Proceedings of the Institution of

Civil Engineers
Water Management 157
June 2004 Issue WM2
Pages 77^97

Paper 13432
Received 14/07/2003
Accepted 26/11/2003

Keywords:
Subhasish Dey
hydraulics & hydrodynamics/river
Associate Professor, Department
engineering/waterways & canals
of Civil Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur, India
Abdul Karim Barbhuiya
Lecturer, Department of
Applied Mechanics, National
Institute of Technology,
Silchar, India

Clear water scour at abutments

S. Dey and A. K. Barbhuiya
Laboratory experimental results on local scour at short ^
h h/l
abutments (abutment length: flow depth ratio
1), Ks coefficient
namely vertical-wall, 458 wing-wall and semicircular, in l transverse length of abutment (m)
uniform and non-uniform sediments under a clear water ~l l/d50
scour condition are presented. The equilibrium scour Re Uel/n
depth is related to the sediment size and approaching Rl abutment Reynolds number
flow depth relative to the abutment length. The equili- Sl Strouhal number
brium scour depth increases with decrease in abutment s relative density of sediment particles
length and increase in sediment size and flow depth. The t time (s)
scour depth is independent of flow depth at higher flow ^t non-dimensional time
depths. The effect of sediment gradation on scour depth is U average approaching flow velocity (m/s)
pronounced for non-uniform sediments, which reduces Uc critical velocity for sediment particles (m/s)
scour depth significantly due to the formation of an Ue U  xUc (m/s)
armour layer in the scour hole. The time variation of u shear velocity of approaching flow (m/s)
scour depth for uniform sediments shows a family of uc critical shear velocity for sediment particles (m/s)
parallel lines for different abutment lengths and sediment D s1
sizes. For non-uniform sediments, the time variation of f angle of repose of sediment particles
scour depth reduces with increase in non-uniformity of n kinematic viscosity of water (m2/s)
the particle size distribution of sediments. The character- r mass density of water (kg/m3)
istic parameters affecting the maximum equilibrium non- rs mass density of sediment particles (kg/m3)
dimensional scour depth (scour depth: abutment length sg geometric standard deviation
ratio), identified based on the physical reasoning and x factor
dimensional analysis, are excess abutment Froude
number, flow depth :abutment length ratio, and abutment
1. INTRODUCTION
length :sediment diameter ratio. The experimental data
Obstruction of the flow in main channels by an obstacle, such
in clear water scour condition under limiting stability of
as a bridge abutment, spur dike, pier etc., causes a three-
upstream bed sediments are used to determine the equa-
dimensional modification of the flow forming a vortex flow
tions of maximum equilibrium scour depth through
field in the vicinity of the obstacle. In case of bridge abutments,
regression analysis. The estimated scour depths are in
the flow separates at the upstream face of the abutment as it
agreement with the experimental data.
travels by the side of the abutment, creating a vortex trail that
moves downstream. The result is that the sediment bed in the
NOTATION vicinity of the abutment is scoured locally, exposing the
b streamwise length of abutment (m) abutment foundation that leads to the failure of the bridge. Two
d16 16% finer particle diameter (m) types of local scour may occur at a bridge site, namely, clear
d50 median diameter of sediment particles (m) water scour and live bed scour.1 Clear water scour occurs when
d84 84% finer particle diameter (m) sediment is removed from the scour hole but not supplied by
ds equilibrium scour depth (m) the approaching flow. Live bed scour, on the other hand, occurs
^ when the scour hole is continuously fed with the sediment by
ds ds/l
dsm maximum equilibrium scour depth (m) the approaching flow.
^
dsm dsm/l
dst scour depth at time t (m) Early experimental investigations on scour at abutments were
^
dst dst/l in some cases motivated by a desire to estimate scour at spur
Fc Uc/(Dgl)0·5 dikes. Ahmad2 gave a relationship of scour depth at spur dikes
Fe Ue/(Dgl)0·5 with flow intensity at the contracted section of spur dike.
g gravitational acceleration (m/s2) Laursen3 developed the relationship of scour depth at abut-
h approaching flow depth (m) ments for a limiting case of scour in a long flow constriction.

Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya 77
 Garde et al.4 experimentally studied the clear water scour depth
at spur dikes and related the scour depth : flow depth ratio to
the Froude number of flow and contraction ratio. Liu et al.5
examined scour at bridge constriction caused by abutments and
concluded that the clear water scour depth is a function of the
Froude number of flow and contraction ratio; while the live
bed scour depth is a function of the Froude number of flow.
Gill6 put forward a relationship of scour depth at spur dikes
with contraction ratio and sediment size : flow depth ratio.
Froehlich7 proposed an empirical equation of scour depth at
abutments or spur dikes relating scour depth to flow depth,
abutment length, Froude number of flow, shape factor of
abutment and embankment, embankment skewness factor,
sediment size and gradation. Melville8 compiled a large number
of experimental data on abutment scour reported by various
investigators of the University of Auckland9–14 and proposed a
design formula for maximum scour depth that depends on
coefficients for flow velocity, flow depth, sediment size,
sediment gradation, abutment length, abutment shape and
abutment alignment. He classified abutments as short (abut-
ment length : flow depth ratio
1) or long (> 25). Lim15
proposed an equation of maximum clear water scour depth at
abutments as a function of flow depth and abutment length. He
extended the equation to include the effects of abutment shape
and non-uniform sediment. Lim and Cheng16 put forward a
semi-empirical equation for the estimation of live bed scour
depth at abutments. Scour at abutments in floodplains of
compound channels was explored by Sturm and Janjua,17
Melville18 and Kouchakzadeh and Townsend.19 Kuhnle et al.20
investigated geometry of scour hole at spur dikes. Melville21
and Kandasamy and Melville22 evolved integrated approaches
to predict maximum scour depth at piers and abutments. Time
variation of scour at abutments was studied by Cardoso and
Bettess23 and Oliveto and Hager.24 From the aforementioned
studies, it is revealed that a detailed investigation describing
the effects of various parameters on scour depth at abutments is
inadequate.
The present study involved a detailed parametric investigation
on scour depth at short abutments (ratio of abutment length
to approaching flow depth less than unity), namely vertical-
wall, 458 wing-wall and semicircular, in uniform and non-
2. EXPERIMENTATION
The experiments were conducted in the Hydraulic and Hydro-
logic Engineering Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur, using a flume, 20 m long, 0·9 m wide and 0·7 m
deep. Three types of abutment models, namely vertical-wall,
458 wing-wall and semicircular (Fig. 1), having five different
sizes each (Table 1), used for the scouring tests were made of
transparent Perspex, enabling the visualisation of flow and bed
profile. The models had b/l ratios of 2 (for vertical-wall and
semicircular abutments) and 3 (for 458 wing-wall abutments)
(Table 1); where b is the streamwise length of abutment and l is
the length of abutment transverse to the flow. In order to get
the geometric similarity of the abutment models, the same b/l
ratio was maintained for a particular abutment type of different
sizes. During the tests, an abutment was embedded in bed
sediment, being retained in a sediment recess of 2·4 m long,
0·9 m wide and 0·3 m deep, attaching it to the glass side-wall of
the flume. The sediment recess (test section) was located 9 m
downstream of the inlet of the flume. The flow discharge,
regulated by an inlet valve, was measured using a calibrated V-
notch weir fitted at the inlet of the flume. The flow depth,
adjusted by a tailgate, was recorded by a Vernier point gauge
with an accuracy of 0·1 mm. To avoid the undesirable scour
which would happen by the action of sheet flow with
inadequate flow depth, the flume was initially filled with the
water issuing from a pipe at a low rate. Once the desirable flow
depth was set, the experimental run was started by adjusting
the discharge to the desired value. The properties of the
Vertical-wall Flow
l
Flume wall
b
45˚ wing-wall
l Flow
45˚
Flume wall
b

uniform sediments under clear water scour condition. The

study reports an extensive experimental investigation,
Semicircular
whose findings are used to describe the effects of various l Flow
parameters on scour depth, including time variation of
scour depth, and to determine the equations of maximum Flume wall
equilibrium scour depth based on the limiting stability b
of upstream bed sediments under clear water scour con- Fig. 1. Different types of abutment used in the experiments
ditions.

