80.2 65.4 8 7 96.3 80.4 65.0 5 3
Total exports 199.5 100.0 100.0 10 13 51.5 100.0 100.0 8 14 148.0 100.0 100.0 10 13
Philippines
Fuels and mining products 4.2 2.8 8.5 30 0 1.2 4.7 17.5 -6 10 2.9 2.5 6.9 52 -4
Manufactures 40.5 87.4 82.7 5 -5 5.3 92.3 74.1 -3 -18 35.3 86.5 84.1 6 -3
Total exports 49.0 100.0 100.0 6 -3 7.1 100.0 100.0 -2 -12 41.9 100.0 100.0 8 -1
Singapore
Manufactures 240.3 85.4 71.1 8 4 74.4 83.2 68.6 9 7 166.0 86.2 72.2 7 3
Total exports 338.2 100.0 100.0 10 13 108.5 100.0 100.0 13 14 229.7 100.0 100.0 9 12
Thailand
Manufactures 127.1 74.8 71.5 18 10 27.3 73.6 68.7 24 16 99.9 75.1 72.3 17 9
Total exports 177.8 100.0 100.0 17 17 39.7 100.0 100.0 20 22 138.2 100.0 100.0 16 16
ASEAN
Manufactures 630.0 76.1 63.6 10 6 158.1 77.9 62.7 11 8 471.8 75.6 63.9 9 6
Total exports 990.2 100.0 100.0 12 15 252.2 100.0 100.0 14 16 738.0 100.0 100.0 12 14
Imports
Indonesia
Agricultural products 13.0 12.5 10.3 31 29 1.8 7.7 4.6 83 -10 11.2 13.8 13.0 22 39
Manufactures 78.1 71.5 61.9 16 33 19.5 66.1 48.8 9 22 58.5 73.0 67.9 19 37
Total imports 126.2 100.0 100.0 15 36 40.0 100.0 100.0 15 31 86.1 100.0 100.0 16 38
Malaysia
Manufactures 114.3 83.1 72.8 10 3 22.1 76.5 56.3 14 -6 92.1 85.2 78.4 8 6
Total imports 156.9 100.0 100.0 12 7 39.3 100.0 100.0 17 5 117.6 100.0 100.0 11 7
Philippines
Manufactures 39.0 77.9 64.7 4 -7 8.7 76.8 56.9 26 -2 30.3 78.1 67.4 -1 -8
Total imports 60.3 100.0 100.0 7 4 15.3 100.0 100.0 26 14 45.0 100.0 100.0 3 1
Singapore
Manufactures 204.8 81.6 64.0 8 9 45.7 86.6 61.0 3 0 159.1 80.0 65.0 9 12
Total imports 319.8 100.0 100.0 10 22 74.9 100.0 100.0 6 14 244.8 100.0 100.0 12 24
Thailand
Manufactures 114.4 75.8 64.0 12 19 20.8 74.2 64.6 6 29 93.6 76.2 63.9 13 17
Total imports 178.7 100.0 100.0 9 28 32.2 100.0 100.0 0 28 146.5 100.0 100.0 11 28
ASEAN
Manufactures 615.8 78.9 65.7 12 12 130.5 77.1 57.0 10 7 485.3 79.4 68.6 12 14
Total imports 936.7 100.0 100.0 13 21 229.1 100.0 100.0 11 18 707.5 100.0 100.0 13 22
26
6. Least-developed countries
Table I.21
Ratio of exports of goods and commercial services to GDP of the least-developed countries, 2007

