Installtion Design

Army TM 5-803-5
Navy NAVFAC P-960

Air Force AFM 88-43
1 March 1981
Installation Design
Army TM 5-803-5
Navy NAVFAC P-960
Air Force AFM 88-43
i
Contents
1 Part I: General
2 Chapter 1: Introduction.
4 Chapter 2: Improving the Visual Quality of Military Installations.
9 Part II: Design Guidelines
11 Chapter 3: Buildings.
12 Section I: Observations and Objectives
14 Section II: Design Guidelines
27 Chapter 4: Roads.
39 Chapter 5: Parking.
40 Section I: Observations and Objectives.
47 Chapter 6: Planting.
59 Chapter 7: Plazas and Courtyards.

67 Chapter 8: Walkways.
77 Chapter 9: Bikeways.
85 Chapter 10: Signing.

87 Section II: Design Guidelines.
95 Chapter 11: Lighting.

103 Chapter 12: Site Furnishings.

117 Chapter 13: Utilities.

119 Section II: Design Guidelines.
Ii
123 Part III: Prototype Areas
124 Chapter 14: Main Entrances.
126 Chapter 15: Administrative Headquarters.
128 Chapter 16: Housing.
134 Chapter 17: Community Facilities.
136 Chapter 18: Industrial/Warehousing Areas.
139 Appendices
141 Appendix A: Related Military References.
143 Appendix B: Annotated Bibliography.
155 Appendix C: Model Scope of Work Statement and Design Consultant Selection Criteria for the
Preparation of Installation Design Guides.
This manual supersedes TM 5-803-3, 1 July 1966, TM 5-822-3, 1 April 1963, and TM 5-830-1/NAVFAC P-904, 15 June
1976.
Iii
1
Chapter 1.
C. Scope. and they encompass both visual
The Installation Design Manual is and functional consider-ations.
a tool to improve the appearance Because of the need to address a
Introduction. variety of conditions that could be
and functioning of military
installations by enhancing natural encountered on various
1-1. site assets; compatibly relating the installations, the design guidance
Purpose of the Manual. natural and built environments; is primarily generic in nature.
establishing an orderly organi-
A. Introduction. zation of activities, circulation and 3. The design guidance in this
Military installations should provide open space system; achieving a manual has been devised for
efficient and pleasant physical consistent architectural character; general application at all
environments conducive to and coordinating site components installations. It is intended that
attracting and retaining skilled and such as lighting, signing and street each installation will develop its
motivated personnel. A military furniture to reduce clutter. This own design guide, tailored to its
installation conveys a visual image manual includes information specific situation and containing
in terms of its design character and gathered from a variety of sources those guidelines dealing with such
organization that can be either and is intended to serve as a locationally specific conditions as
clear, logical and attractive or comprehensive reference of design climate and prevailing architectural
cluttered, confused and disori- guidance for military installations. character. Other modifications
ented. The design, location and may be necessary in response to
maintenance of individual elements 1. The manual provides specific installation policies or
such as buildings, roads, parking observations of common problems, some atypical condition that may
lots, signing and planting, affect the design objectives and specific exist at a particular installation.
quality of the visual environ-ment. design criteria for components
Each of these elements should be comprising the exterior environ- D. Intended Users.
functional, attractive and ment of an installation. It also Improving the appearance and
harmonious with its surroundings illustrates their practical application functioning of military installations
to create an environment that in terms of prototypical design requires quality design. This
enhances the capability of instal- solutions for improving various entails the interaction of two
lations to support their missions types of facility areas commonly essential participants: 1) an en-
and fosters pride in and commit- found on installations. Further- lightened client and 2) competent
ment to military service. more, the manual addresses how design professionals. The gui-
such guidance can be incorporated dance offered in this manual is for
B. Objective. into the master planning and facility use by Army, Navy and Air Force
The objective of the Installation design process. personnel responsible for instal-
Design Manual is to provide lation planning and design as well
guidance for improving the quality 2. These guidelines are directed as design firms, particularly those
of the visual environment on Army, toward creating a visually cohesive offering comprehensive architec-
Navy and Air Force installations. and attractive installation that is tural, planning and engineering
consistent with good planning, services, who are under contract to
design and environmental policy. plan and design military instal-
They address both the design of lations or facilities. This manual is
new facilities as well as the directed to both audiences to
improvement of existing facilities; promote a high level of awareness
of potential design solutions and
standards, as well as evaluation
criteria. It is directed at making the
military a better client and aiding
design professionals in performing
a higher quality of service.
2
1-2. D. Appendices. B. Participants.
Organization of the Manual. This manual was prepared by an
The Installation Design Manual is 1. Appendix A: Related Military interdisciplinary team of design
divided into three major parts and a References lists applicable professionals working in
set of appendices: Department of Defense, Army, collaboration with project
Navy and Air Force publications. representatives of the Army, Navy
A. Part One: General. Personnel from each service need and Air Force. The various design
Chapters 1 and 2 provide an follow only the references from disciplines involved included
introduction to the purpose and use their service and those of the architects, planners, civil and
of the manual, principles for Department of Defense. The only electrical engineers, landscape
improving the quality of military exception to this direction is with architects and graphic designers.
installations and the means of respect to handicapped criteria Army, Navy and Air Force
incorporating visual design Both Army and Air Force personnel personnel involved in the planning
considerations into the installation are to follow DOD 4270 1M Navy and design of installation facilities
master planning process. personnel are to follow the specific extensively reviewed draft forms of
guidance provided in DM-1 Series. this manual. This interdisciplinary
B. Part Two: Design Guide- approach and military participation
lines. 2. Appendix B: Annotated were utilized to produce a
Chapters 3-13 provide design Bibliography provides a selected responsive, practical and
guidance for component elements listing of basic references on site comprehensive manual.
that comprise the environment of planning and design.
military installations. These 1-4.
include: buildings, roads, parking, 3. Appendix C: Model Scope of Proponent and User Comments.
planting, plazas and courtyards, Work Statement and Design The proponent agency of this
walkways, bikeways, signing, Consultant Selection Criteria for manual is the Office of the Chief of
lighting, site furnishings and the Preparation of Installation Engineers, Department of the
utilities. Each chapter deals with a Design Guides offers guidance in Army personnel are invited to send
specific component in terms of the development of design guides. comments and suggested
commonly observed problems, improvements on DA Form 2028
design objectives and design 1-3. (Recommended Changes to
guidelines. Preparation of the Manual. Publications) to HQDA (DAEN-
MPE-I) Washington, D C 20314.
C. Part Three: Prototype A. Process. Navy personnel should send
Areas. The preparation of this manual comments to NAV-FACENGCOM
Chapters 14-18 illustrate how the took over two years and involved HQ (Code 202), 200 Stovall Street,
use of an installation design guide four separate phases. These Alexandria, VA 22332. Air Force
can improve five prototypical facility included field survey and research, personnel should send comments
areas commonly found on military during which visits were made to to AF/LEEE, Washington, D C
installations. These prototype 15 separate military installations 20332.
areas include: main installation across the United States; problem
entrances, admini- analysis and organization, criteria
strative/headquarters areas, hous- definition and development; and
ing areas, community facilities and criteria coordination and synthesis.
industrial/warehouse areas.
3
Chapter 2.
C. Other Considerations.
Factors not related to the quality of site
planning itself have contributed to the
Improving the Visual Quality of
current difficulties of improving the
Military Installation.
visual image and functioning of military
installations. These include limited
funding resources for maintenance and
2-1. improvements as well as the increased
Background. fig. 2-2. complexity and rapid changes in military
A brief historical review of site missions and their program
The third period, which continues to requirements.
development on military instal-
strongly influence site planning
lations provides useful insights into
today, was the World War II build-up 2-2.
the genesis of most installation
which was characterized by the General Guidelines.
plans and the problems that have
imposition of a gridiron circulation The visual quality of a military
developed over the years as
system and repetitive, checker- installation cannot be fundamentally
missions have changed and the
board, temporary construction (fig. 2- changed by a limited cosmetic approach
functional requirements of site
3). A dispersed plan concept was to aesthetic considerations. Instead, a
planning have become more
commonly employed during this comprehensive approach based upon
complex.
period, locating facilities apart from the following essential guidelines is
each other in an attempt to minimize necessary.
A. Historical Development
their vulnerability under a possible
Phases. bombing attack.
The historical development of A. Enhance Existing Assets.
installation plan forms can be The overall physical image of military
generally grouped into three installations today can be significantly
phases. The first of these phases improved by enhancing those existing
was the quadrangle plan, environmental assets present at each
influenced by defensive require- installation These assets may include
ments (fig. 2-1). The second large reserves of natural open space,
observable phase was charac- impressive landscape features, and
terized by the rigid and formal historic and contemporary buildings of
geometry of-the Beaux Arts School distinctive character.
which influenced military site fig. 2-3.
planning in the late Nineteenth and B. Employ Practical, High Quality
early Twentieth Century (fig. 2-2). B. Emerging Planning Issues. Design.
The present organization, operations
and development patterns of Many installations can be vastly
installations continue to be improved at modest costs by a few
influenced by the gridiron system simple improvement programs, such as
and the dispersed plan concept. a tree planting program and a
The consequences of this era coordinated signing system program.
include facilities that exist as Concomitantly, when major investments
individual entities which have little in new facilities are contemplated, their
relationship to their neighbors, either design should contribute positively to
in terms of their architectural the overall image and attractiveness of
fig. 2-1. character or their functional and
efficient operation. Today, energy
conservation, operational efficiency
and livability have emerged as
primary installation planning
considerations, replacing those of
the now strategically obsolete
dispersed plan concept.
4
the installation. This can be components, including paving, If the visual quality of military
accomplished within reasonable plant materials, street furniture, installations is to be improved,
budgetary restrictions by sensitive, lighting and signing, should be design procedures as well as
practical, high quality design which developed as a consistent system guidelines must be incorporated
does not necessarily cost more, related functionally and into the installation master planning
either in terms of design fee or aesthetically to such organizing process. It is at the master
construction costs, than an elements as the circulation system, planning level that there is an
inefficient or poorly executed land use and activity centers. The appropriate overview directed at
design solution. coordination and orderly develop- ensuring overall coordination and
ment of these component systems compatibility among individual
C. Utilize Sound Site Planing add greatly to establishing an program needs. Formulation of an
and Design Principles. improved image and more installation design guide as part of
functional environment. the master planning process is the
1. Site Analysis as the proposed mechanism to guide
Foundation of Site Planning and 4. Energy Conservation. improvement of the visual quality of
Design. Careful consideration of Energy conservation objectives a military installation. The
natural and man-made site and site planning and design installation design guide would
conditions is the foundation of both activities interface both at the provide visual design guidelines
master planning and site planning master planning policy level as well and criteria consistent with master
design. Essential site features as in the design and siting of planning objectives.
which should be considered individual facilities. Land use and
include topography, vegetation, transportation master planning 2-4.
drainage, views, climate, should strive to minimize Procedure for Developing a
availability of infrastructure necessary auto trips by locating Design Guide.
(circulation and utility systems), related activities together and
and functional and aesthetic developing a balanced transpor- A. The development of the
relationships to other site facilities. tation system which encourages installation design guide would be
pedestrian, bike and public transit based on the general guidelines of
2. Development o an Overall as attractive alternatives to the the Installation Design Manual.
Conceptual Framework. Sound auto. Building orientation, massing However, the design guide would
site planning cannot be achieved and detailing, as well as the be responsive to such locationally
on a site-by-site, problem-by- interrelationship to adjacent specific conditions as climate,
problem basis, but must be based buildings and planting, all have prevailing architectural character,
on a master plan which is properly implications on site design to indigenous plant materials, and
conceived to allow each problem to reduce energy consumption. The any other atypical installation
be resolved as a part of a total necessities of energy conservation conditions or policies.
concept. This conceptual require new criteria affecting
framework starts with land use building design decisions, and B. An interdisciplinary design
planning based on not only changes in previous concepts of team composed of architects,
functional or mission requirements, building form and site relationships. engineers, landscape architects
but also on careful consideration of and graphic designers should
the ecological, physical and visual 2-3. develop and implement the design
character of the installation, on Relationship to the Master guide in a four-step process. This
future growth flexibility, on Planning Process. four-step process, described in
development of a circulation While master planning procedures detail in the following paragraphs,
system which serves but does not of the Army, Navy, and Air Force is a general methodology for
dominate the setting, and on the are different, they generally focus considering visual design impacts
perception and continuity of on existing physical conditions, during master planning, site
physical form of the built future installation conditions, future planning, architectural design,
environment. installation requirements, and renovation and maintenance of
proposed land use and circulation. installation facilities.
3. Integration and Coordi-
nation of Site Components. The
design and detailing of site
5
Step 1: Assess the Existing Visual B. Supplementary Visual
Environment Surveys.
Step 2: Formulate the Design Guide Supplementary surveys directed at
Step 3: Implement the Design Guide specific elements such as
Step 4: Evaluate and Update 8-8. architectural character, signing,
plant materials, etc., can be
2-5. conducted when identified as an
Step 1: Assess the Existing area of primary concern in the
Visual Environment. overview visual survey. The
specific approach and level of data
A. Overview Visual Survey. collection for these more detailed
An overview survey should be surveys will depend upon the
conducted initially to assess the particular requirements of the
existing visual environment of the installation and the subject being
installation. The purpose of this considered. (See Design
survey is to evaluate the visual Guidelines chapters of Part II of
quality of the installation and to this manual for more detailed
identify dominant visual discussion of specific elements,
impressions, both positive and especially Chapter 3: Buildings;
negative. Chapter 6: Planting; and Chapter
10: Signing.)
1. Those conducting the survey
should imagine themselves seeing C. Documentation of Findings.
the installation for the first time, The results of the visual survey
approaching and entering main should be documented in a written
gates and proceeding to major report with supporting graphic
destinations within the installation. fig. 2-4. illustrations.
2. Consideration should be given 3. Taking photographic se- 1. The report should essentially
to conducting the overview survey quences along these routes is a deal with the overall visual
both at nighttime as well as useful technique to document organization of the installation, its
daytime. The after dark survey can observations and to allow for a major visual assets and liabilities or
assist in evaluating signing and more careful study of specific problems and opportunities and
lighting. elements that comprise the visual any detailed visual reconnaissance
image of the installation (fig. 2-4). of specific problem elements.
4. During the survey, dominant 2. The graphic illustrations

visual impressions should be should clearly depict the major
recorded on a map of the findings of the survey. This can be
installation. A notation system can effectively done by an overlay
be used to record important method that locates and records
observations such as focal points, major findings of the survey over a
edges, scenic views, etc. The base map of the installation.
mapping should record these Pertinent photographs and/or
elements as well as qualitative sketches can also be used to
impressions such as attractive supplement the mapping graphics.
areas, streetscape clutter, etc.
6
2-6. C. Detailed Design Criteria and "Building Design Criteria: It is
Step 2: Formulate the Design Guidelines. recommended that all buildings in
Guide. Beyond the overall design the core utilize architectural concrete
guidelines, the scope and detail of as the basic wall material. All
A. Goals and Objectives. the design guide can vary depending concrete, whether job poured or
In order to develop a design guide, upon the specific needs of the precast, should utilize warm-toned
it is necessary to establish specific installation. Initially, it could address cement or color additive in order to
goals and objectives for improving in detail any or all of the subjects overcome the cold grey tone, which
the visual attractiveness of the most appropriate to the installation. until recently was typical of
installation. The specific mission, The design guide should be thought Northwest concrete, especially as
priorities, existing visual assets and of as an evolving publication, where viewed in wet weather."
liabilities, and planned changes for sections can be added or updated
each installation should influence over time as needed. "Site Furnishings Design
the formulation of these goals and Prototype: Bench (fig. 2-5): This is
objectives. D. Format. the basic element of the system and
The format of the design guide illustrates the proposed combination
B. Overall Design Criteria and should make it easy to use, expand of concrete and wood. Concrete in
Guidelines. and update. Typically consisting of the form of a standardized pre-cast
After the design objectives of the text, illustrations and photographs, concrete slab with 3/4" chamfered
individual installation have been the design guide should have its edges, incorporating light colored
established, design criteria narrative keyed as directly as cement with the end product
responsive to these objectives possible to its supporting graphic sandblasted. The concrete element
should be formulated. These illustrations or photographs. A black forms the joint with the ground plane.
criteria should be developed for and white, ring-bound format is Wood, treated with preservative but
each of the major elements recommended as an economical left unstained, is used for the seat
comprising the visual environment one that readily allows additions and and back. Use of oversized wood
of the installation. Based upon updating. members is to achieve appropriate
these criteria, the design guide ruggedness and scale relationships.
should establish overall design E. Example. All edges shall be eased and all
guidelines for the installation, As an example of what could be joints bolted and plugged where
including: included in a design guide, the possible. The design is adaptable to
following objective, design criteria leaving the back off for areas where
1. a general architectural design and design prototype were short-term seating is anticipated. A
vernacular, indicating desired developed for a military installation in wooden bench design with concrete
architectural character, massing, the Pacific Northwest.* "Building supports or frame and contoured
scale, materials and color palette; Objective: Architec-tural materials seat should be included for areas
should be expressive of Northwest where a really comfortable bench is
2. plant materials, prototypical building technology. Puget Sound is desirable."
applications and details that are traditionally a lumber area. The
appropriate to the installation and centers of steel production and
its climate; building component manufacturing
are far away. There is, however, an
3. site planning and design abundance of concrete aggregate
guidelines for site systems materials. Local clays for brick
including circulation (vehicular, manufacturing are available but
pedestrian, bikeway), parking, masonry labor rates are high."
signing, lighting and utilities;
*Design Guide to Architecture,
4. a coordinated design system Landscape, Lighting, Graphics - Trident
for site furnishings, signing and Support Site, (Bremerton, Washington)
lighting. Department of Navy, pp 1-4, 1-6, 1-8
and 2-12
7
D. Detailed Design and
Evaluation.
Once it has been determined to
include a project in an annual
work program the selected
architect-engineer and the
responsible government
personnel who serve as the
client should follow the
installation design guide to the
greatest practical extent in both
designing and evaluating the
project. Furthermore, the
design guide should be used by
engineering, operations and
maintenance personnel, and all
other decision-makers who
influence the visual
environment on the installation.
2-8.
Step 4: Evaluate and
Update.
Periodically, the guidelines of
the manual should be
evaluated and updated relative
to their effectiveness and
possible changes in mission or
fig. 2-5. priorities within the installation.
2-7. B. Priorities.
Step 3: Implement the Design The rank ordering of the visual
Guide. design goals and objectives will aid
A. Funding. in establishing priorities. Potential
The plan for visual design projects should be evaluated as to
improvements must be balanced their likely impact on these goals
against fiscal capabilities. Special and objectives. Often this
funding may be available for conscious exercise will result in
certain projects, such as additional modifications to or elimination of
maintenance and renovation contemplated projects.
funding for designated historical Maintenance and improvement
structures; however, almost all of projects as well as construction
these improvements will be projects should be evaluated in this
accomplished as part of the manner.
military construction program, and C. Scheduling.
operations and maintenance funds.
Projects should be scheduled in
annual work programs and phased
according to their anticipated effect
on all the goals and objectives of
the master plan, not simply visual
design considerations. Special
consideration of system-wide
improvements is necessary in
order that the visual and functional
impact of projects is not dispersed
ineffectively.
8
9
Chapter 3. Buildings.
The image of an installation is the functional requirements of a

largely determined by the design facility. It should strive to achieve
character and siting of its buildings. an ordered sense of place - a
The objectives of the site planning comfortable, attractive and func-
and architectural design process tional setting for its intended
must go beyond the need to satisfy activities.
11
Section I:
Observations
and Objectives.
3-1.
Typical Problems.
While field conditions vary
considerably according to a
particular installation’s mission and
setting, a number of common
problems have occurred in the
design character and siting of
buildings at various installations.
A. Development Pattern. Fig. 3-1.

Buildings are typically organized
within a grid network of streets and C. Relationship to Site
utilities that can easily result in a Features.
visually monotonous development
pattern and can limit facility design Natural site features such as
and expansion opportunities. topography, trees and scenic views
were often ignored in facility
B. Design Process. design. When properly
recognized, such features can be
When facilities were sited on a preserved and enhanced as assets
case-by-case basis without an that compatibly relate facilities with
overall conceptual framework or their natural setting. Furthermore, fig. 3-3.
master plan, a chaotic develop- environment disruption and
ment pattern often resulted where landscape reconstruction costs can E. Architectural Character.
facilities were poorly related, both be minimized (fig. 3-2). The architectural character of new
visually and functionally, to each facilities is often incompatible with
other as well as to the circulation older development. In such cases,
and open space systems of the new buildings have either ignored
installation (fig. 3-1). the prevailing architectural
character and scale of adjacent
buildings or unsuccessfully
attempted to relate them by some
cosmetic or imitative technique.
Successful examples have been
accomplished by contemporary
fig. 3-2. design that relates new buildings to
older development by means of a
D. Parking. compatible scale, massing, form,
The voracious spatial demands of color and materials (fig. 3-4).
automobile parking and circulation
commonly dominate the physical
setting of facilities (fig. 3-3).
12
reuse, many of these resources can 3-2.
provide both functional facilities and Objectives.
a sense of history to an installation.
A. Adapt Building Design; to
I. Climate Considerations. Natural Site Conditions.
Many buildings have been designed
and sited with little regard to climatic 1. Physiographic Features.
conditions. Instead, there has been Respecting and using the natural
a heavy reliance on the mechanical environment to advantage requires
and electrical systems of a building careful consideration of site conditions
fig. 3-4. to overcome climatic conditions. such as topography, vegetation, tree
Proper building orientation, building cover, climate and views. The careful
F. Space between Building. design and planting design can preservation, accentuation or studied
The space between buildings has conserve energy as well as provide alteration of natural site features
often been considered "left-over" pedestrian protection and comfort enables new facilities to blend with their
space without appropriate planting from inclement weather, temperature natural setting. Furthermore, such
(fig. 3-5). extremes and intense sun glare practices minimize plant replacement
(fig. 3-7). costs and negative environmental
impacts of construction as well as future
site maintenance problems. The
destruction of the natural environment
by the all too frequent development
process of gross clearing, regrading to
a "workable" profile, channelization of
natural site drainage and then
replanting should and can be avoided or
minimized.
fig. 3-5. 2. Climate. Proper consideration

should be given to prevailing winds,
G. Coordination with Site solar orientation and micro-climatic
Development Components. conditions. Building orientation as
A lack of design coordination often fig. 3-6. related to solar and wind conditions,
exists between buildings and their building form in terms of shape,
site development components massing, fenestration and color, and
such as lighting, signing and street planting can all be used to modify the
furniture. adverse effects of climate. This will
help to conserve energy through
H. Historic Preservation. reduced dependence on a building’s
Many installations contain buildings mechanical and electrical systems and
of noteworthy historical to provide for pedestrian comfort and
architecture or areas of historical convenience.
significance that provide an
important sense of heritage. In B. Relate Buildings in Groups.
some cases the integrity of the The most frequently encountered site
building or area has been fig. 3-7. planning problems on military
damaged by either insensitive installations is the planning of buildings
design modifications or in groups. This may involve either the
introduction of incompatible fitting of a new building into the context
elements into the area (fig. 3-6). of existing buildings or the incremental,
Through preservation and adaptive long-range development of a planned
group of buildings.
13
Section II:
In either case, successful site A consistent and coherent
planning and design requires architectural character fosters a
dealing with many more factors "sense of order" and a "sense of
than simply dropping the building place" within an installation. It is Design
into the center of a vacant site. an important visual attribute to be Guidelines.
Essential considerations include carefully guarded and perpetuated
the organization of site access; the by future development. 3-3.
separation of auto, pedestrian and Establishing and Implementing
service traffic; the functional and D. Preserve Historic Building Architectural Guidelines.
visual organization of the space and Areas. Every installation should develop
between buildings; the Recognition and preservation of an its own architectural guidelines to
establishment of compatible scale installation’s historical areas and promote a coherent architectural
and architectural character architecture are important aspects character that provides visual
between buildings; provisions for of installation design and help order, clarity, interest and human
anticipated growth and expansion; foster and instill a sense of scale within the installation These
and the relationship of buildings to heritage among military personnel architectural guidelines should be
natural site features. and civilians alike. In addition, specific enough to assure basic
these facilities provide an element harmony and coordination of
C. Develop a Coherent of visual interest and variety. architecture, yet flexible enough to
Architectural Character. Maintaining an appropriate setting promote variety and visual interest
Most military installations have for these historic facilities is Employ the following general
been developed over a long period essential in preserving their visual process to establish architectural
of time. Often a new building is integrity. These facilities often guidelines for an installation
located among older facilities in an offer opportunities not limited to
area with a prevailing character historic display, such as adaptive A. Assess the Existing
established by a given architectural reuse of their interior space as
Architectural Character.
style, material or scale. The functional facilities.
Initially, the architectural character
character of the area may be the of most existing buildings within the
result of an historic regional style installation should be identified and
such as the Spanish Mission Style analyzed. This can be
at Fort Sam Houston and the San accomplished by a visual survey
Diego Naval Training Center. In and background research
other instances, an order has been conducted by a trained architect or
established by a consistent use of team of architects, documenting
materials, such as brick, and a their findings on a survey form,
similarity in massing and building maps and photographs. The
height. Many factors contribute to architectural style, historical or
perpetuating a coherent architectural importance, exterior
architectural character including condition and alterations of these
scale, materials, color, massing, buildings should be determined. In
form, proportions, spatial addition, the compatibility of each
relationships and supporting site
components. This requires the
talents of skilled architects.
14
building with its setting should be Consideration can also be given to 2. Preserve, enhance and use
evaluated in terms of building form establishing a Design Review Board advantageously such natural site features
and height, materials, color and composed of government personnel as mature trees and vegetation, terrain,
architectural details. Architecture and/or independent design and topographic features and scenic views
of merit as well as areas of consultants who would be and vistas.
coherent architectural character responsible for reviewing design
and interest should serve to proposals and suggesting 3. Locate facilities that have expansive
establish a prevailing architectural modifications prior to final approval of building types and parking requirements
character upon which the the design plans. on relatively flat terrain. Generally, these
architectural guidelines are to be are site areas with less than 6% slope
based. 3-4. gradients (fig. 3-10).
Adapt Buildings to Natural Site
B. Evaluate Other Architectural
Conditions.
Determinants. Architectural
The site planning and design of
guidelines should also be based
buildings should relate harmoniously
upon other factors influencing the
to the landscape character and
architectural character of the fig. 3-10.
climatic conditions.
installation. These factors include
climate, land form, landscape 4. Use moderately sloping (6 to 15%
A. Landscape Character.
character, contemporary building slope gradient) areas for residential or
Apply the following principles to
technologies and economics of the other less expansive building types that
minimize adverse impacts on the
area. can adapt to the sloping terrain (fig. 3-11).
existing site (figs. 3-8 and 3-9).
C. Formulate Architectural
Guidelines. Based upon the fig. 3-8.
prevailing architectural character
and other architectural
determinants, architectural
guidelines should be developed for fig. 3-11.
the installation. These guidelines
should specify the general 5. Avoid development in steeper slope
architectural style, massing, form, (greater than 15% slope gradient) areas
materials, colors and details for where adverse environmental impacts and
new as well as renovated facilities. development costs begin to escalate
These architectural guidelines can dramatically.
be developed at three levels of
detail: 6. Avoid development in natural
1. overall guidelines governing drainage ways and flood plains; land uses
the entire installation, for flood plain areas should be limited to
open space preserves and outdoor
2. general guidelines for
recreation facilities.
functional subareas or districts
within the installation, and
7. Provide a reasonable balance of cut
3. specific design guidelines and and fill.
criteria for a particular facility or
building complex. 8. Provide adequate continuous slopes
D. Implement Architectural fig. 3-9. for all parts of the site not occupied by
Guidelines. The architectural buildings. These slopes should be graded
guidelines should be 1. Inventory existing natural terrain, to drain toward streets or natural drainage
complemented in a twofold vegetation and views prior to courses to keep to a minimum the number
manner. First, they should serve formulation of a site development of required storm drains. Grassed slopes
as design criteria for architects concept. away from buildings should be a minimum
under contract to prepare design of 6 inches vertical for a horizontal
plans for new or renovated distance of 10 feet.
facilities. Second, they should
serve as evaluation criteria for
military personnel responsible for
overseeing the design of these
new or renovated facilities.
15
B. Climate. d. Utilize medium colored i. Minimize unshielded window
Site and design buildings in building surfaces exposed to the areas on exposed northern facing
response to the local climate to sun and dark colors on recessed walls that face prevailing winter
provide a comfortable setting for surfaces to absorb solar radiation. winds.
outdoor activities and to conserve
energy by lessening the demands e. Use generous south facing
on the heating and air conditioning windows to capture warming solar
systems of a building. General radiation within the building interior.
guidelines for the siting and design
fig. 3-15.
j. Minimize the extent of a
building’s exterior surface area by
consolidating buildings or building
fig. 3-12 masses into a compact
configuration (fig. 3-15).
of buildings in various climatic
regions are set forth below. Figure 2. Temperate Regions.
3-12 illustrates the general extent Design and site buildings to
of the four major climatic regions balance the effects of seasonal
within the continental United thermal variations, promoting both
States. winter warming and summer
fig. 3-13. cooling in terms of seasonal solar
1. Cool Regions. Design and orientation and prevailing wind
site buildings primarily for winter direction.
heat conservation by maximizing a. Use deciduous trees to the
the warming effect of solar east and west that allow
radiation in winter and reducing the penetration of warming winter sun
impact of cold winter winds. but shade from the hot summer
sun (fig. 3-16).
a. Utilize south and southeast fig. 3-14. b. Utilize roof overhangs that
facing slopes. f. Locate buildings on the shield window areas on south
leeward side of hills in the "wind facing walls from the higher
b. Orient active outdoor shadow" (fig. 3-14). summer sun but admit the lower
pedestrian areas of the building to winter sun (fig. 3-17).
g. Use the natural insulation of
the south.
the earth where possible, such as c. On higher buildings, sun
building into hillsides, to reduce shades can be used to control
c. Create protected sun pockets winter heat loss (fig. 3-14). summer sun: horizontal sunshades
for outdoor pedestrian areas (fig.
h. Use evergreens, earth berms over south facing windows,
3-13). eggcrate type sunshades over east
or mounds and walls to provide
winter wind screening of northern and west facing windows, and
facing building walls. vertical fins on north facing
windows are most effective.
16
fig. 3-16. fig. 3-18.
b. Avoid paved ground surfaces
which hold beat and produce sun
glare (fig. 3-21).
c. Use light colored walls and

roofs that reflect solar radiation;
use dark colors under overhangs
to reduce solar reflection into
building interiors.
d. Shelter windows from direct

solar radiation with sunshades,
roof overhangs and plants; avoid
east and west facing windows that
are difficult to shade from low sun
angles; set windows high in walls
to avoid ground-reflected solar
radiation.
fig. 3-17. fig. 3-19.
d. Use medium color surfaces 3. Hot Arid Regions.

on exterior walls to balance the Design primarily to minimize
need for summer reflection and building heat gain by solar radiation
winter absorption of solar radiation; while maximizing shade and
use light colored roofs to reflect encouraging humidity in outdoor
summer sun; use dark absorbent spaces around buildings.
colors only in recessed places
protected from summer sun. a. Utilize densely arranged and
e. Use steeply pitched roofs on shaded layouts of buildings, fig. 3-22.
the winter windward side to deflect compact building shapes and
winter winds and reduce the shaded walkways and courtyards e. Incorporate water features in
exposed roof area directly facing (fig. 3-20). site development concepts to
winter winds (fig. 3-18). maximize humidity and the cooling
effects of evaporation from water
f. Protect building walls exposed (fig. 3-22).
to winter winds with evergreens,
earth berms or mounds, fences, f. Utilize dense overhead
walls or outbuildings such as planting to provide shade, slow
garages or storage sheds that can evaporation and hold humidity near
serve as wind screens (fig. 3-18). ground level (fig. 3-23).
g. In appropriate buildings that

will not be air conditioned, fig. 3-20.
encourage cross ventilation and
roof ventilation by prevailing
summer breezes for cooling during
hot summer months. This can be
accomplished in terms of building
orientation and window placement, fig. 3-23.
roof and gable ventilation and g. Minimize paved areas and
planting based upon prevailing maximize planted ground covers to
summer breezes (fig. 3-19). fig. 3-21.
promote humidity and reduce solar
reflection and glare.
14
4. Hot Humid Regions. A. Site Organization
Design primarily to minimize The design of new buildings that are to
building heat gain by solar radiation become part of a group of buildings
while promoting air movement and should be based upon an overall site
cross ventilation for comfort from development concept with adequate
humidity. provisions for future flexibility and
expansion.
a. Maximize shade throughout
the day, both to reduce solar 1. Overall Site Development
radiation and sun glare. fig. 3-25. Concept.
Establish an overall site development
b. Use window sunshading i. Maximize openings and concept that provides the framework
devices that provide protection windows that promote cross within which individual buildings can be
from solar radiation but encourage ventilation. compatibly integrated and coordinated
air flow; minimize east and west with other buildings and associated site
facing walls and windows where j. Select building sites near the development (fig. 3-27).
solar control from low sun angles is crest of hills or on the windward side
difficult (fig. 3-24). a. Carefully inventory existing site
or ridges to maximize wind flow. conditions, land suitability, buildings,
parking, circulation, utilities and open
k. Use high branching site space systems and climate prior to
vegetation that provides shade but formulation of a site design concept.
allows passage of cooling breezes
near ground level; avoid low b. Formulate a development program
vegetation that blocks air movement that includes: building space
into and around buildings (fig. 3-26). requirements; access requirements for
pedestrians, vehicular and service
traffic; parking requirements; adjacency
requirements with other buildings; and
fig. 3-24. utility service requirements.
c. Use roof overhangs for sun c. Coordinate circulation and parking
screening, rain and sun glare that serves the entire building group.
protection; utilize trellises as
effective sun and glare control d. Coordinate the open space
devices. network of the building group with the
overall open space system of the
d. Utilize light colored roofs to fig. 3-26. installation.
reflect solar radiation. 3-5.
Relate Buildings in Groups. e. Formulate the general location,
e. Shade outside walkways with massing and orientation of new
trees, building canopies or Buildings that are located in groups
should have strong visual and buildings in response to their program
arcades. requirements and desired relationship to
functional interrelationships. The
f. Encourage closely located but design process of establishing other buildings, site circulation systems,
physically separated building compatible relationships between parking, open space, natural site
arrangements that promote air buildings in groups may entail either features and climate.
movement between buildings. integrating a new building into an
g. Orient streets and buildings to existing group of buildings or
designing a totally new group of
maximize cooling breezes; use
buildings that may be implemented
vegetation to channel cooling
at one time or in a phased
breezes (fig. 3-25).
development sequence.
h. In non-air-conditioned
buildings maximize roof ventilation
and cross ventilation of living and
working spaces.
18
3. Security Requirements.
By considering security requirements in the
early phases of site planning, expensive
and unsightly future modification can often
be avoided. Use of natural barriers and the
integration of security measures into facility
design can minimize the necessity for
obtrusive solutions, such as barbed wire
fences, barricaded entrances and barred
windows.
fig. 3-27. fig. 3-32.