Vertical-wall abutment 458 wing-wall abutment Semicircular abutment

l: m b: m l: m b: m l: m b: m

0˝04 0˝08 0˝04 0˝12 0˝04 0˝08

0˝06 0˝12 0˝06 0˝18 0˝06 0˝12
0˝08 0˝16 0˝08 0˝24 0˝08 0˝16
0˝10 0˝20 0˝10 0˝30 0˝10 0˝20
0˝12 0˝24 0˝12 0˝36 0˝13 0˝26

Table 1. Dimensions of abutments used in the experiments

78 Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya
 ing flow velocities U, which
d50: Relative Geometric Angle of Critical shear
mm density: standard repose f: velocity were achieved by adjusting
s deviation: sg degree u*c: m/s the discharge and tailgate. In
the second set (Table 4),
0˝26 2˝65 1˝38 29 0˝0130 experiments were run for
0˝52 2˝65 1˝21 29˝5 0˝0158
variable approaching flow
0˝91 2˝65 1˝17 30 0˝0221
1˝86 2˝65 1˝18 31 0˝0347 depths of 0·05–0·25 m with
3˝10 2˝65 1˝17 32 0˝0481 uniform sediments. On the
other hand, in the third set
Table 2. Characteristics of sediments used in the experiments (Table 5), experiments were
run for constant approaching
flow depth of 0·2 m with
uniform sediments used in the experiments are given in Table 2. non-uniform sediments. A uniform flow was maintained in the
The degree of uniformity of the particle size distribution of a test section during the experiments. For all experimental runs, a
sediment sample is defined by the value of geometric standard clear water scour condition was maintained adjusting the
deviation sg, given by (d84/d16)0·5, which is less than 1·4 for approaching flow condition to U/Uc  0·95; where Uc is the
uniform sediments.25 Three different sets of experimental data critical velocity for sediment particles. The critical shear
were collected (Tables 3–5). In the first set (Table 3), velocities u*c for sediments furnished in Table 2 were obtained
experiments were run for constant approaching flow depth h of from the Shields diagram. The corresponding critical velocities
0·2 m with uniform sediments for different average approach- Uc being approaching flow depth dependent were calculated

Vertical-wall abutments 458 wing-wall abutments Semicircular abutments

Run d50: mm U: m/s ds: m Run d50: mm U: m/s ds: m Run d50: mm U: m/s ds: m

L = 4 cm and b = 8 cm l = 4 cm and b = 12 cm l = 4 cm and b = 8 cm

1V1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝079 1W1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝068 1S1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝068
2V1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝100 2W1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝080 2S1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝074
3V1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝118 3W1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝087 3S1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝079
4V1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝147 4W1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝126 4S1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝124
5V1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝174 5W1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝151 5S1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝135

l = 6 cm and b = 12 cm l = 6 cm and b = 18 cm l = 6 cm and b = 12 cm

6V1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝103 6W1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝078 6S1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝073
7V1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝124 7W1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝105 7S1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝106
8V1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝142 8W1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝110 8S1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝108
9V1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝188 9W1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝160 9S1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝158
10V1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝216 10W1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝205 10S1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝185

l = 8 cm and b = 16 cm l = 8 cm and b = 24 cm l = 8 cm and b = 16 cm

11V1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝126 11W1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝087 11S1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝081
12V1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝154 12W1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝124 12S1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝125
13V1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝169 13W1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝130 13S1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝134
14V1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝227 14W1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝198 14S1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝192
15V1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝250 15W1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝241 15S1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝223

l = 10 cm and b = 20 cm l = 10 cm and b = 30 cm l = 10 cm and b = 20 cm

16V1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝141 16W1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝101 16S1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝910
17V1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝175 17W1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝147 17S1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝133
18V1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝208 18W1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝153 18S1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝154
19V1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝264 19W1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝233 19S1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝233
20V1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝291 20W1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝274 20S1 3˝10 0˝630 0˝258

l = 12 cm and b = 24 cm l = 12 cm and b = 36 cm l = 13 cm and b = 26 cm

21V1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝158 21W1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝117 21S1 0˝26 0˝257 0˝109
22V1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝201 22W1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝170 22S1 0˝52 0˝293 0˝162
23V1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝228 23W1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝176 23S1 0˝91 0˝368 0˝183
24V1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝287 24W1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝269 24S1 1˝86 0˝524 0˝272

Note: For all the experimental runs, the approaching flow velocities U and approaching flow depths h were approximately equal
to 0˝95Uc and 0˝2 m, respectively.

Table 3. Experimental data for uniform sediments having constant approaching flow depth

Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya 79
 Vertical-wall abutments 458 wing-wall abutments Semicircular abutments

Run d50: mm h: m U: m/s ds: m Run d50: mm h: m U: m/s ds: m Run d50: mm h: m U: m/s ds: m

l = 4 cm and b = 8 cm l = 4 cm and b = 12 cm l = 4 cm and b = 8 cm

1V2 0˝26 0˝058 0˝219 0˝068 1W2 0˝26 0˝059 0˝220 0˝053 1S2 0˝26 0˝059 0˝220 0˝055
2V2 0˝26 0˝122 0˝242 0˝075 2W2 0˝26 0˝124 0˝243 0˝063 2S2 0˝26 0˝125 0˝243 0˝063
3V2 0˝26 0˝176 0˝253 0˝078 3W2 0˝26 0˝179 0˝254 0˝067 3S2 0˝26 0˝179 0˝254 0˝067
4V2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝079 4W2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝068 4S2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝068
5V2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝079 5W2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝069 5S2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝068
6V2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝084 6W2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝068 6S2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝061
7V2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝093 7W2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝074 7S2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝069
8V2 0˝52 0˝149 0˝282 0˝098 8W2 0˝52 0˝149 0˝282 0˝078 8S2 0˝52 0˝150 0˝282 0˝073
9V2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝100 9W2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝080 9S2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝074
10V2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝100 10W2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝080 10S2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝075
11V2 0˝91 0˝062 0˝307 0˝096 11W2 0˝91 0˝061 0˝306 0˝066 11S2 0˝91 0˝050 0˝296 0˝062
12V2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝107 12W2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝078 12S2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝074
13V2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝115 13W2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝085 13S2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝078
14V2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝118 14W2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝087 14S2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝079
15V2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝119 15W2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝088 15S2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝080
16V2 1˝86 0˝093 0˝460 0˝128 16W2 1˝86 0˝094 0˝462 0˝110 16S2 1˝86 0˝103 0˝470 0˝110
17V2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝139 17W2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝121 17S2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝118
18V2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝147 18W2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝126 18S2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝124
19V2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝148 19W2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝127 19S2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝125
20V2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝174 20W2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝151 20S2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝135

l = 6 cm and b = 12 cm l = 6 cm and b = 18 cm l = 6 cm and b = 12 cm

21V2 0˝26 0˝058 0˝219 0˝089 21W2 0˝26 0˝059 0˝220 0˝061 21S2 0˝26 0˝059 0˝220 0˝058
22V2 0˝26 0˝122 0˝242 0˝098 22W2 0˝26 0˝124 0˝243 0˝071 22S2 0˝26 0˝125 0˝243 0˝068
23V2 0˝26 0˝176 0˝253 0˝102 23W2 0˝26 0˝179 0˝254 0˝077 23S2 0˝26 0˝179 0˝254 0˝072
24V2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝103 24W2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝078 24S2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝073
25V2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝103 25W2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝078 25S2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝074
26V2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝099 26W2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝086 26S2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝081
27V2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝113 27W2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝093 27S2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝092
28V2 0˝52 0˝149 0˝282 0˝120 28W2 0˝52 0˝149 0˝282 0˝100 28S2 0˝52 0˝150 0˝282 0˝100
29V2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝124 29W2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝105 29S2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝106
30V2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝125 30W2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝106 30S2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝108
31V2 0˝91 0˝062 0˝307 0˝112 31W2 0˝91 0˝061 0˝306 0˝086 31S2 0˝91 0˝050 0˝296 0˝082
32V2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝130 32W2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝099 32S2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝099
33V2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝138 33W2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝108 33S2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝107
34V2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝366 0˝142 34W2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝110 34S2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝108
35V2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝143 35W2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝111 35S2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝109
36V2 1˝86 0˝093 0˝460 0˝159 36W2 1˝86 0˝094 0˝462 0˝142 36S2 1˝86 0˝103 0˝470 0˝142
37V2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝177 37W2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝154 37S2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝151
38V2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝188 38W2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝160 38S2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝158
39V2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝191 39W2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝163 39S2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝160
40V2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝216 40W2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝205 40S2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝185