I
Value Ratio to GDP
GDP Goods and commercial services Goods Commercial services
2007 2000 2007 2000 2007 2000 2007
LDCs 422700 24 33 21 30 4 3
Afghanistan 9658 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Angola 61403 90 73 87 72 3 1
Bangladesh 68415 14 19 14 18 1 1
Benin 5428 23 24 17 19 6 5
Bhutan 1096 30 52 26 47 4 5
Burkina Faso 6767 9 10 8 9 1 1
Burundi 974 7 6 7 5 0 1
Cambodia 8350 49 67 37 49 11 18
Central African Republic 1712 18 13 17 11 1 2
Chad 7085 15 53 13 52 2 1
Comoros 449 24 14 6 3 19 10
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 8953 22 ... 21 ... 2 ...
Djibouti 830 18 18 6 7 13 11
Equatorial Guinea 9923 100 50 100 49 1 0
Eritrea 1375 14 ... 6 ... 9 ...
Ethiopia 19395 11 13 6 7 5 6
Gambia 644 45 36 30 18 15 18
Guinea 4564 22 27 21 26 1 1
Guinea-Bissau 357 31 27 29 24 2 3
Haiti 6715 13 10 9 8 4 2
Kiribati 78 27 ... 13 ... 14 ...
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 4108 28 37 20 29 9 7
Lesotho 1600 29 55 25 50 4 4
Liberia 735 ... 48 ... 27 ... 22
Madagascar 7382 29 26 21 15 8 11
Malawi 3563 25 ... 23 ... 2 ...
Maldives 1055 72 81 17 22 55 59
Mali 6863 26 28 23 23 4 5
Mauritania 2644 36 ... 33 ... 3 ...
Mozambique 7790 16 36 9 31 8 5
Myanmar 19618 24 ... 19 ... 5 ...
Nepal 10315 22 12 14 9 7 3
Niger 4170 18 18 16 16 2 2
Rwanda 3339 6 9 4 6 2 4
Samoa 525 ... 29 ... 3 ... 26
Sao Tome and Principe 145 ... 8 ... 5 ... 3
Senegal 11165 27 25 20 15 7 10
Sierra Leone 1664 8 20 2 18 6 3
Solomon Islands 388 38 58 23 41 15 17
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 46228 15 20 15 19 0 1
Tanzania 16181 14 24 7 14 6 10
Timor Leste 395 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Togo 2499 31 35 27 27 3 8
Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda 11771 11 21 7 17 3 4
Vanuatu 452 59 47 11 7 48 39
Yemen 22523 42 34 40 31 2 3
Zambia 11363 27 43 23 40 4 2
Memorandum item:
World 54583800 25 32 20 25 5 6
Note: Trade in goods is derived from balance of payments statistics and does not correspond to the merchandise trade statistics given elsewhere in this report. Data are estimated for most countries. See the
Metadata.
27
Table I.22
Merchandise exports and imports of least-developed countries by selected country grouping, 2008
Exports Imports
I
Value Annual percentage change Value Annual percentage change
2008 2000-08 2006 2007 2008 2008 2000-08 2006 2007 2008
LDCs 173514 22 25 24 35 158392 20 15 23 27
Oil exporters
Angola 67100 31 32 39 51 21100 13 5 56 54
Equatorial Guinea 16300 40 16 24 60 3270 15 54 37 18
Sudan 12050 27 17 57 36 9150 22 19 9 4
Yemen 8977 10 14 -4 27 9960 12 13 40 17
Chad 4650 50 11 7 27 1830 33 42 11 22
Exporters of manufactures
Bangladesh 15357 12 27 6 23 23838 18 15 16 28
Myanmar 6937 20 20 38 9 4288 13 33 29 29
Cambodia 4300 15 14 16 5 6600 22 21 14 22
Madagascar 1340 6 15 26 8 4040 22 6 46 53
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 1095 16 59 5 19 1302 19 20 0 22
Nepal 1050 3 -3 6 18 3600 21 9 17 24
Lesotho 900 19 7 16 12 2040 32 6 16 17
Haiti 490 6 8 3 -6 2148 27 13 13 16
Exporters of commodities
Zambia 5089 24 108 22 10 5106 24 20 29 29
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 3950 22 6 14 49 4100 22 21 20 24
Tanzania 3037 19 14 16 36 7081 33 29 26 33
Mozambique 2653 28 34 1 10 3804 34 19 6 25
Senegal 2350 12 1 5 41 6528 28 5 33 34
Uganda 2180 21 17 42 29 4526 33 24 37 30
Mauritania 1750 22 119 5 22 1750 22 -18 30 15
Mali 1650 15 41 -2 8 2550 21 18 20 17
Ethiopia 1602 16 15 24 25 7700 41 16 20 34
Guinea 1360 9 26 7 19 1600 12 16 26 33
Benin 1050 13 27 19 20 1990 23 21 30 24
Togo 900 12 -2 8 29 1540 20 4 12 10
Niger 880 15 7 36 24 1400 22 1 12 32
Malawi 770 9 7 31 8 1650 20 4 14 20
Afghanistan 610 20 6 22 23 3350 49 5 9 19
Burkina Faso 550 13 26 6 -12 1800 31 5 23 11
Bhutan 521 22 60 63 -23 543 23 9 25 3
Maldives 331 15 39 1 45 1388 37 24 18 27
Somalia 290 5 -3 0 0 790 19 8 3 16
Rwanda 250 22 18 20 41 1139 47 27 35 54
Liberia 242 -4 20 27 21 813 12 51 7 63
Sierra Leone 220 42 46 6 -10 560 60 13 14 26
Central African Republic 195 2 17 13 10 310 9 20 23 24
Solomon Islands 190 13 17 38 13 295 20 17 32 3
Guinea-Bissau 98 6 -17 15 15 160 13 20 7 18
Djibouti 69 10 40 5 18 580 44 21 41 23
Burundi 57 2 0 -9 8 403 30 60 -26 26
Vanuatu 42 6 -3 -19 41 287 35 7 26 42
Eritrea 17 -9 -5 43 13 530 39 1 3 4
Kiribati 15 20 46 55 53 55 41 -14 11 -22
Gambia 14 -1 43 9 11 329 47 0 24 3
Comoros 13 -1 -17 31 0 180 38 17 21 29
Samoa 11 -3 -10 45 -27 249 43 17 4 10
Sao Tome and Principe 11 17 13 -12 56 114 58 42 12 44
Tuvalu 0 40 -19 80 63 26 0 -1 22 69
Timor-Leste ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Memorandum item:
World a 16070000 12 15 15 15 16422000 12 14 15 15
a Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export.

