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Chemistry Notes

February 11, 2005

How do elements combine?


Elements combine through chemical bonding.
There are 2 types of chemical bonding:

Ionic Bonding: happens when atoms gain or lose electrons.


Example: Na + Cl
Atoms become charged as electrons are
transferred.
Na+ Cl-
Opposite charged atoms attract.
Attraction force = Ionic Bond.
NaCl
Resulting compound is called an ionic
compound.

Note: the compound as a whole is neutral.

Note: Metals will loose electrons and become “+” charged.


Non-metals will gain electrons and become “-“ charged.

Covalent Bonding: happens when atoms share electrons.


Example: Cl + Cl
Each atom has the same number of
protons and electrons, therefore neutral charge.
:: Cl :. .: Cl ::
Each atom is looking for one electron to fill
outer energy level ( 8 ).
:: Cl ::: Cl ::
Each atom shares one electron with the
other atom.
Cl2
Since electrons are shared, no atom gains
or loses electrons.
Note: the force of attraction between the electrons “ –
“ and both “+” nucleus’ is what holds the molecule together.

Molecule = the neutral particles formed as a result of atoms sharing


electrons.
Example: H. + .H Æ H:H
Two hydrogen atoms each share one electron to
form a more stable hydrogen molecule, or “H2 “.

Polar Molecules: are molecules that have two opposite charged


ends, or poles.
Example: H2O H:O:: “-“
H
“+”
Why do these poles form?
The nucleus of the atom containing more protons
(here Oxygen with +8 nucleus) has a greater force of
attraction for the electrons “-“ than the less attractive
Hydrogen’s with +1 in each nucleus.

As a result, the oxygen end of a water molecule has a slight


negative charge while the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge. The
result is a polar molecule.

Non Polar Molecules: are molecules that do not have unbalanced


charges.
Example: Cl2 ::Cl:::Cl::
The equal number of protons in both nuclei results in an
equal force of attraction for the shared electrons, therefore,
no poles are created.

Oxidation Number = the number of electrons that an atom gains,


loses or shares when bonding with another atom.
Example: when Lithium (Li) gives away an electron it
becomes Li . The +1 is the oxidation number; it tells that lithium has lost
+1

one electron “-“and the result is a “+1” charge on the atom.

Compound: is what results when two or more elements combine.

Binary Compound = a compound formed from two elements.


Example: CaF2 , calcium fluoride.

Writing Chemical Formulas


“Nomenclature”

Terms for writing chemical formulas


Subscript = a number placed below and to the right of an elements
symbol. This number indicates how many atoms of that element are
present. ( the number one does not need to be written since the symbol
already indicates one atom is present).
Examples: O2 = 2 oxygen atoms
Cl2 = 2 chlorine atoms
H2O = 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
C6H12O6 = 6 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen
atoms and 6 oxygen atoms

Superscript = a number placed above and to the right of an elements


symbol. This number indicates the charge of an atom, the atoms
oxidation number.
Examples: O-2 = that the oxygen gained 2 electrons “-“.
K+1 = that the potassium atom has lost one electron.

Oxidation Number = the number of electrons that an atom gains, loses or


shares when bonding with another atom. Ex: Ca+2 F2-

How do we write chemical formulas?

Steps for writing the chemical formula for binary compounds:

1. Write the symbol of the element with “+” oxidation number (all
metals and hydrogen). Example: Ca
2. Next write the symbol of the element with the “-“ oxidation number
(all nonmetals). Example: Ca F
3. Write in the oxidation numbers for each element. Example: Ca+2 F-1
4. Balance the formula. There must be an equal number of “+” and “-
“ charges in the completed formula to have a neutral compound.
Example: Ca+2 2F-1.
5. Put in subscripts so the sum of the charges is equal to zero.
Example: Ca1F2 , drop the unnecessary “1” and get CaF2.
6. SHORT CUT is to use the criss-cross method. Change the oxidation
number to a subscript for the other element Example: Ca+2 F-1
becomes Ca1F2 , drop the unnecessary “1” and get CaF2.