l = 8 cm and b = 16 cm l = 8 cm and b = 24 cm l = 8 cm and b = 16 cm

41V2 0˝26 0˝058 0˝219 0˝105 41W2 0˝26 0˝059 0˝220 0˝069 41S2 0˝26 0˝059 0˝220 0˝065
42V2 0˝26 0˝122 0˝242 0˝118 42W2 0˝26 0˝124 0˝243 0˝081 42S2 0˝26 0˝125 0˝243 0˝075
43V2 0˝26 0˝176 0˝253 0˝124 43W2 0˝26 0˝179 0˝254 0˝086 43S2 0˝26 0˝179 0˝254 0˝080
44V2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝126 44W2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝087 44S2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝081
45V2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝127 45W2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝089 45S2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝082
46V2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝105 46W2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝100 46S2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝095
47V2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝126 47W2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝112 47S2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝110
48V2 0˝52 0˝149 0˝282 0˝143 48W2 0˝52 0˝149 0˝282 0˝120 48S2 0˝52 0˝150 0˝282 0˝119
49V2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝154 49W2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝124 49S2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝125
50V2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝156 50W2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝126 50S2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝127
51V2 0˝91 0˝062 0˝307 0˝123 51W2 0˝91 0˝061 0˝306 0˝100 51S2 0˝91 0˝050 0˝296 0˝100
52V2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝148 52W2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝118 52S2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝121
53V2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝164 53W2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝128 53S2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝132
54V2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝169 54W2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝130 54S2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝134
55V2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝171 55W2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝133 55S2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝136
56V2 1˝86 0˝093 0˝460 0˝181 56W2 1˝86 0˝094 0˝462 0˝170 56S2 1˝86 0˝103 0˝470 0˝175
57V2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝213 57W2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝188 57S2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝186
58V2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝227 58W2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝198 58S2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝192
59V2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝231 59W2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝201 59S2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝194
60V2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝250 60W2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝241 60S2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝223

Table 4. Experimental data for uniform sediments having variable approaching flow depths (continued opposite)

80 Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya
 Vertical-wall abutments 458 wing-wall abutments Semicircular abutments

Run d50: mm h: m U: m/s ds: m Run d50: mm h: m U: m/s ds: m Run d50: mm h: m U: m/s ds: m

l = 10 cm and b = 20 cm l = 10 cm and b = 30 cm l = 10 cm and b = 20 cm

61V2 0˝26 0˝058 0˝219 0˝113 61W2 0˝26 0˝059 0˝220 0˝076 61S2 0˝26 0˝059 0˝220 0˝071
62V2 0˝26 0˝122 0˝242 0˝129 62W2 0˝26 0˝124 0˝243 0˝093 62S2 0˝26 0˝125 0˝243 0˝083
63V2 0˝26 0˝176 0˝253 0˝138 63W2 0˝26 0˝179 0˝254 0˝100 63S2 0˝26 0˝179 0˝254 0˝089
64V2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝141 64W2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝101 64S2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝091
65V2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝142 65W2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝102 65S2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝093
66V2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝129 66W2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝111 66S2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝104
67V2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝153 67W2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝130 67S2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝119
68V2 0˝52 0˝149 0˝282 0˝167 68W2 0˝52 0˝149 0˝282 0˝141 68S2 0˝52 0˝150 0˝282 0˝128
69V2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝175 69W2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝147 69S2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝133
70V2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝178 70W2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝149 70S2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝135
71V2 0˝91 0˝062 0˝307 0˝145 71W2 0˝91 0˝061 0˝306 0˝115 71S2 0˝91 0˝050 0˝296 0˝113
72V2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝182 72W2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝137 72S2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝138
73V2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝202 73W2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝151 73S2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝152
74V2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝366 0˝208 74W2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝153 74S2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝154
75V2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝210 75W2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝156 75S2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝156
76V2 1˝86 0˝093 0˝460 0˝185 76W2 1˝86 0˝094 0˝462 0˝192 76S2 1˝86 0˝103 0˝470 0˝204
77V2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝250 77W2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝220 77S2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝221
78V2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝264 78W2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝233 78S2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝233
79V2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝270 79W2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝238 79S2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝237
80V2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝291 80W2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝274 80S2 3˝10 0˝200 0˝670 0˝258

l = 12 cm and b = 24 cm l = 12 cm and b = 36 cm l = 13 cm and b = 26 cm

81V2 0˝26 0˝058 0˝219 0˝117 81W2 0˝26 0˝059 0˝220 0˝086 81S2 0˝26 0˝059 0˝220 0˝084
82V2 0˝26 0˝122 0˝242 0˝144 82W2 0˝26 0˝124 0˝243 0˝106 82S2 0˝26 0˝125 0˝243 0˝098
83V2 0˝26 0˝176 0˝253 0˝153 83W2 0˝26 0˝179 0˝254 0˝115 83S2 0˝26 0˝179 0˝254 0˝107
84V2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝158 84W2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝117 84S2 0˝26 0˝200 0˝257 0˝109
85V2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝160 85W2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝119 85S2 0˝26 0˝250 0˝264 0˝112
86V2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝141 86W2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝124 86S2 0˝52 0˝065 0˝250 0˝123
87V2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝171 87W2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝146 87S2 0˝52 0˝106 0˝269 0˝143
88V2 0˝52 0˝149 0˝282 0˝190 88W2 0˝52 0˝149 0˝282 0˝160 88S2 0˝52 0˝150 0˝282 0˝154
89V2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝201 89W2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝170 89S2 0˝52 0˝200 0˝293 0˝162
90V2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝203 90W2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝174 90S2 0˝52 0˝250 0˝302 0˝166
91V2 0˝91 0˝062 0˝307 0˝155 91W2 0˝91 0˝061 0˝306 0˝130 91S2 0˝91 0˝050 0˝296 0˝135
92V2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝195 92W2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝154 92S2 0˝91 0˝120 0˝341 0˝163
93V2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝223 93W2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝172 93S2 0˝91 0˝180 0˝362 0˝179
94V2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝366 0˝228 94W2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝176 94S2 0˝91 0˝200 0˝368 0˝183
95V2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝231 95W2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝180 95S2 0˝91 0˝250 0˝379 0˝186
96V2 1˝86 0˝093 0˝460 0˝215 96W2 1˝86 0˝094 0˝462 0˝210 96S2 1˝86 0˝103 0˝470 0˝240
97V2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝270 97W2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝245 97S2 1˝86 0˝148 0˝499 0˝255
98V2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝287 98W2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝269 98S2 1˝86 0˝200 0˝524 0˝272
99V2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝293 99W2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝278 99S2 1˝86 0˝250 0˝542 0˝280

Note: For all the experimental runs, the approaching flow velocities U were approximately equal to 0˝95Uc.