2. Expansion Capability. c. Consider vertical expansion of
B. Site Design.
Anticipate future expansion needs buildings to preserve open space
Relate buildings compatibly in
of buildings in groups and or adjacent buildings. Vertical
groups by means of site design
incorporate them into the site expansion of buildings tends to be
that sensitively interrelates building
development concept. more costly and disruptive of
forms and massing, open space
existing building operations than
between buildings, site circulation
horizontal expansion and requires
systems and site edges. (See TM
the provision of adequate structural
5-812-1 for minimum required
design, future parking and utilities
space between buildings.)
(fig. 3-30).
d. Consider conversion of
surface parking lots to multi-level 1. Massing. The massing of a
parking structures to provide for building refers to its overall bulk, or
building expansion when land is the volume of space which the
fig. 3-28. scarce and the intensity of new building encloses. When massing
development can off-set the a new building, the size and
a. Consider a cluster develop- proportion of its exterior envelope
ment pattern that can facilitate additional costs of the parking
structure (fig. 3-31). and elevations should be designed
efficient use of land and preserve to relate compatibly with adjacent
vacant land for future expansion of e. (consider vacating
structures. A large facility can be
facilities (fig. 3-28). unnecessary streets or modifying
made to better relate to existing
the road network to make available
smaller facilities by dividing its
space for building expansion within
mass into smaller components to
street right-of-ways. Careful
create a building elevation that is
fig. 3-29. attention must be given to any
more compatible or
underground utilities within the
b. Consider future horizontal complementary, in terms of its size
vacated rights-of-way which can be
expansion for buildings such as and proportions, to the adjacent
costly to relocate.
company administration facilities structures. This is accomplished
(fig. 3-29). by manipulating the configuration
of the floor plan and/or building
height to break down the mass of
the building into smaller elements
(fig. 3-32).
fig. 3-31.
fig. 3-30.
19
2. Form. A building’s form is an hierarchy of spaces with within the
articulation of its basic massing group of buildings (fig. 3-36). An
and is characterized by shape and ordered sequence of outdoor
silhouette that should be employed spaces can provide a valuable
to compatibly relate adjacent sense of orientation, while
buildings. The size and proportion discontinuous or maze-like
of a building’s elevations and its sequences may be confusing and
roof are the primary form-giving disorienting.
characteristics that are important in
d. View Framing. The grouping
relating a new building to its
of buildings can frame views, orient
setting. In terms of their basic
people to building entrances, or
form, new buildings should be
accentuate a key facility, landmark
contemporary architectural
or dramatic vista (fig. 3-37). These
expressions that adhere to and are
views created by the arrangement
evocative of the prevailing
of buildings and open space are
architectural forms of adjacent
important aspects of the visual
buildings. Similar forms should be fig. 3-34.
quality of the environment that can
employed not only to relate new
b. Scale. Use the scale or size be employed not only for visual
buildings to adjacent structures
of an outdoor space as defined by interest but also to provide a sense
buildings and planting to reinforce of orientation for people using the
its intended use and desired facilities.
character. Large outdoor spaces
between buildings, especially
symmetrical ones, tend to be
fig. 3-33. formal and ceremonial in
character, while smaller spaces
but also to contribute to the overall convey a more personal and
architectural coherence of the intimate setting (fig. 3-35).
installation (fig. 3-33).
fig. 3-37.
3. Open Space. Create outdoor 4. Circulation and Parking.
open spaces between buildings
Coordinate circulation systems and
that relate buildings together and
parking to relate buildings in
convey an appropriate scale,
groups.
character and quality for their
intended use. (See Chapter 7: a. Provide a balanced and
Plazas and Courtyards.) coordinated circulation system to
fig. 3-35. serve a group of buildings,
a. Enclosure. Use buildings including walkways, bikeways,
and planting as elements of spatial c. Spatial Sequence. Modulate automobile and service traffic.
enclosure to visually define and outdoor spaces between buildings, (See Chapter 4: Roads; Chapter 8:
contain outdoor space. The through variations in their volume Walkways; and Chapter 9:
degree of enclosure that is and sense of enclosure, to provide Bikeways.)
conveyed is determined by the type a more interesting visual
and number of containing sides experience and identifiable
that define the space, their
distance apart and their height.
The nature and extent of enclosure
can be used to orient or direct
people, to create a distinct sense
of place or to create a transitional
space between the built and
natural environment (fig. 3-34). fig. 3-38.
fig. 3-36.
20
b. Provide direct pedestrian
connections between buildings, avoiding
walkways that cross roads or parking lots
(fig. 3-38).
c. Locate all building loading docks off-

street and out-of-sight of main roadways
and building entrances; employ appro-
fig. 3-39.
fig. 3-41.
priate fencing and/or planting to
screen loading docks from b. Use a dense evergreen buffer C. Architectural Fenestration.
adjacent buildings or areas (fig. area or planted earth berm for site Building facades in terms of window and
3-39). edges where visual screening is door openings and related details are
needed, such as between visually defined as architectural fenestration.
d. Provide attractive and
incompatible facilities and land use Design elements that can create a
convenient parking by coordinating
areas or between parking areas and compatible fenestration treatment
all parking that serves the group of
a building or street (fig. 3-41). include scale, materials, color and
buildings. (See Chapter 5:
rhythm.
Parking.) c. Use an earth berm or a solid
wall combined with an open space
e. Prevent parking from 1. Scale. Proportion and detail a
buffer of dense planting, especially
dominating the visual setting of building’s exterior fenestration to the
evergreens, for site edges where
buildings in groups, especially from scale of adjacent buildings. Scale is
acoustical buffering as well as visual
conveyed by the fenestration of the
screening are necessary, such as
building facade, where doorways,
between a major roadway and a
windows and other details enable
residential area. (TM 5-803-2,
people to gage its relative size and
NAVFAC P-970 and AFM 19-10
character in relationship to the size of
fig. 3-40. provide a comprehensive discussion
the human body.
of noise reduction techniques.)
main roadways and other primary
public viewing areas (fig. 3-40). d. Use a dense evergreen edge
treatment where windscreening from
5. Site Edges. Provide chilling winter winds is desired, such
appropriate and consistent as along pedestrian walkways.
landscape edge planting between
offstreet parking facilities and main e. Use fencing and walls at site
roadways, between pedestrian and edges only where essential for visual
vehicular-oriented areas, between screening, security or acoustical
different building groupings or land buffering and where space does not
fig. 3-43.
use areas, and along the perimeter permit landscape screening (fig.
of the installation. (See Chapter 6: 3-42)
a. When relating a new building to its
Planting.) setting, it is important that its design
a. Use plant materials as a conveys a sense of scale that is
transition or edge treatment compatible with adjacent buildings (fig.
between compatible adjacent 3-43).
facilities or to define and channel fig. 3-42.
pedestrian traffic along a walkway.
21
However, economies. The use of
similar materials, complementary colors
and a compatibly scaled building can
successfully relate new buildings to an
historic style or setting.
3. Color. Relate buildings with

compatible and complementary colors.
Color is closely linked to the
appropriate selection of exterior
building materials and is a critical
design element in relating adjacent
buildings and creating a compatible
visual environment within an
installation.
fig. 3-44. a. In general, colors should be

This can be accomplished by a. Types of materials selected integral rather than applied to exterior
fenestration that is similarly sized should vary with climatic conditions, building materials. Avoid surfaces that
and proportioned in terms of floor thermal qualities, reflectivity and require costly periodic repainting.
heights, window openings and durability.
strength of details. b. Colors should be selected on the
b. A cluttered, cosmetic
basis of the desired appearance and
b. Larger building facades with application of a number of different
attractiveness of the building, its
over-sized fenestration elements materials on a facade should be
compatibility with adjacent building
tend to create a more monumental avoided. Materials should be used
colors and the prevailing color scheme
scale while smaller buildings with consistently on all facades of a
of the architectural and natural
more finely detailed fenestrations building.
landscape character of the installation.
tend to create a more human scale
(fig. 3-44). c. Materials should be selected
based upon their appropriateness to c. Colors should also be carefully
c. Blank wall treatments tend not the building type, climatic conditions selected for their ability to modify
to convey scale, while building and the prevailing architectural climatic conditions. Generally, light-
elevations with detailed design and landscape character of colored building exteriors tend to reflect
fenestrations created by windows the installation. Wood, masonry and solar radiation and promote heat loss,
and relief, accentuated by shadow stucco tend to be the most but increase glare; dark-colored
lines or color, convey a strong appropriate materials for residential exteriors tend to absorb solar radiation,
sense of scale (fig. 3-45). uses; masonry, steel, aluminum, promote heat gain and reduce glare.
concrete and glass tend to be the
most appropriate materials for d. Exterior building colors should be
administrative or educational uses; limited in number and controlled by an
masonry or steel frame with infill established color palette for use
materials tend to be most throughout the installation. This palette
appropriate for industrial uses. should specify a limited number of
coordinated and complementary colors
d. Materials distinctive to an
that are subdued and harmonious.
established architectural character
fig. 3-45. worthy of merit should be adhered to
consistently throughout an e. Strong, loud colors should
2. Materials. Exterior building generally be avoided and used only for
materials should provide a installation. Deviations from
established materials should not be special identification purposes; where
cohesive and consistent
architectural character. If existing allowed without good reason.
buildings have an architectural
style worthy of merit, all future new
construction should be compatible
to that style.
22
they are employed they should not between buildings. The pattern of dense and urban to sparse and rural.
dominate or overpower the visual this rhythm may be either uniform or The guidelines should specify a desired
character of the setting. varied as well as vertical or character or transition in character
horizontal in accent (figs. 3-46 and among facilities within the installation.
f. Colors can be used to evoke
3-47).
an historic al or regional 3. Climate. The climate of an
architectural style that should be b. The visual rhythm established installation should heavily dictate an
employed only where appropriate. by existing buildings should be appropriate character of development
Examples of this are the white recognized and utilized as a design and architecture that is conducive to
stucco with red tile roof of the tool to integrate a new building with user comfort and energy conservation.
Spanish mission style in San its surroundings.
4. Prevailing Regional Architectural
Diego, subdued earthtones (hues
of brown, soft green and beige’s) 3-6. Character.
associated with the Victorian era, A regional architectural character that
Develop a Coherent Architectural
and pastels associated with has historically developed in response
Character. to the climate, natural setting and
tropical architecture (pale violets, A compatible and coherent overall
purples, greens and pinks). (See available building materials of the region
architectural character should be can provide a useful model for
TM 5-807-7, Color For Buildings. promoted within an installation. establishing the overall architectural
fig. 3-46 Buildings within an installation guidelines for the installation.
should be designed within a
common architectural vernacular or 5. Prevailing Architectural
design vocabulary that promotes a Character of the Installation. The
coherent physical appearance, installation's prevailing architectural
character, image and identity to the character may serve as the practical
installation. basis for establishing the guidelines for
a coherent architectural character within
A. Derivations of a Coherent
the installation.
Design Character.
Establish architectural guidelines B. Design Applications.
that specify a general design Establish a coherent overall
vocabulary for all buildings within the architectural character within the
installation. The formulation of these installation that can apply both to new
guidelines should be derived from building design and the renovation of
the following considerations as they existing buildings.
relate to establishing a coherent
1. New Building Design.
massing, form, scale and materials
Design new buildings to promote a
among buildings within the
fig. 3-47. coherent architectural character by
installation.
means of a compatible contemporary
4. Rhythm. Use the visual 1. Landscape/Landform architectural design expression.
rhythm created by a fenestration Character. The natural site
design to compatibly relate a. Avoid trite cosmetic application of
character of the installation in terms
buildings in groups. stylistic elements that allude to the
of its terrain and vegetation may lend
architectural style of older installation
itself to a particular character of
a. Rhythm refers to the visual buildings.
development and architecture.
pattern or sequence of solids and
voids that is created by structural b. Encourage variety that is
2. Urban/Rural Context.
expression, fenestration and compatible with the overall character of
The general character of
shadow, lines along a building the installation; avoid promoting a rigidly
development within the installation,
facade as well as the sequence of in terms of its intensity of land use,
building masses and open space indicates a type and scale of
development pattern and
architecture that can range from
23
homogeneous and monotonous 3-7 require only maintenance, such as
architectural character. Preserve Historical Buildings cleaning, repointing or repainting,
and Areas. to preserve their good condition.
c. Avoid prefabricated or The visual integrity of historically
modular prototype building noteworthy buildings and areas on 2. Renovation is applicable to
systems whose designs are out of military installations must be buildings that require general
context with the natural setting or maintained and preserved. (TM 5- upgrading of either their exterior or
architectural character of the 801-1 and TM 5-801-2provide their interior.
installation; utilize only those specific guidance.)
building systems that can be 3. Rehabilitation is applicable to
adapted compatibly to the site and A. Types of Noteworthy buildings which have deteriorated
architectural character of the Facilities. or are economically and
installation. Where procurement There are three categories of functionally outmoded, and require
schedules or economics dictate the noteworthy buildings and areas modernization of electrical,
use of these building systems, which should be preserved. mechanical and structural
select those of compatible design, elements to extend their useful life.
scale, color and materials. 1. Historical Architecture.
Consider the use of plant material Buildings that are noteworthy from 4. Restoration is applicable to
and screening walls to lessen any an architectural point of view and structures of noteworthy historic,
negative visual impact of these are examples of a particular style architectural or aesthetic
building systems. or period. importance whose integrity has
been lost or covered up and must
d. Installation planners should be 2. Historical Places. Buildings be restored to achieve their original
particularly cognizant of the design and areas that are noteworthy from appearance; this may require
and construction of community an historical point of view because either full or partial restoration of
centers. There are usually two or a significant event in national or either their interior or exterior.
more design and construction military history occurred there.
activities involved in the 5. Adaptive reuse is a form of
development of a community 3. Other Historical Facilities. rehabilitation whereby structures
center, each with individual funding Buildings that are less noteworthy are converted from their original
sources and methods of from either an architectural or use to an entirely new use which is
procurement Considering this, historical point of view, but are still productive or practical.
each installation should establish usable and functional facilities that
architectural, site and functional also provide visual interest and a 6. Reconstruction or replication
standards very early in the sense of heritage to the refers to structures that are
planning of a community center installation. recreated from original designs to
Coordination must be portray some historical setting or to
accomplished by an installation B. Preservation Techniques. serve as an historical museum or
planner to ensure the standards Utilize appropriate preservation display.
are observed Differences between techniques to maintain the visual
designers should never result in integrity of historically noteworthy
deviations from the objective of a buildings or areas and coordinate
unified design for the community these with appropriate funding
center. programs for repair, renovation or
replacement.
2. Renovation of Existing
Buildings. Consider design 1. Conservation is appropriate
modifications that are harmonious for buildings which are physically
with the desired overall visual sound and have their original
image and character of the design integrity and value that
installation.
24
C. Preservation Guidelines.
Use the following procedures and
treatments to preserve the visual
integrity of historically noteworthy
buildings or areas.
1. Inventory and document

significant or noteworthy historical
architecture and settings within the
installation. (Required by
Executive Order 11593, May
1973.)
2. Preserve and appropriately

use historic buildings or settings
within the installation.
3. Avoid alterations that detract

from the design integrity of historic
buildings and their setting, such as
inappropriate building modifications
and intrusion of incompatible uses,
buildings or structures into their
setting.
4. When altering an historic

structure, try to retain, uncover
and/or restore as much of the
original materials, details and
design character of the building as
is feasible; when introducing new
parts or mixing old with new
elements on the building exterior, it
is essential to preserve the original
design character. This should be
accom-plished by obtaining
competent professional design
assistance.
5. Avoid imitative designs when

introducing new buildings within the
setting of historic buildings;
encourage contemporary designs
that are compatible with the old in
their scale, form and use of
materials.
6. Encourage adaptive reuse of

historic buildings as an economical
means of providing functional
space while providing a sense of
heritage to the setting of the
installation.
25
Chapter 4. Roads.
The vehicular circulation system and utilities which have been comprehension, sense of
provides not only a primary means located in response to its orientation and ease of circulation
of on-site access but also a alignment. However, much can be for the motorist as well as a more
primary vantage point along which done to improve the road network, attractive streetscape. (For
people see an installation. In most both functionally and visually. guidance on road construction
cases, the road network is Functionally, a hierarchical network details and geometric design
historically predetermined. While can be created that separates criteria, see TM 5-822-2; AFM 88-
the existing road network may be incompatible types of traffic and 7, Chapter 5; and NAVFAC DM-5
functionally deficient, it may be promotes energy efficiency. Series.)
costly and difficult to change Visually, this hierarchy can be
because of the land uses, buildings reinforced to promote a better
27
Section I:
Observations and Objectives.
fig. 4-1.
4-1.
Typical Problems. C. Intersections and Traffic
Controls.
A. Road Network.
The grid network, most prevalent
Most installations typically have a on installations, results in a
grid network of streets. However, maximum number of four-way
strict adherence to this grid intersections and necessitates a
network often neglects natural site greater dependency on
features and can constrain building signalization and other traffic
design and expansion capabilities. control devices. There has been
Sometimes the grid system is inadequate consideration of the
combined with a curvilinear pattern pedestrian and his safety where
of streets which can result in visual vehicular and pedestrian networks fig. 4-3.
as well as functional problems in interface (fig. 4-1).
understanding the circulation
design, but when necessary, their
system.
D. Channelization. design need not be unsafe to
B. Circulation Hierarchy. A common problem on military motorists. In other cases where
Various classification systems exist installations is unsafe and unsightly medians are used for
defining different functions that a techniques for channeling vehicles, channelization, planting that
road performs, i.e., primary, such as poles or guardrails requires a high amount of
secondary, tertiary. It is desirable mounted in the road pavement maintenance or unattractive paving
that road rights-of-way, pavement without protective curbing (fig. 4-2). techniques are common, despite
widths, speed limits, provisions of The need for these devices is most the availability of attractive but
curbs and sidewalks, street often the result of improper relatively maintenance-free plant
lighting, street trees, traffic and intersection materials that could be used.
parking controls, and other
characteristics be varied to reflect E. Curbs and Gutters.
and facilitate the functions that the The incremental construction of
road performs. This is often not curbs and gutters is typical at
the case on installations where installations and often results in
undifferentiated networks result in awkward transition areas(fig. 4-3).
a variety of problems such as
through-traffic on local residential
streets. In many cases a sense of
the road hierarchy does not exist or
has not been visually reinforced, fig. 4-2.
resulting in an unclear system as
well as unnecessary street
segments.
28
4-2. A clear and unconfusing circulation Section II:
Objectives. system is also less cluttered and
A. Circulation System. thereby more attractive to its users. Design
The circulation system should Guidelines
define a hierarchy of flow from the 3. Maintenance and Repair.
installation entrance to major and Roads occupy a large percentage 4-3.
minor roads leading to specific of the total land area of an Establish a Coherent Road
destinations. A clearly structured installation, especially in dense Network Hierarchy.
and consistent circulation system developments. The design and The road network of an installation
can provide coherence to the detailing of roads should facilitate should functionally and visually
overall installation. If visually cleaning, snow removal and other reflect a logical hierarchy of traffic
reinforced, the system can simplify associated maintenance and repair circulation. The network should
driver decisions, decrease motorist operations. Planting of shoulders separate types of traffic by
confusion, and provide a level of and medians should be of function, ranging from through-
visual continuity and cohesiveness appropriate low maintenance plant traffic to local traffic. The visual
to the installation. materials. character of each segment of the
network should appropriately
B. Adapt Roads to Site fig. 4-4.
Conditions.
New road alignments should relate
to the natural contours of the land
in order to minimize grading and
disruption of the natural
environment. Within developed
areas, planting, screening,
setbacks and other techniques can
be used to visually integrate roads
with the land use areas that they
serve. All necessary signs and
coordinated site furnishings should
be employed to enhance the
streetscape.
C. Improve the Existing

Network for Growth, Safety and
Appearance.
1. Growth. Closely spaced
grid street systems that are convey its role and function within
underutilized may provide the the overall network (fig. 4-4). The
opportunity to create large facility basic hierarchy of the network can
development areas through the be generally classified as follows in
closing of unnecessary streets. terms of the type, character and
appearance of roads.
2. Safety and Appearance.
The clarity of a circulation system
promotes safety for its users. The
confused driver slowing down at
intersections or finding himself in
the wrong lane near his destination
increases the likelihood of causing
an accident. Intersection details,
sight lines and traffic control
devices are all important safety-
related considerations.
29
5. At-grade channelized
intersection with traffic signal
controls.
6. On-street parking prohibited.
7. Adjacent sidewalks separated
from the road by sizable planting
strip.
8. Medians, street lighting,
signing and planting that reinforce
HIGHWAY the moderate-to-high speed nature
Fig. 4-5. and importance of the road.
A Highways. B. Primary. C. Secondary.

Highways provide primary high- These roads provide the network These roads provide the means of
speed traffic access to, around or connecting major activity centers within traffic movement between primary
through a military installation (fig. the installation (fig. 4-6). Design and tertiary roads (fig. 4-7). Design
4-5). Design characteristics of characteristics include: characteristics include:
highways include: 1. Continuous, through-traffic 1. Continuous through-traffic
1. Continuous, relatively alignments that are relatively straight alignments between primary roads,
straight or large radii curvilinear or large-radii curvilinear to handle either straight or curvilinear based
alignments that carry high speed moderate-to-high speed traffic.
through-traffic movement between
major activity centers within the Fig. 4-6.
region.
2. A minimum of two lanes in
each direction, typically divided by
a median or median barrier.
3. Alignments that border land
use areas rather than bisect them,
and greenspace buffers between
the road and adjacent uses. Fig. 4-8.
4. Controlled access onto the
road. upon the desired design speed,
5. Either grade-separated or at topography and land use pattern.
grade channelized intersections 2. Direct access to abutting
with traffic signal controls. property.
6. Shoulders for emergency 3. A maximum of two moving
stopping but strict prohibition of on- traffic lanes in each direction, either
street parking. undivided or a boulevard with
7. Street signing, lighting and planted median.
planting that reflect the high speed 4. On-street parking generally
nature of traffic movement. Fig. 4-7. prohibited.
5. Sidewalks separated from the
2. Alignments that form the road by a planting strip.
boundary between different land use
areas rather than bisect an area.
3. Two to three moving lanes in
each direction, typically divided by a
median.
4. Controlled access and a
minimum of curb cuts limited to
entrance-ways to major facilities or
building groups.
30
6. Street lighting, signing and 6. Sidewalks, if any, are
planting that reflect the moderate- generally limited to one side of the
to-slow speed nature of traffic and road.
the character of the land use area 7. Street lighting, signing and
they are within. planting in character with the slow
speed nature of traffic and the land
D. Tertiary. use area being served.
These roads handle local traffic
movement from secondary streets F. Other Roadway Types.
and provide direct access to The vehicular circulation system of
abutting property (fig. 4-8). Design Fig. 4-9. an installation can also contain
characteristics include: 1. Short, straight or smaller several other types of roadways
radii curvilinear alignments that including rural roads and patrol
1. Discontinuous alignments, serve abutting property. roads.
except between secondary streets,
to discourage through traffic. 2. Generally a maximum of two 1. Rural Roads. These roads
traffic lanes, one in each direction. are for traffic through sparsely
2. Relatively short, straight or developed areas of the installation
smaller radii curvilinear alignments 3. Generally a maximum length (fig. 4-11). Design characteristics
in keeping with topography, land of 600 feet, except in areas where include:
use and slow speed nature of terrain and low density
traffic. development indicate a longer
length, which in no case should
3. Generally a maximum of two exceed 1200 feet or 20 dwelling
moving traffic lanes, one in each units, whichever is the lesser (fig.
direction. 4-9).
4. On-street parking allowable
on an infrequent overflow basis by 4. Turnarounds generally 70 to
the addition of a parallel parking 90 feet in diameter at their ends to
lane or bay. accommodate not only cars, but Fig. 4-11.
also fire and garbage trucks (fig. 4- a. Generally two traffic lanes,
5. Curbs, gutters and sidewalks 10); turnarounds can be either one in each direction, with
generally provided in residential symmetrical or offset; turnarounds emergency pull-off shoulders.
areas with densities greater than can have center planting islands to b. Curbs and on-street parking
two dwelling units per acre; reduce the expanse of paved area generally not provided.
sidewalks may be limited to only at the turnaround. c. Street lighting generally not
one side, depending upon need. provided except at intersections.
d. Planting in character with the
6. Street lighting, signing and design speed and natural
planting in character with the slow landscape character of the
speed nature of traffic and the land alignment; storm drainage in
use area within which the road is swales or ditches that blend into
located. the natural landform.
E. Cul-de-sacs. 2. Service Roads. These

These are short dead-end tertiary roads provide for service traffic
streets, primarily in residential only to adjacent buildings. Design
areas. They connect at one end to Fig. 4-10. characteristics include:
a tertiary or secondary street and 5. Infrequent over-spill parking a. A maximum pavement width
have a turnaround at their other can be provided on street by either of 18 to 20 feet.
end, providing direct access to parallel parking bays or within b. Continuous alignment
abutting property while preventing center island area of over-sized between tertiary streets.
through traffic. Design turnarounds. c. A possible location for
characteristics include: overhead utility service to
buildings.
31
a. Round slopes to avoid
creating sharp and unnatural
slopes that contrast with the
natural landform (fig. 4-17).
b. Warp slopes to become an
extension of the natural landform
by rounding them both horizontally
and vertically (fig. 4-18).
c. Use excess excavation
Fig. 4-12.
materials to create either mounds
Fig. 4-14. or fill areas that blend the road into
3. Patrol Roads. These are
the natural landform.
special roads for surveillance and A. Blend Roads with the
security purposes that carry Natural Landform.
restricted, low volume vehicular The horizontal and vertical
traffic (fig. 4-12). Design alignment of roads should
characteristics include: minimize landform disturbance and
a. Sixteen-foot wide road which blend with the natural setting (fig.
may be paved without curbs and 4-13).
contoured to the natural landform.
b. Turnaround lanes every 1/4 1. Minimize cut and fill slopes.
mile. a. Avoid steep terrain that
requires excess cut and fill to
accommodate road alignments (fig. Fig. 4-16.
4-14). d. Use natural rock
b. In rolling terrain, align roads outcroppings as slope retaining
to cross slopes diagonally or elements (fig. 4-19). Form them in
parallel to contours rather than a natural way by random
perpendicular to contours (fig. 4- scarification when they must be
15). partially removed to accommodate
c. Consider variable-width the road alignment.
medians in rolling topography to 3. Blend road drainage ditches,
Fig. 4-13. minimize site disturbance (fig. 4- swales or channels into the natural
16). Medians can be used in this landform.
4-4. manner to reduce continuous a. Round the edges of road
Adapt Roads to Site Conditions. pavement width, accommodate drainage ways to reduce contrasts
New road alignments as well as vertical grade differences between with the natural landform (fig. 4-
improvements to existing roads roadway surfaces within the 20).
should be harmonious with natural median and preserve as much of
site conditions and the land use the natural landform and
pattern of the installation. They vegetation as possible.
should be designed to minimize 2. Mold cut and fill slopes to
negative environmental impacts, blend into the natural landform.
relieve driver monotony and
provide a positive visual
experience for the motorist.
Fig. 4-17.
CROSS CONTOURS DIAGONALLY
Fig. 4-15.
32
b. Vary the alignment of road
drainage ways from that of the
road according to the natural Fig. 4-21.
drainage system of the terrain,
avoiding perfectly parallel
alignments that are unnatural in
appearance.
B. Adapt Roads to the Natural c. Clear only to the edge of

