LEVEL 3 HANDOUT

VIDEO 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5q5zGwvVG90 (before SB p. 18)

READING ANALYSIS (pp. 18-19)

Part A. Analyse the text on page 18 and write what these pronouns refer to.
1. “they” (text A – line 15): __________________
2. “they” (text B – line 3): __________________
3. “their” (text B – line 6): __________________
4. “This” (text B – line 12): __________________

Part B. Analyse the text and fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in the boxes below.

VERB NOUN NOUN (person) ADJECTIVE

……………..……………….1 rescue rescuer X
……………..……………….2 survival survivor X
……………..……………….3 recovery X recoverable
abandon X X ……………..……………….4

Part C. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in Part B.
1. After a week in hospital, he’s expected to make a full ____________________and return to work very soon.
2. Firefighters bravely battled a wall of flames to ____________________ a child who was trapped in the burning
house.
3. These plants cannot ____________________ in extreme conditions.
4. Most of the ____________________ buildings have been converted into supermarkets.

Part D. Analyse the text and find the words in the table below. Then match them with their definitions.

1. drag (v) (text A)
2. desert (n) (text A)
3. footprint (n) (text A)
4. treat (v) (text B)
5. break down (phr v) (text B)
6. trapped (adj) (text B)
7. igloo (n) (text B)
8. catastrophic (adj) (text C)
9. tsunami (n) (text C)
10. float (v) (text C)
11. wave (v) (text C)
12. frantically (adv) (text C)
13. shelter (n) (the rule of 3)
a. to give medical care or attention to, try to heal or cure someone
b. unable to move or escape as a result of obstruction
c. to stay on the surface of a liquid and not sink
d. to raise your hand and move it from side to side
e. involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering
f. done in a hurried way and in a state of excitement or confusion
g. to move something by pulling it along a surface, usually the ground
h. a long, high sea wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance
i. a place giving temporary protection from bad weather or danger
j. the mark made by a person’s or animal’s foot
k. (of a machine or motor vehicle) to stop working
l. a type of dome-shaped shelter built from blocks of solid snow
m. an area often covered with sand, where there is very little rain and not
many plants

Part E. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in Part D.
1. After the avalanche, many people are still ________________________ in the mountains.
2. When the school bus ____________________, students had to wait for hours until another bus came and took
them to school.
3. Chris McCandless, an American adventurer who died from starvation and possibly poisoning, at age 24, while
camping alone in Alaska, used an abandoned bus for ___________________ before his death.

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4. The majority of the damage and death came from a series of four huge ___________________ triggered by the
earthquake that occurred in the ocean.
5. Detectives found fresh ___________________ on the wet ground at the crime scene.
6. As the helicopter flew overhead, they waved ___________________ in order to attract its attention.
7. Laboratory tests suggest that scientists may have found a new drug to ___________________ cancer.
8. A lone survivor was found in a lifeboat that was ___________________ aimlessly in the ocean.
9. For years, scientists have warned that a major earthquake in Istanbul may cause ________________________
damage in the city.
10. The helicopter slowly landed in the soft sand of a/an ___________________ in the middle of nowhere.

Part F. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in the boxes. One word is EXTRA.

CRAWL STUNNED STRIKE DROWN SPOT RECOVER

The deadly tsunami in Indonesia was triggered by a volcano which slipped into the ocean last week. At least a
thousand people were killed and many buildings were heavily damaged after the tsunami ____________________
(1), almost without warning. Rescue teams are still finding survivors. Rescuers ____________________ (2) a
pregnant woman under the ruins of a house while they were exploring the area yesterday. They were absolutely
____________________ (3) to see she was alive after such a terrible disaster. She was immediately taken to the
nearest hospital and she is expected to ____________________ (4) soon. Doctors have not yet told her that,
unfortunately, her husband and brothers __________________ (5) in the ocean as soon as the tsunami hit.