Table 4. Continued

using the semilogarithmic average velocity equation for a
rough bed, as used by Lauchlan and Melville.26 The equation of
semilogarithmic average velocity is
Uc h to have a depth variation of scour, some experiments were run
1 ¼ 575 log þ6
uc 2d50
where d50 is the median diameter of sediments. While studying
the initiation of scour at abutments, it was observed that when
the approaching flow velocity exceeded 50% of the critical
velocity for sediment particles, scour at a vertical-wall
abutment initiated. For 458 wing-wall and semicircular abut-
ments, approaching flow velocities for the initiation of scouring
became 55 and 60% of the critical velocity for sediment
particles, respectively.
In the present study, in order to maintain the condition of the
short abutment with respect to the flow depth (l/h
1), a
constant flow depth was set as 0·2 m to have a range of
^ ¼ 154–5; where h
h ^ is h/l. However, in the second set, in order
with relatively low flow depths. The scour data of first and
second sets were used to analyse the effects of different
parameters on scour depth and to determine the equation of
maximum equilibrium scour depth, respectively. On the other
hand, the effect of non-uniform sediments on scour depth was
analysed using the data of third set. Experimental runs were
taken under nearly limiting clear water scour conditions
(approaching flow velocity nearly equalling critical velocity for
bed sediment particles) for a period of 48–50 h when an
equilibrium state had been attained. In this state, the average

Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya 81
 Vertical-wall abutments 458 wing-wall abutments Semicircular abutments

Run d50: sg U: ds: Run d50: sg U: ds: Run d50: sg U: ds:

mm m/s m mm m/s m mm m/s m

l = 8 cm and b = 16 cm l = 8 cm and b = 24 cm l = 8 cm and b = 16 cm

1V3 0˝26 1˝38 0˝257 0˝126 1W3 0˝26 1˝38 0˝257 0˝087 1S3 0˝26 1˝38 0˝257 0˝081
2V3 0˝26 1˝90 0˝257 0˝102 2W3 0˝26 1˝90 0˝257 0˝076 2S3 0˝26 1˝90 0˝257 0˝072
3V3 0˝26 2˝25 0˝257 0˝070 3W3 0˝26 2˝25 0˝257 0˝060 3S3 0˝26 2˝25 0˝257 0˝057
4V3 0˝26 2˝61 0˝257 0˝050 4W3 0˝26 2˝61 0˝257 0˝042 4S3 0˝26 2˝61 0˝257 0˝041
5V3 0˝52 1˝21 0˝293 0˝154 5W3 0˝52 1˝21 0˝293 0˝124 5S3 0˝52 1˝21 0˝293 0˝125
6V3 0˝52 1˝63 0˝293 0˝132 6W3 0˝52 1˝63 0˝293 0˝106 6S3 0˝52 1˝63 0˝293 0˝106
7V3 0˝52 1˝81 0˝293 0˝098 7W3 0˝52 1˝81 0˝293 0˝070 7S3 0˝52 1˝81 0˝293 0˝070
8V3 0˝52 2˝05 0˝293 0˝073 8W3 0˝52 2˝05 0˝293 0˝054 8S3 0˝52 2˝05 0˝293 0˝055
9V3 0˝52 2˝55 0˝293 0˝060 9W3 0˝52 2˝55 0˝293 0˝042 9S3 0˝52 2˝55 0˝293 0˝040
10V3 0˝52 3˝11 0˝293 0˝044 10W3 0˝52 3˝11 0˝293 0˝031 10S3 0˝52 3˝11 0˝293 0˝029
11V3 0˝91 1˝17 0˝368 0˝169 11W3 0˝91 1˝17 0˝368 0˝130 11S3 0˝91 1˝17 0˝368 0˝134
12V3 0˝91 1˝42 0˝368 0˝155 12W3 0˝91 1˝42 0˝368 0˝116 12S3 0˝91 1˝42 0˝368 0˝118
13V3 0˝91 1˝80 0˝368 0˝134 13W3 0˝91 1˝80 0˝368 0˝103 13S3 0˝91 1˝80 0˝368 0˝104
14V3 0˝91 2˝05 0˝368 0˝082 14W3 0˝91 2˝05 0˝368 0˝060 14S3 0˝91 2˝05 0˝368 0˝054
15V3 0˝91 2˝21 0˝368 0˝071 15W3 0˝91 2˝21 0˝368 0˝047 15S3 0˝91 2˝45 0˝368 0˝042
16V3 0˝91 2˝45 0˝368 0˝054 16W3 0˝91 2˝45 0˝368 0˝034 16S3 0˝91 3˝13 0˝368 0˝024
17V3 0˝91 3˝13 0˝368 0˝031 17W3 0˝91 3˝13 0˝368 0˝024 17S3 1˝86 1˝18 0˝368 0˝192
18V3 1˝86 1˝18 0˝524 0˝227 18W3 1˝86 1˝18 0˝524 0˝198 18S3 1˝86 1˝85 0˝524 0˝162
19V3 1˝86 1˝85 0˝524 0˝193 19W3 1˝86 1˝85 0˝524 0˝161 19S3 1˝86 2˝17 0˝524 0˝105
20V3 1˝86 2˝17 0˝524 0˝135 20W3 1˝86 2˝17 0˝524 0˝090 20S3 1˝86 2˝60 0˝524 0˝067
21V3 1˝86 2˝60 0˝524 0˝089 21W3 1˝86 2˝60 0˝524 0˝064 21S3 1˝86 3˝16 0˝524 0˝043
22V3 1˝86 3˝16 0˝524 0˝054 22W3 1˝86 3˝16 0˝524 0˝045 22S3 1˝86 3˝73 0˝524 0˝034
23V3 1˝86 3˝73 0˝524 0˝042 23W3 1˝86 3˝73 0˝524 0˝032 23S3 3˝10 1˝17 0˝524 0˝223
24V3 3˝10 1˝17 0˝630 0˝250 24W3 3˝10 1˝17 0˝630 0˝241 24S3 3˝10 1˝93 0˝630 0˝140
25V3 3˝10 1˝93 0˝630 0˝176 25W3 3˝10 1˝93 0˝630 0˝150 25S3 3˝10 2˝37 0˝630 0˝080
26V3 3˝10 2˝37 0˝630 0˝104 26W3 3˝10 2˝37 0˝630 0˝091 26S3 3˝10 3˝62 0˝630 0˝048
27V3 3˝10 3˝62 0˝630 0˝078 27W3 3˝10 3˝62 0˝630 0˝060

Note: For all the experimental runs, the approaching flow velocities U and approaching flow depths h were approximately equal
to 0˝95Uc and 0˝2 m, respectively.

Table 5. Experimental data for non-uniform sediments having constant approaching flow depth

upstream slope of the scour hole, known as dynamic angle of
repose,27,28 was found to be 10–15% greater than the angle of
repose f of bed sediments. The instantaneous maximum scour
depth at an abutment was measured by observing the position
of the base of the scour hole from a scale fitted to the inside of
the abutment with an accuracy of 1 mm. A strong light was
used to improve the visibility. When negligible (1 mm or less)
difference of scour depth of a particular run was observed at an
interval of 2 h after 48 h, it was assumed that an equilibrium
state had been reached. The final maximum scour depth at an
equilibrium state was carefully measured by a Vernier point
gauge. The bed sediment sizes (d50), abutment types and sizes (l
and b), approaching flow velocities (U), approaching flow
depths (h) and scour depths (ds) for different runs are given in
Tables 3–5. It is pertinent to mention that there is limited
information concerning the required time to reach the equi-
librium clear water scour at abutments. Lim15 reported that the
time required to achieve the equilibrium scour at abutments is 3
to 8 days, depending on the flow and sediment conditions.
However, from practical standpoint, it is very difficult to
perform a large number of experiments with such a long
duration of time. Therefore, the maximum duration of time as
48–50 h for an experiment was reasonable. A detailed descrip-
tion of the experimental setup and procedure is available in the
PhD thesis of Barbhuiya.29
3. EFFECT OF ABUTMENT LENGTH:SEDIMENT
DIAMETER RATIO ON SCOUR DEPTH
The equilibrium scour depth ds at abutments under clear water
scour conditions is influenced by the ratio of abutment length
to median sediment diameter ~l ð¼ l=d50 Þ. The laboratory
experimental data (Table 3) of five sizes of vertical-wall, 458
wing-wall and semicircular abutments, tested in median
sediment diameters d50 ¼ 0·26–3·1 mm under the approaching
flow condition of U/Uc  0·95 and h ¼ 0·2 m, are used to plot
non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth ^ ds (¼ ds/l) versus ~l in
Fig. 2, which shows that ^ ds decreases with increase in ~l. The
trend is almost the opposite of pier scour, in which non-
dimensional equilibrium scour depth increases with increase in
relative pier-sediment size. 30 The decreasing rate of ^ ds with ~l
up to ~l ¼ 100 is rapid. Beyond ~l ¼ 100, the curve becomes
gradually flat being independent of ~l. The experimental data of
458 wing-wall abutments reported by Tey10 are in conformity
with the aforementioned variation of ^ ds with ~l. Fig. 2 shows
that the non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth ^ ds is greater
for smaller abutment length and coarser sediment size. The
probable reason is partly attributed to the fact that the
substantial increase of approaching flow velocity U to maintain
the condition of U ¼ 0·95Uc for a coarser sediment size
increases the strength of the primary vortex and the downflow
to a great extent, resulting in a vortex flow with an enhanced