Fig. 4-18. Landscape Character. necessary regrading or sight
Design roads to minimize distance lines, rather than a
disturbance to existing vegetation, uniform right-of-way clearance
4. Consider the use of cluster
to encourage revegetation in width (fig. 4-24).
development patterns since they
disturbed areas and to reduce the
minimize site disturbance as well
visual impact of landscape
as the costs of road development,
disturbance.
especially in residential areas (fig.
1. Minimize the amount of
4-21).
clearance of existing vegetation.
5. Utilize natural topographic
a. Align roads in open areas
conditions to create grade-
along the edge of forested areas,
separated pedestrian and bikeway
rather than through forested areas,
road crossings.
whenever possible (fig. 4-23).
a. At depressed road areas
b. Carefully align roads to
design overpasses connecting high
minimize earthwork, therefore Fig. 4-23.
points of natural terrain.
Fig.4-19. reducing necessary clearing limits.
Fig. 4-24.
Fig. 4-22.
Fig. 4-20.
b. At elevated road areas

design underpasses connecting
low points of natural terrain (fig. 4-
22).
33
visual variety, promotes a natural effectively for functional and safety-
landscape appearance and related uses as well as aesthetic
relieves visual monotony for ones.
motorists. a. Plant disturbed areas to
b. Feather edges with careful minimize soil erosion and provide
clearing of trees and shrubs to sediment control; follow proper soil
create a gradual transition of erosion and sediment control
vegetation along the road, rather practices during road construction.
than a contrasting edge (fig. 4-27). b. Use planting to assist in
c. Encourage an informal driver guidance by delineating
Fig. 4-25. mixture of native plant materials directional changes in the road
that will blend naturally with alignment; planted edges make it
d. Utilize tree wells or retaining adjacent undisturbed vegetation. easier for the driver to discern the
walls to preserve noteworthy d. Disperse new planting into outline of an oncoming curve (fig.
specimen trees where cut and fill undisturbed adjacent areas to 4-28).
slopes would otherwise threaten reduce the contrast of the clearing c. Use planting to screen
the root system and survival of the edge. oncoming headlight glare.
tree (fig. 4-25). d. Use planting to help control
2. Provide optimum conditions Fig. 4-27. snow drifting onto the road.
for revegetation of disturbed areas. e. Use planting to visually
a. Follow proper fertilization, screen adjacent lands uses from
mulching and watering practices to road traffic.
encourage revegetation of C. Minimize Adverse Impacts
disturbed areas. of Roads on Adjacent Land
b. Utilize proper planting Uses.
techniques and planting seasons to 1. Air Pollution. Locate road
promote revegetation and high alignments to minimize the impact
survival rates of plant materials. of traffic-emitted pollutants on
c. Consider planting holes or adjacent facilities.
pockets and serrated slope edges a. Locate roads adjacent to
on steeper cut and fill slopes to land uses that are minimally
encourage revegetation and affected by traffic-emitted air
moisture retention on these slopes pollutants.
(fig. 4-26). b. Reduce the impact of traffic
emitted pollutants on more
sensitive land use areas by
Fig. 4-28. providing planted buffers between
them and locating roadways
e. Use massed plantings of downwind of the prevailing wind
appropriate size and form; avoid pattern, especially summer winds.
haphazard scattering as well as 2. Noise Pollution. The
widely and regularly spaced necessary abatement of excessive
planting that create a spotty noise levels generated by auto
appearance.
Fig. 4-26. f. Use planting to emphasize
3. Revegetate disturbed areas positive visual elements, such as
to minimize their visual impact. framing scenic views, and to
a. Use irregular or free-form minimize negative conditions, such
clearing limits with undulating as screening unsightly features.
edges to vary the sequence of 4. Employ roadway planting
enclosure along the road; this adds
34
sound walls and plant materials to of undesirable through traffic, or
reduce noise levels generated by intersection safety and flow.
traffic adjacent to sensitive land 1. Increasing Traffic
use areas (figs. 4-29 and 4-30). Capacity. Minimize the visual
c. Reroute truck traffic to impact of necessary street
roadways with less sensitive land improvements for increased traffic(
uses adjacent to them; roadway capacity.
noise nuisance is primarily
associated with truck traffic.
Fig. 4-29.
4-5.
Improve the Existing Network
for Growth, Safety and
Appearance.
ONE-WAY COUPLET STREETS
The existing road network of an
Fig. 4-31.
installation should be improved as
needed for growth, safety and
a. Create one-way couplet
appearance. This may entail
streets on adjacent parallel streets
network changes, removal of traffic
to increase traffic flow capacity
hazards and enhancement of the
Fig. 4-30. without new road construction (fig.
streetscape.
4-31).
mobile and truck traffic should be b. When adding lanes to an
A. Network Modifications.
taken into account when locating existing street to increase its
Modify and improve the existing
new roads or land uses; excessive capacity, use a center median
road network as needed to
traffic noise creates undesirable between the existing road and the
accommodate increased traffic
physical and psychological effects proposed new lanes to preserve
capacity, facility expansion, control
on people and their activities. (See existing street trees (fig. 4-32).
TM 5-803-2, NAVFAC P-970 and
AFM 19-10 for techniques to
ameliorate the impact of vehicular
generated noise, as well as that Fig. 4-32.
generated by aircraft, weapons and
trains.)
a. Physically separate primary
roadways from adjacent land uses
whose normal functioning would be
impaired by auto and truck traffic
noise. Land uses considered
sensitive to excessive traffic noise
levels include:
Residential areas
Hospital and medical facilities
Educational facilities
Recreational facilities
Religious facilities
Administrative facilities
Libraries
Community facilities
Child care facilities
b. Utilize noise abatement
techniques such as earth berms,
35
2. Accommodating Facility 4. Providing Safe and
Growth. The introduction of a Attractive Intersections.
mega-block concept to Improve existing intersections as
accommodate either facility needed to provide safe and
expansion or creation of a efficient traffic flow for both
pedestrian precinct within a group pedestrian and vehicular traffic.
of buildings that are presently
separated by streets can be Fig. 4-34.
considered. Existing grid street
systems that are undifferentiated Fig. 4-37.
and underutilized lend themselves
to being converted to mega-blocks. c. Provide safe pedestrian
Mega-blocks can be created by crosswalks at signalized
consolidating several blocks and intersections. (See Chapter 8:
utilizing existing perimeter streets Walkways.)
more efficiently to enable d. Avoid complex intersections
abandoning interior street rights-of and correct existing ones. These
way (fig. 4-33). type intersections include those
with skewed approaches, jogged
alignments, or with more than four
approaches that create operational
difficulties, safety hazards,
decreased traffic flow capacity and
unsightly large expanses of paving.
e. Connect parallel streets prior
to an intersection with a major
arterial or highway to minimize
Fig. 4-35. intersections with the major road
MEGA-BLOCK CONCEPT (fig. 4-38).
Fig. 4-33. a. Introduce "T" intersections f. Create local service drives
for tertiary road intersections with paralleling a major road to provide
3. Discouraging Through secondary or primary roads This access to individual abutting
Traffic. Modify existing streets to type of intersection has only three facilities while minimizing curb cuts
discourage through traffic on local potential turning conflict points (as along the main road which are
roads, especially in residential opposed to 16 at four-way unsafe and disruptive to traffic flow
areas. intersections) and is particularly (fig. 4-39).
a. Convert a grid system into a appropriate to reduce through- B. Removal of Traffic
series of internal loop roads that traffic and promote safety in Hazards.
discourage through-traffic (fig. 4- residential and pedestrian areas Remove and correct all existing
34). This will also allow the (fig. 4-36). traffic hazards along roads.
creation of a central walkway Corrections of these deficiencies
where the existing grid system has will often be justifiable on the basis
been discontinued. of safety as well as appearance.
b. Convert a grid system into a
series of internal cul-de-sacs that
do not allow through-traffic (fig. 4-
35). This may also provide
additional home sites or a central
walkway at the end of those streets
INTERSECTIONS
that have been terminated.
Fig. 4-36.
b. Provide turning lanes to

eliminate interference with through-
traffic flow at major four-way
intersections (fig. 4-37).
36
1. Inventory and Rank Traffic
Hazards. Survey the installation to
identify all potential traffic hazards
and determine a priority listing of
problems to be corrected based
upon the severity of the hazard to
personal safety.
2. Correct Unsafe Physical
Obstructions near Streets.
Many of these obstructions, in
addition to being unsafe, add
greatly to the cluttered appearance
of the streetscape.
a. Replace or correct culverts
or headwalls that are too close to
the street; provide protective
curbing, guardrails and/or collision
cushions.
b. Relocate signs, utility poles
or fire hydrants that are too close
to the street. In built-up areas, Fig. 4-40.
these should be no closer than two
feet to the curb; along primary
roads and highways these should
be set back to a
Fig. 4-38.
Fig. 4-41.
3. Correct Unsafe Physical c. Provide proper lighting and

reflectors on potential roadway
Obstructions within the
safety hazards.
Roadway.
C. Streetscape Improvement.
a. Provide curbing where
Enhance the appearance of the
Fig. 4-39. necessary instead of using
streetscape by a coordinated
minimum of twelve feet from the bollards, cones or guardrails.
design of its various components
edge of the pavement. Breakaway b. The use of concrete median
(figs. 4-40 and 4-41).
utility poles are desirable along barriers that provide their own
highways. curbing are ideally suited for high-
speed roads. These barriers
should be continuous and their
exposed ends should be detailed
for safety.
37
1. Minimize Streetscape e. Street Furniture. Use a and to provide safety islands for
Clutter. Coordinate the design of coordinated and unified design of pedestrians at wide street
streetscape elements to minimize functional street furniture along the crossings; provide appropriate
clutter and provide an attractive streetscape, employing multi-use planting of medians to visually
roadway in keeping with its clustering of elements wherever reinforce the road hierarchy and
intended function and hierarchy in possible to reduce clutter. (See minimize maintenance.
the overall network. Chapter 12: Site Furnishings.) a. Grass can be used
a. Planting. Consider planting attractively in medians, but usually
as one of the simplest and most f. Paving. Use special paving requires frequent mowing to be
effective means of improving the to differentiate between pedestrian maintained.
visual quality of the installation’s and vehicular areas, articulate b. Ground cover, such as ivy,
streetscape Planting should be areas of pedestrian and vehicular requires little maintenance but
used to define the road hierarchy. conflicts and indicate directions or tends to catch litter when used in
Furthermore, planting should be controls in the circulation network. medians.
used to screen headlight glare and Paving designs such as at c. Trees and shrubs with bark
to reduce the visual impact of crosswalks should be consistent in ground cover can provide both an
adjacent surface parking lots and design and application (See attractive and relatively
overhead utilities. (See Chapter 6: Chapter 8: Walkways.) maintenance-free median if the
Planting; Chapter 5 Parking, and bark can be controlled from
Chapter 13: Utilities.) 2. Curbs and Gutters. Use a scattering onto the road.
b. Lighting. Street lighting consistent design and application d. Concrete or paved medians
should be effectively used not only of curbs and gutters (fig. 4-42). tend to be utilitarian and relatively
for public safety and security but a. Use curbs and gutters to maintenance-free medians best
also to strengthen the define the road edge and channel suited for pedestrian areas; in
comprehension of the road storm drainage in more densely other areas they can be
hierarchy by varying the height, developed areas of the installation. unattractive if not combined with
spacing and intensity of luminaires b. Where density is relatively street trees.
according to the type of road. (See low or in rural areas, avoid curbs e. Consider the possibilities of
Chapter 11: Lighting) and gutters in favor of drainage historic military equipment displays
c. Signing. Create a unified, swales or ditches that blend into or flagpoles along medians to
coordinated and consistent the natural landform. visually highlight special areas
streetscape signing system that c. Provide necessary curbs such as main entrances to the
provides direction and information with a unified design, avoid installation. However, care should
in an effective and attractive inconsistent or scattered be exercised in the design of these
manner. (See Chapter 10: applications of curbs and gutters displays to avoid a cluttered
Signing.) within developed districts of the appearance.
d. Utilities. Bury utilities installation.
wherever possible to avoid their 3. Medians. Use medians to
unsightliness and cluttering of the safely separate or channel traffic,
streetscape. The burial of existing to reinforce the circulation
utilities should be associated with hierarchy of the road network
the construction of new structures
and the renovation or demolition of
existing structures. Where
overhead utilities along the street
are unavoidable, use trees and
topographic features to minimize
their visual impact. (See Chapter
13: Utilities.)
Fig. 4-42.
38
Chapter 5. Parking.
Parking is one of the most space- good views to and from buildings dependence upon the automobile
consuming land uses on military are too often given over to and its parking requirements.
installations and typically expansive surface parking lots with While the provision of convenient
dominates the landscape setting of minimum design treatments to parking facilities is essential,
facilities. It usually is one of the mitigate their negative impact on appropriate site planning and
most visually disruptive elements the visual quality of an installation. design treatments can be used to
within an installation. Opportunities By locating facilities conveniently to minimize their negative visual
for creating pleasant people- each other and encouraging impact.
oriented spaces around and alternative modes of access, much
between buildings or providing can be accomplished to reduce
39
Section I: B. On-street Parking. 5-2.
On-street parking, common in Objectives.
most military installations, results in A. Reduce the Visual Impact
large expanses of pavement, and of Parking Facilities.
Observations and Objectives. often provides no opportunity for a The provision of sufficient,
more pleasant and attractive conveniently located parking is a
5-1. transition between the street and functional prerequisite in the site
Typical Problems. adjacent buildings (fig. 5-3). In design of military installations.
The design of parking facilities has addition, on-street parking reduces However, simply reacting to this
too often been handled the traffic-carrying capacity of the need is not enough. Every feasible
insensitively. They have been roadway. measure should be taken to
frequently located in poor
relationship to streets, the facilities
they serve, adjacent land uses and
natural site features (fig. 5-1).
Fig. 5-1.
A. Off-street Parking.
Parking lots have often been
designed without provision for plant Fig. 5-2. minimize the obtrusive effect of
materials, thereby creating the parking on the visual environment.
appearance of an unrelieved ocean
of cars (fig. 5-2). Sometimes they B. Minimize Parking
have been built with unrestricted Requirements and Land
access from the street, mixing Coverage.
higher-speed street traffic with Parking requirements can be
internal parking circulation, which reduced by encouraging carpooling
is both unattractive and dangerous. and alternative modes of travel.
Areas within parking lots may be
designed with smaller stalls to
accommodate only small cars and-
motorcycles thus reducing the total
required land coverage.
Furthermore, the economic and
environmental factors that
Fig. 5-3. influence the use of parking
structures should be taken into
account.
40
Section II: 1. Allocate 400 square feet per
car (includes access drives and
planting islands) for initial planning
purposes. (DOD authorizes 35
Design Guidelines. square yards or 315 square feet
per car for parking lot space with
5-3. normal entrance and exit.)
Types of Parking Facilities. 2. Minimize parking
Provide parking in accordance with requirements of a facility by
Fig. 5-5.
the following overall guidelines for selecting a site that will allow the
various parking facility types. sharing of parking with other
parking on installations. All
A. On-street Parking. related activities and will promote
installation facilities should provide
On-street parking facilities include other means of access, such as
sufficient off-street parking to meet
parallel parking on one or both walkways and bikeways, between
their particular needs (fig. 5-5).
sides of the street, and angled or activities to reduce dependence on
C. Parking Structures.
perpendicular parking bays. In the automobile.
Parking structures, both below or
general, on-street parking should 3. Small parking lots are
above grade, have limited
be avoided (fig. 5-4). Parallel on- usually preferable to large lots, as
application at certain installations,
street parking should only be they enhance the visual
particularly in densely developed
allowed on cul-de-sacs and tertiary environment by increasing the
areas where available land is
streets where infrequent visitor or percentage of landscaped area to
scarce. Parking structures are
overflow parking needs occur. paved area and allow more
expensive but can provide a
Employee parking should not be conformance to natural topography
number of benefits including
allowed on residential streets. (fig. 5-7). The unrelieved
efficient land use, reduced visual
monotony of large parking areas
impact and protection of vehicles
may be altered by developing
from inclement weather (fig. 5-6).
alternative designs, such as
curvilinear plans (fig. 5-8).
However careful design of
curvilinear parking lots is
necessary to avoid exceeding the
authorized space per car.
Fig. 5-7.
Fig. 5-4.
Fig. 5-6.
B. Off-street Surface Parking.
Adequate off-street parking 5-4. Off-street Surface Parking.
eliminates the need for on-street
A. Area Requirements.
parking. It should be the
The total quantity of parking in any
predominant method of automobile
one location will vary with the
needs of the facility. Criteria for
determining the number of parking
spaces for non-organizational
vehicles authorized for various
types of facilities are listed in Table
4-1 of DOD 4270. 1-M.
Fig. 5-8.
41
B. Locational Guidelines.
Locate parking facilities for
convenience and safety.
1. Locate off-street parking
convenient to building entrances.
2. Dead-end parking lots
should generally be avoided.
3. Provide the opportunity for
vehicular/pedestrian separation, Fig. 5-12.
especially in large parking lots. Fig. 5-10.
4. Develop parking on relatively Where a fast rate of turnover is
level areas to avoid excessive cut C. Parking Lot Layout. expected or where required by site
and fill situations that create In order to economize on space limitations, 60 or 45-degree
erosion and landscape and provide easy circulation, parking with one-way aisles may
reconstruction problems (fig. 5-9). parking areas should usually be be used. However, the advantage
laid out with 90-degree stalls and of easy execution of 60- and 45-
with aisles wide enough for two- degree parking is frequently offset
way traffic. Where a slow rate of by the inconvenience of one-way
turnover is expected, 90 degree aisles and roundabout circulation.
parking is particularly desirable.
Fig. 5-9.
5. Use natural topography and
existing trees to visually screen Fig. 5-11. Fig. 5-13.
parking areas from adjacent
facilities or other parking bays.
6. Headlight glare from parking
vehicles may be avoided in
residential areas if parking is
located at a lower elevation than
the structure. Parking located on
the downgrade can be easily
screened and will not obstruct site
lines from the structure (fig. 5-10).
If site conditions necessitate the
location of parking at the same
level or at a higher elevation than
the structure, various screening
techniques may be employed to
shield headlight glare and reduce
the negative visual impact of the
parking lot.
Fig. 5-14.
42
1. A separate parking area for
employees of a facility should be
considered to avoid a mixture of
all-day parking with customer
parking that has a fast turnover
rate An employee parking area
should be physically separated
from the main parking area by a
barrier or should be located
adjacent to and with access off of a
service road to the facility.
2. Information on the design
vehicle and dimensions for typical
parking areas, with stalls arranged Fig. 5-17.
Fig. 5-15.
at 90 degrees, 60 degrees, 45
degrees and parallel to the aisle,
are illustrated in figures 5-11
through 5-20. Note where the
dimensions for perimeter parking
stalls vary from those in the interior
and from those against a wall.
3. When 90-degree on-street
parking must be used, increase the
stall length by 4 feet. When 60-
or0 45-degree on-street parking
must be used, increase the stall
length by 2 feet. For parallel on-
street parking, increase the width
by 2 feet. Fig. 5-18.
4. When very large numbers of
cars must be accommodated, a Fig. 5-16.
provision for small car parking is
encouraged. Separate bays or Fig. 5-19.
portions of lots can be more .
compactly designed and thereby
reduce the required amount of
paving per car. Small car parking
bays should be provided with 90-
degree stalls, 7’-6" stall widths, and
17’-0" stall lengths with no
overhang and 15’-0" stall length on
the perimeter where an overhang
is permitted. Driving aisles should
be two-way and 18 feet wide.
Fig. 5-20.
43
5. To minimize conflicts with areas. To be effective there
street traffic, parking area should be no more. than 18
entrances and exits should be kept parking spaces between islands
to the minimum necessary for (fig. 5-25). Islands can be
peak-hour requirements and staggered and irregular in width to
located at least 50 feet from street preserve existing trees, creating a
intersections. Provide a minimum natural or informal character, or
of 20 feet for the buffer strip they may be aligned regularly and
separating a parking area from a Fig. 5-23. of the same width, creating a
street (fig. 5-21). formal character (fig. 5-26).
Fig. 5-25.
D. Other Type Vehicles.

Consider parking requirements of
other type vehicles that may use
the parking lot.
1. Design special parking
spaces for recreational vehicles,
boats and trailers as needed and
with knowledge of their dimensions
and turning radii.
Fig. 5-21.
6. Avoid parking directly

adjacent to buildings. Allow
adequate space for planting and/or
walks (20 feet minimum) between
parking areas and adjacent
buildings (fig. 5-22).
Fig. 5-26.
Fig. 5-24.
2. Provide properly signed
8. When islands are used to parking areas for motorcycles and
separate parallel parking bays, the motorbikes within parking lots as
minimum width should be 12’-0" to needed. Parking lot corners can
provide a margin between be used for motorcycle and bike
overhanging bumpers and plants parking (fig. 5-27).
Fig. 5-22. (fig. 5-24). Widths should vary
upwards to accommodate existing
7. Walkways at the head of topography and trees.
parking stalls should be two (2) 9. Intermediate islands, a
feet wider than required by minimum of 9’-0" wide, should be
pedestrians to accommodate used to help define vehicular
bumpers overhang (fig. 5-23). circulation areas in large parking
44
the pavement areas so that drifts
will accumulate on the bordering
area rather than on the pavement.
7. Earth Berms. Earth berms
can effectively screen parking lots
from view along major roadways
(fig. 5-34). Planted earth berms
along the perimeter of the lot
facing the street should be
designed relative to the 52" viewing
Fig. 5-27. Fig. 5-30. height, or eye level, of a motorist.
Earth berm design should be
E. Parking Lot Details. 3. Drainage. Design drainage appropriate to the
1. Paving. Provide hard- as a function of parking lot size,
surfaced paving for high-use slope and drainage network
parking areas. Generally avoid location. Drainage to the naturally
gravel or- cinder paving, except for lower edge of a lot rather than the
temporary construction uses. center of a lot is preferable.
2. Striping. All parking spaces 4. Curbing. Use continuous
and pedestrian crosswalks should curbing where possible to contain
be properly striped to define the and channel drainage and to serve
space or crossing area. Striping as wheel stops. Curbing is easier Fig. 5-32.
color should contrast with to maintain and visually preferable
pavement color. Double painted to wheel stops, but is more costly
stripes between stalls are more and must be designed with ramps
effective for encouraging orderly for the handicapped.
parking than are single painted 5. Light Poles. Parking lot
stripes (figures 5-28 through 5-30). light fixtures should be located out
of the way of traffic aisles and
parking stalls. Ideally, lighting
poles should be located in center Fig. 5-33.
or side islands, protected by raised
curbs (fig. 5-31). Poles and
fixtures should be in scale with the
setting while providing the desired
level of nighttime illumination.
6. Screen Planting. Perimeter
screen planting of conifers can
effectively control the adverse
visual impact of parking lots (fig. 5-
32).(See Chapter 6: Planting.) in Fig. 5-34.
addition, screen planting is an
Fig. 5-28. effective measure to prevent snow landscape character of the setting,
drifting into parking lots that are i.e., it can vary from a natural,
below surrounding grades (fig. 5- informal shape and landscape
33) Screens must be set back from character to a more formal
character with even height and
regimented planting .
Fig. 5-29.
Fig. 5-31.
45
8. Overhead Canopy. Use
trees in islands to relieve visual
monotony and to provide shade in
large parking lots.
5-5 Parking Structures.

A. Feasibility.
Because multi-level parking is a
more intense use of land, it permits
land conservation for other Fig. 5-35. Fig. 5-38.
potential uses such as building
expansion and avoids the adverse c. Efficiency. An above-grade 3. Roof Treatment. Parking
visual impacts of its alternative- continuous ramp par-king structure structure roofs should be attractive
surface parking lots. However, is generally the most efficient and from common vantage points such
since construction costs of parking economical configuration. as adjacent buildings or roads
structures are typically five to six However, the ramped (non- Consider the potential for creating
times greater than surface parking, horizontal) nature of the structure attractive and functional uses of
a dense land use configuration and should be carefully designed parking structure roofs, such as
a relative scarcity of land are relative to its appearance and plazas atop under ground
normally required to justify their relationship to adjacent buildings structures (fig. 5-37), and
provision. (fig. 5-36). recreational uses such as roof
B. General Guidelines. gardens, playgrounds, or0 tennis
1. Location. The siting of courts on pal king structure roofs
multi-level parking structures must (fig 5-38).
be done in relation to an overall
master plan Parking structures
should be located close to activities
generating parking requirements.
In this regard, several well located
smaller structures are preferable to
one large structure.
Fig. 5-36.
2. Site Adaptation.
a. The design of multi-level
parking structures should generally
conform to the design guidelines of
Chapter 3: Buildings.
b. Topography. Use existing
topography to advantage in the
design of parking structures.
Multi-level parking structures can
be accommodated on steeper
topography more easily than large
surface parking lots because large
grade differences may l)e
negotiated in a relatively short
horizontal distance This can also
facilitate dual level access (fig. 5-
35).
Fig. 5-37.
46
Chapter 6. Planting.
Most military installations contain climatic extremes in most older

generous areas of indigenous installations, past planting
natural vegetation They have programs for streets, installation
provided not only a pleasant setting boundaries, open space and
and visual asset but also have buildings have reached maturity
served to minimize the and provide a character
environmental impact of unmatched in more recent
development while also modifying development (figs 6-1 and 6-2)
47
Section I:
6-1.
Typical Problems.
A. Budgets.
Budgets for plant materials have
often been eliminated or reduced in
recent developments creating
stark, sparsely planted facility
settings (fig. 6-3).
B. Functional Uses.
Planting design is sometimes
misconceived as a means of
providing only decoration or
ornamentation, while ignoring the
many functional uses.
C. Maintenance.
The planting design and selection
of plant materials has too often
ignored future maintenance costs.
6-2.
Objectives.
The overall objectives of planting
are to improve the physical and
psychological well-being of people
who live and work on military
installations. The specific
objectives of planting can be stated
as:
Fig. 6-2.
A. Preserve and Enhance