Note: Data for 2008 are largely estimated.
28
Table I.23
Imports of agricultural products, fuels and manufactures of the European Union (27), Asia and North America from least-developed
countries, 2008
European Union (27) Asia a North America

I
Value change Value change Value change
2008 2007 2008 2008 2007 2008 2008 2007 2008
A. Agricultural products
Total LDCs 4616 23 3 Total LDCs 6192 8 17 Total LDCs 806 -5 13
Uganda 527 25 23 Myanmar 2120 7 25 Liberia 167 -9 22
Ethiopia 481 27 29 Tanzania 392 -3 57 Bangladesh 163 -14 -10
Tanzania 418 28 -9 Bangladesh 303 12 22 Ethiopia 140 31 64
Madagascar 396 2 27 Solomon Islands 295 45 10 Malawi 65 -6 35
Senegal 320 32 -20 Mozambique 257 35 35 Madagascar 42 14 -13
Bangladesh 318 10 3 Benin 248 4 40 Tanzania 37 45 15
Malawi 273 41 -3 Burkina Faso 243 11 -14 Sudan 33 19 31
Togo 256 29 45 Vanuatu 221 12 1 Haiti 30 6 16
Mozambique 228 49 -15 Afghanistan 186 61 27 Uganda 20 -6 12
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 205 27 7 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 172 -4 20 Togo 16 181 126
Sudan 159 47 -1 Nepal 150 37 13 Rwanda 11 13 39
Others (39) 1055 14 -6 Others (39) 1604 -2 4 Others (39) 82 -26 -16
B. Fuels and mining products
Total LDCs 20557 46 89 Total LDCs 59777 15 53 Total LDCs 29594 8 58
Angola 11150 82 170 Angola 25691 17 59 Angola 22125 11 58
Equatorial Guinea 5701 37 106 Sudan 11995 48 61 Equatorial Guinea 3460 -5 88
Mozambique 1041 15 -36 Yemen 7434 -7 39 Chad 3446 12 55
Mauritania 797 17 27 Equatorial Guinea 5038 -5 47 Guinea 211 34 30
Guinea 595 39 19 Myanmar 3238 1 48 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 116 1062 152
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 507 79 22 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 1699 27 254 Sierra Leone 52 69 -14
Zambia 337 17 -15 Mauritania 1039 42 84 Mauritania 47 -100 ...
Senegal 93 3 145 Zambia 991 16 -1 Zambia 46 66 5
Others (42) 338 46 -13 Others (42) 2653 32 16 Others (42) 92 -46 -72
C. Manufactures
Total LDCs 11359 -2 6 Total LDCs 2991 22 20 Total LDCs 9224 12 3
Bangladesh 7696 5 16 Bangladesh 746 -4 22 Bangladesh 4562 6 13
Cambodia 1063 11 15 Nepal 464 58 38 Cambodia 2822 14 1
Madagascar 387 17 -3 Myanmar 367 36 10 Haiti 455 1 -9
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 322 -9 -11 Vanuatu 298 -87 26186 Lesotho 396 6 -14
Lesotho 248 114 47 Cambodia 204 8 -5 Madagascar 319 21 -3
Liberia 235 -58 -46 Senegal 173 106 42 Equatorial Guinea 203 134 -9
Myanmar 229 -16 -9 Angola 126 -60 97 Congo, Dem. Rep. of 150 105 -4
Angola 188 -26 -35 Bhutan 124 39 -23 Nepal 104 -8 -5
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 170 -7 7 Liberia 91 185 -72 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 45 31 141
Equatorial Guinea 159 27 -14 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 69 66 80 Angola 35 11 -38
Nepal 118 3 6 Samoa 69 25 -25 Afghanistan 22 -32 137
Sierra Leone 80 7 -33 Tanzania 43 45 22 Tanzania 19 6 23
Ethiopia 72 13 1 Zambia 35 81 4 Malawi 14 9 -35
Others (37) 406 2 -37 Others (37) 181 -15 38 Others (37) 79 110 -59
a Australia, China, Hong Kong, China; India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Taipei Chinese and Thailand.
29
Table I.24
Exports of commercial services of the least-developed countries by category, 2007
I Value Share in commercial services