82 Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya
 depths become independent
Vertical-wall abutment 45˚ wing-wall abutment Semicircular abutment of h^ for h^  6, 4·5, 3·5, 2·5
and 2. Therefore, it is evident
l (cm) l (cm) l (cm) that larger the abutment
length, the range of influence
4 4 4
of flow depth is smaller. For
6 6 6 large l, scour depth ds is
8 8 essentially independent of
8
flow depth at h ^ being 2,
10 10 10 ^ is
whereas for small l, h
12 12 13 approximately 6. This aspect
may be justified that there is
5 Tey10
Vertical-wall abutment a little increase of strength of
45˚ wing-wall abutment
45˚ wing-wll abutment primary vortex due to
l (cm)
4 increase in flow depth beyond
Semicircular abutment
2 and 6 times the abutment
29.6 length for large and small
3 31.0 abutment sizes, respectively.
On the other hand, in case of
ds
^

2 tigators stated that for a con-
1
0 the close examination of Figs
10 100
~ ^
l
Fig. 2. Variation of non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth ^
length : sediment diameter ratio ~l under U=Uc  095 and h ¼ 02 m
scour potential. Furthermore, the scour depth ds may not be too
large for small abutments, but the effect of normalisation of
scour depth ds by the smaller abutment length l makes ^ ds
larger. On the other hand, non-dimensional equilibrium scour
depth ^ds is independent of ~l for larger abutment length and
finer sediment size. However, in Fig. 2, the mean curves of
different abutments show that for a given ~l, magnitude of ^ ds for
vertical-wall abutment is greater than that for other types of
abutments, whereas ^ds for 458 wing-wall is marginally higher
than that for semicircular abutments.
4. EFFECT OF APPROACHING FLOW
DEPTH: ABUTMENT LENGTH RATIO ON SCOUR
DEPTH
The laboratory experimental data (Table 4) of five sizes of
vertical-wall, 458 wing-wall and semicircular abutments, tested
in median sediment diameters d50 ¼ 0·26–3·1 mm under a
condition of variable approaching flow depths h ¼ 0·05–0·25 m
and U/Uc  0·95, are used to plot Figs 3–5 that show the
dependency of non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth ^ ds on
approaching flow depth : abutment length ratio h ^ (¼ h/l) for
different ~l and d50. At small flow depth : abutment length ratio
^, the non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth ^ds increases
h As Uc corresponding to larger d50 is relatively high, the
significantly with increase in h ^. Tey10 also reported a similar
observation for 458 wing-wall abutments, as given in Fig. 6.
However, as h ^ increases, ^ds becomes almost independent of h ^.
For abutment lengths l ¼ 0·04, 0·06, 0·08, 0·1 and 0·12 m (for
semicircular abutment, maximum length is 0·13 m), the scour
40.0
pier scour, most of the inves-
stant U/Uc, the influence of
flow depth is insignificant for
flow depth : pier width ratio
greater than 1 to 3.30 From
3–5, it is also apparent that
1000
ds decreases with increase in
~l, as was observed in the
preceding section. However,
ds with abutment
for a given h ^ and ~l, the
magnitude of ^ ds for vertical-
wall abutment is more than
that for 458 wing-wall and
semicircular abutments. For shallow flow depths, the surface
roller, termed bow wave, having a sense of rotation opposite to
the primary vortex, reduces the strength of primary vortex,
resulting in a reduced scour depth.
5. EFFECT OF SEDIMENT GRADATION ON SCOUR
DEPTH
The laboratory experimental data (Table 5) of vertical-wall, 458
wing-wall and semicircular abutments of length 0·08 m, tested
in different gradations sg of non-uniform sediments under the
approaching flow condition of U/Uc  0·95 and h ¼ 0·2 m, were
used to plot Fig. 7 that presents the dependency of non-
dimensional equilibrium scour depth ^ ds on geometric standard
deviation sg of sediments. The particle size distribution has a
pronounced influence on the scour depth. Non-uniform sedi-
ments (sg > 14) consistently produced lower scour depths than
that in uniform sediments. The plots demonstrate a drastic
decrease in scour depth that occurs for widely graded
sediments. Experimental results of Wong9 for a 458 wing-wall
abutment under clear water scour conditions reported a similar
observation (Fig. 7). The magnitude of non-dimensional equi-
librium scour depth ^ ds is greater for larger sediment sizes d50.
approaching flow velocity U ( 0·95Uc) is high enough to scour
more sediments near abutments. This fact is evident from Fig. 7
that the greater values of ^ ds correspond to d50 ¼ 1·86 mm and
3·10 mm. As shown by Raudkivi and Ettema,30 the equilibrium
scour depth ds(sg) in non-uniform sediments can be estimated

Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya 83
 Vertical-wall abutment
2.5
d 50 = 0.26 mm
~
l = 153.85

230.77
307.69

ds
1.5

^
384.62 (a)
461.54

0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h
3
d 50 = 0.52 mm ~
l = 76.92

115.38
ds

2
^

153.85 (b)
192.31
230.77

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h
3
d 50 = 0.91 mm ~
l = 43.96

65.93
87.91
ds
^

2 109.89
131.87 (c)

1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h
3.7
d 50 = 1.86 mm ~
l = 21.51

32.26
43.01
ds

2.7 53.76
^

. (d)
64 52

1.7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h

Fig. 3. Dependency of non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth ^ds on ^

h for different approaching flow depth : abutment length
ratio ~l and d50 under U=Uc  095 for vertical-wall abutments

in terms of geometric standard deviation sg of sediments using
the following relationship:
^ds ðsg Þ ¼ Ks ^ds
2
where Ks is the coefficient due to sediment gradation. The
coefficient Ks is defined as the ratio of equilibrium scour depth
in non-uniform sediment (sg > 14) to that in uniform
sediment. The variations of Ks with sg for vertical-wall, 458
wing-wall and semicircular abutments are given in Fig. 8. It is
apparent from the mean curves drawn for different abutments
that the scour depth in non-uniform sediment with sg ¼ 35 is
drastically reduced to 20% of scour depth in uniform sediment.
However, the reduction of scour depth for sg > 35 is not
influenced by the non-uniformity of sediments. In non-uniform
sediments, a process of armouring in the scour hole commences
resulting in an exposure of coarser particles due to washing out
the finer fraction. The armour layer gradually increases the
effective critical bed shear stress, which restricts the develop-
ment of scour hole. In Fig. 8, it is evident that the effect of
armouring is pronounced for sg > 25. On the other hand, for
pier scour, Raudkivi and Ettema30 also reported a similar trend
having a deviation for ripple forming sediments (d50 < 07 mm)

84 Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya
 45˚ wing-wall abutment
2
d = 0.26 mm ~
50 l = 153.85