Existing Landscape Resources. B. Improve the Overall Visual
Existing trees, forest lands and Quality.
detail planting features are Aesthetic and functional
important resources and visual applications of appropriate plant
assets that should be carefully materials should be properly
preserved and enhanced for recognized and employed to help
functional as well as aesthetic improve the landscape character
uses.
48
of military installations. This Section II: B. Programming.
objective includes: harmoniously Before a planting design is begun,
blending the built with the natural development of a program is
environment; providing scale and necessary. A description of user
comfort to pedestrian Design requirements and environmental
environments; visually reinforcing Guidelines. design objectives constitutes the
the hierarchy of the road network; program User needs,
screening unsightly views or 6-3. environmental problems and
elements; and buffering Process. maintenance capabilities should be
incompatible land uses. A design process that includes carefully and thoroughly studied.
C. Improve the Environmental conscientious site analysis, site In general, facilities in the 300,
Quality of the Installation. design, plant selection and site 500, 600 and 700 classes, as
Better use should be made of plant detailing should be employed to described in AR 415-28, NAVFAC
materials for environmental quality achieve the desired objectives of a P-72 and AFM 300-4, Vol. 4,
and energy conservation. Plants planting program. require some planting. The extent
can be effectively used in a variety A. Site Analysis. of the planting will vary with each
of environmental applications A complete site survey and class and with each category of
including soil erosion control, air analysis of existing conditions must facility within the class. The
purification, noise abatement and be undertaken, including an function and prominence of the
climate modification. inventory of both natural and built facility should be the guiding factor
environments. Site factors of in determining the scope of
fundamental concern relative to planting.
both the retention of existing, as C. Conceptual Design.
well as the installation of new, plant After site analysis and program
materials include: data have been evaluated, a
1. Visual factors conceptual design can begin. This
2. Climatic data involves arranging plant material
3. Existing vegetation masses on the site to satisfy the
needs and requirements
4. Soils
established by the site analysis and
5. Hydrology
program. Plant masses should be
6. Topography/slope analysis
arranged in terms of their intended
7. Spatial analysis use relative to their forms and
Fig. 6-3. 8. Program analysis sizes, as opposed to specific
9. Circulation patterns species and varieties. The primary
D. Minimize Maintenance 10. Noise factors
Requirements. concern of the conceptual planting
11. Security requirements design phase is to provide
Appropriate plant selection and 12. Maintenance requirements
detailing can minimize solutions to the functional
maintenance requirements while requirements of the site, upon
improving the visual quality of an which preliminary costing and
installation. phasing can be developed.
D. Specification of Plant
Materials.
After a satisfactory conceptual
design is developed and adequate
funding is assured, a final planting
plan should be prepared. This
involves translating the desired
forms and sizes of plant masses
determined at the conceptual
phase into specific species and
varieties of plant materials. To
successfully make this translation,
a thorough knowledge of available
plant materials and their functional
characteristics is required.
49
6-4.
Principles.
A. Unity.
Unity is the most important
requirement of a good planting
design.
1. One means of producing
unity in planting design is to
enclose an open space or frame a
vista. Open areas may be unified
into attractive landscape features
for a variety of uses such as
athletic fields and parade grounds.
Where a view beyond the open
area reveals objectionable features
in the winter, a screen composed
primarily of evergreen material may
be used. Where the view beyond
is pleasant, deciduous trees and Fig. 6-5.
shrubs may predominantly be used
in the landscape screen. 4. Plants can play two roles in 1. Symmetrical or formal balance
2. In an area of buildings relating a building to its setting. At exists where the same number, size and
otherwise characterized by a detail level, plants can visually type of plants are placed on each side of
mundane or incompatible integrate a building with its site a visual dividing line such as a walkway.
architecture, the colors and where the outdoor ground plane While informal or natural arrangement of
textures of mature trees and meets the building mass (fig. 6-6). plants is often desirable for overall
shrubs tend to lessen the contrast On a larger scale, plants can serve appearance, the importance of certain
between buildings, and visually to naturally blend a building with its areas, selected buildings or approaches
unify the total composition of the overall site setting. to them can be emphasized by formal
area (fig. 6-4). planting (fig. 6-7). Formality in planting
B. Balance.
requires high maintenance to retain a
Balance is the arrangement of
consistently satisfactory appearance.
masses (plants or groups of plants)
Plant losses are conspicuous, and
to achieve visual equilibrium by
difficult and costly to replace. Informal or
employing either a symmetrical or
naturalistic plantings soften the
asymmetrical pattern.
environment and, if losses occur, they
are inconspicuous and may be replaced
easily with small plants.
Fig. 6-6.
Fig. 6-4.
3. A plant or plant mass can be

either a focal object that provides
visual delight or a support element
that helps to reinforce or frame a
focal element such as a view, a
piece of sculpture or a building (fig.
6-5).
50
shrubs. A mass of low plants E. Color and Texture.
provides a good base for an The color and texture of plants can
entrance sign and in this way improve the appearance of an area
focuses attention on the sign. as well as serve a functional use.
Similarly, large trees may be used Since light, shade and observer
to emphasize a building entrance location affect both color and
(fig. 6-8) or a site feature, such as texture, the amount of sunlight
a gateway. In both cases the trees falling on colorful plants should be
create a more human scaled considered in their location. Plants
environment and the contrast having a distinctive texture will look
Fig. 6-7. draws attention when seen from a differently depending upon whether
distance or close-up.
In planting along streets, excellent
design results may be obtained by
a combination of formal and
informal planting of trees. Planting
should be predominantly informal
with only occasional use of
symmetry to accent a particular
architectural or site feature.
2. Asymmetrical balance can
be achieved by using different
types of plants in a mass or group Fig. 6-8.
which appear to balance. A large they are seen with back or front
shade tree may have a balancing D. Rhythm. lighting or from a distance or close-
effect when used with a group of Rhythm is achieved by a regular up. Plant surfaces may range from
smaller ornamental trees or spacing of single plants or of plant glossy to dull and this also affects
shrubs. Asymmetrical balance is masses, such as a row of trees or their appearance.
more difficult to create because shrubs, or the 1. Colors are classified in two
seasonal changes and growth alter basic emotional categories: warm
the appearance of plants. colors (red, orange, yellow) which
However, if the plants are carefully are stimulating, and cool colors
selected, asymmetrical balance (violet, blue, green) which are
throughout the year is possible. calming. Color can produce
Some deciduous plants, for contrast, such as flowering shrubs
example, have branching patterns with an evergreen background.
which balance with other plants in Sharp contrasts should usually be
the composition even during the avoided. Large masses of a single
winter when foliage color has color of foliage or blossom are
changed or disappeared. Fig. 6-9. generally more satisfying than a
C. Contrast. heterogeneous mixture of several
Contrast is achieved by the repetition of similar plant groupings colors. "One of each kind" is a
arrangement of plants in relation to (fig. 6-9). Rhythm produces design style to avoid. Care should
each other in such a way that emphasis and unity and is be exercised to pick colors which
differences in size, shape, texture especially effective in articulating are harmonious when seen
or color are apparent. main routes of circulation by street together. Many deciduous plant
Plants can be selected and tree planting. A more subtle form materials found in most parts of the
arranged to focus attention on of rhythm on a large scale may be country provide a variety of fall
other plants, as in the case of an attained by variations in spacing foliage coloration.
evergreen hedge serving as an and by repetition of such variations
effective background for flowering Rhythm in color, shape or size may
also be used.
51
vicinity of traffic intersections must
be of a low-growing or high-
branching variety so as not to block
vision from passing vehicles. It is
better to choose trees and shrubs
in smaller sizes and wait somewhat
longer for the desired effects than
it is to compromise by substituting
inappropriate species. However,
the use of a few large trees as
accents will help create an early
effect of permanence.
H. Spatial Articulation.
Plants can be used to create
enclosed spaces and to separate
TEXTURE spaces one from another (fig. 6-
Fig. 6-10. 11). They can also be used to
direct people through outdoor
Some evergreens such as holly Hand trimming or the use of small spaces by visually defining and
produce good fall and winter color mowers can be very costly in reinforcing patterns of movement
with their berries. manpower. Lawn areas are (fig. 6-12). The degree of
2. Texture in plant materials simpler to mow if trees are planted enclosure, separation, or
can be coarse or fine (fig. 6-10). A in shrub beds or ground cover movement depends to a large
plant will have a different texture areas. Small hard-to-mow turf
depending upon the distance from areas should be avoided by Fig. 6-11.
which it is viewed and its substituting ground covers or
relationship to surrounding shrubs that require less
materials. A planting screen which maintenance.
is intended to serve as a security G. Ultimate Effect.
measure can be very effective if it Planting should be as permanent
is composed of rough, thorny as possible. In the choice of plants
plants. and their arrangement, the ultimate
F. Simplicity. effect must be kept constantly in
Layout plans should be broad and mind. The overall plan should
simple in form so that excessive indicate the plants at approximately
maintenance will not be required. two thirds (2/3) of their ultimate
Shrub beds should be simple in size which will assist in providing
shape when they are bordered by the correct spacing. Short-lived
turf requiring mowing. Isolated plants which grow quickly should
geometrically shaped beds of be used only where an immediate
shrubs or ground covers make effect is essential or where, in the
mowing of turf costly and detract course of time, they may be
from an orderly appearance. Large removed as the space they occupy
is filled by growth of the more Fig. 6-12.
power mowing equipment cannot
operate efficiently in areas permanent plants. Tall growing
plants should usually not be extent upon the density, form and
cluttered with isolated plantings.
planted under windows. For type of plants used. Deciduous
example, evergreens, which are plants vary with the season,
forest trees in their native habitat, whereas evergreens do not.
would either cut off light, air, and
views from the windows or they
would have to be sheared at
frequent intervals. Planting in the
52
1. Screen planting, implying improve the attractiveness and conditioning requirements for most
that something is to be concealed enhance the livability of an area. buildings result from solar energy
from view, is achieved by the use Variety is introduced, vistas may be absorbed by building surfaces. By
of plants with dense, abundant created and bareness relieved. A simply shading those portions of
foliage. Planting requires more desirable effect of planting is to the building receiving the most sun,
room than a fence or wall to be cause apparent reduction in the cooling requirements can be
effective for screening purposes, scale of structures. The significantly reduced (fig. 6-14).
and requires more maintenance. oppressive feeling of monumental During summer months, trees can
Thus, where area limitations scale is relieved by proper planting. provide shade and thus reduce
prohibit use of plants, a fence or Building groups may be cooling requirements; during winter
wall softened in appearance with
vines or a few shrubs may be a
more effective and economical
solution.
Fig. 6-13.
2. Plant materials to be used as

buffers may be comprised of lawn
areas; shade trees planted in
groups; and combinations of shade Fig. 6-14.
trees, flowering trees and broad-
leafed evergreen shrubs (fig. 6-13). separated visually into several months, the bare branches of
3. The use of street trees is pleasant framed units, and deciduous trees allow sunlight to
one of the most effective means to individual buildings within a group reach exterior surfaces and thus
visually soften, complement and may be enhanced. The use of help heat the building. (See
define the road hierarchy. Trees shrubs and small trees arranged in Paragraph 3-4: Adapt Buildings to
provide shade and improve the strategic groups around a building Natural Site Conditions, for a
overall visual quality of the often improves the appearance by thorough discussion of climatic
installation. A systematic design softening structural lines. This also design considerations.)
approach should be employed to helps in integrating the building
establish a coordinated street tree with its site and diverting attention
planting plan for the entire from unattractive structural
installation. features. Vines on large, blank
6-5. masonry walls can be pleasant but
Attributes. should not be used where injury to
A. Aesthetic Values. the structure may result.
Plantings made for utilitarian B. Wildlife Conservation.
purposes, such as screening Plant materials are supportive of
service areas or shading hot wildlife and encourage the number
pavements, will simultaneously and variety of animal species. Fig. 6-15.
C. Environmental Controls. 2. Reduction of Noise.

Dense foliage is of some use in
1. Energy Conservation. absorbing and deadening noise
Skillful utilization of plants can (fig. 6-15). In such locations as
significantly increase the energy open spaces between family
efficiency of buildings. Air housing areas and main traffic
53
arteries, deep belts of planting may b. Plants tend to be better one made up of one species (fig. 6-20).
prove beneficial in reducing traffic screens than fences or walls for e. Evergreen plants that branch to
noise. Sounds caused by breezes windbreaks because they permit the ground are the most effective
rustling through the leaves and some degree of wind penetration. windbreaks year around. Deciduous
branches can also mask The distance of wind control on the trees and shrubs are effective only in
undesirable noise. leeward side is increased because the summer (fig. 6-21).
3. Wind Control. Wind is a less turbulence is created. The most f. Wind velocities will be increased if
climatic factor that can be either effective density is a screen of about permitted to penetrate under a high
pleasant or unpleasant depending 60% (fig. 6-18). canopied tree. A gap in a windbreak will
upon air temperatures, relative also tend to create stronger winds by
humidity and air velocities. Plants funneling the air through the gap (fig. 6-
can be used as a wind control 22).
device by breaking, guiding, g. Snow drifting may be controlled
deflecting or filtering the wind (fig. by a series of plant barriers which
6-16). To properly design for wind increase and decrease wind velocities.
control using plant materials a This can be accomplished by sweeping
basic an area of snow with strong winds and
depositing it where wind velocity
decreases (fig. 6-23).
4. Temperature Modification.
Fig. 6-18. Vegetation reduces the ambient air
temperature by the cooling effect of
c. The depth of a shelter belt, or transpiration (evaporation) of water
wind screen, has no real effect on through the leaves and also by shading
the amount of wind protection the ground. Natural vegetation covering
provided; the primary factors the ground tends to stabilize
providing effectiveness are the temperature, decreasing extremes,
Fig. 6-16. height and density of the plants (fig. whereas paved surfaces usually tend to
6-19). increase temperatures. Shade trees
knowledge of air dynamics is d. Irregular forms tend to provide are important for comfort practically
necessary. Information about the a more effective windbreak than everywhere in the United States. In all
directions of prevailing winds and evenly spaced plants. A variety of areas except genuinely subtropical and
their average speeds for different plant species and sizes also tropical areas,
seasons of the year is, also provides a better windbreak than
necessary. Fig. 6-19. Fig. 6-21.
a. When plants are used as a
wind barrier, wind can generally be
affected for a distance of 2 to 5
times the height of the barrier to
the windward side and 10 to 15
times the height of the barrier to
the leeward side (fig. 6-17).
Fig. 6-17.
Fig 6-20. Fig 6-22.
54
Fig. 6-26.
6-6.
Design Considerations.
Fig. 6-23. caused by splash and runoff. A. Preservation.
Splash erosion is best controlled For the general enhancement of
trees are best for this purpose by ground covers and deciduous developed areas, as much of the
since they furnish shade only plants when in leaf. Runoff or existing vegetation should be
during the summer and permit sun sheet erosion is best controlled by saved as is reasonably possible.
to come through in winter. Shade grasses and plants with very 1. With high cost of extensive
in parking areas is desirable fibrous root systems (fig. 6-25). planting operations to restore
through the use of large growing b. Plants can help to control cleared areas, often the total cost
trees spaced about 40 to 50 feet dust by creating a barrier or by of complete clearing cannot be
apart. However, certain kinds of stabilizing soil which is bare of justified. In every case, the cost of
trees exude gummy substances or vegetation. Twiggy, dense replacing existing vegetation
attract insects and should be branching plants are effective as should be weighed against the cost
avoided. wind barriers. Ground covers, of any special measures which
5. Glare and Reflection grasses and plants with fibrous must be taken for preservation, but
Reduction. Glare and reflection root systems are most effective as the best decision cannot be
resulting from man-made materials soil stabilizers (fig 6-26) (See TM reached by balancing costs alone.
found in the environment cause 5-830-2/AFM 88-17, Chapter 2 and 2. Also to be considered is the
visual discomfort. Plants can TM5-830-3/AFM88-17, Chapter3, time required to re-establish
effectively soften glare and for specific guidance on planting
reflection while adding to the turf and dust control.)
aesthetic quality of an area. The
degree of effectiveness with which
plants can do this depends upon
their height, density and location
(fig. 6-24).
Fig. 6-24.
6. Erosion and Dust Control.
a. Water is the most significant Fig. 6-25.
eroding agent of soil. The two
basic types of water erosion are
55
equivalent plant growth. This 2. Grading. Steep slopes, if C. Plant Selection.
analysis may justify saving existing planted in grass or other vegetative Trees, shrubs, ground covers,
vegetation even if it proves to be cover, are difficult and expensive to vines and turf comprise the palette
more costly initially. Where mow and maintain and are subject of elements in planting
immediate control of dust or to erosion Good grading design compositions (fig. 6-27). The
erosion is of prime importance, can often reduce the need for varieties selected should be as few
such a conclusion may be easy to steep slopes. Grass slopes should as possible to satisfy the
reach. The reduction of clearing not normally exceed a 3: 1 grade, requirements and objectives of the
and grading operations to a with top and bottom rounded, to design. By limiting the varieties of
minimum contributes much to prevent erosion and facilitate plants, rather than cluttering the
conservation and environmental mowing. Steeper slopes should be design with a planting mixture,
protection, and lowers construction rip-rapped or planted with ground clashing colors and forms are less
cost. cover and/or other plants. Grading likely to occur, and a unified
3. Fast-growing trees regarded in the vicinity of existing composition will be created.
as weed types may comprise the
predominant native vegetation in
certain areas. Such trees are
sometimes worthy of preservation
until new ornamental plantings
have matured and the weed trees
can be removed.
4. During site construction,
minor variations in road and walk
design layout should be made to
avoid the destruction of or damage
to important vegetation.
B. Maintenance.
Maintenance and its resultant costs
may be kept to a minimum by
coordinated planning. Design
factors which are basic to
economical grounds maintenance,
and which should be considered in Fig. 6-27.
the early design stages of a
project, are described below. trees to be retained should be Repetition with occasional contrast
1. Drainage. Good drainage of avoided. Fill on and/or compaction contributes to a successful planting
surface and subsoil is necessary of the soil within the foliage drip design. In selecting plants for a
not only for the successful growth line will eventually kill the tree. given project, it is helpful to
of nearly all plants but also as an 3. Detail Plating. Flower beds remember their growth
erosion-control measure. and sheared hedges require a characteristics. These
Subsurface drains should be great deal of costly maintenance characteristics are documented in
installed when necessary to correct and should be used sparingly in landscape architecture literature
conditions of excessive soil selected locations. Where flower and are available through libraries
saturation. An alternate to beds and sheared hedges are and government publications,
subsurface drains, in some cases, appropriate, restraint in design is some of which are listed in
is to select plant materials tolerant essential to their effectiveness and Appendix B. Only those plants
to wet conditions. Good surface upkeep. Street trees should be capable of thriving with low
runoff of planted areas will be located between the sidewalk and maintenance under actual site
assured by proper grading. See buildings, leaving the strip between conditions and which are able to
TM 5830-4; NAVFAC P905; and the sidewalk and curb free for produce the desired effect should
AFM 88-17, Chapter 4. installing and servicing be chosen. A guide to the
underground utilities. selection of plants that can be used
with confidence may be gained by
an investigation of plants growing
at the project site and also at the
oldest parks and cemeteries in the
same general vicinity.
56
Species of plants, whether native they provide green color and
or naturalized, found thriving under contrasting background when
adverse conditions are likely to be deciduous plants are leafless. In
successful with minimum southern states a wide variety of
maintenance. The ecological evergreen shrubs is readily
association of plants is an available for use, but in more
additional factor to be considered northerly areas the selection may
when selecting plants since, in be limited or costly. Where the
nature, plants grow in groups latter is true, deciduous shrubs
requiring similar soil and climatic may be used for the greater part of
conditions. Other important factors the planting, introducing evergreen
in the selection of plants are plants only at focal points in
hardiness to temperature conjunction with important features
extremes, requirements in terms of and structures. In many areas of
soil fertility, ability to survive in very the country deciduous trees are
wet or dry soil conditions, the very desirable since during cool
degree of tolerance to wind or salt months they permit a maximum
air, ability to be transplanted and amount of sunlight to penetrate.
resistance to insects and diseases. 3. Vines. The use and
Recommendations on the choice selection of vines must be very
of plants which are tolerant of carefully done Many vines climb by
specific site conditions can be means of tendrils and disks or root-
obtained from the Agricultural like hold-fasts which can damage
Extension Service; Soil and Water wood or masonry walls
Conservation District; or from Maintenance and repair work can
Federal, State, County, and City be difficult and costly if vines must
park and forest agencies. first be removed Generally, vines
1. Trees and Shrubs. To should be restricted to arbors,
assure maximum effectiveness trellises and structures other than
with the lowest maintenance, buildings
emphasis should be placed on the
use of trees instead of the
extensive use of shrubs. Properly
selected trees will ultimately be
less expensive to maintain than
shrubs and they are more effective
for environmental control. Clean,
simple but effective planting
designs can be achieved with trees
and lawns and the judicious use of
shrubs.
2. Evergreen and Deciduous.
Deciduous trees offer a wide
variety of effects because of
seasonal changes, flowers,
berries, fruit, and color and texture
of bark. Evergreen trees and
shrubs are advantageous, if
adaptable to the area, because
57
Chapter 7. Plazas and Courtyards.
Outdoor pedestrian-oriented can provide an attractive and lunchtime relaxation. In a

spaces are often desirable in high relaxing contrast to activities and residential area, courtyards can
employment and dense residential facilities around them. A plaza can provide a space for informal
areas. When these spaces are serve as an entrance space to an gatherings and active recreation.
enclosed or partially enclosed by important group of buildings. A For convenience, the term "plaza"
buildings and are enhanced with courtyard in an office complex can will be used throughout this section
appropriate landscaped features provide pleasant views from the to include both plazas and
while being separated from traffic, interiors of the surrounding courtyards.
parking and other distractions, they buildings as well as a place for
59
Section I:
7-1.
Typical Problems.
A. Location and Function.
In the past there has been a
general lack of plaza facilities
within installations, a fact that may
express an oversight in considering
user needs. In many cases, either
an existing plaza or the opportunity
to create a plaza has been usurped
by the insatiable demands of
parking, destroying the original
design intent and attractiveness of
the facility. Many existing plazas
are uninviting to active use
because of their scale, use of plant
materials or lack of consideration Fig. 7-2.
for climatic conditions (fig. 7-1).
B. Materials and Details. setting and climatic conditions as well
The materials and detailing of as intended use. The medieval Italian
plazas often reflect improper piazzas, so fondly imitated by urban
consideration for maintenance, designers, can be extremely
wear and climate factors. inhospitable and inappropriate in cold
7-2. northern climates. Properly designed
Objectives. plazas and courtyards should relate
A. Locate Plazas in Response harmoniously with the architectural
and natural site character of their
to user Requirements.
surroundings, and moderate climatic
Exterior spaces provide desirable
extremes.
spatial experiences relating interior
Fig. 7-1. C. Reduce Maintenance.
building spaces to the exterior
circulation and open space The materials, details and site
systems of an installation. furnishings utilized should minimize
A range of functions from passive required maintenance while
visual enjoyment to active reinforcing the architectural character
recreation can be appropriately and site design concept of adjacent
provided by plazas. buildings. Grass and trees are
appropriate in passive areas with light
B. Design Plazas Appropriate
usage, and can be used to provide
to their Setting
shade and reduce sun glare and
The design of plazas and
temperature extremes. In high use
courtyards should vary in
areas with heavy pedestrian traffic,
accordance with their architectural
paving, tree grates and ground covers
are appropriate to reduce
maintenance and wear (fig. 7-2).
60
Section II: thorough site analysis should be
conducted prior to design and
include the following:
Design
Guidelines.
7-3.
Potential Uses of Plazas.
Establish plazas in response to
user requirements. Possible
functions include: fig. 7-5.
A. Entranceway. C. Recreational Area.
A plaza may function as a formal Plazas may provide and encourage
entrance space to a building or opportunities for both passive and
group of buildings. As an entrance active recreation
fig. 7-7.
space, the plaza should (fig. 7-5).
1. Spatial Analysis. In many
accommodate and direct D. Visual Delight.
instances on military installations,
pedestrian traffic to the building(fig. Plazas can offer pleasant views
locations for plaza development
7-3). and visual relief for visitors and
are already spatially defined by
fig. 7-3. occupants of a building (fig. 7-6).
existing structures. In other
instances, there is little or no
existing definition. The desired
degree of spatial definition as well
as the character of the space
should be determined initially (fig.
7-7).
2. Topography. Plaza design
should incorporate existing
topographic relief into its form
where possible to add visual
fig. 7-6. interest, preserve existing
E. Multifunctional Facility. vegetation, and minimize cut and
Most often plazas serve several fill costs.
functions but have one primary 3. Micro-climate. Microclimate
use. evaluation is an important factor in
determining human comfort within
7-4. proposed plazas. Wind intensity
Site Design Consideration. and direction, sun angle, duration
of direct sun, average monthly
A. Site Feasibility.
temperatures, and seasonal
fig. 7-4. Consider user needs and potential
precipitation for a proposed site
B. Social Setting. volume of pedestrian activity as the
should be evaluated during the site
A plaza may provide an major factors affecting project
analysis stage of the design
atmosphere for relaxation and feasibility. The amount of potential
process.
provide opportunities for people to pedestrian activity will determine to
a large extent the design and 4. Circulation. Existing and
mingle, gather for lunch, or simply proposed circulation patterns,
enjoy conversation (fig. 7-4). maintenance requirements of a
plaza. including pedestrian, vehicular
B. Site Setting.
Plazas should be designed
appropriately to their setting. A
61
1. Building/Space 3. Orientation. The orientation
Relationship. Plaza development of the plaza should be determined
should occur in conjunction with initially. A plaza may focus
existing and/or proposed buildings primarily inward or outward. An
which contain or partially define a inwardly focused plaza creates a
plaza space. The buildings and sense of visual containment, while
the space should relate in a an outwardly focused plaza directs
functional and visually compatible or frames views beyond the plaza
manner. The design of the plaza (fig. 7-12). The functional
space must be integrated with requirements of the space will
adjacent buildings through the use often determine its orientation.
of compatible scale and form (fig.
fig. 7-8. 7-10).
and service traffic should be 2. Scale. The spatial
determined initially. Circulation relationship between plaza and
patterns should be a major factor buildings is the primary
in the plaza design (fig. 7-8). determinant of its scale, which can
5. Views. Views, both to the vary from a small intimate space to
proposed plaza from surrounding a large monumental space. The
strategic viewing positions and following ratios of building height to
looking from the proposed site, plaza width serve as guidelines for
should be considered in establishing a spatial definition at a
scale and character that is fig. 7-13.
appropriate for its intended use 4. Spatial Articulation.
fig. 7-9. (fig. 7-11). The volumetric definition of a plaza
space to reinforce its intended
function is termed spatial
articulation. This may be
accomplished through careful
design of the ground plane (paving,
ground cover), middle plane (walls,
trees, shrubs), and overhead plane
(tree canopy, trellis) as well as in
changes of level across the plaza
space (fig. 7-13).
7-5.
fig. 7-11. Materials and Details.
a. To establish a visual sense Use appropriate materials, details
of enclosure, the ratio of length of and furnishings to create an
plaza to height of building should appropriate plaza character, to
not exceed 1: 1. reinforce its spatial and functional
b. To maintain a visual sense design concepts, to relate it
of space, the ratio should not compatibly with adjacent buildings
exceed 2: 1. and to minimize maintenance
c. To maintain a visual sense requirements.
fig. 7-10. of place, the ratio should not A. Paving.
terms of the potential role in the exceed 3:1.
final plaza design (fig. 7-9). 1. Refer to Chapter 8:
C. Spatial Organization. Walkways, for a discussion of
paving surfaces.
The manipulation of space is a
major design tool in the formulation
of a plaza. To successfully
organize and alter a space relative
to its surrounding environment,
several elements of spatial
organization must be considered,
including:
fig. 7-12.
62
background and not provide too paved areas:
sharp a contrast (fig. 7-15). a. For paving against buildings
6. Use paving materials to consider drainage slope away from
provide a warning - for example, to the building and compatibility of
indicate a change in level or a materials.
pedestrian path crossing a b. For paving against grass
vehicular path. Demarcations that areas consider mowing
are integrated into the plaza requirements.
paving, rather than a sign, are c. For paving against curbs and
fig. 7-14. most effective (fig. 7-16). other hard surfaces consider snow
2. Use a change in paving 7. Use paving to provide a removal and drainage.
materials to indicate a distinct scale reference. Usually smaller- E. Plant Materials.
separation between pedestrian and scale paving indicates a more Use plant materials in plazas to
vehicular traffic areas (fig. 7-14). personable domain, and larger- define spaces, modify climate, and
3. Choose surface materials for scale a more public domain. provide scale and aesthetic
durability, visual accent, 8. Use paving materials to elements. A variety of plant
compatibility, scale and form. define and reinforce the character materials can be used. Deciduous
4. Paving in high-use public of distinct areas within a plaza - for trees are ideal in some regions
places should provide hard, dry, example, to set off small informal because they provide shade during
non-slippery surfaces that can seating areas from large public hot summer weather and permit
carry pedestrian traffic and gathering areas in terms of the warm sunlight to penetrate the
occasional maintenance and paving pattern and delineation. space during cooler months (fig. 7-
emergency vehicular traffic. 17). (See Chapter 6: Planting.)
5. Use paving materials to C. Water Features.
provide a sense of direction - for Pools and fountains can provide a
example, marking a path through a desirable aesthetic and functional
plaza. In this case, either the element to a plaza design (fig. 7-
same material could be varied in 18).
pattern to delineate the pathway, or
a change of material might be
used. If another material is
chosen, it should be compatible Fig. 7-16.
with the 9. In a hot climate, minimize
paving to reduce reflected
solar radiation and air
temperatures; planting areas
should predominate over
paved areas to facilitate shade
and air cooling.
fig. 7-15. 10. Carefully detail the edges of
Fig. 7-17.
fig 7-17.
63
63
E. Steps and Ramps.
Steps and ramps are important
design elements used in making
transitions between different plaza
levels. Design guidelines on steps
and ramps are covered in Chapter
8: Walkways. It should be
stressed that steps and ramps
should be designed for maximum
convenience and comfort relative
to plaza function and visual
considerations (fig. 7-21).
Furthermore, adequate provisions
for the handicapped must be
fig. 7-18. provided.
1. Use basins, pools, and F. Lighting.
fountains to provide visual relief in Lighting is an important element in
areas set aside for socialization or the design of plazas. It can
recreation, or to provide a visual provide general illumination,
focal point in more formal plaza accent, or mood, depending on the
designs. desired intensity and color rendition
2. Use water features to temper characteristics of the light source.
the micro-climate of plazas. Water Lighting standards themselves are
generally has a cooling effect and fig. 7-19. also important elements in
can be used to relieve excessive D. Drainage. providing scale, defining space and
heat and dryness, especially in hot In the development of plazas, adding visual interest to the design
arid climates. water runoff is usually increased of plazas (fig. 7-22). The elements
3. Fountains and cascading because the amount of paved area of lighting design are covered in
water features can provide not only is increased. This runoff must be Chapter 11: Lighting.
an element of visual delight but handled by an adequate storm G. Benches and Beating.
also auditory relief in plazas. The drainage system. Benches are important functional
sounds of these water features are 1. Drainage systems should be components of plaza design. They
very attractive and restful in their incorporated into paving patterns can also act as sculptural
effect on people. and details (fig. 7-19). elements. They may be individual
4. Although fountains are 2. Drainage can provide water elements or incorporated into the
appropriate in diverse climates, to plant materials through the use design of planters and walls.
their maintenance considerations of tree grates or porous pavement Those with backs are generally
vary. For example, in northern treatments (fig. 7-20). more comfortable. Fountain or
climates, fountains and pools planter walls can also
should be designed to facilitate
drainage during cold winter
months, so that ice will not crack
masonry, conduit pipes or spray
fountain apparatus.
fig. 7-20.
64
64
fig. 7-21.
serve as plaza seating surfaces (fig. 7-23). Design

guidelines for benches and seating are found in Chapter
12: Site Furnishings.
H. Provisions for the Handicapped.