Part G. Analyse the following sentences from the text (on page 18) and discuss what the words in bold mean.
1. “Luckily, the national park rangers sent out search parties when they discovered his abandoned campsite.” (Text
A)
“Luckily”: _______________________________________________________________________________________
2. “To their surprise, they found Skyllberg lying on the back seat.” (Text B)
“to one’s surprise”: ______________________________________________________________________________
3. “He could barely move or speak.” (Text B)
“barely”: _______________________________________________________________________________________
4. “Doctors believe the only reason Skyllberg survived against all odds was because his car formed a natural igloo.”
(Text B) “against all odds”: _________________________________________________________________________
5. “He was swept out to sea along with several others, but, one by one, they drowned.” (Text C)
“one by one”: ___________________________________________________________________________________
6. “Eventually, a Japanese ship spotted him and took him to Port Klang in Malaysia.” (Text C)
“Eventually”: ____________________________________________________________________________________
7. “He was discovered by accident.” (Exercise D – Q3)
“by accident”: ___________________________________________________________________________________

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Part H. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the boxes. In some cases, there may be
more than one answer.
HARM HURT INJURE
1. You’re ________________________ my arm! Ouch!
Don’t touch me!
2. What ________________________ me most was
her betrayal. I’ll never forget what she did!
3. The demonstrators ___________________ a
number of innocent people when they started
throwing stones.
4. Without doubt, the burning of fossil fuels
_________________ the environment in which we
live.
DAMAGE DESTROY RUIN
5. Certain chemicals have been banned because they
are ________________________ the environment.
6. The car was so badly ________________________
in the accident that it was barely worth repairing.
7. Most of the old part of the city was totally
________________________ by atomic bombs during
the war.
8. Huge hotels have ________________________ the
natural beauty of coastal areas.
CARRY PULL DRAG
9. The kid started to ________________________ his
mother towards the door and the mother followed
him.
10. Because she had a terrible backache, she had a
rough time while she was trying to
_________________ her heavy books.
HANDOUT
11. He ________________________ his canoe
through the dirt to the water before he disappeared
in the distance.
***************************
 If part of your body hurts, you feel pain there. If
you hurt someone, you cause them to feel pain. You
can also hurt someone's feelings, and cause them to
feel emotional pain. If you injure somebody, you
cause physical damage to part of their body usually
the result of an accident or through fighting. People or
things can be harmed or physically damaged.
***************************
 Damage means to physically harm something. More
abstract qualities, such as reputations and the
economy can also be damaged. Destroy is to damage
something so badly that it no longer exists, works, etc.
If something is ruined, it is damaged in such a way
that it still exists but has lost all its value, beauty,
pleasure, etc.
***************************
 carry: to support the weight of sb/sth as you take
them/it somewhere in your hands / arms
pull: to hold sth firmly and make it move towards you
drag: to pull sb/sth along the ground with effort and
difficulty

WRITING: LINKERS & USEFUL EXPRESSIONS I

1. COMBINING SENTENCES USING CONJUNCTIONS
You need to create some variety in your sentences to keep your readers interested. Sentence variety comes
largely from joining sentences clearly, logically, and correctly. One of the most common ways to connect
sentences is to use the connecting words and, but, or, and so, which are called conjunctions.
In addition to combining words such as nouns, adjectives, and verbs, these conjunctions can also join two
sentences. To understand how sentences are joined better, it is necessary to define what an independent clause is.
An independent clause has a subject and a verb and it makes a complete sentence. When you join two sentences
with and, but, or, and so, you create a single sentence with two independent clauses.
Examples:
 It was raining hard. (an independent clause)  The children were playing outside. (an independent clause)
 It was raining hard, but the children were playing outside. (two independent clauses combined with “but”)

conjunction
independent clause , independent clause
and / but / or / so
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The conjunctions and, but, or, and so not only join two clauses, but they also explain the logical relationship
between them.
Meaning Examples
and addition Mary finished her homework, and she went to bed.
but contrast I want to study Music, but my parents want me to become a doctor.
an unexpected result Someone offered to give the homeless man money, but he didn’t want it.

or an alternative / We could eat at home, or you could take me to a fancy restaurant.

choice
so a result I have to finish my project tonight, so I can’t come with you to Anna’s party.

Note: Place a comma before and, but, or, and so when they join independent clauses. You don’t need to put a
comma when they join just two words.
Examples:
 My sister likes ice cream, but she likes pizza better.
 My sister likes meat and fish, but she doesn’t like vegetables.
Part A. Complete the sentences with and, but, or or so.
1. He studied really hard, ____________ he couldn’t pass the exam.
2. The candidate has a lot of qualifications, ____________ he is very talented.
3. He didn’t feel well, ____________ he didn’t go to work.
4. You can send her flowers, ____________ you can organize a surprise birthday party.
Part B. Join the sentences with and, but, or or so. Add a comma where necessary.
1. To be a good language learner, you must study regularly. You must create opportunities to practise the language
inside and outside of the classroom.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
__ .
2. To earn money, young people can join a work and travel program. Another alternative is doing babysitting.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
__ .
3. There are about one million words in English. Most people use only about ten thousand of them.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
__ .
4. The number of international companies is increasing. Employers need to hire workers who speak foreign
languages.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
__ .