Commercial
services Transportation services Travel Other commercial services
2007 2000 2007 2000 2007 2000 2007
Least developed countries 14300 20 21 47 53 33 26

Afghanistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Angola 311 6 5 ... 72 94 22
Bangladesh 685 32 12 18 11 50 77
Benin 281 14 4 61 73 25 22
Bhutan 60 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Burkina Faso 70 13 ... 67 ... 20 ...
Burundi 7 43 21 37 20 20 59
Cambodia 1510 17 14 72 75 11 11
Central African Republic 26 4 ... 51 ... 45 ...
Chad 84 2 ... 65 ... 33 ...
Comoros 46 13 ... 81 ... 6 ...
Congo, Dem. Rep. of ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Djibouti 92 76 78 12 7 12 15
Equatorial Guinea 26 3 ... 50 ... 47 ...
Eritrea ... 18 ... 64 ... 18 ...
Ethiopia 1183 56 62 15 15 30 23
Gambia 114 ... 17 76 65 ... 17
Guinea 44 58 14 7 0 34 86
Guinea-Bissau 11 12 ... ... ... ... ...
Haiti 152 ... ... 81 92 ... ...
Kiribati ... 12 ... 8 ... 81 ...
Lao People's Dem. Rep. 299 13 10 76 78 11 12
Lesotho 68 2 1 67 63 31 36
Liberia 160 ... 13 ... 85 ... 3
Madagascar 796 16 30 39 32 45 39
Malawi ... 26 ... 74 ... 0 ...
Maldives 622 6 5 93 94 1 1
Mali 359 36 7 44 62 20 31
Mauritania ... 1 ... 20 ... 79 ...
Mozambique 404 30 32 23 40 47 28
Myanmar ... 17 ... 35 ... 48 ...
Nepal 340 15 11 38 59 47 30
Niger 79 24 15 64 52 12 33
Rwanda 126 34 29 57 52 8 20
Samoa 138 ... 5 ... 77 ... 18
Sao Tome and Principe 4 2 2 76 83 22 16
Senegal 1097 10 12 44 48 47 39
Sierra Leone 42 46 37 27 52 27 11
Solomon Islands 66 3 18 9 2 89 79
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 342 63 3 22 77 15 20
Tanzania 1675 10 20 65 62 25 18
Timor Leste ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Togo 197 23 54 18 17 59 29
Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda 528 15 3 81 75 4 21
Vanuatu 177 24 18 47 67 28 15
Yemen 578 12 8 42 74 46 19
Zambia 279 37 35 58 49 5 16
Memorandum item:
World 3372400 23 23 32 26 45 52
Note: Data are estimated for most countries. The improvement of the quality of data in recent years may have resulted in changes relating to the breakdown of exports of commercial services by category of
services. See the Metadata.
30
7. Foreign affiliates trade in services
Table I.25
Sales by foreign affiliates of resident companies - affiliates located abroad primarily engaged in services activities (outward FATS),
2003-2006