Refer to Chapter 8: Walkways, and Chapter 12: Site
Furnishings.
fig. 7-22.
fig. 7-23.
65
Chapter 8: Walkways.
Pedestrian-oriented site planning

and design can contribute much to
the convenience, comfort and
enjoyment of daily activities. In
addition, energy conservation
necessitates reduced dependence
on the automobile and
encouragement of pedestrian and
other energy-efficient alternatives.
67
Section I:
8-1.
Typical Problems.
A. Network.
Visitors, employees and residents
of military installations are heavily
dependent upon the automobile, in
part due to dispersed locations of
related facilities and the lack of
alternative circulation systems at
many military installations.
Pedestrian facilities are generally
limited to sidewalks which often
show little consideration of
pedestrian generators, volumes
and desire lines of travel, or the
special needs of handicapped
persons (fig. 8-1).
B. Pedestrial/Vehicular
Separation.
Separation of pedestrian and
vehicular circulation networks is fig. 8-2.
often neglected. In many cases, the pedestrian network is
discontinuous, forcing pedestrians
to use roadways or to create
footworn paths, a situation
especially hazardous to children
C. Amenities.
Pedestrian facilities are often
lacking in amenities and elements
of visual interest. Instead they are
generally located within an
automobile-dominated
environment which is neither fig. 8-3.
pleasant, safe and delightful nor
conducive to encouraging 8-2.
pedestrian travel (fig. 8-3). Objectives.
A. Provide Safe and Secure
Pedestrian Circulation Facilities.
The primary hazard to pedestrians
is the moving vehicle. With no
protection, the pedestrian is
extremely vulnerable to injury.
68
Other safety hazards are the threat Section II: visual surveillance of the path (fig.
of assault in dark, unobserved 8-5). The horizontal alignment of
locations and unseen obstacles Design Guidelines. walkways should usually follow the
along or in the path of travel. The natural topography. Steps along
design of the pedestrian system 8-3. the pathway should be avoided if
should minimize all of these Principles of Pedestrian possible.
hazards. Walkway Design.
B. Provide Pedestrian A. pedestrian walkway system fig. 8-5.
Facilities in Response to should have five essential
Potential Demand. characteristics: A Continuity. The
Attractions and generators of basic walkway system should
pedestrian movement should be provide a continuous, unbroken
linked by a logical network. New circulation network. The network
pedestrian facilities can result in should be complete, clear and
increased pedestrian activity if legible for pedestrians to reach
there is a valid potential demand. their destination, whether the
C. Create a Pleasant pathway is curved or straight (fig.
Pedestrian-Scaled Environment 8-4).
with Elements of Visual Delight.
Pedestrian facilities should take
maximum advantage of areas of
visual enjoyment and be separated
from the inhospitable influences
created by automobiles and trucks.
D. Facilitate Movement and
Access to Facilities by the
Handicapped.
With proper sensitivity and
consideration early in the design fig. 8-6.
process, pedestrian circulation fig. 8-4. C. Comfort.
facilities may be designed to Comfortable walking surfaces must
B. Safety.
accommodate all persons. The be smooth, dry and level. They
Walkways should provide safe,
modification of existing facilities for must have adequate width to
short crossings of roadways.
use by the handicapped is often handle the expected type and
Walkways should also be free of
more difficult but can be volume of traffic. Steep inclines
obstructions that would pose safety
accomplished (See DOD 4270 1M should be avoided unless steps or
hazards. Walkways in locations
for specific guidance Navy ramps are used. Protection from
away from streets should be
personnel are to follow the specific hot sun, cold winds and rain is
lighted and integrated into the area
guidance in DM-1 Series) desirable and can be provided by
development plan to enable
either plant materials or structures.
Separation from vehicular traffic,
areas of toxic or noxious fumes
and loud or abrasive noise is
essential for pedestrian comfort as
well as health and safety.
Intermittent comfort features such
as benches and drinking fountains
further promote pedestrian comfort
(fig. 8-6).
69
8-4. 2. Safety study. The safety
Designing Walkways. study identifies actual and potential
A. Site Design Surveys. pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. These
There are two basic studies studies provide the basis for
necessary to establish the determining necessary pedestrian-
framework within which an overall vehicular network separations and
pedestrian walkway system can be pedestrian-vehicular coordination
designed: through various signalization and
signing techniques.
fig. 8-9. fig. 8-11
fig. 8-7.
D. Convenience Walking is a
preferred means of transportation
when destinations are close, when
relaxation and exercise are
desired, and when energy
conservation is being promoted.
Generators of pedestrian traffic
should be conveniently linked fig. 8-11.
together by an overall pedestrian
network, designed within the
parameters of maximum walking
distances. By accommodating
user needs, pedestrian travel can
become a convenient alternative to
the automobile. Walkways to
shopping and work locations
should be as short and direct as fig. 8-10. fig. 8-12.
possible while recreation-oriented
paths should be more indirect but B. Walkway Network
scenic (fig. 8-7). Hierarchy.
E. Delight. 1. Origin-Destination Survey. The pedestrian walkway system
Pathways can provide unexpected The origin-destination survey should be designed as a
vistas, new discoveries and visual identifies the location of primary hierarchical network that provides
experiences that are more varied and secondary generators of different levels of use and
and exciting than those provided by pedestrian traffic. Primary convenience based upon the
automobile travel. The pedestrian generators generally are residential volume of pedestrian traffic and trip
circulation system should be areas, parking facilities, transit purpose. The origin-destination
designed to provide visual delight terminals and similar facilities. survey provides the basic data to
to encourage pedestrian use and Secondary generators are design the network hierarchy. The
enjoyment of the network. generally areas or facilities which design of each segment of the
are destination points primarily walkway should reflect its role
accessible by walking, such as within the overall network plan.
athletic fields. 1. Primary Walkway. This
Other information identified by this walkway classification is for those
survey includes pedestrian segments of the network that carry
volumes between different the highest volumes of pedestrian
facilities, walking distances traffic between major activity
between all major pedestrian centers or traffic generators.
destinations, and identification of Primary walkways are generally
routes which carry the largest characterized by: hard surface
fig. 8-8. amount of daily travel (fig. 8-8). paving; high lighting levels,
70
70
depending upon location; a high 1. Parallel to Street. Walkway
level of pedestrian amenities, locations parallel to the street can
including benches and water be acceptable, depending upon the
fountains; and refinement of volume of vehicular and pedestrian
landscape features along the traffic and the adequacy of the
walkway (fig. 8-9). street right-of-way width to provide
2. Secondary Walkway. some degree of separation (fig. 8-
This walkway classification is for 13).
moderate volume segments of the
network that provide a direct
interconnection between activity
centers. Secondary walkways are
generally characterized by: hard fig. 8-15.
surface paving; lower lighting 2. Interior to the Site.
levels; fewer amenities, such as Pedestrian walkways are often
seating and drinking fountains; and best provided within the interior of
quality landscape features along a development site (fig. 8-15).
the walkway. The majority of This creates a pedestrian
walkways within installations would circulation system that is separated
fall into this category (fig. 8-10). fig. 8-13. from vehicular traffic and that
3. Tertiary or Recreational promotes increased utilization of a
Paths. This walkway classification single walkway by serving existing
is for infrequently used walkway buildings on both sides
segments such as recreational
paths. These walkways generally
tend to be less direct but more
scenic in character. Tertiary
walkways are generally
characterized by: hard surface or
soft surface paving, such as wood
chips; low illumination levels, if any;
and a natural landscape character fig. 8-14.
along the pathway (fig. 8-11). a. Planted buffer strips should
4. Troop Movement Paths. separate walkways from major
roadways (fig. 8-14).
fig. 8-16.
Installations with training facilities without the disadvantages of
require special walkways for troops b. Improved walkways and
unsafe street crossings, traffic
marching in formation between pedestrian-vehicular separation
noise, fumes or splashing. Safety
classrooms, barracks/dining hall can sometimes be accomplished
from assault must be considered
facilities and parade grounds. by transforming unsafe parallel
when the pedestrian is removed to
These walkways should be hard parking lanes into planted buffer
a less active area. Lighting levels
surface and of adequate width to strips that can accommodate wider
must be appropriately provided.
accommodate personnel walking sidewalks and the provision of
3. Arcades. Pedestrian
four abreast (fig. 8-12). pedestrian amenities such as
arcades along buildings encourage
C. Walkway Locations. benches or bus stops.
walkway use and comfort,
Often the combination of c. Walkways on both sides of
especially in certain climates (fig.
pedestrian and vehicle traffic on the street may not be necessary if
8-16). Arcades provide protective
one right-of-way is detrimental to pedestrian and vehicular traffic is
both users. The tempo and low, especially in lower density
physical environment of these two residential areas. The test of need
forms of movement are generally is its anticipated use and its role
incompatible and require some within the overall pedestrian
degree of separation. network.
71
cover from hot summer sun and if the pedestrian traffic demands the handicapped, are stable, firm,
inclement weather conditions between the two justify such a and even, but have a non-skid
which otherwise would tend to be a need (fig. 8-18). surface and a minimum number of
strong deterrent to walking. expansion and contraction joints.
Wherever possible pedestrian Surfaces can be categorized into
walkway arcades should be three basic types.
incorporated into building designs a. Hard Surfaces. Asphalt,
in major activity centers as part of concrete, tile and brick laid in
the overall pedestrian walkway concrete are firm and regular
system. surfaces well suited for walking,
4. Grade Separated wheelchairs and baby carriages.
Walkways. Wherever possible Joints are filled and less than one-
and practical, high-use pedestrian half inch wide. Ice and snow
walkways that cross major roads removal from these surfaces is
should be grade separated from easiest and may be performed
the vehicular circulation system to without damage to the surface.
provide safety and convenience to Installation costs are high but
both pedestrians and motorists. fig. 8-18. maintenance costs are low.
Grade separation can be b. Underpasses. Pedestrian Concrete is especially well-suited
accomplished by either overpasses underpasses are the second basic for sidewalks because of its long
or underpasses. means of pedestrian-vehicular economic life.
grade separation. To be effectively b. Variable Surfaces.
used, such facilities should be Cobblestones, flagstone, exposed
relatively short, wide, well aggregate, brick laid in sand, wood
ventilated and lighted and not entail decking and wood pavers laid in
extensive stair climbing (fig. 8-19). sand are irregular surfaces with
8-6. wide joints which make wheelchair
Elements of the Pedestrian and baby carriage movement
Network. difficult (fig. 8-20). Ice and snow
A. Sidewalks. removal is difficult and may
1. Width. Provide adequate damage the surface. These
sidewalk widths to handle the surfaces are characterized by
fig. 8-17. anticipated type and volume of moderate to high installation costs
a. Overpasses. Pedestrian pedestrian traffic. In general, a and moderate maintenance
overpasses are generally the best requirements.
means of grade separation and are c. Soft Surfaces. These
best accomplished when the include earth, grass, and bark;
pedestrian network can be their irregular and soft surfaces
maintained relatively level without make walking difficult, especially
the need to climb stairs to cross for handicapped people, are more
the road. Their suitability depends susceptible to erosion, require
largely on topographic conditions more maintenance, but are less
and the ability to depress the costly to install. Gravel, pebbled,
elevation of roads where they are and soil cement surfaces are other
to be crossed by the walkway irregular but harder surfaces that
structure (fig. 8-17). fig. 8-19. are less susceptible to erosion and
Another form of pedestrian easier to maintain.
overpass is the second level minimum width of 4’ - 0" is required
walkway; this may have some for sidewalks (See DOD 4270 IM
application in densely developed NAVFAC DM-5 Series, and AFM
areas where buildings across the 88-7, Chapter 5 )
street from each other can be 2. Paving. Surfaces which are
connected by a second level bridge safe for all pedestrians, including
72
Fig. 8-21.
fig. 8-20.
3. Gradients. Walkways with a
slope gradient equal to or less than
3% are preferred. Any walkway
with a slope greater than 4.2% (1:
24) should be designated as a
ramp. Sustained walkway grades
greater than 3.3% (1: 30) should
have a level landing at least 6x6
feet at 60foot intervals for rest and
safety. Walkways should have a
slightly sloped or crowned cross
section to minimize icing and they b. Crosswalks should be
should have positive grades to designed with clear and generous pedestrian crosswalk areas; street
prevent ponding. crosswalk patterns of bright furniture such as mail boxes,
B. Intersections. colored, broad stripes, either newspaper racks or traffic control
1. Walkway-Street applied or set into the pavement; boxes should be clustered
Intersections. sidewalk corner panels should adjacent to the sidewalk corner
a. Channelize pedestrian provide curb-cut ramps for the panel so as not to impede
handicapped that are contoured to pedestrian traffic (figs. 8-21 and 8-
the sidewalk; sidewalk corner 22).
traffic to designated crosswalks panels that are colored or textured
that provide safe and convenient to provide a visual and tactile
street crossings. Pedestrian warning surface of the impending 2. Walkway-Bikeway
crosswalks can be of two types: traffic conflict are preferred; chatter Intersection. Design intersections
street intersections or midblock. strips that warn approaching with warning stripes to alert both
Crosswalks at street intersections vehicular traffic are desirable at bicyclists and pedestrians of
with traffic signal controls are the major potential conflict (fig. 8-23).
best locations. Midblock crossings
between intersections should
generally be avoided because of
their inherent safety problems; they
should be limited to conditions
where street crossings at
signalized intersections are
infrequent and inconvenient.
fig. 8-22.
73
73
3. Walkway-Building Exit
Intersections. Doorway landing
areas between exits and the
walkway should provide an fig. 8-25.
adequate queuing area for exiting
pedestrians that will not impede or
conflict with pedestrian traffic flow
along the walkway (fig. 8-24).
These landing areas should be
level with or ramped to the
walkway for the handicapped.
Fig. 8-25 between 5 and 7 inches while tread

fig. 8-23. widths should be between 11 and
4. Walkway-Walkway C. Steps. 17 inches. A 5-3/4" riser with 14-
Intersections. Special design 1. Overall Dimensions. 1/2" tread is preferred. Steps
treatment should be considered The minimum clear width for any should have solid risers and a
where two walkways intersect; exterior steps should be 4’ - 0". rounded or chamferred nosing with
these areas are ideal locations for The maximum rise between a contrasting, nonslip surface at
informational directories as well as landings for unprotected steps least one-inch wide on both riser
other pedestrian amenities such as exposed to the elements is 4’ - 0";
seating, a drinking fountain or a where overhead weather protection fig. 8-27.
focal point feature. The is provided, a rise of 6’ - 0"
intersection should be adequately between landings is acceptable
sized to handle pedestrian cross- (fig. 8-26). Steps with less than
traffic; pedestrian amenities should three risers should generally be
be located to flank the intersection avoided because their lack of
and not impede pedestrian traffic visual prominence may result in
flow (fig. 8-25). (See Chapter 12: accidents.
Site Furnishings.) 2. Risers and Treads. All
steps in a series should have a
uniform tread width and riser
height. A general formula for
proportioning riser height to tread
width is twice the riser height plus
the tread width equals 26 inches.
Riser heights for exterior stairs
should be
fig. 8-28.
and tread edge (figs. 8-27 and 8-
fig. 8-24. 28). Pitch stair treads forward at
1/8" per foot for surface drainage.
fig. 8-26.
7474
3. Lighting. Exterior steps steps serving the same function
should have an average level of
illumination which ensures safe
nighttime use. (See Chapter 11:
Lighting.) for non-handicapped persons.
Because of the increased visual
impact of ramps, changes in grade
should be carefully considered as E. Street Furniture.
early as possible in the design Walkway design should be
process. It is generally desirable to coordinated with street furniture
minimize the need for grade such as seating, trash receptacles,
changes, if possible, and to drinking fountains, lighting, etc. to
compatibly integrate necessary accommodate pedestrian needs.
ramps into the site and building These site furnishings should
design (fig. 8-31). generally be located in distinct rest
Fig. 8-31. areas adjacent to the walkway for
fig. 8-29. pedestrian enjoyment and relax on
4. Handrails. Handrails for (fig. 8-32). (See Chapter 12: Site
exterior steps should be provided Furnishings.)
on both sides. Handrails should
extend past the tread, both at top
and bottom of the steps, and
should be continuous across
landings where there is a drop-off.
They should also be round or oval
in cross section and the ends
should be either rounded or turned
into the wall (figs. 8-29 and 8-30
fig. 8-30.
D. Ramps.
Any walkway surface with a slope
gradient in excess of 4.2% (5% for
Navy) is considered a ramp With
the recognition of the necessity of
providing access to facilities for
handicapped persons, the use of
ramps has become more
prevalent. Ramps require a
significant horizontal dimension in
relation to the change in elevation fig. 8-32.
that is achieved; therefore, their
visual impact is greater than that of
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75
Chapter 9. Bikeways.
Since the late 1960’s, the installations can easily be

popularity of the bicycle as a observed. The resulting pressure
means of recreational and for better and safer facilities for
destination oriented travel has bike travel and storage will
increased dramatically. The increasingly be felt by installation
energy crisis, concern for physical planners and engineers. Bike
fitness and increased recreational travel should be encouraged not
time are primary factors influencing only to conserve energy but also to
this surge in bike ridership. reduce automobile parking
Increased use of bikes on military requirements.
77
Section I: established demand requires
development of safe
9-1.
Typical Problems.
A. Bikeway Networks.
The current state of bikeway
facilities on most installations
leaves room for much
improvement. Typically, few
provisions have been made for
bike traffic. Bicyclists commonly
are forced to share either the street
with cars or the sidewalk with
pedestrians, creating unsafe
conditions for motorist, bicyclist
and pedestrian alike (fig. 9-1).
When bikeway provisions have
been made, they are often
incomplete networks that do not
link employment centers and
housing areas.
fig. 9-2. and properly located bikeways as a
part of a balanced, multimodal
B. Bicycle Parking Facilities. transportation system.
In many instances, the size of the B. Establish a Direct,
bicycle parking area does not meet Continuous and Safe Bikeway
the demand (fig. 9-2). Cone Network.
sequentially, sidewalks and A bikeway system should provide
building entrances are blocked with direct routes between primary
the overflow. In other cases, bike traffic origins and destinations
racks are sometimes underutilized within an installation. This network
because they have been poorly should be continuous to facilitate
located. Proper consideration for and encourage bike usage. Safety
location and demand is necessary considerations in bikeway design
to provide attractive and include minimizing potential
convenient bike parking facilities. conflicts between bikes,
pedestrians and vehicular
9-2. circulation and eliminating potential
Objective. stationary hazards along the
A. Develop Bicycle Facilities bikeway network.
as a Component of the C. Develop Attractive and
fig. 9-1.
Installation’s Circulation Convenient Bicycle Parking
System. Areas in Response to Demand.
The development of bike facilities Bicycle parking areas should be
may be justifiable in response to designed and located to be both
existing demand. In addition, the convenient and adequately sized.
encouragement of bicycle use Care must be taken to avoid
within military installations can impeding pedestrian flow along
contribute to lessening the walkways and at building
negative impact of the automobile entrances.
and to meeting energy
conservation objectives To achieve
these goals and to meet the
78
78
Section II: A. Class I Bikeway. 9-4.
This is a completely separated Bikeway Design Standards.
Design Guidelines. right-of-way designated for the A. Width of Pavement.
exclusive use of bicycles (fig. 9-3). Establish bikeway pavement
9-3. Pedestrians and motorists crossing widths depending on the
Bikeway Classification. the bikeway should be discouraged classification of the bikeway.
Bikeways are to be designed from doing so. 1. Class I Bikeways.
according to the following B. Class II Bikeway. a. The minimum recommended
classification system which defines This is a right-of-way restricted for width of an isolated Class I
the types of bikeways and their the semi-exclusive use of bicycles bikeway is 8’-0" (fig. 9-6). This
degree of exclusiveness for bicycle (fig. 9-4). Through travel by allows two-way bicycle traffic as
use. motorists or pedestrians is well as maintenance trucks.
discouraged. However, crossing b. The minimum recommended
over by pedestrians and motorists width of a one-way Class I bikeway
is allowed. adjacent to a sidewalk or roadway
C. Class III Bikeways. is 6’-6" (fig. 9-7). The adjacent
This is a right-of-way shared with roadway provides access by
fig. 9-3. either moving motor vehicles or maintenance trucks. Two-way
pedestrians (fig. 9-5). The right-of- bikeways along roadways are not
way is identified by signs or recommended because of the
graphics stenciled on the resultant intersection difficulties.
pavement. The 6’-6" width allows one bicyclist
to pass another.
2. Class II Bikeways. A
continuous or intermittent curb is
often utilized to provide the partial
fig. 9-4. separation that is required for a
Class II bikeway.
When positive separation such as
this is utilized, the minimum
recommended pavement width
fig. 9-6.
fig. 9-5.
fig. 9-7.
7979
for a one-way Class II bikeway is traffic will share the right-of-way
6’-6", the same as for a one-way with motor vehicles, a 4’-0"
Class I facility. pavement width should be
3. Class III Bikeways. reserved for bicycle travel (fig. 9-9).
Because the right-of-way is shared With an eight-foot lane for parked
with either pedestrians or motor vehicles and a ten-foot lane for
vehicles, these alternatives should moving vehicles, this would result
only be used where traffic volumes in a 22’-0" pavement width from the
are moderate to light. curb to the centerline of a tertiary
a. Where one-way bicycle street. With this minimum width,
traffic will share the right-of-way one bicycle passing another would
with pedestrians, 4’-0" of pavement have to encroach on the moving
width should be added to vehicle lane. If heavy bicycle or
accommodate bicycles (fig. 9-8). vehicular volumes make this
Since 6’-0" is the minimum encroachment unacceptable, a
recommended width for moderate reserved 6’-6" pavement width
two-way pedestrian traffic, this would be required. In many cases,
would result in a 10’-0" total the only way to reserve this much
pavement width. The bikeway pavement width along both sides of
should be identified with a painted existing streets for bikeways would fig. 9-10.
stripe and signing. With this be to eliminate parallel parking. In C. Grades.
minimum width, one bicycle addition to painted stripes, this Relate bikeway gradients to the
passing another would have to alternative requires stenciled length of grade. While a maximum
encroach on the pedestrian area. graphics on the pavement to of +4.5% grade is desirable, a
If heavy bicycle or pedestrian identify the bikeway lanes. +10% grade is acceptable for
volumes make this encroachment B. Clearances. distances less than 50 feet. These
unacceptable, a 6’-6" addition to Provide space for the cyclist based recommendations are primarily
the walkway pavement width would upon the following dimensions: applicable to isolated Class I
be required, resulting in a total 1. A 1’-6" minimum (2’-0" bikeways (fig. 9-11). For Class II
pavement width of 12’-6". desirable) horizontal clearance is and III bikeways, the gradients of
required from the edges of the existing street rights-of-way may in
fig. 9-8. bikeway surface to any stationary some cases exceed these
obstacle, change in grade, or soft desirable grades, and this should
shoulder (fig. 9-10). influence route selection. For one-
2. An 8’-6" minimum (10’-0" way segments of bikeways,
desirable) vertical clearance should descent grades may exceed these
be provided from the surface of the recommendations.
bikeway to any overhead stationary
obstacle.
fig. 9-11.
fig. 9-9.
b. Where one-way bicycle
80
D. Design Speed, Radius of
Curvature and Superelevation.
Utilize the following design speeds
for isolated Class I bikeways:
Grade Design Speed
+3% or more 15 mph
+3% to -7% 20 mph
-7% and steeper 30 mph
Based upon these design speeds,

the radius of curvature and
superelevation may be obtained
from the accompanying chart (fig.
9-12). If pedestrians will constitute
a significant portion of the traffic,
the superelevation should not
exceed 0.06 feet per foot.
fig. 9-14.
E. Curve Widening. G. Paving Surfaces.
Increase the width of the bikeway 1. Class I Bikeways.
at a short radius curve (less than a. Design the pavement section
100 feet) up to a maximum of four of Class I bikeways in
feet in order to provide additional consideration of loading, local soil
lane width for cyclists leaning to the conditions and drainage. Class I
inside of a curve (fig. 9-13). bikeways should be designed to
F. Sight Distance. support an 8000-pound
Utilizes the accompanying chart to maintenance vehicle making
relate bicycle speed and bikeway infrequent trips. It is
gradient to bicycle stopping recommended that either asphaltic
distances (fig. 9-14). Use these concrete or Portland cement
distances as guides in providing concrete be utilized as the surface
adequate sight and warning material. Although installation
distances at all locations of costs are higher for these materials
fig. 9-12. possible conflict, such as at than for loose aggregate and
intersections. natural surfaces, wearing life is
longer, they may be used in all
weather conditions, and
maintenance requirements are
less.
fig. 9-13.
81
81
b. Recommended Class I parallel to bike travel along existing
bikeway pavement sections are street rights-of-way. Parallel
illustrated (fig. 9-15). The area grates to the bikeway should not
adjacent to the bikeway surface be permitted in marked bikeways.
should be back-filled to the Improved grates have been
bikeway surface grade, using developed and modifications are
topsoil, to reduce the hazard of possible to make existing grates
running off the edge and to prevent safe (fig. 9-16). However, the
edge chipping of the bikeway effect of these alternatives on the
surface. necessary drainage capabilities of
2. Class II and III Bikeways. the grate must be evaluated.
a. Normal pavement sections
provided for sidewalks and
roadways are generally acceptable
for Class II and III bikeways.
However, since bicycles do not
have shock-absorbing suspension
and tire pressures are high,
pavement surfaces and expansion
joints should be constructed and fig. 9-17.
maintained as smooth as possible. B. Class II and III Bikeways.
fig. 9-16. When Class II and III bikeways
9-5. utilize a portion of the roadway
Street Intersections and pavement, a different intersection
Crossings. design is required. A number of
designs may be appropriate,
A. Class I Bikeways.
depending on the classification of
When possible, shift the bikeway
the intersecting streets and the
crossing away from the intersection
volume of turning movements.
(fig. 9-17). A high percentage of
1. A typical design is illustrated
bicycle/motor vehicle accidents
showing the use of a broken white
occur at intersections. There is no
stripe at the intersection
single measure, with the exception
of grade separation, that will
eliminate the danger of accidents
to cyclists at intersections. Shifting
the crossing, however, can allow a
queue area for a turning motor
vehicle to wait without obstructing
either the bikeway or through
motor vehicle movement. Shifting
the crossing applies normally only
to Class I bikeways.
fig. 9-18.
fig. 9-15.
b. Eliminate the danger of
drainage grates with openings
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82
2. Locate parking areas
conveniently near the cyclist’s
destination, preferably within 50
feet of main entrances.
B. Design.
1. Provide secure racks or
stanchions for bicycle parking. It is
desirable to allow a wheel and the
frame to be anchored to prevent
detachment and theft of a portion
of the bicycle (fig. 9-19).
2. A 2’-0" spacing between
racks or stanchions is desirable to
facilitate their use (fig. 9-20).
3. Carefully consider the design
of bicycle racks or stanchions to
prevent visual clutter or
inharmonious appearance.
4. Avoid the indiscriminate use
of portable pipe bicycle racks that
9-6. do not provide a way of locking the
fig. 9-19. Bicycle Parking. entire bicycle.
approach, indicating that lane A. Location.
changing is permitted with care
1. Locate parking areas out of
(fig. 9-18).
pedestrian pathways but in areas
2. If the intersecting street is a which are visually supervised, if
minor one and vehicle turns possible.
are few, a continuation of
either solid or broken white
stripes through the intersection
may be appropriate.
Fig. 9-20.
83
83
Chapter 10. Signing.
A sign’s fundamental purpose is to location, its structural support

communicate information. system and its relation to other
However, putting the message signs within an installation.
across emphatically is not enough; Establishing and implementing a
it must be attractive and coordinated signing system is a
harmonious with its surroundings. relatively simple, inexpensive but
Consideration must be given not effective means of improving the
only to what a sign says but also visual appearance and functioning
how it says it, its visual appearance of an installation.
and organization, its
85
85
Section I:
10-1.
Typical Problems.
A. Coordination.
Outdoor signing and graphics on
military installations are too often
confusing, unattractive or obsolete.
The motorist is not always provided
with sufficient information at critical
decision points, and is sometimes
confused by a clutter of sign
messages. A coordinated signing
system seldom exists, and basic
rules of visual communication are
often overlooked. This often
detracts from the overall image of
an installation, frustrating the visitor fig 10-2
and sometimes creating unsafe
conditions
fig. 10-1.
fig. 10-3.
B. safety. each other. Without the discipline
Excessive information is often of an overall system, signs become
provided at decision points, both unattractive and ineffective
allowing insufficient time for a (fig. 10-2).
driver to interpret and react. This
results in traffic congestion and D. Other Factors.
safety hazards (fig. 10-1). Other typical problems include
redundancy of sign messages,
C. Clutter. inconsistency of signs of similar
Confusion and clutter result when function, and inflexible sign
signs of varying size, shape and systems that make changes of
function are added to existing signs messages difficult and costly (fig.
with no consideration for their 10-3).
relationship to
8686
10-2. Section II: schedule all identification al,
Objectives. directional and regulatory sign $
A. Communicate Necessary Design Guidelines. (fig. 10-4).
Information Effectively.
The information conveyed must be 10-3. 3. Component Design and
correct, clear, useful and visually Planning and Implementing a Specifications. Design and
comprehensible. The sequence Signing System. develop procurement drawings and
and hierarchy of information that is A. Process. specifications of all elements that
communicated must correspond to Employ the following general comprise the signing system
user needs. design process to establish a including text, typography, color,
B. Contribute Positively to coordinated overall signing system. illumination, support system and
the Overall Visual Image of an 1. Data Collection and other standardized components.
Installation. Analysis. Initially observe and Full-size, mock-up samples in the
Signing should be consciously analyze exterior pedestrian and color and type style combinations
designed as an attractive, vehicular traffic flow to identify should be tested in position on the
consistent, simple and uncluttered significant decision making site before finalizing procurement
information system. The signing locations. drawings and specifications and
system should be coordinated with 2. Site Plan and Schedule. embarking on a major signing
the design of other site furnishings Locate all proposed signs on a site program (fig. 10-5).
to minimize the number of plan of the installation in
streetscape elements and reduce accordance with distance and
clutter. placement guidelines. Illustrate on
C. Establish an Overall the site plan the sequence of
Signing System that is information to be conveyed.
Coordinated, Consistent, Precisely define, locate and key to
Flexible and Economical. a
A signing system should provide
consistency and continuity to the
overall visual image of an
installation. The system should be
adaptable to incremental changes
and additions over time; a modular
system can facilitate this fig. 10-5.
requirement while maintaining the 4. Signing Manual.
desired visual consistency. Initial Prepare a signing manual as a
and life-cycle cost implications of guide for continuing use of the
materials, mounting and fabrication system. The manual should
alternatives must be considered in include a site plan and schedule,
the design of the signing system. component specifications,
mandatory operating procedures
and standards for administrative
and shop personnel to ensure
fig. 10-4.
87
12. Meet any special 2. Directional Signs.
requirements for the handicapped. These signs serve to guide the
10-4. motorist or pedestrian in, around,