2. COMBINING SENTENCES WITH A TRANSITION CONNECTOR

Writers can show the logical connection between two independent sentences (clauses) by using transition
connectors as these connectors enable a smooth flow between ideas.
Be careful! You cannot join single words, phrases, or dependent clauses using transition connectors.
TRANSITIONS OF ADDITION
Moreover, what is more, and in addition are used to provide additional information.
Example:  The camp site is very clean. Moreover, its location is perfect.
What is more,
In addition,
TRANSITIONS OF CONTRAST

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However provides a contrasting idea or statement to the previous one.
Example:
 Travellers go on holiday for a challenging experience ; however, tourists go on holiday for relaxation.
. However,

TRANSITIONS OF RESULT
Therefore and as a result provide a result for the previous idea or reason.
Example:
 Accommodation facilities can be limited in summer ; therefore, it is advisable to book in advance.
; as a result,
. Therefore,
. As a result,
Part C. Choose the appropriate linker.
1. This job doesn’t pay well; (therefore / however), it is a lot of fun.
2. Most Americans have coffee for breakfast. (However / Moreover), the English traditionally drink tea.
3. Sales of houses have been down in the past six months; (therefore/ in addition), house owners are offering lower
prices.
4. The library on 5th Avenue in New York is one of the best places to do research. (As a result / In addition), it has
hundreds of the most respected magazines and journals in the world.

Part D. Read the following sentences, decide on the logical relationship between them. Then choose the correct
transition from the parentheses and combine the sentences using it. Remember to use correct punctuation.

e.g. The library on 5th Avenue in New York is one of the best places to do research. It has hundreds of the most
respected magazines and journals in the world. (however / moreover)
The library on 5th Avenue in New York is one of the best places to do research. Moreover, it has hundreds of the
most respected magazines and journals in the world.

1. My professor is an extremely fascinating person. She tells some of the most interesting stories I’ve ever heard.
(however / in addition)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
__ .
2. The café is close to the hotel and offers reasonably priced meals. It is very popular with tourists. (however /
therefore)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
__ .
3. Living in a big city offers good job opportunities. It provides good educational opportunities. (moreover/as a
result)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
__ .
4. Traditional Indian medicine concentrates on the individual person. Western medicine concentrates on the disease.
(however / what is more)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
__ .
GIVING EXAMPLES

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Another way to explain ideas clearly and show a clear relationship between them is to use exemplification
phrases. These phrases include for example, for instance, such as, and like. Examples serve to provide detail and
support the writer’s ideas. This detail and support will help the reader comprehend the subject more thoroughly.
Examples:
The shop specialises in tropical fruits. For example /For instance, you can find pineapples all year long there.
OR
The shop specialises in tropical fruits (,) such as pineapples, mangoes and papayas. (comma may be used before such as)
The shop specialises in tropical fruits like pineapples, mangoes and papayas. (no comma before like)
Students can use the media to improve their listening skills. For example /For instance, they can watch TV programs
in English.
The magazine publishes articles about various subjects (,) such as astronomy, politics and gardening.
We have been to many European countries (,) such as France and Italy.
Part E.
Rewrite the following sentence, use “For instance” or “For example”.
The company is facing lots of problems, such as unemployment and gas shortage.
a) _____________________________________________________________________________________________
___.
Rewrite the following sentence, use “such as” and “like”.
Living in your own house brings responsibilities. For example, you have to pay rent and take care of utilities.
b) ________________________________________________________________________________________________.
c) ________________________________________________________________________________________________.

ADDITION
On page 2, you studied MOREOVER, WHAT IS MORE, and IN ADDITION as transitions of addition. When you
add a similar idea, you may use ALSO, BESIDES, AS WELL AS and IN ADDITION TO as well.
Examples:
Living in a city offers good job opportunities. Also/Besides, it provides access to quality education.
* You can use ALSO as in the examples below.
Examples:
Credit cards are convenient. Also, they help you to manage your budget more effectively. (at the beginning)
Credit cards are convenient. They also help you to manage your budget more effectively. (before the verb)
Muğla has warm summers and winters. There is also little or no rainfall during the summer months. (after the verb
to be)

Study the table below.