1.5
230.77

ds
^
(a)
307.69
1 384.62
461.54

0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h

2
d 50 = 0.52 mm ~
l = 76.92
115.38
153.85
1.5 192.31
230.77
ds
^

(b)
1

0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h

2.5
d 50 = 0.91 mm ~
l = 43.96

2
65.93
ds
^

87.91 (c)
1.5 109.89
131.87

1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h

3.2
d 50 = 1.86 mm ~
l = 21.51

2.7 32.26
43.01
ds
^

53.76 (d)
64.52
2.2

1.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h

Fig. 4. Dependency of non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth ^ds on ^

h for different approaching flow depth : abutment length
ratio ~l and d50 under U=Uc  095 for 458 wing-wall abutments

at 1 < sg < 15. However, in Fig. 8, the mean curves of
different abutments show that for a given sg, coefficient Ks for
vertical-wall abutment is greater than that for other types of
abutment.
under the approaching flow condition of U/Uc  0·95 and
h ¼ 0·2 m. The non-dimensional instantaneous scour depth ^
dst
at an abutment is represented in functional form as

3 ^dst ¼ f ð^t ; ~l Þ
6. TIME VARIATION OF SCOUR DEPTH

6.1. Scour depth in uniform sediments where ^dst is dst/l, dst is the instantaneous scour depth at time t, ^t
The time variation of clear water scour at different sizes of is the non-dimensional time [¼ Sl/(Rl~l )], Sl is the Strouhal
vertical-wall, 458 wing-wall and semicircular abutments number (¼ Ut/l), Rl is the abutment Reynolds number (¼ Ul/n)
(Table 1) was tested in various uniform sediment sizes (Table 2) and n is the kinematic viscosity of water. A similar functional

Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya 85
 Semicircular abutment
2
d = 0.26 mm ~
50 l = 153.85

1.5

ds
230.77

^
(a)
1 307.69
384.62
461.54

0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h

2
d 50 = 0.52 mm
115.38 ~
l = 76.92
153.85
1.5
192.31
ds
^

230.77
(b)
1

0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h

2
d 50 = 0.91 mm ~
65.93 l = 43.96
87.91
1.5 109.89
131.87
ds
^

(c)
1

0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h

2
d 50 = 1.86 mm ~
l = 21.51

1.5
32.26
ds
^

43.01
53.76 (d)
1
64.52

0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
^
h

Fig. 5. Dependency of non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth ^

ds on ^
h for different approaching flow depth : abutment length
ratio ~l and d50 under U=Uc  095 for semicircular abutments

expression was used by Raudkivi and Ettema30 for pier scour,
where shear velocity u was assumed in place of U to represent
non-dimensional time ^t . For vertical-wall, 458 wing-wall and
semicircular abutments, the variations of non-dimensional
instantaneous scour depth ^dst with non-dimensional time ^t for
different ~l are presented in Figs 9–11, respectively. The
resulting trend is a family of nearly parallel lines. Cardoso and
Bettess23 also reported similar observations of the plots of ^
dst
versus ^t for different abutment lengths l. The instantaneous
scour depth ^dst decreases with increasing ~l. To be more explicit,
^
dst decreases with increase in l and decrease in d50. It implies
that for a given value of d^st , the larger the abutment length l,
the longer time it takes to reach ^ dst . For pier scour, the
observation of Raudkivi and Ettema30 was similar to the present
observation.
6.2. Scour depth in non-uniform sediments
The time variation of clear water scour at vertical-wall, 458
wing-wall and semicircular abutments of length l ¼ 0·08 m
was tested in different gradations sg of non-uniform sediments
under the approaching flow condition of U/Uc  0·95 and
h ¼ 0·2 m. The non-dimensional instantaneous scour depth ^ dst

86 Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya
 at abutments is represented as a function of ^t and sg for
45˚ wing-wall abutment different d50. For vertical-wall, 458 wing-wall and semicircular
1.2
d 50 = 0.82 mm
abutments, the variations of non-dimensional instantaneous
scour depth ^dst with non-dimensional time ^t for different sg are
shown in Figs 12–14, respectively. The results show for each
Tey10
sediment size d50, a significant reduction of scour depth with
0.8 l (cm) increase in non-uniformity of sediments, that is sg. The
29.6 formation of an armour layer at the base of the scour hole
ds
^

31.0
reduces the rate of development of the scour hole and hence,
33.4
0.4 equilibrium scour depth in non-uniform sediments (sg > 14). It
38.4
is apparent that in the initial stage, the rate of scouring is rapid.
40.0
43.3
44.9 7. MAXIMUM EQUILIBRIUM SCOUR DEPTH
0 The set of characteristic parameters appropriate for the
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
determination of maximum equilibrium scour depth at an
^
h abutment in uniform bed sediments can be given in functional
form as follows:
Fig. 6. Non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth ^ds versus
approaching flow depth : abutment length ratio ^h for 458
wing-wall abutments after Tey10 4 ds ¼ f1 ðU ; r; rs ; g; l; n; h; d50 Þ

4
Vertical-wall abutment d 50 (mm)

3 0.26

0.52
ds
^

2
0.91

1.86
1
3.10

0
1 2 3 4
σg

4
45˚ wing-wall abutment Wong9
45˚ wing-wall abutment
3
d 50 (mm)
ds

0.62
^

0.83
1
1.67

0 3.30
1 2 3 4
σg

4
Semicircular abutment

3
ds
^

0
1 2 3 4
σg

Fig. 7. Dependency of non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth ^

ds on geometric standard deviation sg of particle size
distribution under U=Uc  095 and h ¼ 02 m

Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya 87
 Vertical-wall abutment 45˚ wing-wall abutment Semicircular abutment

d 50 (mm) d 50 (mm) d 50 (mm)

0.26 0.26 0.26

0.52 0.52 0.52

0.91 0.91 0.91

1.86 1.86 1.86

3.10 3.10 3.10

1 Vertical-wall abutment Wong9

45˚ wing-wall abutment
45˚ wing-wall abutment
d 50 (mm)
0.8 Semicircular abutment

0.62
0.6 0.83
Kσ

1.67
0.4
3.30

0.2

0
1 2 3 4
σg

Fig. 8. Coefficient Ks as a function of sg under U=Uc  095 and h ¼ 02 m

where r is the mass density of water, rs is the mass density of
sediment and g is the gravitational acceleration. It is important
to mention that the maximum equilibrium scour depth ds is
independent of streamwise length b of an abutment. The
streamwise bed slope of the channel plays a significant role
in the transport of sediments upstream for live bed scour. As
the present study is on clear water scour, the streamwise bed
slope of the channel, being insignificant, is not included in
equation (4). For two-phase flow phenomena involving sedi-
ment–water mixture, the terms g, r and rs should not appear as
independent parameters in equation (4). However, according to
Dey and Debnath,31 a better representation is Dg; where D is
s  1 and s is rs/r. Furthermore, it is well known that scour at
an abutment occurs when the excess approaching flow velocity
Ue (¼ U  xU c) is greater than zero. Here, x is a fraction. The
values of x were observed as 0·5, 0·55 and 0·6 for vertical-wall,
458 wing-wall and semicircular abutments, respectively. Hence,
equation (4) becomes
5 ds ¼ f2 ðUe ; Dg; l; n; h; d50 Þ
influence of Reynolds number Re is considered negligible under
a fully turbulent flow over a rough bed.8,19 Therefore, equation
(6) reduces to
7 ^; ~l Þ
^ds ¼ f3 ðFe ; h
The above non-dimensional parameters appropriate to the
present study may be justified as
(a) the term Fe is a measure of the ratio of excess approaching
flow velocity Ue to (Dgl)0·5. It represents the mobility of the
sediment particles in the vicinity of abutments during
scouring. For no scour, Ue is less than or equal to zero
(b) the term h^ refers to the effect of approaching flow depth h
on scour depth
(c) the term ~l represents the influence of bed sediment size d50
on scour depth.