Elements of a Signing System. and out of the installation. Signs
A. Types of Signs. intended for pedestrian guidance
Signs should be organized into should be of a smaller scale and
three general categories, each located so as not to conflict with
treated distinctly within the signing signs intended for motorists. The
system. legibility and positioning of
directional signs as well as the
ordering of information on them is
fig. 10-6.
critical to their effectiveness. Each
consistent application of the
installation requires careful
system (fig. 10-6).
analysis of pedestrian and
B. Purposes.
vehicular traffic patterns to
Orient the signing system study to
determine decision points and
fulfill the following purposes.
appropriate information and
1. Provide signs only where a directions to be provided (fig. 10-
need exists. 8).
fig. 10-7.
2. Eliminate unnecessary or 3. Regulatory Signs.
1. Identification Signs.
conflicting signs. These signs set the rules for travel
These are naming signs which
3. Ensure that the placement of and parking on the installation.
identify the installation, areas within
signs relates to their function. Included in this category are speed
the installation, major tenants,
4. Provide signs that are visible buildings and organizational or limit signs, signs controlling turning
and designed to attract viewers’ functional components. They tell and lane usage, warning signs,
attention. the viewer where he is and since signs controlling parking, etc.
5. Provide signs that are they always appear at entrances Related to these signs are
harmonious with their architectural they greet the motorist or pavement markings and traffic
and natural setting and contribute pedestrian and visually set the signals. All signs of this type
to the installations’ overall image mood for other graphics on the should conform to the standards
and identity. site. They must be compatible in contained in the latest edition of
6. Ensure that signs of similar scale and character with the the Manual on Uniform Traffic
function are consistent. architecture surrounding them, or Control Devices (MUTCD) by the
7. Ensure that all signs are on which they are placed (fig. 10- Federal Highway Administration.
legible. 7). The MUTCD provides federal
8. Ensure that the wording of all standards for design, shapes,
signs is understandable and colors, dimensions, symbols, word
concise and that the message mes-
conveyed is correct, clear and
understandable.
9. Provide a hierarchy of
information that conveys
information in the sequence most
beneficial to the viewer.
10. Facilitate changes or
incremental additions and deletions
to the signing system as the need
arises.
11. Provide an economical
system in terms of implementation
and maintenance.
fig. 10-8.
88
88
reading a sign should never design of lighting and site
distract his attention unduly from furnishings to minimize the number
the act of driving. In general, the of individual streetscape elements
amount of information that is to be and reduce clutter. Many
conveyed by a sign should be manufactured systems exist that
limited to ten items (an item of combine such elements as street
information being defined as a lighting,
syllable, symbol, abbreviation or
shape) (fig. 10-10). At a decision
point, the driver should be
presented with no more than two
fig. 10-9. choices. Advance warning signs
sages, lettering, illumination, should be provided where
reflecting surfaces, locations and necessary to reinforce information
erection of all regulatory signs, and allow additional time for the
signals and pavement markings driver to process the information
(fig. 10-9). and act.
B. Sign System
Characteristics. fig. 10-12.
An installation’s sign system should traffic signals, graphics,
posses the following attributes: telephones, litter containers and
1. Consistency. The sign other site furnishings into an
system should be governed by integrated system. This
standards, appropriate to the coordination not only improves the
installation’s needs, that are visual appearance of installations
applied consistently throughout the but also provides a unified location
installation. These standards that promotes ease of pathfinding
include sign size, location, shape, for both motorist and pedestrian
typeface, symbols, colors, fig. 10-11. (fig. 10-12).
materials and mounting details. 3. Visibility. Signs should be 7. Compatibility. Entrance
located at significant decision signs, building identification signs
points and positioned to provide a and all free-standing signs should
clear line-of-sight from the point of be well designed and constructed
desired reading, free of of quality materials in keeping with
obstructions and within a ten (10) the architectural and natural site
degree angle of the decision character of the installation.
maker’s normal line of vision. The 8. Flexibility and Economy.
design of the sign should be A signing system should be able to
capable of attracting the intended be expanded, contracted or
user’s attention (fig. 10-11). modified as required over time in
4. Legibility. A sign’s type response to mission changes, new
fig. 10-10. style, size of letters, letter/word/ buildings, demolition of buildings or
2. Simplicity. Sign systems line spacing, copy positioning and relocation of building occupants.
should be efficient and not color should be carefully selected Modular signing systems with
overload the intended user with for legibility, which is most crucial interchangeable components can
unnecessary information. An on all signs. greatly facilitate these changes.
efficient system eliminates 5. Hierarchy and Sequence. Signing hardware and basic
redundant signing and over-signing Signs, in terms of their wording and message units should be designed
to reduce clutter, confusion, or size of message, should provide a to allow change of individual
hazardous conditions, especially at hierarchy of information whose messages without affecting the
intersections. Sign messages sequence is most beneficial to the remainder
should be simple because the intended audience.
amount of information a pedestrian 6. Coordination. The design
or driver can receive, process and of a sign system may be
remember is limited. The act of coordinated and integrated with the
89
of accompanying messages (fig.
10-13). 2. Type Size. The standard
the "x" height of lower case letters. guide in determining appropriate
Condensed or extended letter letter size of a highly legible type
styles should be avoided. Upper style is to provide 1" (one inch) of
and lower case lettering tends to the letter height of an upper case
enable quicker word recognition "X" for each 50’ (fifty feet) of
than all capital letters because of viewing distance (fig. 10-15).
the varied word shapes they Therefore, for a message to be
produce. The use of upper case legible from a distance of 250 feet,
lettering should be limited to a few a 5" (five inch) letter height should
essential situations such as be used.
directional information as found on 3. Letter and Word Spacing.
a route number and direction sign At longer viewing distances, letters
fig. 10-13. (1-95 EAST) or the direction of an tend to run together visually unless
10-5. exit or turn (NEXT RIGHT). the letter’ spacing is increased.
Guidelines for Effective Light lettering on a dark
Communication. background tends to look bigger
A. Lettering. than dark letters on a light
Type style, letter size, letter/ background and requires greater
word/line spacing, and copy letter spacing and smaller stroke
positioning should be carefully width. Likewise, internally lit signs
selected for legibility of the sign may require greater spacing,
message. depending on the intensity of light
1. Type Style. A sans-serif and the relationship of colors.
type style such as Helvetica Word spacing should be
Medium has been found to be one proportionate to the letter spacing
fig. 10-15. used. All spacing should appear
of the most easily read and
handsome type styles for sign use. even.
Other sans-serif or serif type faces
that meet the following
requirements are also acceptable.
As a rule, a type style whose ratio fig. 10-6.
of stroke width to capital letter
height is 1: 5 for black letters on a
white background, and 1: 6 or 1: 7
for white on black is recommended
(fig. 10-14). Upper case letters
should be approximately 1/3 larger
than
fig. 10-14.
Fig. 10-16.
90
Letters and words spaced by a fig. 10-18. fig. 10-20.
trained human eye are preferable
to mechanical spacing. However,
spacing guides are available (fig.
10-16).
fig. 10-17.
4. Copy Positioning. On most
signs of more than a word or two, it fig. 10-19. fig . 10-21.
is recommended that all copy (type telephone receiver (fig. 10-18).
and symbols) be flush left (without Symbols are useful for rapid C. Color.
indentation) for ease of reading. communication, especially where Color coding should be used
However, on signs containing both they have become universally consistently to differentiate sign
left and right directional accepted and understood. types, to convey their type and
information, it often helps clarify However, symbols for complex function and, where appropriate, to
the message if left turn information objects or activities can be vary the apparent size or "target
(including arrows) is flush left on ambiguous and hinder, fig. 10-19 value" of a sign.
the left of the sign and right turn rather than aid, communication. 1. Target Value. The apparent
information is flush right on the Symbols should be used only when size, or "target value" of a sign
right side of the sign (fig. 10-17). they permit a message to be more varies with its color. Yellow and
B. Symbols, Arrows and strongly stated or quickly white signs appear largest; red,
Diagrammatics. understood. Symbols that have blue and green signs appear mid-
Use symbols, arrows and been adopted for national use such sized; and black signs appear the
diagrammatics where necessary as the transportation related smallest. These apparent sizes
and appropriate to convey needed symbols established by the U.S. are also affected by the contrast
information. Department of Transportation between the sign and its
1. Symbols. The word should be the basis for those used background. Theoretically, for best
"symbol" is used to refer to true on military installations. Normally, visibility, a sign should be darker
symbols such as the Red Cross lettering should be used with against a bright day background,
symbol and U.S. and interstate symbols to avoid possible but brighter against a dark day or
route shields, as well as confusion (fig. 10-19). night background. Two techniques
pictograms (graphic expressions of 2. Arrows. Arrows must be to improve sign visibility against
actual objects) such as a legible from a distance to clearly diverse backgrounds are reflecting
convey the intended direction. surfaces and substantial borders of
Recommended arrow forms are as a contrasting color value: dark for
illustrated (fig. 10-20). light signs and light for dark signs.
3. Diagrammatics. A In general, the width of the border
diagrammatic is a means of should not exceed the stroke width
graphically depicting an upcoming of the major lettering on the sign.
road condition when words and 2. Color Coding. The use of
arrows alone may be inadequate. color on signing should be
When an intersection or lane related to the color code
configuration is complex, use of a conventions recommended by
diagrammatic can help the driver the Special
visualize the situation and act
accordingly (fig. 10-21).
9191
Committee on Color of the National walkway or building they serve.
Joint Committee on Uniform Traffic 1. General Guidelines.
Control Devices. a. A sign must be positioned so
This committee selected twelve that there is a clear line-of-sight
colors for the color code of from the point of desired reading.
American Traffic Control signs, and A reasonable guideline for the
the meanings of eight of these placement of vehicular-oriented
were specified, when used as signing is to establish the height of
background colors. the sign so that the center line of
Red Stop or prohibition the main panel is at the optimum
Green Guide signs, permitted viewing height for a person seated
movement and in an automobile (approximately
parking 52" above the pavement surface)
Blue General public fig. 10-22. (fig. 10-23). If visual obstructions
services 2. Reading Distance. The prevent sign placement at this
Yellow Warning distance that signs are located height, the sign should be raised;
Black Part-time regulation from the point of desired reading however, avoid exceeding a 10
White Full-time regulation varies with the speed of the degree angle from the natural line
Orange High danger approaching driver (fig. 10-22). of vision.
(construction and 20 mph: 100 feet
maintenance) 25 mph: 175 feet
Brown Public recreation 30 mph: 250 feet
Bright yellowgreen, light blue, a. Depending on the area of
purple and coral have been graphics and lettering and following
identified as suitable for traffic the above guidelines on letter size
control, but their meanings are and figure/ground relationship, the
reserved for future needs. For a necessary sign size may be
specific description of the use of determined.
these twelve colors, refer to the b. For example, if it is desired
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control that a sign be legible from 250 feet,
Devices for Streets and Highways. a letter height of 5 inches is
D. Sign Size. required (see 10-5 A2: Type Size).
Signs must be sized so that they Using this size lettering, the overall
are visible and legible. message size may be determined -
1. Figure/Ground use 5 square feet for this example.
Relationship. The background of If the sign were planned for a
a sign helps to isolate the message residential area, applying the
from the visual complexity of the figure/ground relationship
sign’s surroundings. The more guidelines would result in an
visually complex the surroundings, overall sign size of 8.33 square
the more background is needed to feet. Depending on copy layout
facilitate communication. In and the modular dimensions of the
residential areas and in other areas system, the length and width of the
of relatively low-intensity sign may be determined.
development, it is recommended
that the graphics and lettering
constitute approximately 60
percent of the total sign area and fig. 10-24.
the background 40 percent. In b. Vehicular-oriented signs
areas of high-intensity must be placed perpendicular to
development, such as the core approaching traffic and not nearer
areas of the installation, the to the pavement than 2 feet in
graphics and lettering should densely developed areas
occupy 40 percent and the fig. 10-23.
background 60 percent. E. Sign Placement.
Signs should be positioned for
visibility and installed consistently
in relationship to the roadway,
92
(6 feet is preferable and the initial element in the fire service identification.
recommended for less dense identification signing hierarchy of
areas) (fig. 10-24). If a vehicular- an installation. While their design
oriented sign is located within an can be a special feature, it should
area of pedestrian activity, a 7’-0" be consistent with the installation’s
clearance should be maintained overall signing system and in
from the bottom of the sign panel character with the
to the pavement (fig. 10-25). architectural/natural site setting of
Consult the Manual on Uniform the installation. The size of the
Traffic Control Devices for other main entrance sign should be
placement criteria, such as appropriate to its role
distance between signs.
fig. 10-28.
Building identification numbers
should be coordinated with fire
service requirements, avoiding
unnecessary redundancy and
inconsistent design.
D. Memorial Plaques.
Memorial plaques represent a
special type of sign. An installation
should establish its own design
policy for memorial plaques in
fig. 10-25. fig. 10-27. response to their particular needs.
10-6. in the hierarchy, the items of The policy should establish a set of
Special Signing. identification information needed standards that covers all plaques,
and the approach speed of including standard sizes, materials,
vehicles (fig. 10-27). finish, copy type, mounting details
C. Building Identification and locations. (See Paragraph 12-
Numbers. 11: Monuments and Memorials.)
Building identification numbers E. Temporary Signs.
should be designed as part of the Temporary signs are frequently
overall signing system of an needed on installations and can be
installation. They should be identificational, directional or
located, sized and placed for regulatory in type. All temporary
visibility from their intended signs should conform to the
vantage point, consistent in design general design guidelines
fig. 10-26. and mounting details with other established for the installation
A. Signing for the building identification number signing system, except for their
Handicapped. signs, and compatible with the materials which can be practical
Signs should be provided to architectural character of the but capable of maintaining an
identify facilities dedicated to or building (fig. 10-28). attractive appearance throughout
accessible to the handicapped, 1. They generally should be the expected life of the sign.
such as parking spaces, building located at building entrances
entrances and rest room facilities and/or other parts of the building
(fig. 10-26). visible from the main access street.
B. Installation Entrance 2. At many installations,
Signs. building numbers are positioned at
Main installation entrance signs are standard locations to provide easy
93
Chapter 11. Lighting.
Lighting is a flexible medium with levels, color rendition, lighting aspects of outdoor lighting.
great potential to improve the patterns and other aspects of Increased energy consciousness
visual character of an installation. outdoor lighting design can be has forced a reappraisal of this
Exterior lighting performs a number varied with lamp type, illuminate emphasis on greater illumination
of functional uses, primarily related type, as well as fixture location, levels. The design of outdoor
to nighttime safety, security and spacing, mounting height and lighting should be reoriented
pathfinding. This is accomplished details. Generally, emphasis in the toward achieving a coordinated
through a variety of applications to past has been placed on achieving system that is attractive, functional
roads, walkways, plazas, parking a higher level of illumination rather and efficient.
lots, and buildings. Illumination than improving other qualitative
95
Section I:
11-1.
Typical Problems.
A. Roadway Lighting.
1. Roadway lighting on military
installations has often been
provided on overhead utility poles
at a constant spacing along one
side of the road (fig. 11-1). This
predetermined spacing may be
inappropriate for the desired
lighting design, and allows for little
differentiation between streets of
varying functions or land use
heavily traveled at night require

Figure 11-2. lighting to illuminate the path and
districts. However, where provide safety and security. Most
underground utilities are not of the pedestrian lighting observed
economically justifiable, attaching on military installations has been
the luminaire to the utility pole associated with recent
minimizes the number of poles and construction. Sometimes it is
thereby reduces visual clutter-
along the streetscape.
2. Often the street lighting
system does not serve to define
the circulation hierarchy of an
installation. Street lighting should
visually reinforce the importance
and function of the roadway by
means of its fixture design and
level of illumination to provide a
visual sense of nighttime
orientation to the motorist. On
Figure 11-1. residential streets, the scale of
lighting standards and high level of
illumination is often inappropriate;
in some cases unshielded Figure 11-3.
luminaires have been used,
either overdone, stylistically
resulting in discomforting glare.
incompatible with the adjacent
B. Pedestrian Lighting. surroundings, or highly susceptible
Pedestrian facilities that are to vandalism (fig. 11-2).
C. Parking Lot Lighting.
General illumination of parking
areas is often needed for traffic as
well as pedestrian safety and
security, especially in high
nighttime use areas. The recent
trend in lighting large parking
96
96
areas using a relatively few, high the streetscape, such as signing, Section II:
mast standards is efficient from an landscape planting, paving
engineering standpoint, but the materials, trash containers and bus Design Guidelines.
scale of these standards is often in shelters. A coordinated approach
conflict with pedestrian activity and can greatly reduce visual clutter 11-3.
adjacent land uses (fig. 11-3). and confusion. Basic Types of Exterior Lighting.
D. Outdoor Architectural B. Convey a Sense of the A. Low Level Lighting.
Lighting. Installation Organization. This type of lighting is provided by
In some cases, outdoor lighting of At night, street lighting is the fixtures mounted at heights below
buildings is used to highlight or primary means of defining the eye-level and is typically
accent a building at night. In hierarchy of the circulation system.
general, this type of lighting should By reinforcing this hierarchy and by Figure 11-4.
be avoided, except where building illuminating signing and landmark
security is essential, or special features, exterior lighting can
effects are needed. Selective greatly contribute to a sense of
lighting of a few landmark buildings orientation that enables people to
does, however, help provide a easily find their way about the
sense of orientation for nighttime installation at night.
motorists. C. Promote safety and
B. Overall Coordination. Security for Nighttime Use of the
Perhaps the most common visual Installation.
problem that has existed with For the nighttime driver, the lighting
exterior lighting on military of roadways must illuminate
installations has been the lack of obstructions and provide an
overall coordination. The style, understanding of oncoming
scale, level of illumination and conditions. This can reduce
lamp type have often been applied accidents and promote a better
inconsistently and have been utilization of roadways by
uncoordinated in design. increasing safe speeds.
11-2. Pedestrian lighting must also
Objectives. illuminate obstructions as well as
A. Express the Appropriate provide a reassuring psychological
Image, Character and Scale of feeling of security by minimizing Figure 11-5.
an Area. dark shadows. used for special pedestrian
Lighting should be related to the D. Minimize Operational walkway areas such as at
functions and scale of activities it Maintenance and Repair Costs. stairways or along secondary
serves. Lighting design should Exterior lighting should be efficient pathways (fig. 11-4). It is
vary with the volume and type of and vandal-proof and should characterized by very finite light
traffic and with the visual character facilitate maintenance and repair. patterns with low wattage
of development.. Street and capabilities. Light sources are
pedestrian lighting should be either incandescent or fluorescent.
coordinated with other elements of They have simple maintenance
requirements but are susceptible to
vandalism.
97
B. Walkway and Plaza A. Selection of Light Source.
Lighting. A variety of light sources are
This type of lighting is provided by available for exterior lighting, each
fixtures mounted at average with characteristic advantages and
heights between 12 to 15 feet and disadvantages which influence its
is used to light primary pedestrian appropriate use. A qualified
walkways and plazas (fig. 11-5). illuminating engineer, in
They have potential multiple uses coordination with installation
because of a large variety of master planners, architects,
fixtures and light patterns. Their landscape architects and civil
light source is typically engineers, should design the
incandescent or mercury vapor. Figure 11-8. exterior lighting system and select
They are susceptible to vandalism. recreational areas, parking lots and light sources which are
roadway applications (fig. 11-7). appropriate. The following general
Figure 11-6. Light source is typically mercury guidelines are offered here for
vapor or high pressure sodium. appropriate use of various light
Fixtures are maintained by gantry. sources on military installations.
E. High Mast Lighting. 1. High Pressure Sodium.
This type of lighting is provided by Because of its high efficacy, this
fixtures mounted at an average lamp should be used for roadways
height of between 60 to 100 feet and protective lighting systems,
and is typically used- for large area where relatively high lighting levels
lighting of parking lots, recreational are required. The current trend in
areas and highway interchanges street lighting design incorporates
(fig. 11-8). Light source is typically this lamp in major street lighting
mercury vapor or high pressure design system s.
sodium. Fixtures must be lowered 2. Metal Halide. This lamp
on the pole for maintenance. type is recommended for use in
11-4. "people-gathering" areas such as
Visual Elements of Lighting churches, theaters, auditoriums
Design. and shopping centers. This lamp
There are a number of variables to has a good color rendition and is
be considered in the technical not psychologically offensive to
design of exterior lighting including people.
the level of illumination, luminaire 3. Color-Corrected Mercury
Figure 11-7.
location and type of luminaire. It is Vapor. This lamp type is the least
C. Special Purpose Lighting.
not the intent of this section to efficient source of the high intensity
This type of lighting is provided by
provide a comprehensive discharge family of lamps and is
fixtures mounted at an average
methodology or set of standards recommended for use in residential
height of between 20 to 30 feet and
for the design of exterior lighting, streets where lower lighting levels
is used in recreational,
most of which exists in current are desirable.
commercial, residential and
military manuals on the subject 4. Incandescent. This lamp
industrial applications (fig. 11-6).
(see TM 5-811-1). The intent of type should only be used in
The light source is typically metal
this section is to deal with those pedestrian areas or when its warm
halide or mercury vapor. Fixtures
elements of lighting design that color-strengthening characteristic
are maintained by gantry.
affect the visual quality of the is necessary. This limitation on
D. Parking and Roadway
environment. Therefore, use is primarily because of its low
Lighting. discussion here is limited to visual
This type of lighting is provided by efficiency and short life span.
considerations in selecting a B. Selection of Light
fixtures mounted at average lighting source and standard or
heights of between 30 to 50 feet Standards (or Poles).
pole. Luminaries can be mounted on
and is typically used in large
existing utility poles to limit
98
additional clutter. However, exists (replacement) or temporary vandals.
wherever feasible, exterior lighting poles. f. Weathered Steel. This type
systems should be provided with b. Painted Steel. This pole of pole is best used where high
standards, or poles, that yield the type provides a trim profile but mast poles or minimum
proper spacing and mounting requires regular maintenance. maintenance is required. This type
height ratios for a given light Baked-on powdered paint coatings of pole should be avoided in any
problem. that minimize maintenance are areas where pedestrians might
available in some localities but add come into physical contact with the
considerably to costs. Painted pole because of its staining
steel poles are best used in characteristic. Initial costs are high
community areas, residential but its practicality for high mast
streets and pedestrian lighting applications is more than justified
applications. Generally, they because it is relatively
should be avoided because of maintenance-free.
maintenance requirements. 2. General Selection
c. Concrete. The quality of Guidelines. Standards or poles
appearance of concrete poles should be selected based upon
varies considerably from utilitarian their functional and aesthetic
Figure 11-9.
to exposed-aggregate finishes. appropriateness.
These types of poles have height a. Generally, concrete and
limitations (approximately 50 feet) aluminum poles are the most
and their profile becomes large attractive and practical systems for
and visually cumbersome or heavy poles up to 50 feet in height.
as their height increases. They b. Weathered steel poles
require minimum maintenance and should only be used for high-mast
can be used in a variety of type lighting in areas where no
applications, except high mast pedestrian contact occurs.
uses. They generally blend well c. The pole system selected
with the natural and architectural should be used consistently
Figure 11-10. setting, especially when weathered throughout the installation.
1. Types of Standards or or containing earth-tone d. Different pole types can be
aggregates. used for different systems, i.e.,
Poles. Lighting poles that are
generally available include the d. Aluminum. These types of vehicular and pedestrian, but they
following, listed in ascending order poles provide a thin profile and should relate harmoniously,
of expense: (figs. 11-9, 11-10 and require little maintenance. They especially in areas where they may
11-11). are available in a variety of interface.
finishes, but when left natural 11-8.
should have a brushed finish to Information and Orientation.
minimize reflection and glare. A well-designed street lighting
They are best used in a variety of system should define the
applications including community circulation hierarchy of the
areas, residential streets and installation (see Chapter 4),
pedestrian lighting. Their major expose traffic conditions, and
drawback is initial cost, which can provide visual orientation to help
be offset in life cycle cost by their both pedestrians and drivers find
low maintenance requirements. their way at night. During the
e. Weathered and Decorative daytime, the repetitive lighting
Figure 11-11. Wood. These types of poles are standards should also contribute to
a. Creosoted Wood. This pole generally considered for special this hierarchy and sense of order.
type is purely utilitarian and should area applications where a high
generally be avoided when quality finish is desired that blends
establishing an overall lighting with the aesthetics of a particular
system for an installation. Its setting, especially in pedestrian or
application should generally be residential areas. They are
limited only to where it already relatively expensive and
susceptible to defacement by
99
A. Reinforcing the Street Major corners throughout the overhang.
Hierarchy. system are defined as outdoor 4. Boulevard (Secondary or
Lighting should reinforce the street "rooms" by the relationship of Tertiary). Paired lumlnaires on 25-
hierarchy by visually differentiating paired luminaires, arrangement of foot standards in the median are
primary, secondary and tertiary signal lights, illuminated street utilized for these boulevards (figs.
streets. These differences in street names, striped crosswalks and 11-18 and 11-19). A variation in
importance should be expressed perhaps even a change in lamp type (color corrected mercury
by varying the levels of illumination pavement color for the enclosed for residential, high pressure
and the type, height and spacing of rectangular area at the sodium for other areas) could
lighting standards. An example of intersection. distinguish an area’s land use.
hierarchical street lighting design is 2. Primary Street. Intersections on a more heavily
illustrated here. While specific Primary streets of narrower width used street are marked by paired
elements of the lighting system will are identified by regularly spaced, luminaires on 40-foot poles.
vary with the unique requirements paired luminaires mounted on 40- 5. Tertiary Street. A typical
of each installation, the foot standards along one side of tertiary residential street is
functional/visual concept illustrated the road (figs. 11-14 and 11-15). identified by a single color-
here should be consistently applied Preferably this side would be corrected mercury fixture at one
at all installations. opposite the trees side mounted on 15-foot poles
Figure 11-12. Figure 11-14. Figure 11-16.
Figure 11-13. Figure 11-17.

Figure 11-15.
(figs. 11-20 and 11-21).
1. Primary Boulevard or Wide or view. The illumination level is
Intersections with similar
Primary Street. made higher at intersections so
residential streets are defined by
Regularly spaced, paired that drivers and pedestrians will be
pairing the fixtures. Intersections
luminaires mounted on 40-foot alerted to cross traffic.
with a secondary or primary street
standards in an opposite 3. Secondary Street.
are defined by lighting fixtures on
arrangement (both sides of the Single luminaries placed opposite 40-foot poles.
street) define a primary boulevard each other on 25-foot standards
B. Landmarks.
or a wide primary street (figs. 11- define a secondary street ( figs. 11-
Lighted buildings, monuments,
12 and 11-13). In character, this is 16 and 11-17). Staggered spacing
fountains and other structures can
definitely an automobile-dominant should be avoided because of the
serve as orientation landmarks for
road. When the basically confusing, disorderly patterns
the nighttime driver. Care must be
continuous traffic flow is which result, particularly on curves.
taken not to over-
interrupted at a full intersection, the The lighting is in obtrusive due to
distinct pattern of an outdoor the straight-line design of the poles
"room’ clearly indicates a junction. and the minimum luminaire
100
C. Integration with Other Site
Furnishings.
In order to reduce clutter, lighting
standards should be integrated in
design with street signs, traffic
signs and signals (fig. 11-23).
D. Built-up/Non-Residential
Areas.
In built-up areas, lines and planes
of the fixtures should relate to
buildings (poles vertical and arms
Figure 11-18. Figure 11-20. horizontal) and overhanging arms
and large directional fixtures
should not dominate the view (fig.
11-24).
E. Residential Areas.
Commercial-sized standards, high-
wattage lamps and unshielded
luminaires should not be used in
residential streets.
Figure 11-19.
do such lighting which would both Figure 11-21.
detract from overall effectiveness B. Power Supply.
and be wasteful of energy. To reduce streetscape clutter, it is
C. Site Furnishings. highly preferable to supply power
Certain street furniture, such as fire by underground rather than
alarms, but shelters and signing overhead lines to fixtures wherever
should be properly lighted for possible and practical (fig. 11-22).
nighttime use.
11-6. Figure 11-24.
Image, Character and Scale. F. Pedestrian Areas.
A. Finish. In areas of high pedestrian activity,
In order that street lighting not warm color light sources of low
dominate the streetscape but serve intensity should be used. Low
as background, the materials lighting standards or poles should
should have a matte finish to avoid be used to maintain the proper
distracting reflections and scale.
highlights G. Historic Areas.
In historic areas, lighting should be
compatibly designed with the
architectural setting. However, it
should not be imitative of lighting
that is no longer available, such as
electrified "gas" lamps.
Figure 11-22. Figure 11-23.
101
11-7.
Safety and Security.
The primary purpose of exterior
lighting is to provide a safe and
secure nighttime environment.
The illumination requirements
should vary with the activities being
performed and user needs.
A. Vehicular.
1. The driver must be able to
see distinctly and locate accurately
and quickly all significant details,
such as the alignment of the road,
any potential obstacles, signing
and traffic control devices.
2. Intersections and other
complex or irregular road
configurations, such as curves,
hills, converging traffic lanes,
diverging traffic lanes or pedestrian
crossings, require higher
illumination levels. The illumination Figure 11-25 2. In addition, the pedestrian
level for an intersection should be B. Pedestrian. has significant psychological
the summation of the levels of the 1. The pedestrian must also be nighttime needs requiring that dark
intersecting roads (fig. 11-25). able to see distinctly such features shadows should be minimized to
3. In addition to higher as the edges of the walkway, provide a sense of security.
illumination levels, the placement vehicles and obstacles. 3. Hazardous locations along
of lighting standards along curves pedestrian paths, such as changes
is important to reveal to the driver, Figure 11-26. in grade, require higher illumination
both by day and by night, the levels or supplemental lower level
oncoming alignment of the lighting.
roadway. Fixtures only on one side 4. Light standards should be
provide a clear and attractive located so as not to impede
pattern, as opposed to staggered pedestrian flow along walkways.
fixtures on both sides, which are 11-8.
distracting by day and confusing by Economy, W4fntenance and
night (figs. 11-26 and 11-27). Repair.
4. Lighting standards should be A. The location, height and
placed so that they are not details of lighting standards should
hazardous to pedestrians or allow easy maintenance and
vehicles. If a poor placement replacement of luminaires and
cannot be avoided, breakaway pole lamps.
mounting details should be B. High-efficiency, long-life
employed. lamps should normally be utilized.
5. Disability glare, or glare that Incandescent and color corrected
reduces the viewer’s ability to see lamps should be used as accents
an object, should be controlled by and in pedestrian areas.
careful attention to luminaire C. Vandal and accident-prone
location and the use of cutoff or Figure 11-27. mountings and luminaires should
semi-cutoff luminaires. be avoided.
102
102
Chapter 12. Site Furnishings.
A wide variety of site furnishings is memorials and historic military

commonly found on military equipment displays. With proper
installations. These site planning and design, site
furnishings include both utilitarian furnishings can not only fulfill their
items such as benches, bus intended function but also
shelters, trash containers, or contribute positively to the overall
fences, as well as more symbolic visual quality, image and identity of
elements such as flagpoles, the military installation.
103
Section I:
12-1.
Typical Problems.
A. Site Variations.
Field conditions vary considerably
from installation to installation in
terms of the type and appearance
of site furnishings. Some of this
variation properly reflects the site
setting, architectural character and
climatic conditions of the particular
installation (fig. 12-1). Other
variations are qualitative in nature.
While all installations provide these
necessary site furnishings, some
have done so in a more successful
manner, both functionally and
aesthetically, than others.
B. Compatibility.
The specific needs and appropriate Figure 12-1.
locations for seating, shelters, C. Coordination.
trash containers, fencing and so on More successful examples of
change considerably over time. functional and attractive site
Each type of site furnishing is furnishings are found at
typically selected individually and installations that have established
on an incremental basis. an overall plan and coordinated
Therefore, it is not surprising to design system of site furnishings.
find a collection of unrelated Less successful examples have
seating and trash containers resulted at installations which have
resting uncomfortably together on followed a piecemeal approach of Figure 12-3.
the same street corner (fig. 12-2). selecting site furnishings without 12-2.
This lack of coordination as well as proper regard for either user Objectives.
concern for detail, are the primary needs, site setting, architectural A. Provide Site Furnishings
problems related to site character or climatic conditions of Appropriate to their Intended
furnishings. the installation (fig. 12-3). Function.
The design of bus shelters should
vary with climatic conditions. The
design of fencing should vary with
the function it is to perform. Care
should be exercised in the
selection of standardized site
furnishings to make certain they
are appropriate for a specific
application at the installation.
fig. 12-2.
104
104
B. Establish a Coordinated Section II: 3. Seats should be set back 2’-
System of site Furnishings. 0" from adjacent sidewalks to
Site furnishings should be part of a Design Guidelines. provide ample leg room and not to
coordinated system, based upon impede or obstruct pedestrian
an overall design scheme that 12-3. traffic.
harmoniously relates furnishings to Benches, Seating and Tables. 4. A space of 4’-0" should be
the architectural character of the 1. Locate seating oriented to provided at the end of benches to
installation and other site user needs of waiting and resting enable strollers and wheelchairs to
furnishings in terms of their scale, adjacent to paved walkways, entry- be parked (Figure 12-4).
materials and details. ways, and plazas, near the tops 5. A space of 5’-0" should be
C. Consolidate and Simplify and bottoms of major stairs and provided between the front edge of
the Design of Site Furnishings. ramps, at bus stops and other the seat and any stationary
The number of different site locations deemed appropriate by obstacle such as a water fountain,
furnishings should be minimized anticipated need and use. trash receptacle or sign post.
and their design should be 2. Locate seating oriented to
simplified. Site furnishings should user needs of socializing, relaxing
neither clutter nor dominate the and eating in less formal spaces
visual character of the installation. with a pleasant setting and view
Wherever possible, they should be that are conducive to their intended
grouped together and be multi- purpose.
functional.
D. Provide Consistency and
Continuity in the Use of Site
Furnishings. Site furnishing
designs should be utilized to unify
the image and identity of the Figure 12-5.
installation. Once a coordinated 6. Especially where longer-term
system of site furnishings has been sitting occurs, seats should be
established, it should be employed designed with back supports,
consistently throughout the contoured seats and arm rests for
installation and continuously comfort in sitting and support in
followed over time. getting up and down from the seat
E. Incorporate Adequate (fig. 12-5).
Provisions for the Handicapped.
Provisions for the handicapped
should be incorporated into the
design of site furnishings,
especially in areas of the
installation where handicapped
persons might live, work, shop or
visit.
Figure 12-4.
105
105
Figure 12-6.
7. Seat height should be 18"-
20" from the ground and be
uniform and level (fig. 12-6).
8. Seat depth should be 12"
minimum to 18" maximum (16"
ideal) and be pitched back at an
angle of 0-5 degrees to the horizon
(fig. 12-7).
fig. 12-8. B. Seating Walls.