CLAUSE
a) John plays basketball. In addition, /Moreover, / What is more, / Besides, he plays volleyball.
NOUN PHRASE
b) Besides / As well as / In addition basketball, he plays volleyball.
to playing basketball ,
--Moreover / What is more / In addition / Besides are used after a strong pause and separated from the sentences.
They are introduced by a comma.
--As well as / Besides / In addition to are used to add one more piece of information and they are followed by a noun
phrase.
Part F. Choose the best alternative.
1. She wants to learn other languages besides / in addition English and French.

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2. The whole report is badly written. Moreover, / As well as it's incorrect.
3. In addition to / What is more, his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy.
4. He is old and unpopular. In addition, / As well as he has only two years of political life ahead of him.
5. Moreover, / Besides myself, the only English people at the party were Keith and Doreen.
Part G. Rewrite the following sentences using the words in parentheses.
1. He's too weak to do heavy labour. His memory is failing him. (Moreover)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. I don't have time to read Shakespeare. I don't understand him. (Besides)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. The school doesn't have money for books. The building is old. (What is more)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. I am too busy to help you. I think you can do it by yourself. (Moreover)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. She's smart and beautiful. She's kind and considerate. (In addition to)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. A new contract is in place. Staff will be offered a bonus scheme. (In addition)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. These salads are delicious. They are also healthy. (As well as)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. I’m not ready to get married. I enjoy living alone. (Besides)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9. She is late for work. She always loses important files. (In addition)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10. I’m not interested in what you’re selling and I do not want to do business with you. (What is more)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
OTHER USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
in case of :  to say what we should do if or when something happens. It is followed by a noun.
Example:  In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.
in terms of: If you talk about something in terms of something, you are specifying which aspect of it you
are discussing or from what point of view you are considering it.
Examples:
 Paris has played a dominant role in France in terms of politics and economy.
 I strongly believe that the Internet has made our lives easier in terms of education, instant access to information
and communication.
regarding=about
Example:  They are questioning the company regarding its employment policy.
instead of: in place of someone or something
Examples:  You can go instead of me if you want.  Instead of complaining, we should try to find a solution.
Part H. Complete the sentences with “in case of, in terms of, regarding and instead of”. More than one answer can
be correct in some sentences.
1. Please leave the building ___________________ fire.
2. Our goods compete ___________________ product quality and reliability.
3. The government will provide the villagers with more water ___________________ a serious shortage.
4. My supervisor sent me an e-mail ___________________ a business proposition which he thought might be useful
for my career.
5. I wish you could spend more time at home ___________________ going out drinking with your friends every
night.
6. We try to do our best for our customers ___________________ the quality of our coffee and other products.
7. I will talk to the manager ___________________ this problem which must be solved at once.
8. ___________________ going on holiday, she worked during the whole summer.
9. ___________________ emergency, you should call the police. They will help you.

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10. Because this is an important topic, we should meet in person ___________________ discussing it on the phone.
(Adapted from: DBE Materials
Archive, METU)
SPEAKING & LISTENING (HAPPINESS)
Part A. SPEAKING
Watch the video about happiness. How does the video make you feel?
VIDEO 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9dZQelULDk
Discuss the following questions with your partner:

 What do you think happiness is?

 What makes you happy / unhappy?
 Do you think people were happier in the past than they are now?

Part B. LISTENING
 Listen to the introduction of a psychology lecture and answer the questions below. (TRACK 1)
B.1. Put the topics in the order they are mentioned.
a. an outline of the rest of the lecture ______ d. the difference between psychology and positive psychology
__1__
b. one definition of a happy life ______ e. Csikszentmihalyi and his work ______
c. what makes a happy life? ______ f. examples of flow ______
B.2. Listen to the lecture again. Circle (T) for True or (F) for False.
1. Positive psychology focuses on people's problems. T F
2. The teacher asks the students to define a happy life. T F
3. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi believes that external events are the main things that make us happy or sad. T F
4. Csikszentmihalyi believes that a happy life means being very focused on what you do. T F
5. Csikszentmihalyi studied depression, and from there learned about happiness. T F
6. Flow means being completely concentrating on what you are doing. T F
7. Csikszentmihalyi was influenced by watching creative people. T F
8. The rest of the lecture will look at what other psychologists think of this theory. T F
(Reference: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/intermediate-b1-listening/introduction-
lecture)