Steps for writing the name for binary compounds:


1. Write the name of the first element. Example: Calcium.
2. Write the root of the name of the second element. Example:
Calcium Flour.
3. Add the suffix “ide” to the root. Example: Calcium Flouride.

How Do Elements Combine?


• Elements combine through chemical bonding
• Chemical bonding involves chemical reactions.

What Is Involved In Chemical Reactions?

Conservation of Matter = this theory states that matter can not be created
or destroyed.

Reactants = are the elements involved in a chemical reaction. What we


have at the start of the reaction.

Products = are the result of the chemical reaction. What we are left with
after the reaction.

Coefficient = is the number in front of each “item” in a chemical equation.


The coefficient shows how many of each “item” there is in the equation.

How Do We Know What Happens During Chemical Reactions?

Chemical Equations = a way of showing what is taking place during a


chemical reaction by using numbers and symbols.
Example: Ag + H2S Æ Ag2S + H2

Balanced Equation = when there are the same number of atoms of each
element on both sides of the chemical equation.
Example: 2Ag = H2S Æ Ag2S + H2

How Do We Write Balanced Chemical Equations?

1. Describe the chemical reaction in words.


a. Ex: silver nitrate plus sodium chloride yields silver chloride plus
sodium nitrate.
2. Write the chemical equation using formulas and symbols.
a. Ex: AgNO3 + NaCl Æ AgCl + NaNO3
3. Check for balance. (make a table)

Element AgNO3 + NaCl Æ AgCl + NaNO3


Ag 1 1
N 1 1
O 3 3
Na 1 1
Cl 1 1

4. Determine the coefficients (if necessary).


a. Ex: balance the chemical equation for how the human body
makes energy;
glucose plus oxygen produces carbon dioxide plus water
C6H12O6 + O2 Æ CO2 + H2O

Balanced = C6H12O6 + 6O2 Æ 6CO2 + 6H2O

Practice balancing these equations and naming these compounds:


1. BaCl2 + H2SO4 Æ BaSO4 + HCl
2. P + O2 Æ P4O10
3. C3H8 + O2 Æ CO2 + H2O
4. KClO3 Æ KCl + O2
5. Cu + AgNO3 Æ Cu(NO3)2 + Ag

Why Are Chemical Reactions Important?


• Life could not exist without chemical reactions.
• In chemical reactions atoms rearrange themselves forming all
of life’s substances and compounds.

Types of Chemical Reactions

There are four (4) types of chemical reactions, all based on the way
atoms rearrange themselves during the reaction. These are synthesis
reactions, decomposition reactions, single replacement, double
displacement.

Synthesis Reactions are when 2 or more substances combine to form


another substance.
• Most synthesis reactions give off energy in the form of heat and
light.

General formula for synthesis reactions:


A + B Æ AB

Example: Aluminum + oxygen produces aluminum oxide


Al + O2 Æ Al2O3
Balanced: 4 Al = 3O2 Æ 2Al2O3
Decomposition Reactions are when one substance breaks down into
simpler substances.
• Most decomposition reactions require the addition of energy (need
energy)

General formula for decomposition reactions:


AB Æ A + B

Example: Carbonation (bubbles) in soda


Decomposition of carbonic acid yields water and carbon dioxide
H2CO3 Æ H2O + CO2

Single Replacement Reactions are when one element replaces another


element in a compound.

General formula for single replacement reactions:


A + BC Æ AC + B
(the positive ion is replaced)

D + BC Æ BD + C
(the negative ion is replaced)

Example: Tarnish
Aluminum plus silver sulfide yields aluminum sulfide plus silver
2Al + 3AgS Æ Al2S3 + 3Ag

Double Displacement Reactions are when the positive ion of one


compound replaces the positive ion of another compound forming two
new compounds.

General formula for double displacement reactions:


AB + CD Æ AD + CB
• Most acid-base reactions are double displacement reactions.
• Often a precipitate forms in these reactions.

Example: Antacid plus stomach acid yields precipitate plus water


Magnesium hydroxide (antacid) plus hydrochloric acid (stomach acid)
yields magnesium chloride (precipitate) plus water.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl Æ MgCl2 = 2H2O

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