15. Seat surfaces should be 1. Seat height should be 18"-
smooth and constructed of 22" (fig. 12-8).
materials that do not tend to either 2. Seat depth should be 12"
retain heat or cold, or splinter. minimum and 18" maximum.
Redwood, alerce, and vertical 3. Seating surface should be
grained tank stock douglas fir are pitched 1/8" per 12" to allow
recommended wood seating surface water to drain back into the
Figure 12-7. surfaces. planting bed (fig. 12-9).
9. Seat width should be 24" per 16. Seats should have no sharp 4. Seating surface should
person. edges or protruding hardware. ideally have a 4" overhang from the
10. Back rests should be 15"-18" 17. All wood should be planter wall for heel space and
high (16" ideal) and at an angle of nonsplintering and have rounded facilitate rising from a seating
90-110 degrees to the seat (105 edges. position.
degrees ideal). a. All metal should have 5. Provide 2'-0" for leg space in
11. Arm rests should be 6" high rounded edges and be rustproof. front of the seat edge in order not
from the seat and be a minimum b. All mounting hardware to impede pedestrian traffic.
width of 1½". should be concealed, recessed 6. Use dull and light colored
12. The seat should overhang and/or plugged. materials for seating surfaces that
the support legs by a minimum of c. Seating in areas subject to will be in direct sunlight to keep
4" to provide heel space and to vandalism should be selected with them cooler. Use dark and shiny
facilitate rising from a seating care for firm anchoring to the surfaces only in shaded locations
position. ground and durable materials. so they do not become
13. Seat surfaces should be uncomfortably hot in the direct
pitched or slotted to shed water. sunlight.
14. Seats should be constructed 7. Vegetation near seating
to support a minimum of 250 walls should not conflict with
pounds for each person they are pedestrians or people sitting; avoid
designed to accommodate. species that are invasive, injurious
or that shed excessive or staining
debris.
Figure 12-9.
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106
C. Tables. 6. Stationary picnic table b. A clear width of 34" is
1. Table height should be benches should not have back necessary to accommodate a
30"33" (fig. 12-10). rests (figs. 12-11 and 12-12). wheelchair-dependent person.
2. Table depth should be 18" 7. Table tops should be smooth c. Provisions should be made
minimum if utilized from one side surfaced with no recesses that for hard-surfaced paved access for
only (36" if utilized from both might hold water or food particles. persons handicapped in their
sides). 8. All edges and corners should movement (crutches or canes),
have rounded, eased or chamfered wheelchair-dependent persons and
edges; all hardware should be persons with strollers or carriages.
concealed, recessed or plugged. 12-4.
9. Provisions for the Outdoor Drinking Fountains, .
handicapped. A. Location.
1. Drinking fountains should
generally be located along
walkways and hard-surfaced paved
areas that are easily accessible
(fig. 12-15).
Figure 12-10. 2. Drinking fountains should be
located conveniently to a potable
3. Table length should be 24"
water supply line or well.
per person.
4. Leg space under tables
(from the inside edge of seat top to
the nearest table support) should Figure 12-13.
be 18". a. A clear space of 29" from the
5. A minimum vertical ground to the underside of the
clearance of 9" should be provided table should be provided for
between the seat top and the wheelchair-dependent persons to
bottom edge of the table top. pull up beneath the table top at the
end of the table; a minimum of 18"
Figure 12-11. should be provided from the end of
the table top to the nearest support Figure 12-15.
leg (figs. 12-13 and 12-14).
Figure 12-12.
Figure 12-14.
107
107
3. More frequent locations are 6. Stepping blocks for children B. Equipment.
required where outdoor eating should be located so as not to 1. Provide overhead weather
occurs and on installations that interfere with access to the protection at a minimum height of
have warm climates. fountain by either normal ambulent 6'-6" from the ground; semi-
adults or wheelchair-dependent enclosed housing systems with
people. overhead weather protection and
C. Provisions for the acoustical panels are preferable to
Handicapped. totally enclosed telephone booth
1. Avoid locating fountains in housing systems (fig. 12-18).
narrow wall recesses with 2. Telephone booth materials
insufficient space for access by should be easily maintained and
wheelchair-dependent persons. resistant to vandalism smooth
2. Specific provisions for surfaced and resistant to defacing).
wheelchair-dependent persons 3. Telephone booths should be
include a 12’-18" cantilevered equipped with lighting for nighttime
Figure 12-16.
fountain bowl with a nozzle height use.
B. equipment.
of 34" above the ground and a
1. Nozzle height should be minimum 27" vertical clearance
36"39" from the ground for adults; below the fountain bowl to the
the height for children should be ground (fig. 12-17).
24"-30", provided by either a
3. Provide a hard-surfaced
separate fountain or stepping
paved fountain pad with a
blocks to an adult fountain (fig. 12-
minimum width of 36" and length of
16). (See also "Provisions for the
4'-0” from the adjacent sidewalk.
Handicapped" below.)
12-5.
2. Drinking fountain controls
Outdoor Telephone Booths.
should preferably be hand-
A. Location and Service. Figure 12-18.
operated levers rather than knobs
1. Telephone booths should be 4. Normal telephone mounting
or foot pedals.
located relative to potential use, height is 5'-0" from the coin slot to
3. Both nozzle and controls
convenience and installation costs. the ground. (See also "Provisions
should be located at the front of the
2. Highly visible locations are for the Handicapped" below.)
fountain.
4. A minimum 18" wide paved best for better utilization and 5. Telephone booths should be
area should be provided around convenience as well as greater mounted with a setback of 3'-0'"
the fountain to avoid both mud and security from vandalism. from the sidewalk and with a
puddles. 3. All service line wiring should minimum lateral spacing of 30" per
5. Fountain bowls should be be underground or concealed. telephone.
either bronze or stainless steel and 4. Telephone booths should be 6. Other provisions include
equipped with strainers. accessible by hard-surfaced paved telephone book storage, a package
sidewalks. rest/writing ledge at a height of 30"
5. Locate booths so as not to from the ground with a pullout or
impede or obstruct pedestrian fold-down seat.
traffic on adjacent sidewalks. 7. Attractive, modular
6. Telephone booths should be telephone booth systems, available
integrated with other street through the telephone company,
furnishings or convenience are appropriate at locations
centers, such as bus or vending requiring future flexibility to expand
machine shelters, wherever the number of available booths.
possible.
Figure 12-17.
108
Figure 12-19.
C. Provisions for the
Handicapped.
1. All groups of telephones
should have at least one lower
height telephone for use by the
handicapped and children.
2. Telephone mounting height
for the handicapped is 4’-0"
maximum from the highest
operating mechanism to the Figure 12-20. 6. Outdoor seating can be
ground (fig. 12-19). 2. Bus shelter designs should provided near the bus shelter for
3. Other helpful provisions for be simple, unobtrusive, consistent waiting during pleasant weather
the handicapped include volume throughout the installation and conditions.
controls on headsets and push harmonious with the architectural 7. Structural supports for bus
button dials. character of the installation in shelters should be located out of
12-6. terms of their form, scale, the path of persons circulating
Bus Shelters. materials and details. within the shelter or passing the
A. Location. 3. Design bus shelters with shelter.
1. Bus shelters should be sight lines to approaching buses; if 8. All waiting areas at bus
located where warranted by the the shelter has side enclosures, shelters should have hard-surfaced
degree of use and need for transparent openings should be paving that adequately drains to
weather protection. provided for visibility and safety. prevent puddles.
2. Bus shelters should be 4. Bus shelter size depends on 9. The minimum setback from
adjacent to paved sidewalks and the anticipated use; the shelter can the curb should be 3’-6".
not impede pedestrian traffic. be generally sized by applying an 10. Provide a minimum height of
B. Design. area standard of 8 square 6’-6" from the ground to the
1. Bus shelters should provide feet/person to the typical maximum underside of the protective roof or
protection from inclement weather number of waiting persons at any canopy.
conditions typical at the installation one time during a day with 11. Provide light at bus shelters
(fig. 12-20). inclement weather conditions. The that will be used at night.
a. Installations in warmer seating capacity under cover 12. Provide amenities such as
climates generally require only should be equal to the average bus route identification, scheduling
overhead rain and sun protection. number of persons waiting at the and route maps, and an installation
b. Installations in colder bus stop. map directory. (See Chapter 10:
climates require not only overhead 5. Bus shelters should have a Signing.)
protection but also enclosures on minimum size of 5’ x8’ (40 square 13. Bus shelters should serve as
two or three sides for wind feet.) a multi-functional facility; other site
protection during colder periods of furnishings that could be
the year. incorporated into bus shelter
design include a bulletin board,
telephone booth, drinking fountain,
mailbox, and newspaper vending
machine.
109
109
C. Provisions for the
Handicapped.
These include hard-surfaced
paving and curb-free access.
Sufficient space should be
allocated for wheelchair circulation
and parking within the bus shelter.
12-7.
Vending Machine Shelters.
A. Location.
1. Vending machine shelters
should be provided to organize and
consolidate vending machines into
attractive convenience centers
when these machines cannot be
located in recessed building alcove
spaces (fig. 12-21).
2. Vending shelters should
generally be located conveniently
to work and residential centers and
picnic areas. Figure 12-21. 12-8.
3. Locate shelters in highly 2. Vending machines should be Kiosks.
visible places to attract users and a coordinated system; typical A. Use and Location.
provide security from vandalism. vending machine modules are 36" Kiosks can be used as information
4. Avoid locations near wide, 30" deep, and 6’-6" high. and notice centers, especially
entrance areas to the installation. 3. Vending shelters should along high use pedestrian and
5. Vending shelters should be preferably provide overhead visitor traffic areas (fig. 12-22).
accessible by hard-surfaced weather protection for users as 1. Provide kiosks only in areas
sidewalks, but not obstruct or well as machines. where they are needed; have high
impede pedestrian traffic. 4. Provide adequate trash visibility as well as exposure to
6. Electrical feeder service to receptacles that are integrated with pedestrian traffic.
vending shelters should be the design of the shelter.
underground or concealed. 5. Provide seating area,
B. Equipment and Design. preferably both under protective
1. The design of the vending cover as well as outdoor, adjacent
shelter enclosure should be to the shelter.
harmonious with the architectural 6. Provide light in front of the
character of the surroundings in machines for nighttime use and
terms of its form, scale, materials. security
and details. 7. Other accessory site
furnishings that could be integrated
with the design of the shelter
include a telephone booth, Figure 12-22.
mailbox, bulletin board, installation 2. Locate kiosks with sufficient
directory map, drinking fountain hard-surfaced paved area for
and newspaper vending machine. accommodating users without
C. Provisions for the impeding passing pedestrian
Handicapped. traffic.
Hard-surfaced, barrier-free access
should be provided. Vending
machine systems should be
provided with coin slots, selection
buttons and dispensers at a
maximum height of 4’-0" from the
ground
110
110
B. Design. fig. 12-25
Kiosks should be designed to fulfill
their intended function while
blending compatibly with their
setting.
1. The form, scale, and
materials of kiosks should relate
harmoniously to the architectural
character of their setting.
2. Try to establish a common
design vocabulary for kiosks, bus
shelters and vending shelters Figure 12-23.
within the installation. c. Trash containers should be
12-9. screened effectively with opaque
Walls and Fencing. fences or walls of appropriate
A. Functions and design and materials compatible
Applicability. with the architectural character and
1. Walls and fencing should be setting (fig. 12-23).
used appropriately for the following d. Earth berms and plant fig. 12-26
functions: materials are preferable to either 2. Support posts should be
a. Security walls or fencing when screening adequately strong and properly
b. Boundary definition parking lots, loading and storage anchored to the ground so that the
c. Visual screening fence will not collapse under either
d. Wind screening high winds or the weight of a
e. Pedestrian and vehicular climber (fig. 12-25).
traffic control 3. The fence material should be
f. Retaining soil (grade well-secured to all posts.
change) 4. Fencing should be free of all
g. Recreational ball screens dangerous appendages or
(tennis, etc.) projections that would be injurious
2. Walls and fencing should be to persons on an adjacent walkway
of appropriate design and or playfield; all exposed fastening
materials to fulfill their function devices and material edges should
Figure 12-24. be rounded off, knuckled or
while in harmony with the character
areas, or similar functions from capped to prevent cuts and
and appearance of their setting.
view along main roads of the abrasions.
a. Chain link type fencing installation (fig. 12-24).
should generally be limited to uses 5. All slatted fences and railings
3. The visual character of main should avoid horizontal or vertical
such as security fencing, general
entrances to installations should spacings between 5"-7" where
boundary fencing or tennis court
not be dominated by chain link type children’s heads might easily be
fencing.
fencing; either more attractive type caught between members (fig. 12-
b. Wood or masonry walls and fencing should be used or the
fencing are generally the most 26).
visual obtrusiveness of the chain C. Walls.
compatible and harmonious link fencing should be minimized
materials for use in residential 1. All necessary low wall
by the use of plant materials and
environments. designs should consider the
dull black chain link fencing (vinyl
possibility of incorporating seating
clad).
surfaces, if appropriate.
B. Fencing.
2. Weep holes and wall drains
1. Unless specifically designed should not drain onto and across
for security purposes, fencing walkways where they could create
should not present any slippery ice spots during winter
unnecessary dangers for people months in colder climates.
who might be tempted to climb
over.
111
automobiles if inadequately
identified as obstacles. Figure 12-30.
2. Chain barriers should only be
used as vehicle barriers in areas
such as drop-offs where there is
low-speed traffic.
3. Vehicle chain barriers should
be designed to be suspended
between sturdy, well-anchored
supports with the lowest (most
slack) point of the chain being a
Figure 12-27. minimum of 2’-8" above the Figure 12-31.
3. Walls adjacent to pedestrian ground; the chain barrier should be
walkways should be free of well-marked with reflector devices
appendages or projections such as so that it can be easily recognized
drain pipes or signs that could at night (fig. 12-29).
injure passing pedestrians (fig. 12-
27).
4. Handrails for the
handicapped should be considered
along higher walls adjacent to
walkways.
D. Baffle Walls.
1. Baffle walls should be used
to block direct views into an area
without hindering access or Figure 12-29.
providing doors, such as at entries F. Gates.
to outdoor rest rooms (fig. 12-28). Figure 12-32.
1. A gate should be compatible
2. There should be a minimum 3. Trash receptacles should be
in design and materials to the
clearance of 4’-0" between walls of highly visible and immediately
fence or wall in which it is located.
a baffle. available for effective litter control.
2. The width of the gate should
3. Where semi-ambulent Locate receptacles conveniently
be adequate for wheelchair
people will use the facility, and strategically along sidewalks,
access.
handrails mounted 32"-36" from near major walkway intersections,
3. Gates should be rigidly building entrances, benches,
the ground should be provided on constructed to prevent racking and
the walls and be able to support vending machine areas and
should be securely anchored to the recreation and picnic areas.
200 pounds. wall or fence.
4. Locate trash receptacles to
12-10. the side of walkways so as not to
Trash and Garbage Receptacles. impede pedestrian traffic or create
A. Trash Receptacles and safety hazards.
Litter Baskets. 5. Trash receptacles should be
1. Trash receptacles should be of the proper size and distribution
attractive sidewalk furnishings of a to provide adequate capacity and
consistent design throughout the avoid overspilling; proper capacity
installation (figs. 12-30, 12-31 and depends on the rate of trash
12-32). accumulation and the frequency of
Figure 12-28. 2. Combine trash receptacles
E. Chain Barriers. collection.
with other site furnishings to create
1. Chain barriers should consolidated, multi-purpose
generally be avoided as a fencing facilities where possible.
type because of their
ineffectiveness and the safety
hazards they create for
pedestrians, bicyclists and
112
3. All garbage can and
dumpster container areas should
be screened on at least three sides
by an opaque fence or wall of
sufficient height to block views of
the containers (fig. 12-33).
4. In addition to the enclosure
screening, plant material and earth
berms should be used for general
screening of the trash collection
areas from view of main roads,
sidewalks and building entrances.
5. Garbage can and dumpster
container areas should be directly
accessible by paved parking lot or
service roads; adequate turning
radius, parking length and
overhead clearance (from trees,
utilities and structures) should be
fig. 12-33. provided for the trash collection
vehicle (figs. 12-34 and 12-35).
6. Receptacle designs with B. Garbage Cans and 6. All garbage can and
either disposable inner-linings or Dumpster Containers. dumpster container areas should
removable/reusable inner 1. Garbage cans and dumpster be on hard-surface paved pads for
containers are preferable to containers should be conveniently ease of access and maintenance;
selfdumping type designs (hinged located to the facility they serve. any curb along the collection
bottom, top or sides). 2. Avoid garbage can and access side should be ramped.
7. Consider weather protection, dumpster locations adjacent to 7. Provide adequate storage
odor containment, and desired main roads and sidewalks of the capacity to handle accumulated
insect-proofing when selecting a installation. refuse between collection periods
trash receptacle design. (figs. 12-36, 12-37 and 12-38).
8. Receptacles with hinged Figure 12-34. 8. All garbage cans and
deposit door openings should be of dumpster containers should have
the type that can be operated by a properly fitting lids that can be
single hand movement; avoid foot- securely fastened to contain odor
operated lid-type receptacles. and discourage animals and
9. Trash deposit openings insects.
should be approximately 3’-0" 9. Dumpster lids or sliding
above the ground. doors should be easily operable by
10. Trash receptacles should be users; convenience steps should
sufficiently strong and stable to be provided if necessary for
resist overturning either by typical dumping into high containers. (fig.
use, high winds, or animals 12-39).
seeking food.
11. All receptacle edges should
be crimped, rounded and smooth
to prevent cuts and abrasions and
to encourage use.
Figure 12-35.
113
Figure 12-36. Figure 12-38. 2. Where a number of
memorials or commemorative
plaques are contemplated for an
installation, consideration should
be given to organizing them in a
central area or plaza specifically
designed for such a purpose.
(See Paragraph 10-6; Special
Signing.)
B. Monuments and Historic
Military Equipment Displays.
1. Monuments and military
equipment displays should be
carefully designed at prominent
locations if they are to serve as
visual focal points within the
installation.
2. Where a number of historical
military equipment is contemplated
for display, they should not be
Figure 12-37.. spread indiscriminately throughout
C. Large Bulk Refuse Figure 12-39 the installation, but rather
Containers. 12-11. consolidated into one
1. Large bulk refuse containers, Monuments and Memorials.
such as might be used at shopping A. Memorial Plaques.
centers or industrial areas, should 1. Memorial and
be located at a truck loading dock commemorative plaques should be
area of the facility they serve (fig. compatible in terms of their scale,
12-40). materials and details with the
2. Large refuse containers architectural character of their
should be located in a way to settings; they should be designed
screen them from view of major as an integral part of a building
roads, building entrances and design or landscape feature (fig.
adjacent residential, office or 12-41). Figure 12-41.
commercial areas. Large refuse Fig. 12-40.
containers should be screened by
an attractive opaque enclosure,
planting and/or earth berm.
3. Large refuse containers
should be located on hard-surface
paved pads or loading docks that
are directly accessible by collection
trucks; provide adequate turning
radius, parking length and
overhead clearance for the refuse
collection truck and its container
loading operation.
114
B. Mailboxes.
1. Locate mailboxes as close
as possible to the buildings they
serve; coordinate location with the
Postal Service and type of delivery
(fig. 12-44).
2. If group mailboxes are
necessary, provide central
locations that are weather
protected and highly visible.
Figure 12-42. 3. Where possible, combine
area to create a central museum or group mailbox shelters with other
exhibition facility within the multi-purpose shelters such as
installation (fig. 12-42). vending shelters, telephone or
12-12. bulletin board areas.
Miscellaneous. 4. Locate mailboxes adjacent
A. Flagpoles. to hard-surface walkways but not
1. A standard flagpole design so as to impede pedestrian
should be used throughout the movement.
installation (fig. 12-43). 5. Freestanding mailbox
2. Avoid unnecessary flagpole shelters should relate
locations and proliferation; con- harmoniously to the architectural
character of the setting in terms of
their form, materials and details.
Figure 12-43.
sider creating a unique focal point Figure 12-44.
by grouping flagpoles to create
visual highlight and emphasis.
3. Use a hard-surface paving
material on at least one side of a
flagpole to facilitate personnel
access for raising and lowering
flags.
115
Chapter 13. Utilities.
Utility systems provide the basic development pattern of both sides of the street, but results
infrastructure of power, installations and remain as primary in a cluttered and unattractive
communication, water and sewer considerations in determining the streetscape when transmitted on
services necessary for the feasibility and location of future overhead lines. Various planning
operation of an installation. They development. Second, street and landscape design techniques
have played a key role in rights-of-way have traditionally can serve to reduce these negative
determining the visual character 6f been used for the location of most impacts on the visual quality of
installations. First, their location utility systems. This provides an military installations.
and alignment have exerted a efficient distribution system that
major influence on the historical serves development fronting on
117
Section I:
13-1.
Typical Problems.
A. General Location.
Major reasons for locating utilities
within street rights-of-way include
minimizing utility easements, land
clearance, capital investments and
operational costs while maximizing
the ease
Figure 13-2.
Figure 13-1.
of access for maintenance and
repair. However, there are also
problems associated with siting
utilities within the street right-of-
way, including disruption of traffic
caused by repairs and the clutter or
unsightliness of above grade
facilities along the streetscape
(figs. 13-1 and 13-2).
B. Overhead Utilities.
The alternatives of siting utilities
underground, behind facilities or
behind plant screens have
generally not been considered. Figure 13-3.
Underground distribution may be Recently developed cable burying C. Storm Drainage.
more expensive initially, but it techniques have reduced costs An inadequate or poorly designed
reduces breaks, does not interfere substantially. Even if underground storm drainage system is another
with trees, and eliminates the distribution cannot be justified, the problem observed at many
clutter of poles with overhead opportunity usually exists to installations. Often open drainage
transmission lines. minimize the detrimental visual ditches or channels are improperly
impact by proper location, designed, resulting in a number of
screening and detailing. problems including: soil erosion,
unsafe conditions, and recurrent
and costly maintenance problems
(fig. 13-3).
118
118
13-2. Section II:
Objectives.
A. Minimize the Visual Impact Design
of Utilities. Guidelines.
Utility systems should be designed
with a concern for their 13-3.
appearance. Past emphasis has Appearance.
been concerned almost solely with A. Power and Telephone.
cost and efficiency. A pure Unsightly overhead utilities should
functional expression of utility be relocated underground Figure 13-5.
systems can be attractive. wherever possible; when not b. Landform. Overhead
However, utility poles, above possible, the negative visual transmission lines should conform
ground steam lines and open impact of these facilities should be to natural landforms which should
storm drains are often unsightly minimized by location, alignment, be utilized to screen them from
and detract from the appearance of design and screening. public view; hills should be crossed
an installation. These detrimental 1. Overhead Transmission obliquely rather than at right
effects can be ameliorated through Lines. These facilities should be angles; avoid alignments along hill
appropriate location, screening and located compatibly with the crests or steep grades that expose
detailing of utility systems. landform and land use pattern of facilities to view (fig. 13-5).
B. Minimize the the installation; they should be c. View Screening. Minimize
Environmental Impact of Utility screened from major viewing long views and silhouette views of
Systems. points by plant material and overhead transmission lines from
Utility systems should be designed topographic features to minimize along major roads and other public
to minimize adverse environmental their silhouette and long views of viewing areas. Avoid the "tunnel
impacts. Such concerns will also the system; and they should have a effect" of long, straight,
contribute to an improved visual simple and transparent design uninterrupted views along the
environment. In particular, careful character. alignment by clearing vegetation
storm water drainage design a. Land Use. Overhead only within the right-of-way that
should minimize soil erosion which transmission lines should be threatens the over-
can damage natural vegetation as aligned along edges of land use
well as be unsightly. areas to avoid dividing an area and Figure 13-6.
C. Design Utility Systems for creating gaps or unusable areas;
Ease of Maintenance and Repair. alignments should avoid scenic
The most cost effective system is areas (fig. 13-4).
not always the one that costs the
least initially. The location and
detailing of system components
can greatly affect maintenance and
repair which are a large part of life-
cycle costs of any system.
Figure 13-4.
Figure 13-7.
head lines. Jog the alignment at
road crossings and periodically
undulate and feather plant
materials along the edges of the
right-of-way (figs. 13-6 and 13-7).
119
2. Distribution Lines. should be screened from public
Power distribution lines should view by means of plant materials,
preferably be located underground; topography and enclosure walls
if overhead, they should be located (figs. 13-12 and 13-13). The noise
out of view from main public generated can be muffled by using
visibility areas or screened to be as plants, earth berms and enclosure
unobtrusive as possible. walls.
Figure 13-11.
related to vegetation and
topography that screen views and
minimize their visual impact (fig.
13-9). Use trees to provide a
backdrop to minimize the Figure 13-13.
Figure 13-8.
silhouette of facilities against the B. Sewer and Water.
a. Underground. Use
sky (fig. 13-10). Reduce the length All sewer and water lines should be
underground distribution lines
of visible segments by interrupting underground. Sewer and water
wherever possible, especially along
views with trees or offsetting the treatment facilities should be
major roads and silhouette
location behind trees and screened from views of major
exposure areas such as street
topographic features where long roads and other installation
crossings and building feeder
views of the lines along a road facilities by the use of earth berms,
service (fig. 13-8).
would otherwise occur. Use poles plant materials, fencing and/or
b. Overhead. Avoid
and line attachments which have a enclosure walls. A water storage
alignments along major public
simple design and whose color, tank that has visual strength in its
circulation ways and, instead, use
materials and general appearance form can be used as a focal point
minor streets, alleyways or
blend harmoniously with their or identifying landmark that can aid
placements
surroundings. Minimize the in providing a sense of orientation
Figure 13-9. number of poles and pole height
while also making poles multi-
functional, i.e., power, telephone,
street lighting, etc.
3. Substations and
Transformers. They should be
located and designed to minimize
their visual impact and be
compatible with the character of
their setting. Substations are best
Figure 13-14.
located in industrial use areas
rather than in major pubic
circulation areas (fig. 13-11).
Substations and transformers
Figure 13-12
Figure 13-10.
120
within an installation (fig. 13-14). reduce noise. Consider potential
Fire hydrants should be highly spray irrigation disposal of treated
visible and free of any screening; effluent, particularly for recreation
they should be a uniform design areas such as golf course and
throughout the installation; avoid recreational fields.
decorative painting of fire hydrants. 2. Alignment. Minimize
C. Storm Drainage. negative environmental impacts
Installation storm drainage associated with alignment and
systems should be appropriate to construction of underground sewer
the character of development and water lines. Consider low
which they serve (fig. 13-15). pressure sewer line pumping
Storm drainage systems in densely Figure 13-16. systems utilizing street rights-of-
developed areas require the use of 13-4. way in areas where gravity sewer
curbs, gutters and underground Environmental Impact. lines would cause excessive site
lines. Storm drainage systems in A. Power and Telephone. clearance and regrading to
relatively low density areas should Minimize negative environmental accommodate an alignment other
be handled impacts in the clearance and than in the street right-of-way.
construction of these facilities. C. Storm Drainage.
Select route alignments that will Design storm water drainage
maximize preservation of the systems to protect downstream
natural landscape and conserve watersheds and waterways from
natural resources. Avoid steep flooding and silting.
slope areas with high erosion 1. Each project should be
potential and areas of water, designed so that the surface water
marshlands or wildlife leaving the site after the project is
concentration. Also promote joint- complete is not significantly greater
use or common utility line than that leaving prior to
easements to reduce the number development of the site.
Figure 13-15. of individual system rights-of-way.
by drainage swales and ditches Clear only vegetation that
which are compatibly contoured physically threatens the
into the natural landform. Potential transmission lines and avoid use of
opportunities to create permanent spray defoliants. Employ adequate
ponds as special landscape erosion and sediment control
features or temporary storm water practices to minimize soil erosion
retention ponds should be during construction.
considered when designing the B. Sewer and Water.
storm water control system of an Minimize negative environmental
installation (fig. 13-16). Temporary impacts associated with sewer and Figure 13-17.
retention ponds, if designed with water line construction and 2. Paved surfaces should be
care, can be utilized during the treatment facilities. the minimum required and
normal, or dry stages, as 1. Treatment Facilities. previous areas of planting should
recreational areas such as athletic Sanitary sewer treatment facilities be maximized to lessen storm
fields or as portions of a golf should provide adequate treatment water runoff. Consideration should
course. Temporary retention of effluent to be released into a be given to the use of pervious
ponds should normally be planted receiving stream that is capable of paving or paving blocks that permit
in grass. absorption; furthermore, treatment grass to grow through them, as
facilities should be designed with measures to reduce storm water
direct noise baffling, plant material runoff (fig. 13-17). While currently
and/or earth berm screening to the maintenance and durability
characteristics of these materials is
not adequately proven,
121
they could be tested and evaluated
in controlled sections on some
projects to determine their
suitability prior to any widespread
application throughout an
installation. Careful consideration
should, however, be given to the
potential hazards such paving
systems night pose for
handicapped individuals.
3. Artificial drainage courses,
particularly outlet waterways, must
be constructed of materials
suitable to the quantity and velocity
of storm water runoff. Where
possible, they should be vegetative
channels. Plant growth can be
promoted by the addition of jute
matting or paper protective linings
(fig. 13-18).
4. Outlet waterways with slopes Figure 13-19.
or flows greater than that which usually advantageous to combine A. Care should be taken to
can be safely vegetated should be storm water management for correct minor erosion problems
treated with riprap or gabion several small developments in one early, before they develop into
facility. serious ones.
7. Proper erosion and sediment B. Storm water management
control practices should be ponds should be designed with
followed for disturbed areas during side slopes flat enough to
construction of all facilities within accommodate normal grass cutting
the installation. These include equipment and with bottoms steep
seeding, sediment control basins enough to allow complete drainage
and structures. (fig. 13-20).
13-5. C. Storm water management
Maintenance and Repair. ponds should be constructed with
Utility systems should be designed low-flow outlet channels suitable to
Figure 13-18. to minimize required maintenance carry flows without causing
mattresses. Concrete and repair, provide access for erosion.
channelization should be avoided maintenance and repair vehicles
(fig. 13-19). and minimize the disruptive effects
5. It is normally appropriate to of maintenance and repair
perform a soil survey to predict the operations.
behavioral characteristics of areas
yielding, receiving or impounding
runoff.
6. Storm water management
should be considered for each
watershed rather than the area
limited to new development. It is
Figure 13-20.
122
This part visually summarizes the
installation Design Manual,
illustrating how the practical and
coordinated use of the design
guidelines can improve five
prototypical facility areas
commonly found on military
installations. These prototype
areas include: main installation
entrances,
administrative/headquarters areas,
housing areas, community facilities
and industrial/warehouse areas.
123
Chapter 14.
Main Entrances.
Figure 14-1:
Main Entrance Problem.
Main entrances establish the initial
visual impression of a military
installation. In addition to serving
as a gateway and checkpoint for
access control and security, they
are critical areas for directional and
informational signing to guide
motorists to their destination. The
design of main entrances should
be attractive as well as functional,
conveying an appropriate "sense of
entry" that reflects the desired
image and identity of the
installation. The existing main
entrance illustrated here contains
many problems observed at
various installations, including: 6. Unattractive chain link
1. An unattractive overall boundary fencing.
appearance, lacking an appropriate 7. No traffic channelizatlon
physical "sense of entry." provisions for turning movements
2. Ineffective identificational or temporary stopping without
signing. obstructing traffic.
3. Visually cluttered and 8. Unsafe on-street parking.
competing elements along the 9. No overhead weather
entrance. protection at gatehouse
4. Unattractive overhead utility checkpoint.
lines. 10. Uncoordinated directional
5. Barren landscape character. signing.
124
124
Figure 14-2:
Main Entrance Solution.
The primary visual design objective
is to create an attractive and safe
"sense of entry" that reflects an
appropriate character, image and
identity for the installation.
Essential elements of the
improvement program 1llustrated
here include: 1. A pylon entrance
sign serving as an identificational
landmark for approaching traffic.
2. A simplified entry median
design utilizing flagpoles to
highlight entrance.
3. Overhead utility lines
relocated underground.
4. Lighting standards relocated
to minimize competing visual
elements along entry median. 11. Provision of off-street
5. Low-maintenance ground 8. Overhead gatehouse canopy parking with planted earth berm
cover planting to enhance entry to define checkpoint and provide screening to minimize its visual
median and reduce sun glare and weather protection. impact.
solar heat reflection while 9. Coordinated directional
preserving sight lines. signing at the strategic motorist
6. Street trees to spatially decision point, designed as part of
define entrance area and visually an overall signing system for the
reinforce traffic circulation. installation.
7. Plant material and dull black 10. Provision of left turn lane and
finish to minimize the visual pull-off lane for temporary stopping
prominence of the chain link to improve traffic channelization.
boundary fencing.
125
125
Chapter 15. 4. No provisions for
handicapped parking and access.
Administrative Headquarters. 5. Inefficient and chaotic
parking areas around the facility.
Figure 15-1 6. Unattractive and functionally
Administrative Headquarters obsolete temporary buildings that
Problem. detract from the overall
Administrative Headquarters areas appearance of the facility.
serve as the primary decision- 7. Unnecessary parking located
making center of the installation within a small courtyard originally
and should provide an attractive intended for pedestrian use.
working environment for military 8. Lack of outdoor pedestrian
personnel and visitors. Typically, amenities such as lunchtime
these facilities are centrally-located seating areas, bus shelters, etc.
buildings of substantial 9. No provisions for bicycle
architectural character whose parking.
setting has been modified to 10. Poorly defined building
accommodate increased demands entrances which have
for automobile parking. identificational signing of
The Administrative Headquarters inconsistent design.
illustrated here contains a number 11. Unscreened service
of typical problems associated with yard/dumpster areas.
the visual quality of these facilities
at many installations. The example
consists of a series of two- to
three-story buildings connected by
a covered pedestrian arcade and
clustered around a central open
space, originally designed as a
landscaped courtyard but later
converted into a parking lot to
serve the complex. Specific
problems include:
1. The main entrance into the