WRITING: LINKERS & USEFUL EXPRESSIONS II

As studied in the previous writing handout, combining sentences helps the writer express logical
relationships and achieve sentence variety using conjunctions or transitions.
This writing handout looks at other possible ways to combine sentences in order to show the relationship
between ideas clearly. It will focus on dependent clauses that are combined with independent clauses by using
words that show reason, contrast and purpose.
An independent clause shows a complete thought because it is a complete sentence. However, a dependent
clause is not a complete sentence because it depends on an independent sentence to express a complete
thought.
Examples:
 Because I woke up late this morning. (This is a dependent sentence as it is incomplete)
 Because I woke up late this morning , I couldn’t arrive on time for the meeting. (This is a complete
sentence.)
(dependent clause) (independent clause)
1. COMBINING SENTENCES USING ADVERB CLAUSES OF REASON
A dependent clause can show reason using ‘because, as and since’. When it is combined with an
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independent clause, together, they form an independent clause.
Example:
 Because/As/Since I was really tired, I immediately went to bed after school.
dependent clause independent clause
When a dependent clause comes before the independent clause, it is followed by a comma.
Examples:
 Because/As/Since she studied hard, she passed her English exams.
 She passed her English exams because/as/since she studied hard.
‘Since’ is used to express both reason and time.
Examples:
 He took another English course since his TOEFL score was so low. (reason)
 He has studied very hard since the language course began. (time)
There are other ways to introduce a reason sentence using nouns/noun phrases or gerunds.
Examples:
 Because the weather is constantly changing, it is difficult to choose appropriate clothes to wear.
Because of/Due to the constant change in the weather, it is difficult to choose appropriate clothes to wear.
(noun phrase)
 Many students feel stressed because they are getting low grades.
Because of/Due to getting low grades, many students feel stressed.
(gerund)
The reason clause (dependent clause) can follow the independent clause. However, this does not change the
meaning.
Example:
 Many students feel stressed because of/due to getting low grades.
Part A. Rewrite the following sentences using the given words without changing the meaning. Pay attention to
punctuation.
1. Students may have difficulty in improving their speaking skills due to not having enough practice. (since)

2. As he is earning a lot of money now, he can afford to buy an expensive car. (because of)

3. Because of being impolite and arrogant, that woman leaves a bad impression on others. (as)

4. Since their house was on fire, they had to run away from the area. (due to)

5. The workers went on a strike due to low wages and terrible working conditions. (because)

2. COMBINING SENTENCES WITH ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONTRAST

Dependent sentences are used with the conjunctions ‘although’ and ‘even though’ and the prepositions ‘in
spite of’ and ‘despite’ to show contrast; i.e. an unexpected result.
Examples:
 Although/Even though English is not his native language, he can deliver impressive presentations in
English at meetings.
 Although/Even though she is afraid of heights, she wants to do bungee jumping.
Note that when a dependent clause comes before the independent clause, it is followed by a comma. When
the dependent and independent clauses change place, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:

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 He can deliver impressive presentations in meetings although/even though English is not his native
language.
 Although/Even though English is not his native language, he can deliver impressive presentations in
meetings.
Despite and In spite of are prepositions. They are used with nouns, noun phrases or gerunds.
Examples:
 Although/Even though he is good at speaking skills, he didn’t do so well in the oral exam.
 He didn’t do so well in the oral exam although/even though he is good at speaking skills.
 Despite being good at speaking skills,
In spite of his good speaking skills, he didn’t do so well in the oral exam.
Despite having good speaking skills,
(noun phrase)

Part B. Rewrite the following sentences with the words given. Be careful with punctuation.
1. Even though it was raining heavily, the children were playing outside. (in spite of)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
___
2. Although he doesn’t work hard, he’s got a promotion recently. (despite)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
___
3. Despite experiencing culture shock at first, many immigrants get used to the new way of life after some time.
(although)
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Even though we stayed in a terrible hotel, we had a great time during our holiday. (despite)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
5. In spite of being tired, Mark drove a hundred kilometres to the next town. (although)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Although he had pain in his leg, he completed the marathon with success. (in spite of)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Despite the heavy traffic, we arrived at the concert hall on time. (although)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Even though she is a millionaire, she lives in a very small flat. (despite)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