I
Value Annual percentage change
2003 2004 2005 2006 2000-03 2004 2005 2006
Australia a, b 24.6 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Austria b ... ... ... 29.6 ... ... ... ...
Belgium b, c 31.7 41.8 47.8 ... 31 32 14 ...
Canada d 70.6 74.8 81.8 98.0 -6 6 9 20
Czech Republic e 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.3 -3 58 139 28
Finland f ... 13.0 12.4 18.7 ... ... -4 51
France b, c, g 145.6 ... ... ... -12 ... ... ...
Germany ... ... 400.1 429.7 ... ... ... 7
Greece ... ... 3.5 ... ... ... ... ...
Hungary f ... 0.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Israel f ... 2.6 2.9 ... ... ... 14 ...
Italy ... ... 115.3 125.3 ... ... ... 9
Japan 40.3 44.5 53.5 57.3 ... 10 20 7
Latvia b, h ... ... ... 0.2 ... ... ... ...
Portugal b 5.6 7.1 9.9 12.8 2 27 40 29
Slovak Republic f ... ... 0.0 0.0 ... ... ... 17
United States 521.8 583.5 668.7 761.5 6 12 15 14
Excluding wholesale and retail trade and repair activities. Economies shown in italics exclude most or a large part of financial intermediation activities.
a Refers to fiscal year 2002-03 (July-June). Community, social and personal (except health), hotels and restaurants and communications services are not covered.
b Only includes affiliates directly owned.
c Classified under services according to actvity of parent company.
d Branches are excluded.
e Only the first level of indirect ownership is covered
f Community, social and personal services are not covered.
g Refers to 2002 value and annual percentage change for 2000-02.
h Only covers extra-EU (27) affiliates.
Note: Given the recent development of this statistical framework, comparability and coverage of data may not always be complete. See the Metadata.
31
Table I.26
Sales by affiliates of foreign companies - resident affiliates primarily engaged in services activities (inward FATS), 2003-2006
Value Annual percentage change