Using the Buckingham p-theorem and selecting the parameters

Ue and l as repeating variables, yields
6 ^; ~l Þ
^ds ¼ f3 ðFe ; Re ; h
where Fe is the excess abutment Froude number [¼ Ue/(Dgl)0·5]
and Re is the excess abutment Reynolds number (¼ Uel/n). The
Altogether ninety-nine runs were taken for each type of
abutment with different approaching flow depths and sediment
sizes, maintaining the conditions U/Uc  0·95 (Table 4). A
regression analysis of the experimental data yields the follow-
ing equations of non-dimensional equilibrium scour depths for
different abutments

88 Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya
 Vertical-wall abutment
4.5
l (cm) d 50 (mm)

3.6 4 1.86

4 3.10
2.7
d st 6 3.10
^

1.8
8 3.10

0.9
~
l < 30
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 l (cm) d 50 (mm)
^
t
4 0.52
3.5
6 0.52

2.8 4 0.91

6 0.91
2.1
8 0.91
d st
^

1.4 10 0.91

6 1.86
0.7
10 1.86
~
30 < l < 130
0 12 1.86
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
^
t l (cm) d 50 (mm)
2
4 0.26

6 0.26
1.5
8 0.26

10 0.26
d st
^

1
12 0.26

8 0.52
0.5
10 0.52
~
l > 130
0 12 0.52
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 12 0.91
^
t

Fig. 9. Non-dimensional instantaneous scour depth ^

dst as a function of ^t under U=Uc  095 and h ¼ 02 m for vertical-wall
abutments

^ ^0128~l0167 agreement with the parametric study done in the preceding

8a ds ¼ 7281Fe0314 h for vertical-wall abutments
sections.
8b ^ ^0101~l0231
ds ¼ 8319Fe0312 h for 45 wing-wall abutments

^ ^0103~l0296 It is important to point out that there is always an inherent

8c ds ¼ 8689Fe0192 h for semicircular abutments
The correlation coefficients between the experimentally
obtained and the computed scour depths ^ds for vertical-wall,
458 wing-wall and semicircular abutments are 0·991, 0·971 and
0·964, respectively. The values of correlation coefficients
indicate that the above equations fit well with the experimental
data. From equations (8a)–(8c), a quick parametric study can be
performed once again. The scour depth ^ds increases signifi-
cantly and moderately with increase in Fe and h ^, respectively.
^
On the other hand, ds decreases with increase in ~l. These are in
difficulty with running the experiments at the limiting con-
dition of clear water scour (U ¼ Uc) with respect to the
upstream bed sediment particles. This condition is recognised to
be the most idealised condition of maximum equilibrium scour
depth dsm (¼ ds jU ¼Uc , that is the scour depth at U ¼ Uc) in clear
water scour conditions. It was observed that when the flow for
an experimental run was set at U ¼ Uc, there was a tendency to
have a disturbed upstream bed. In order to avoid the problem,
the experiments were conducted for the approaching flow
condition being slightly less than Uc, that is 0·95Uc (see Table 4).
Therefore, to determine equations of maximum equilibrium

Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya 89
 45˚ wing-wall abutment
4
l (cm) d 50 (mm)

3 4 3.10

6 3.10
d st
3.10
^

2 8

~
l < 30
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
^
t l (cm) d 50 (mm)

3 4 0.52

6 0.52

4 0.91
2
6 0.91
d st
^

8 0.91

1 10 0.91

10 1.86
~
30 < l < 130 12 1.86
0
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
^
t
l (cm) d 50 (mm)

2
4 0.26

6 0.26
1.5
8 0.26

10 0.26
d st
^

1
12 0.26

0.5 8 0.52

10 0.52
~
l > 130
0 12 0.52
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 12 0.91
^
t

Fig. 10. Non-dimensional instantaneous scour depth ^dst as a function of ^t under U=Uc  095 and h ¼ 02 m for 458 wing-wall
abutments

scour depth dsm for different abutments, equations (8a)–(8c) are puted results using equations (9a) and (9b). The relevant
written for U ¼ Uc. Thus, one gets parameters of scour data and computed scour depths are given
in Table 6. The comparison of the data is made in Fig. 15. It is
^ ^0128~l0167 evident that the proposed equations are conservative, as most
9a dsm ¼ 5857Fc0314 h for vertical-wall abutments
of the observed data are below the line of perfect agreement.
9b ^
dsm ¼ ^0101~l0231
6484Fc0312 h for 45 wing-wall abutments For non-uniform sediments, the maximum equilibrium scour
^ ^0103~l0296 depth ^
dsm (sg) at abutments can be determined using coefficient
9c dsm ¼ 7287Fc0192 h for semicircular abutments
Ks and sg (Fig. 8) as

where ^dsm is dsm/l and Fc is the critical abutment Froude ^dsm ðsg Þ ¼ ^dsm Ks
10
number [= Uc/(Dgl)0·5]. Equations (8a)–(8c) and (9a)–(9c) are
applicable for short abutments (h ^  1). Experimental data of
maximum equilibrium scour depth at abutments for U  Uc
in uniform sediments reported by various investiga- 8. CONCLUSIONS
tors5,10,14,15,32,33 were analysed and compared with the com- The results of laboratory experiments on local scour at short

90 Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya
 Semicircular abutment
4
l (cm) d 50 (mm)

3 4 1.86

4 3.10

d st 3.10
^ 2 6

8 3.10
1

~
l < 30
0 l (cm) d 50 (mm)

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 4 0.52

^
t
6 0.52
3
4 0.91

6 0.91

2 8 0.91

10 0.91
d st
^

6 1.86
1
8 1.86

10 1.86
~
30 < l < 130
0 13 1.86

0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 3.10

^
t
l (cm) d 50 (mm)
2
4 0.26

1.5 6 0.26

8 0.26
d st

1 0.26
^

10

13 0.26
0.5
8 0.52

~ 10 0.52
l > 130
0
13 0.52
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
^ 13 0.91
t

Fig. 11. Non-dimensional instantaneous scour depth ^

dst as a function of ^t under U=Uc  095 and h ¼ 02 m for semicircular
abutments

abutments (abutment length : flow depth ratio
1) in uniform
and non-uniform sediments under clear water scour conditions
have been used to analyse a detailed parametric study. Three
types of abutment tested were vertical-wall, 458 wing-wall and
semicircular. The equilibrium scour depth has been related to
the sediment size and approaching flow depth, being expressed
in non-dimensional form by dividing them by the abutment
length. The equilibrium scour depth increases with decrease in
abutment length and increase in sediment size and flow depth,
although the scour depth is unaffected by the flow depth at
higher flow depths. The effect of sediment gradation on scour
depth is prominent for non-uniform sediments, which reduces
scour depth to a great extent. The time variation of scour depth
for uniform sediments shows a family of parallel lines for
different abutment lengths and sediment sizes. For a given
value of scour depth : abutment length ratio, it takes a longer
time to reach that value for the larger abutment length. For
non-uniform sediments, the time variation of scour depth
decreases with increase in geometric standard deviation of
particle size distribution of sediments. The characteristic par-
ameters affecting the maximum equilibrium non-dimensional
scour depth (scour depth : abutment length ratio), identified
based on the physical reasoning and dimensional analysis, have
been excess abutment Froude number, flow depth : abutment
length ratio, and abutment length : sediment diameter ratio. The
experimental data in clear water scour conditions under
limiting stability of upstream bed sediments have been used to
determine the equations of maximum equilibrium scour depth

Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya 91
 Vertical-wall abutment
3
d 50 = 0.26 mm

2
σ g = 1.38

2.25
1
2.61

3
d 50 = 0.52 mm
1.21
2
1.63
1.81
1 2.05
2.55
3.11
0

3
d 50 = 0.91 mm
1.17
2 1.42
1.80
d st
^

1 2.05
2.45
3.13
0

3
d 50 = 1.86 mm
1.85
2
2.17

2.60
1
3.16
3.73
0

3 1.17

d 50 = 3.10 mm
1.93
2

2.37
1 3.62

0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

^
t

Fig. 12. Variation of non-dimensional instantaneous scour depth ^

dst with ^t for different sg and d50 under U=Uc  095 and
h ¼ 02 m for vertical-wall abutments

92 Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya
 45˚ wing-wall abutment
3
d 50 = 0.26 mm