3. COMBINING SENTENCES WITH ADVERB CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

When the writer wants to show the purpose of the action in the independent clause, ‘to, in order (not) to’, and
‘so as (not) to’ are used.
Examples:
 She is learning English because she wants to get better job opportunities.
 She is learning English to/in order to/so as to get better job opportunities.
 Learners of English can use a ‘collocations dictionary’ if they do not want to confuse word partnerships.
 Learners of English can use a ‘collocations dictionary’ in order not to/so as not to/not to confuse word
partnerships.
When sentence order changes, there is no difference in meaning. However, be careful to use a comma after the
dependent sentence.
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Examples:
 To/In order to/So as to pass the proficiency exam, she studied hard for a year.
Part C. Rewrite the sentences with ‘to, in order to, and so as to’. You may need to make negative sentences.
1. She went to Paris. She wanted to learn more on fashion. (in order to)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. You have to get up now if you want to be there on time. (so as to)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. He exercises regularly as he doesn’t want to be overweight. (in order to)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. If you want to produce a good essay, you need to edit your writing before you hand it in. (to)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW OF LINKERS & USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
Part D. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Use each connector only ONCE. There is one EXTRA.
and for example moreover since due to
English is the language you’ll be able to use most widely _________________ (1) it’s spoken in more
countries than any other language in the world. In fact, 60 of the world’s 196 countries have English as their official
language, such as the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. It’s the language of diplomacy, _________________
(2) the official language of the European Union, the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association and
many Commonwealth countries. _________________ (3), English is the commonly adopted second language of
people in many more countries. _________________ (4), in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Holland, it is
very common to find many speakers of fluent English. In total, around 1.5 billion people speak English worldwide.
Part E. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Use each connector only ONCE. There is one EXTRA.
because because of therefore as a result in addition however
Being able to speak English will definitely allow you to communicate effectively in numerous countries.
_________________ (1), in the short-term, this will open up lots of possibilities for you in terms of job and travel.
You won’t have to worry about getting lost when you travel to an English-speaking country. _________________ (2)
being able to communicate in English, you can ask for directions, and take guided tours, and you can easily order
food and chat with the locals. _________________ (3), careers, such as the airline, tourism and film industries
involve lots of travel or international exposure, so they use English as their official language. The employers in these
sectors are likely to require evidence of a certain level of proficiency in English before they consider employing you.
_________________ (4), if you can speak English, you’ll find that you have a greater chance of getting a job in one of
these fields. What is more, adding English to your CV will be useful _________________ (5) you’ll be in a much
stronger position to apply for jobs overseas if you’ve reached a good level of fluency in English. English has been
referred to as “the language of business”. However, if you’re not thinking of living and working abroad, that doesn’t
mean you cannot put English on your CV. In fact, there may be plenty of English-speaking multinational corporations
with offices in your home country who are looking for staff like you.
Part F. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Use each connector only ONCE. There is one EXTRA.
therefore since moreover despite also so as to
Learning a foreign language is difficult for several reasons. To begin with, the grammar rules of the new
language can be totally different from your native language. _________________ (1) learners often compare the
grammar structures in the foreign language with those in their own language, this may cause a problem in the learning
process. ________________ (2), learners can have trouble producing the correct pronunciation of the words.
Some languages have such difficult pronunciation rules that learners prefer to pronounce the words the way they
want. Spelling may _________________ (3) be problematic. Some words have very difficult spelling patterns;
_________________ (4), learners often misspell them. To conclude, learning a foreign language is not an easy process
_________________ (5) its advantages.
Part G. Rewrite the sentences using the linking words in brackets. Pay attention to punctuation.
1. People watch TV for hours. They lose their creativity.
________________________________________________________________________________________
(BECAUSE)