I 2003 2004 2005 2006 2000-03 2004 2005 2006
Austria a 24.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Belgium 25.0 28.2 28.9 ... ... 12 3 ...
Bulgaria b ... 2.5 2.9 ... ... ... 19 ...
Cyprus b, c ... 0.9 0.9 1.1 ... ... 8 14
Czech Republic 18.6 23.0 28.5 30.6 40 23 24 7
Denmark b, d, e 4.9 ... ... ... 29 ... ... ...
Estonia ... 1.6 2.1 2.4 ... ... 26 18
Finland 11.8 13.6 13.3 ... 35 15 -2 ...
France 102.6 128.8 148.0 161.4 ... 26 15 9
Germany ... ... 187.8 199.6 ... ... ... 6
Greece d 4.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Hong Kong, China f ... 83.1 91.6 114.0 ... ... 10 24
Hungary 9.5 11.8 12.9 17.5 ... 24 10 36
Ireland 16.6 18.7 26.7 33.2 ... 12 43 24
Israel b 4.0 4.2 5.9 ... ... 5 41 ...
Italy 60.4 71.9 77.8 ... ... 19 8 ...
Japan g, h 14.8 20.8 33.3 27.1 ... 40 60 -19
Latvia b 0.9 1.3 1.8 2.3 ... 45 35 32
Lithuania b ... 1.9 2.3 ... ... ... 23 ...
Netherlands a, b 33.2 ... 55.9 ... ... ... ... ...
New Zealand i 11.9 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Norway b 17.2 18.6 24.0 26.4 ... 8 29 10
Poland 6.9 9.0 11.3 19.3 ... 31 25 71
Portugal b 10.4 7.5 10.0 13.0 ... -28 33 30
Romania b 2.6 5.4 ... 10.1 ... 108 ... ...
Slovak Republic b ... 4.8 6.4 6.6 ... ... 34 2
Slovenia 0.8 1.2 ... ... ... 55 ... ...
Spain a, b 40.6 52.3 52.5 69.3 ... 29 0 32
Sweden 36.4 43.5 46.0 52.9 25 19 6 15
Trinidad and Tobago d 0.2 ... ... ... 29 ... ... ...
United Kingdom 174.8 222.1 253.3 283.6 ... 27 14 12
United States 416.0 425.7 460.5 563.5 1 2 8 22
Excluding wholesale and retail trade as well as repair activities. For economies shown in italics data exclude all or a large part of financial intermediation activities.
a Only direct control.
b Some or all community, social and personal services activities are not covered.
c Hotels and restaurants activities are not covered.
d Refers to 2002 value and annual percentage change for 2000-02.
e Transport, storage and communications activities are not covered.
f Includes other income.
g No estimation for non-response.
h Real estate activities are also not covered.
i Preliminary results based on 53 per cent of foreign affiliates.
Note : Given the recent development of this statistical framework, comparability and coverage of data may not always be complete. See the Metadata.
32

I. World Trade Developments: The Highlights

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

I. World Trade Developments: The Highlights

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

WORLD TRADE DEVELOPMENTS

 Merchandise trade and GDP The Highlights

GDP Exports total

The income elasticity of manufac-

responds more than merchandise 3.0

merchandise trade ﬂows are recorded

What is the importance of trade in intermediate goods?

Increasing trade in intermediate

 Trade and GDP

What does the trade to GDP ratio reveal?

Data not available

 Regional merchandise trade flows

What is the impact of the crisis on trade within regions?

The ﬁrst quarter of 2009, on a Quarterly percentage change in world

 Leading merchandise traders

What is the impact of the crisis on trade balances?

Before the global crisis, an increasing

growing global tensions, if not directly 20

one of the causes of the crisis. Since 15

the early 1980s, both Germany and 10

in 1988 at 5.9 per cent of GDP. After

 The crisis and least-developed countries (LDCs)

How has the crisis affected trade in LDCs?

Trends in LDC exports of goods and services, 2000-2008

Values (billion dollars) Annual rate of growth (percentage)

 Trade in commercial services

Are exports of commercial services more resilient in times of crisis?

Data from leading exporters of com-

higher than the world’s average. How-

 Foreign affiliates and services trade

How has services trade changed over the past decade?

The globalization of business and the ﬁrms’ increas-

Total exports Intra-firm exports

Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2000-2008

(Annual percentage change)

World merchandise exports 5.0 8.5 6.0 1.5

(Annual percentage change)

2000-08 2007 2008 2000-08 2007 2008

5.0 6.0 1.5 World 5.0 6.0 1.5

I (Annual percentage change)

2000-08 2007 2008 2000-08 2007 2008

Intra- and inter-regional merchandise trade, 2008

(Billion dollars and percentage)

Shares of regional trade flows in world merchandise exports, 2008

(Billion dollars and percentage)

1948 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2008

(Billion dollars and percentage)

1948 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2008

Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2008

I (Billion dollars and percentage)

a Imports are valued f.o.b.

(Billion dollars and percentage)

a Imports are valued f.o.b.

Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2008

(Billion dollars and percentage)

(Billion dollars and percentage)

4. Bilateral trade of leading traders

Merchandise trade of Canada by origin and destination, 2008

I (Billion dollars and percentage)

a Imports are valued f.o.b.

Merchandise trade of the United States by origin and destination, 2008

(Billion dollars and percentage)

Merchandise trade and GDP The Highlights

Trade and GDP

Regional merchandise trade flows

Leading merchandise traders

The crisis and least-developed countries (LDCs)

Trade in commercial services

Foreign affiliates and services trade