σ g = 1.38
1
2.25
2.61
0

3
d 50 = 0.52 mm

2
1.21
1.63
1 1.81
2.05
2.55
3.11
0

3
d 50 = 0.91 mm

2
1.17
d st

1.80
^

1 2.05
2.21
2.45
0 3.13

3
d 50 = 1.86 mm 1.18

2 1.85

2.17
1 2.60
3.16
3.73
0

3 1.17
d 50 = 3.10 mm

2
1.93

2.37
1
3.62

0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

^
t

Fig. 13. Variation of non-dimensional instantaneous scour depth ^

dst with ^t for different sg and d50 under U=Uc  095 and
h ¼ 02 m for 458 wing-wall abutments

Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya 93
 Semicircular abutment
3
d 50 = 0.26 mm

2 σ g = 1.38

1 2.25
2.61

3
d 50 = 0.52 mm

2
1.17
1.63
1 1.81
2.05
2.55
3.11
0

3
d 50 = 0.91 mm

2 1.17
d st
^

1.80
1
2.05
2.45
3.13
0

3
d 50 = 1.86 mm 1.18

2 1.85

2.17
1
2.60
3.16
3.73
0

3
d 50 = 3.10 mm 1.17

2
1.93

1 2.37
3.62

0
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
^
t

Fig. 14. Variation of non-dimensional instantaneous scour depth ^

dst with ^t for different sg and d50 under U=Uc  095 and
h ¼ 02 m for semicircular abutments

94 Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
Barbhuiya
Investigator Abutment d50: mm U: m/s h: m l: m Observed Computed
type ds: m ds: m

Liu et al.5 Vertical-wall 0˝64 0˝229 0˝122 0˝457 0˝280 0˝381

0˝64 0˝229 0˝122 0˝305 0˝235 0˝305
0˝56 0˝183 0˝152 0˝305 0˝201 0˝306
0˝56 0˝344 0˝140 0˝305 0˝412 0˝301
Tey10 458 wing-wall 0˝82 0˝267 0˝050 0˝310 0˝078 0˝226
0˝82 0˝299 0˝085 0˝310 0˝127 0˝245
0˝82 0˝308 0˝125 0˝310 0˝175 0˝259
0˝82 0˝326 0˝175 0˝310 0˝231 0˝272
0˝82 0˝359 0˝350 0˝310 0˝286 0˝301
0˝82 0˝366 0˝425 0˝310 0˝325 0˝309
0˝82 0˝377 0˝500 0˝310 0˝325 0˝316
0˝82 0˝267 0˝050 0˝400 0˝081 0˝257
0˝82 0˝308 0˝125 0˝400 0˝191 0˝295
0˝82 0˝326 0˝175 0˝400 0˝263 0˝310
0˝82 0˝346 0˝275 0˝400 0˝305 0˝331
0˝82 0˝359 0˝350 0˝400 0˝35 0˝343
0˝82 0˝366 0˝425 0˝400 0˝355 0˝352
0˝82 0˝377 0˝500 0˝400 0˝365 0˝360
0˝82 0˝267 0˝050 0˝600 0˝130 0˝317
0˝82 0˝308 0˝125 0˝600 0˝243 0˝364
0˝82 0˝326 0˝175 0˝600 0˝307 0˝382
0˝82 0˝267 0˝050 0˝449 0˝125 0˝273
0˝82 0˝267 0˝050 0˝433 0˝095 0˝268
Dongol14 Vertical-wall 0˝90 0˝416 0˝600 0˝150 0˝304 0˝301
0˝90 0˝406 0˝500 0˝150 0˝304 0˝292
0˝90 0˝388 0˝350 0˝150 0˝292 0˝275
0˝90 0˝362 0˝200 0˝150 0˝240 0˝250
0˝90 0˝395 0˝390 0˝150 0˝300 0˝280
0˝90 0˝373 0˝250 0˝150 0˝270 0˝260
0˝90 0˝340 0˝130 0˝150 0˝238 0˝232
0˝90 0˝387 0˝330 0˝150 0˝297 0˝272
0˝90 0˝411 0˝530 0˝150 0˝304 0˝295
Lim15 Vertical-wall 0˝94 0˝240 0˝150 0˝050 0˝036 0˝132
0˝94 0˝244 0˝150 0˝075 0˝076 0˝165
0˝94 0˝212 0˝100 0˝100 0˝057 0˝180
0˝94 0˝243 0˝150 0˝100 0˝101 0˝193
0˝94 0˝251 0˝125 0˝125 0˝116 0˝211
0˝94 0˝256 0˝150 0˝125 0˝113 0˝218
0˝94 0˝238 0˝150 0˝150 0˝110 0˝241
0˝94 0˝241 0˝150 0˝150 0˝160 0˝241
0˝94 0˝312 0˝150 0˝150 0˝230 0˝241
0˝94 0˝325 0˝150 0˝150 0˝250 0˝241
Rajaratnam and Nwachukwu32 Vertical-wall 1˝40 0˝247 0˝125 0˝152 0˝128 0˝267
1˝40 0˝256 0˝117 0˝152 0˝127 0˝264
1˝40 0˝320 0˝107 0˝152 0˝183 0˝260
1˝40 0˝253 0˝133 0˝152 0˝164 0˝270
1˝40 0˝247 0˝125 0˝152 0˝128 0˝267
Coleman et al.33 Vertical-wall 0˝90 0˝430 0˝600 0˝150 0˝275 0˝301
0˝90 0˝420 0˝500 0˝150 0˝274 0˝292
0˝90 0˝400 0˝350 0˝150 0˝260 0˝275
0˝90 0˝370 0˝200 0˝150 0˝240 0˝250
0˝90 0˝400 0˝350 0˝300 0˝394 0˝402
0˝90 0˝370 0˝200 0˝150 0˝240 0˝250
0˝90 0˝400 0˝390 0˝150 0˝300 0˝280
0˝90 0˝380 0˝250 0˝150 0˝270 0˝260
0˝90 0˝350 0˝130 0˝150 0˝238 0˝232
0˝90 0˝400 0˝330 0˝150 0˝297 0˝272
0˝90 0˝400 0˝350 0˝150 0˝292 0˝275
0˝90 0˝420 0˝500 0˝150 0˝304 0˝292
0˝90 0˝420 0˝530 0˝150 0˝304 0˝295
0˝90 0˝430 0˝600 0˝150 0˝304 0˝301
3˝30 0˝790 0˝300 0˝300 0˝410 0˝597
3˝30 0˝820 0˝400 0˝300 0˝459 0˝628
3˝30 0˝850 0˝500 0˝300 0˝514 0˝653

Table 6. Experimental data of different investigators (continued over)

Water Management 157 Issue WM2 Clear water scour at abutments Dey
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 Investigator Abutment d50: mm U: m/s h: m l: m Observed Computed
type ds: m ds: m

Coleman et al.33 Vertical-wall 3˝30 0˝740 0˝200 0˝150 0˝234 0˝379

3˝30 0˝790 0˝300 0˝150 0˝267 0˝408
3˝30 0˝820 0˝400 0˝150 0˝287 0˝429
3˝30 0˝850 0˝500 0˝150 0˝302 0˝446
13˝50 1˝170 0˝200 0˝150 0˝135 0˝563
13˝50 1˝270 0˝300 0˝150 0˝165 0˝609
13˝50 1˝350 0˝400 0˝150 0˝180 0˝644
13˝50 1˝410 0˝500 0˝150 0˝191 0˝671
18˝00 1˝260 0˝200 0˝300 0˝204 0˝884
18˝00 1˝380 0˝300 0˝300 0˝290 0˝959
18˝00 1˝470 0˝400 0˝300 0˝345 1˝014
18˝00 1˝540 0˝500 0˝300 0˝384 1˝059
13˝50 1˝170 0˝200 0˝300 0˝285 0˝822
13˝50 1˝270 0˝300 0˝300 0˝360 0˝891
13˝50 1˝350 0˝400 0˝300 0˝411 0˝941
13˝50 1˝410 0˝500 0˝300 0˝450 0˝981
18˝00 1˝260 0˝200 0˝150 0˝120 0˝605
18˝00 1˝380 0˝300 0˝150 0˝147 0˝656
18˝00 1˝470 0˝400 0˝150 0˝168 0˝694
18˝00 1˝540 0˝500 0˝150 0˝182 0˝724

Table 6. Continued

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