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_______________________________________________________________________________________ (BECAUSE
OF)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(THEREFORE)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
(SO)
2. My parents are generous. All of the children in our family have received the best of everything.
__________________________________________________________________________________________ (DUE
TO)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
(SINCE)
______________________________________________________________________________________ (AS A
RESULT)
3. Teenagers sometimes lie to their parents. They don’t want to be in trouble.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
(AS)
________________________________________________________________________________ (IN ORDER NOT
TO)
4. Playing sports after school is good for children. It promotes a sense of teamwork.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(BECAUSE)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
(SO)
5. We had a lot of problems last year. I continued to work on the project.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(ALTHOUGH)
____________________________________________________________________________________ (EVEN
THOUGH)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(DESPITE)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ (IN SPITE
OF)
________________________________________________________________________________________
(HOWEVER)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
(BUT)
6. She trained for hours every day for a whole year. She lost the swimming competition.
____________________________________________________________________________________
(ALTHOUGH)
7. Jenny went to the market. She wanted to buy some vegetables.
_______________________________________________________________________________________ (SO AS
TO)
8. She is an excellent painter. She writes poems and plays the piano, too.
_____________________________________________________________________________________ (AS WELL
AS)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(MOREOVER)
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9. He was a very hardworking student. He couldn’t get the scholarship.
________________________________________________________________________________________
(DESPITE)
10. As well as renewing the kitchen, she redecorated her living room.
____________________________________________________________________________________ (IN
ADDITION)
SUMMARY CHARTS OF LINKERS & USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
FUNCTION LINKING WORDS TRANSITIONS
Moreover
And What is more
In addition
ADDITION John likes to fish, and he often goes I think I will accept the job offer. The working hours are
fishing with his friends. flexible. Moreover, the salary is good.
But However
- My brother likes classical music, - Jill doesn’t do well in school. However, her sister is a
CONTRAST but I prefer hard rock. successful student. ; however,
- He wears formal clothes, but I like - We tried everything to convince him to come with us.
(unexpected to wear casual clothes. However, he wanted to stay home.
result) - We tried hard to convince him to ; however,
come with us, but he preferred to - Minnesota is very cold in winter. However, it is one of the
stay home. most scenic states. / … ; however, it is …
So Therefore / As a result
- She arrived early at the market, so - It was hot; therefore, we went swimming.
RESULT she got the freshest food. It was hot. Therefore, we went swimming.
- She had a cold, so she didn’t come - Greta won the lottery; as a result, she bought a Ferrari.
to school yesterday. Greta won the lottery. As a result, she bought a Ferrari.
1. REASON
Because/As / Since  Because/As/Since the field was very wet, they cancelled the game.
+  Because/As/Since it was very cold in the garden, we decided to eat inside the
clause restaurant.
 I take the bus to school because/as/since I don’t have a car.
Because of /Due to  Because of/Due to the rain, they cancelled the game.
+  They cancelled the game because of/ due to the rain.
noun / noun phrase

2. CONTRAST
Although/  Although/Even though she was offered a big salary, she rejected the job.
Even though  I liked the background music of the film although/even though I didn’t enjoy it.
+ clause  Although/ Even though it was cold yesterday, I took my regular walk.
Despite / In spite of  Despite/In spite of his lack of qualifications, he got the job.
+ noun / noun phrase  I continued playing football despite/ in spite of feeling tired.

3. PURPOSE

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(in order) to + an infinitive
so as to + an infinitive
HANDOUT
 We make our airline reservations early (in order) to find a good seat.
(We make our airline reservations early because we want to find a good seat.)
 She sat on the chair (in order) to rest for a while.
(She sat on the chair because she wanted to rest for a while.)
 We kept the news secret (so as) not to upset her.
(We kept the news secret because we didn’t want to upset her.)

SUMMARY CHART of HOW TO FORM SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

SIMPLE I like learning English.

SENTENCES

and Moreover / What is more / In addition / Also

I like learning English, and I spend I like learning English. Moreover, I am interested in learning
COMBINING a lot of time studying it. other languages.
SIMPLE but However
SENTENCES I like learning English, but I don’t
like doing homework. I like learning English; however, I’m not very good at listening.
(Compound so Therefore / As a result
Sentences) I like learning English, so I never I like learning English. Therefore, I am eager to attend the
miss the classes. classes in school.
or To improve your reading, you can borrow books from the Self-
Access Center, or you can read books online.
REASON:
COMBINING because / as / since * Because/As/Since I study regularly, I get high grades in exams.
INDEPENDEN
T and CONTRAST:
DEPENDENT although/ even though * Although/Even though he studies hard, he cannot get good grades.
CLAUSES
(Complex PURPOSE: * I am planning to go abroad so as to improve my English.
Sentences) to/so as to/ in order to * I am planning to go abroad in order to improve my English.

(Adapted from: DBE Materials Archive, METU)

VIDEO 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkCkiSF2m6U (before SB p. 22)

SPEAKING HANDOUT: OTHER CULTURES

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Find out what your partner knows about other cultures.

1. What foods from other countries have you tried? Which ones did you like?
2. Do you often see people who wear clothes from different cultures in the streets of your town? Do you know
which countries they are from?
3. Do you ever listen to music from other cultures? Do you know the names of any of the artists?
4. Do you ever watch films with subtitles?
5. Would you like to go and live in a country that has a different culture from your own? Why / Why not?
6. Do you think it is important to retain your own culture even if you move to another country?
7. Do you have friends from other cultures and countries? Would you like to have more friends from other
cultures?
8. Do you think children should be educated within the culture of the country they live?
9. What do you think about mixed marriages with people from different cultures? Does it encourage greater
cultural understanding?
10. Do you think sport is a good way to build intercultural understanding?
11. Would you recognise any art from another culture?
12. Do you think children should learn and study many different religions at school or just the religion of their
parents?
13. What most interests you about other cultures?
14. Which country’s culture are you most interested in? Why?
(Adapted from: https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/other-cultures )

LISTENING: COMPETITIONS

Part A. Listen to part of a documentary about the skier Kristi

Leskinen. Write the missing words. (TRACK 2)
Kristi Leskinen is a well-known skier. She ________________ (1) skiing
all around the world, but Mammoth Mountain in the USA is her
favourite one to go skiing. She is good at other sports like
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________________ (2); however, she doesn’t enjoy ________________ (3) or working out at the gym. Lately she has
appeared in a TV show that is called The Superstars. In the show, famous sports people________________ (4) in
various kinds of sports which they don’t normally do. Kristi won the ________________ (5). But when winter comes,
she has to go back to the mountains and start ________________ (6) again. This year she wants to win a lot more
medals.

(Adapted from: Life Pre-Intermediate Workbook, p. 13)

Part B.1. Listen to a sports programme about Annelie Pompe, a freediver.

Number the topics (a-d) in the order the presenter talks about them.
(TRACK 3)

a. Annelie’s plans to climb Mount Everest _____

b. a definition of freediving _____
c. why Annelie Pompe likes freediving _____
d. why she likes doing other sports _____

Part B.2. Listen again. Circle (T) for True or (F) for False. (TRACK 3)
1. Freedivers need to use breathing equipment. T F
2. Annelie’s world record is a dive of 136 metres. T F
3. Annelie spends 20 hours each week to train. T F
4. In addition to freediving, Annelie is interested in sports such as yoga and weight lifting. T F
5. Now that she has broken a world record in freediving, Annelie hasn’t set other goals yet. T F

(Adapted from: Life Pre-Intermediate Workbook, p. 16)

Part C. Listen to a description of an unusual race: The Woolly Worm Race. Circle (T)
for True or (F) for False. (TRACK 4)
1. The Woolly Worm Race takes place every year. T F
2. You must be at least 18 years old to enter the race. T F
3. You must bring your own woolly worm into the race. T F
4. You aren’t allowed to touch your worm during the race. T F
5. The prize for the winner is a gift card that is worth a $1,000. T F

(Adapted from: Life Pre-Intermediate Coursebook, p. 25)

Part D. Listen to Jemma talking about her experience of running marathons and choose the best answer.
(TRACK 5)
1. Jemma ____.
a. disliked running at school
b. has been running time and time again
c. was a professional runner in high school
d. runs a marathon every year

2. Jemma ____.
a. has run three marathons so far
b. ran the London marathon with her husband

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c. trained for a year to run the London marathon
d. gave up running after the London marathon

3. In the London marathon____.

a. Jemma ran over Tower Bridge
b. Jemma’s children called out her name
c. there was a festive atmosphere
d. there were fewer runners than Jemma expected

4. When Jemma participated in the London Marathon, she ____.

a. couldn’t hear the spectators shouting
b. ran on her own
c. wasn’t fit to do the marathon
d. was too tired to finish it

5. Jemma ____.
a. hit a wall when she crossed the finish line
b. cried when she finished the marathon
c. was too tired to feel anything when she finished the race
d. took over four hours to complete the marathon

(Adapted from: http://mythatsenglish.blogspot.com/2017/05/listening-test-marathon-running.html )

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