facility is poorly defined.
2. Parking is not screened from
main roads.
3. An inefficient central parking
layout with expansive paving
devoid of planting that creates an
unattractive and uninviting setting
for the architecturally noteworthy
building complex.
126
126
Fig. 15-2: building entrance.
Administrative Headquarters 7. Bicycle parking areas
Solution. convenient to building entrances
The primary design objective here but not conflicting with pedestrian
is to enhance the character, and vehicular circulation.
functioning and appearance of the 8. Drop-off areas and
building setting by minimizing the coordinated identificational signing
visual impact of parking and at building entrances.
providing a pleasant planting 9. Existing low planting retained
design. Specific improvements and enhanced to provide an
illustrated here include: attractive transition between
1. An entry feature with ground plane and building masses
flagpoles to highlight entrance, and to articulate building
coordinated signing system to entrances.
direct visitors and a planted earth 10. Service yard/dumpster areas
berm to screen parking. screened from view of main
2. Redesigned central parking building entrances and roads.
area to provide the proper number
of spaces, a clear and convenient
circulation pattern and planted
islands with large deciduous trees
for scale, shade and visual relief.
6. Provision for an attractively
planted, drop-off/turnaround area
with bus shelter at the main
3. Provision for handicapped

parking and curb ramps convenient
to main building entrances.
4. Removal of obsolete
temporary structures to create
convenient peripheral parking lots.
5. Reconversion of the small
courtyard into a pedestrian amenity
for use and enjoyment by facility
personnel.
127
Chapter 16.
Housing.
Military installations typically

contain three basic types of
housing: troop housing, attached
and detached family housing.
Typical problems and design
improvements to make them more
attractive residential environments
are illustrated here for each of
these housing types.
Fig. 16-1: Troop Housing
Problem.
Troop housing is predominantly
provided by dormitory-type
buildings grouped around a mess
hall and open space areas. The 1. A sparsity of planting
example illustrated here is a combined with the stark building
relatively new troop housing masses that results in a harsh
complex composed of three-story environment lacking in human
dormitory buildings connected to a scale.
mess hall and clustered around an 2. Haphazard planting that
open space network. Typical disregards potential visual and
problems here include: functional usage.
3. No screening of parking lots
from adjacent roads and buildings.
4. A regimented grid walkway
system that is inefficient, does not
reflect pedestrian desire lines of
movement and fragments the
common open space without
regard to potential use.
5. Overhead utilities with
attached lighting fixtures.
6. Visually prominent at-grade
transformer with no screening.
7. Unscreened trash dumpster 8. Lack of pedestrian amenities
service area. such as outdoor seating, drinking
fountains and bus shelters.
9. No recreational amenities
provided in conjunction with the
open space and walkway systems.
10. Grounds maintenance
problem created by grass turf
extending to the building line.
11. Lack of identificational
building signing.
128
Fig. 16-8: Troop Housing Solution.
The primary design objective here is

to improve the visual character and
functioning of the building setting by a
planting program and provision of
amenities that respond to user needs.
Specific improvements include:
1. An extensive planting program

to visually soften the stark building
masses and ground plane defines the
open space system and provides
shade and human scale to the setting.
2. Evergreens combined with
deciduous plant materials indigenous
to the area to provide visual interest
and winter greenery.
3. Deciduous shade trees used
extensively on the south side of
buildings to provide cooling summer 8. A meandering, free-flowing
shade and warming winter sun walkway system reflecting the desire
penetration. lines of pedestrian traffic to provide an
4. Evergreen tree massing used efficient, visually interesting and
extensively at the north end of the convenient network that enables the
open space for wind screening of the open space to be varied in size
prevailing cold winter winds. according to intended use.
5. Deciduous trees used 9. Paved finger islands extending
extensively on the southeast end of the walkway system into the parking
the open space to allow cooling area at strategic locations to provide
summer breeze penetration. collector nodes for pedestrians.
6. Planted earth berms with 10. Unsightly overhead utilities
deciduous street trees between relocated underground.
parking areas and the street for visual 11. Pedestrian-scaled walkway
screening and shade. lighting whose design is compatible
7. Occasional planting islands with the architectural setting.
within the parking lot relieve the 12. At-grade transformers located in
monotony of large paved areas and inconspicuous areas and screened
provide shade. with plant material.
13. Trash dumpster enclosure
fencing of compatible design and
materials with the architectural setting 15. Outdoor recreational amenities
to screen them from view of main provided as an integral part of the
streets and building entrances. open space system.
14. A conveniently located bus 16. Pedestrian amenities along the
shelter of compatible architectural walkway such as seating areas with
character with the setting that provides trash receptacles and drinking
protection from inclement weather fountains.
conditions typical to the installation. 17. Mowing strips with edging along
the base of the buildings to facilitate
easier maintenance of the grass lawn.
18. Identification signing at strategic
decision points along the walkway
network based upon a coordinated
signing system.
129
Fig. 16-3: Attached Housing
Problem.
Attached housing typically provides

family housing for enlisted
personnel and some officers. A
cluster development pattern of
attached housing can minimize
development costs by reducing
road lengths and utility runs,
preserve usable open space and
conserve sensitive natural
resource areas; however, cluster
development requires careful
design attention to provide privacy
for individual units within their
relatively dense building groupings.
The example illustrated here is an
attached housing cluster whose
success as a pleasant residential
environment has fallen short of its
potential, primarily due to
inadequate attention to site
development details. Typical 8. A lack of recreational
problems here include: amenities serving residents of the
cluster, as exemplified by the
1. A sparsity of planting that basketball fixture mounted to the
creates a visually harsh residential front of a carport which also
environment and makes housing detracts from the architectural
units more susceptible to extremes character.
in climate conditions. 9. An unimaginative straight
2. A large parking courtyard entrance road that disregards
that lacks scale and screening for natural topographic conditions as
parked vehicles. well as the unsafe intersection.
3. Housing units that lack 10. Lack of walkways linking the
privacy, especially end units. housing cluster to the overall
4. Overhead utility lines that pedestrian circulation network of
clutter. the installation.
5. Lighting fixtures mounted to
utility poles.
6. A transformer located in a
visually prominent area.
7. Individual mailboxes that
clutter the streetscape.
130
Fig 16-4: Attached Housing
Solution.
Sensitive planting design provides the

primary means for improving the
visual appearance of the housing
cluster. Specific improvements here
include:
1. Shade trees in rear yards,

especially along south facing units, as
well as between groupings of housing
units to blend units with their natural
setting and beneficially modify
microclimatic conditions.
2. Deciduous street trees along the
edge of the parking courtyard to
provide continuity to the housing
cluster and buffer housing units from
the parking area. 12. Realignment of the entrance
3. Informal planting in the center road to provide a more interesting
parking island to reduce the scale of approach that is more compatible with
the parking courtyard and provide the natural topography and provides a
4. End parking stalls converted safe intersection design with the
into planting islands to better define entrance road to the housing cluster
circulation and reduce the visual across the street.
impact of the paved area. 13. Walkways that link the housing
5. Rear yard privacy fencing that is cluster to the recreation area, bus stop
consistent in color, materials and and the overall pedestrian circulation
height throughout the housing cluster. and open space systems of the
6. Evergreen planting and tree installation.
massing to provide privacy screening 14. An entrance feature with signing
for end housing units facing the to identify the housing cluster.
entrance road. 15. A convenient bus shelter along
7. Overhead utilities relocated the main road designed compatibly
underground. with the architectural character of the
8. Lighting fixtures whose design is setting and providing protection from
compatible with the residential setting inclement weather conditions typical to
and does not produce glare into the the area.
houses.
9. Screening of at-grade
transformer with evergreen shrubs.
10. Group mailboxes in the center
island to reduce clutter and facilitate
efficient and convenient mall
distribution.
11. A convenient recreational area
with facilities appropriate to resident
needs.
131
Fig. 16-5: Detached Housing
Problem.
Detached single family housing on

military installations typically
provides family housing for higher
ranking officers. There are many
single family subdivision patterns
found on installations, but the grid
system is quite prevalent. The
example Illustrated here is a single
family detached housing area with
a grid street system. It contains a
number of common visual
problems including:
1. A grid street pattern with

houses of identical design and
street setback that creates a
monotonous residential
environment.
2. A lack of planting that
consequently amplifies the
monotonous development pattern
and stark appearance of the
neighborhood.
3. Overhead utilities that clutter
the streetscape.
4. Little physical definition
between public and private spaces.
5. Unsafe pedestrian circulation

within the street as a result of lack
of sidewalks.
6. Pedestrian access to the
neighborhood play area limited to a
rigidly aligned straight walkway with
an undefined midblock street
crossing.
7. Obtrusive traffic noise from
the adjacent arterial road.
132
132
Fig. 16-6: Detached Housing
Solution.
The primary design objective here

is to provide a pleasant residential
environment that ameliorates the
otherwise monotonous and
cluttered development pattern.
Specific improvements include:
1. Deciduous street trees that

provide visual continuity to the
streetscape.
2. Informal planting that
addresses the visual and functional
requirements of each housing unit
while providing overall visual
interest to the regimented
development pattern.
3. Underground utilities that
minimize streetscape clutter.
4. Privacy fencing of consistent
style, materials, color and height to
define the boundary between
public and private areas.
5. Varied alignment of privacy
fencing to provide relief from the
monotonous development pattern
and avoid the "alley" effect created
by continuous straight line fencing.
6. Sidewalks along the street.

7. A pedestrian path system
with meandering alignment within
the public open space and striped
warnings at midblock crossings.
8. Increased tree massing
within the public open space for
visual interest and shade.
9. Planted earth berm to screen
views and buffer traffic noise from
the adjacent arterial road.
10. Clustered planting and
stepped fencing at the street
intersection into the neighborhood
to create an entry statement.
133
Chapter 17.
Community Facilities.
Fig. 17-1: Community Facility

Problem.
Community facilities on military

installations are analogous to the
"shopping center" in civilian
communities. They are typically
comprised of the exchange,
commissary, post office, library
and commercial/retail type uses
such as a bowling alley, barber
shop, beauty shop, bank, dry
cleaners and theater, clustered
together in a central facility.
The example illustrated here

contains typical visual problems
associated with such facilities on
many installations, including:
1. An expansive, barren
parking lot dominating the visual
setting and presenting unattractive
views from the main road.
2. Signing whose location and 5. Lack of pedestrian crossing 7. Parking lot lighting which
design is ineffective, inconsistent area definition. lacks human scale, has
or confusing. 6. Building frontage lacking inconsistent fixtures and pole types
definition as a pedestrian space and lacks adequate protection from
and having uncoordinated and automobiles.
cluttered street furniture.
3. Overhead utilities that clutter

the setting.
4. Loading dock areas that can
be seen from adjacent land uses
and roads.
134
Fig. 17-2: Community Facility
Solution.
The primary design objective here

is oriented toward directing and
circulating traffic safely while
reducing the visual impact of the
expansive barren parking lot that
serves the complex. Specific
improvements include:
1. Informal perimeter earth

berm mounding and planting that
screens the parking lot from main
roads.
2. Redesigned parking lot
layout that provides planting
islands to break up the large
expanse of paving, as well as to
provide scale, shade and an area
to deposit ploughed snow during
winter months.
8. Parking lot lighting fixtures of 9. Plants and coordinated

coordinated design, pole locations pedestrian furnishings and
protected from automobile damage amenities that define the
and pole heights that do not have pedestrianoriented areas and
an overpowering scale. highlight the building entrances.
3. Effective entrance sign and
coordinated directional signing
system.
4. Deciduous street trees along
the entrance drive and end islands
of the parking lot that visually
define vehicular circulation.
5. Overhead utilities relocated
underground to reduce clutter.
6. Screening and fencing of
loading dock service area.
7. Crosswalk striping that
warns motorists of the pedestrian
crossing area.
135
Chapter 18:
Industrial/ Warehousing Areas.
Fig. 18-1: Industrial/

Warehousing Problem.
Industrial/warehousing areas within

military installations are utilitarian 1. Stark, plain building facades 3. On-street parking.
environments that should provide a of variable upkeep and design 4. Little or no planting.
safe and pleasant working vintage. 5. Undefined or unused space
environment while satisfying
2. Continuous hard surface between buildings.
functional and security
paving between buildings with no 6. Lack of outdoor amenities for
requirements. These areas are
clear definition between vehicular area personnel.
typically very stark environments
and pedestrian circulation parking 7. Cluttered open storage yards
characterized by problems such
and service areas. that can be viewed from main
as:
roads and adjacent land use areas.
8. Unattractive and inconsistent
street lighting fixtures and poles
that do not provide adequate
lighting for nighttime security and
surveillance.
136
Fig. 18-2: Industrial/
Warehousing Solution.
While it is appropriate that less

effort be expended on visual
concerns in these operational
areas, there are still practical
opportunities for improvement.
Improvements in these areas
should be oriented toward
providing a safe utilitarian
environment with some form of
small or "vest pocket" amenities
that provide visual relief and
recreational facilities for area
personnel. Proposed
improvements illustrated here
include:
1. Upgrade building
appearance with a uniform level of
maintenance throughout the area.
2. Provide visual interest and
building identity to the stark setting
by varying building colors within an
established color palette of 7. Provide sidewalks for safe 9. Provide a coordinated street
complementary colors. pedestrian movement between lighting system of attractive fixtures
3. Create a small focal point buildings and parking. that provide necessary nighttime
amenity such as a "vest pocket" 8. Screen open storage areas illumination for security and
park on unused space between from adjacent roads and land use surveillance.
buildings that introduces planting areas with planted earth berms in
into the area and provides area front of security fencing.
personnel with an outdoor place for
relaxation, lunch time eating and
recreation.
4. Reorganize the street right-
of-way to provide a clear
delineation of vehicular circulation
with curbing and striping.
5. Provide clearly defined
building service bays with curbing
and planting islands.
6. Relocate parking into
offstreet parking bays within the
existing space between buildings.
137
139
Appendix A.
1. Department of Defense References.
Related a. Manuals:
Military DOD 4270.1M, Construction Criteria Manual
Reference. b. Pamphlets:
Military Traffic Management Command (MTMC), No 55-9, Do’s and
Don’ts for Transportation Master Planning
Military Traffic Management Command (MTMC), No 55-10, Traffic
Engineering for Better Roads
2. Department of the Army References.
a. Regulations:
AR 200-1, Environmental Protection and Enhancement
AR 210-20, Master Planning for Permanent Army Installations
AR 415-15, Military Construction, Army (MCA) Program Development
AR 415-20, Project Development and Design Approval
AR 415-28, Department of the Army Facility Classes and Construction
Categories
b. Technical Manuals:
TM 5-800-1, Construction Criteria for Army Faculties
TM 5-801-1, Historic Preservation Administrative Procedures
TM 5-801-2, Historic Preservation Maintenance Procedures
TM 5-803-1, Master Planning Principals and Procedures
TM 5-803-2, Planning In the Noise Environment
TM 5-803-3, Site Planning - General
TM 5-803-6, Site Planning of Community Centers
TM 5-803-11, Children’s Play Areas and Equipment
TM 5-807-7, Color for Buildings
TM 5-811-1, Electrical Design
TM 5-812-1, Fire Prevention
TM 5-813-5, Water Distribution Systems
TM 5-813-6, Water Supply for Fire Protection
TM 5-820-4, Drainage and Erosion Control
TM 5-822-2, General Provisions and Geometric Design
tor Roads, Streets, Walks and Open Storage Areas
TM 5-830-2, Planting Turf
TM 5-830-4, Planting and Establishment of Trees, Shrubs,
Ground Covers and Vines
3. Department of the Navy References.
a. Design Manuals:
NAVFAC DM-1 Series, Architecture
NAVFAC DM-3 Series, Mechanical Engineering
NAVFAC DM-4 Series, Electrical Engineering
141
NAVFAC DM-5 Series, Civil Engineering
NAVFAC DM-33, Hospital and Medical Facilities
NAVFAC DM-34, Administrative Facilities
NAVFAC DM-35, Family Housing
NAVFAC DM-36 Series, Troop Housing
NAVFAC DM-37 Series, Community Facilities
b. Publications:
NAVFAC P-72, Department of the Navy Facility Category Codes
NAVFAC P-80, Facility Planning Factor Criteria for Navy and Marine
Corps Shore Installations
NAVFAC P-272, Definitive Designs for Naval Shore Faculties
NAVFAC P-309, Color for Naval Shore Facilities
NAVFAC P-383, Children’s Play Areas and Equipment
NAVFAC P-905, Planting and Establishment of Trees, Shrubs, Ground
Covers and Vines
NAVFAC P-970, Planning In the Noise Environment
C. Instructions:
NAVFAC Instruction 11010 57B, Site Approval of Naval Shore
Facilities
NAVFAC Instruction 11010 63A, Planning Services for Navy and
Marine Corps Shore Activities
4. Department of the Air Force References.
a. Regulations:
AFR 86-4, Master Planning
AFR 88-33, Planning and Design of Outdoor Sports Facilities
b. Manuals:
AFM 85-6, Land Management and Grounds Maintenance
AFM 85-25, Index - Guide Specifications for Military Family Housing
AFM 88-2, Air Force Design Manual, Definitive Designs of Air
Force Structures
AFM 88-7, Chapter 5, General Provisions and Geometric Design
tor Roads, Streets, Walks and Open Storage Areas
AFM 88-15, Air Force Design Manual - Criteria and Standards of
Air Force Construction
AFM 88-17, Chapter 2, Planting Turf
AFM 88-17, Chapter 3, Dust Control
AFM 88-17, Chapter 4, Planting and Establishment of Trees, Shrubs,
Ground Covers and Vines
AFM 88-25, Family Housing Design
AFM 88-30, Children’s Play Areas and Equipment
AFM 88-50, Criteria for Design and Construction of Air Force
Health Facilities
AFM 19-10, Planning in the Noise Environment
AFM 300-4, Volume 4, Data Elements and Codes
142
Appendix B. General.
Annotated Bibliography. 1. Eckbo, Garrett. Urban Landscape Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964.
This bibliography provides a Discusses the art of space planning using examples ranging in scale from a
selected listing of basic building on a site to an entire neighborhood. Liberally illustrated with drawings
references on general site and photographs of selected design solutions. Includes section on outdoor
planning and design; circulation recreation.
planning; energy conservation;
site design for the handicapped; 2. Eckbo, Garrett. The Landscape We See, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969.
historic preservation; plant
materials; playground design; the Presents a view of the natural, economic and social processes which shape the
design of signing, lighting and built environment and the role that planning and site design can have in
street furniture; and technical responding to and shaping these processes. Discusses the professional
aspects of site design. province of the architect and landscape architect and the objectives of urban
design in improving the physical relationships among elements of the built
The materials included either environment.
apply directly to the design and
planning of military installations 3. Katz, Robert D. Design of the Housing Site, A Critique of the American
or provide an overview of present Practice, Small Homes Council, Building Research Council, University of Illinois,
thinking within the environmental Urbana, Illinois, 1967.
design profession which may be
useful to those making site Identifies technical and procedural factors influencing the quality of residential
planning decisions for military development in the United States. Illustrated with most frequently encountered
installations. residential development plan types from high density urban to suburban.
Common residential site planning problems presented, but this is not a "how-to"
Bibliographic selections have book.
been made from over 200
publications to illustrate and 4. Laurie, Michael. An Introduction to Landscape Architecture, American
define the current state-of-the-art Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, 1975.
of site design without dwelling on
analytical, academic or A series of essays on aspects of landscape architecture as currently practiced.
philosophical/historic materials in Focus is on the synthesis of ecological and social parameters of land use policy
great detail. Except in special and detail design form. The book is a general overview designed as an
instances, materials dealing introductory text for students or persons in related design fields. Contains some
exclusively with the planning of good illustrated examples of landscape detailing and a section on microclimate
urban centers have also been control.
excluded.
5. Lynch, Kevin. Site Planning (Second Edition), The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge,
Mass., 1971.
A standard reference and teaching text. Includes a thorough discussion of site

planning theory, fundamentals of site analysis, organization of site activities and
circulation systems. Technical sections follow discussion of design principles.
Specific project types dealt with in greater detail are housing, commercial
centers, industrial parks, institutions and recreational facilities.
6. Marlowe, Olwen C. Outdoor Design, A Handbook For The Architect and

Planner, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1977.
Discusses frequently encountered site design conditions and provides useful

guidelines and techniques for treatment of site components. The book initially
focuses on site clearance, ground contour and soil preparation issues and then
proceeds to outline functional and aesthetic uses of landscape structures,
lighting, paving materials, trees and shrubs and outdoor furniture.
143
7. McHarg, Ian L. Design With Nature, Doubleday/National History Press,
Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 1969.
An important polemic on how the principles of ecology can help solve the
environmental problems faced in land development. Focus is on regional scale
planning but the attitudes expressed are basic to planning at all scales. Includes
case studies of regional ecological analysis leading to land use and site
development conclusions.
8. McKeever, J. Ross, ed. Community Builders Handbook, The Urban Land

Institute, 1200 18th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, 1969.
Designed as a practical reference manual for residential and commercial land

development. Establishes a high standard for private developers. Useful in
defining practical design standards and alternative development patterns.
Defines and illustrates land planning terms.
9. Newman, Oscar. Design Guidelines for Creating Defensible Space, National

Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration, U.S. Department of Justice, 1976.
Concise discussion of security problems encountered in residential site planning

and building design. Contains definitive design criteria. Useful guide in
organizing and relating public and private space. Application of criteria does not
conflict with what is generally considered good residential site planning practice.
Amply illustrated.
10. Rubenstein, Harvey M. A Guide to Site Planning and Environmental

Planning. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1969.
Presents the standard textbook approach to site planning beginning with site
analysis of natural, cultural and aesthetic features leading to land use planning
based primarily on vehicular and pedestrian circulation as the major organizing
element. Combined with this exposition on design approach is background
technical information covering engineering aspects of detailed site design.
11. Rutledge, Albert J. Anatomy of A Park, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971.
Text on design principles and criteria for public open space to the layperson or
administrator. Included are chapters outlining overall design objectives,
aesthetics, functional considerations, and plan interpretation and evaluation.
Excellent primer on open space and outdoor recreational design.
12. Robinette, Gary O. Plants/People/and Environmental Quality, U.S.

Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C., 1972.
Discusses the properties of planting materials and their uses as architectural

elements providing for visual screening, privacy control, space articulation; as
engineering tools in erosion, traffic and acoustic control; and in controlling climatic
factors of solar radiation,
144
temperature, precipitation and wind. Non-technical presentation makes this
material useful to all design professionals concerned with environmental design.
13. Simonds, John Ornsbee. Landscape Architecture, McGraw-Hill, New York,

1961.
Generally considered an excellent manual on landscape design. Interesting

material on pedestrian movement. Focuses on open space planning and on the
single building on a natural site.
14. Tandy, Cliff. Handbook Of Urban Landscape, The Architectural Press,

London, 1972.
This handbook serves as a useful reference providing a comprehensive view of

landscape design for housing development, parks, recreational areas and
children’s playgrounds. The design guide sheets included in the handbook
provide checklists of user requirements, design standards and techniques in the
use of planting materials and other landscape elements.
15. Tandy, Cliff. Landscape of Industry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
1974.
One of a few references on site planning for large industrial development. Topics
covered include an historical review of industrial development and its effect on the
landscape; typical ecological and landscape problems for a wide range of
industrial types from large urban manufacturing facilities to mining, sewage
treatment and power generational plants. Planning criteria for each industrial type
and for land reclamation is discussed. Specific landscape design and
construction problems and potential solutions are scattered throughout the text.
16. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare. How to See, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., May 1973.
This is a training booklet published by the Social Security Administration, Office of

Public Affairs, the content of which focuses on how much of our environment we
really see. The author suggests that we see only a small part of what there is to
see, both on and off the job. The booklet helps to open our eyes to a world of
visual information available to us every minute but ignored by us much of the
time. Both man-made and natural environments are illustrated throughout the
booklet to show us what messages we receive or actually turn off.
17. The Urban Land Institute. Industrial Development Handbook, Community

Builders Handbook Series, Washington, D.C., 1975.
The handbook outlines builder/developer procedures for the development of

industrial parks. The objective of the handbook is to describe the planning,
engineering and financial aspects of the development process. Practical design
standards are recommended which, in conjunction with the illustrations included,
provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in industrial and office park design.
145
Circulation Systems.
18. Appleyard, Donald; Lynch, Kevin; and Myler, John R. The View from the
Road, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1964.
Analyzes sequential visual experience on urban roads. Illustrates a notational

system for recording sequential experience. Interesting presentation of the
common problem of environmental chaos; a perception raiser, but does not
address generic design solutions.
19. Breiner, Simon and Dean, William J. The Pedestrian Revolution, Streets
Without Cars, Vintage Books, Random House, New York, 1974.
Presents case for improving the quality of the urban and suburban environment
by modifying existing street systems to make walking easier, more efficient and
more enjoyable. Specific suggestions are made for developing bicycle paths and
for creating pedestrian systems. Contains illustrations of many implemented
projects.
20. Fruin, John J. Pedestrian Planning and Design, Metropolitan Association of

Urban Designers and Environmental Planners, Inc., P.O. Box 722, Church
Street Station, New York, N.Y. 10008, 1971.
A primarily quantitative study of pedestrian movement characteristics. Topics

include physiological and psychological factors affecting planning of pedestrian
spaces, traffic and space characteristics of pedestrian movement and procedures
for establishing pedestrian traffic demand levels and resulting space
requirements. Includes discussion of the current developments in improving the
pedestrian environment. Primarily relevant to urban or high-density pedestrian
planning.
21. Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering. Bikeway Planning Criteria

and Guidelines, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of
California, Los Angeles, 1972.
Prepared for the State of California for the purpose of establishing the most
feasible and least expensive means of adopting existing and future public streets
to safely accommodate bicycle traffic. Included are bikeway design
characteristics, capacity criteria, safety considerations, alternative design
solutions, and planning considerations.
22. Mayer, Richard W. Bicycle Planning and Design, American Society of

Landscape Architects, Washington, D.C., 1978.
Discusses the implementation process, locational opportunities, network

subsystems and specific design guidelines for bicycle facilities. Provides a useful
case study demonstrating the development of a bikeway master plan.
23. Oregon State Highway Division. Bikeway Design, Salem, Oregon 97301,
1974.
Design standards are presented for bikeways which separate trails for joint use of
bicyclists and pedestrians. Based on experience gained from implementation of
the 1971 Oregon "Bicycle Bill." Criteria are structured around a classification of
three bikeway types with criteria on such aspects as speeds, curves, width,
clearances, grades, intersections, sight lines, signing and illumination.
Considered one of the better design guides for bikeways separated from streets.
146
24. Ritter, Paul. Planning for Man and Motor, The MacMillan Company, New York,
1964.
Provides technical and aesthetic guidelines for the design of pedestrian and
vehicular movement systems. Discussions are presented on historic development
of these systems, state-of-the-art concepts in new towns, urban and residential
areas and functional requirements for movement systems at all levels from regional
to neighborhood.
25. Robinette, Gary O. Parking Lot Landscape Development, Environmental

Design Press, Reston, Va., 1976.
Outlines visual and environmental problems typically associated with parking lots
and develops design guidelines for better site and landscape treatment of existing
and new parking areas. Issues addressed include location of parking lots in relation
to buildings, screening and shading, parking dividers, pedestrian and vehicular
separation and storm drainage.
26. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. National Forest Landscape

Management, Volume 2, Chapter 4 Roads, USDA, Agriculture Handbook, No.
483, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976.
This government published handbook is concerned with-the impact of roadways on

the scenic quality of natural settings. It provides useful insights into evaluating
proposed road alignment and construction. Issues addressed include landform
modifications, vegetation clearing and replanting, and design treatment of
guardrails, culverts, retaining walls and signing.
27. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Safety &

Locational Criteria for Bicycle Facilities, User Manual Vol. I and Vol. II: Design and
Safety Criteria (Draft), Report No. FHWA-RD-75-114, 1976.
Volume I addresses identification of need for and location of bikeways. Volume II is

directed toward design and safety criteria for bikeways. Emphasis is on bikeways
which share right-of-way with motor vehicles.
Energy Conservation.
28. American Institute of Architects. Energy, AIA, 1735 New York Avenue, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20006, 1975.
An information service on energy and the built environment. Developed as an

"Energy Handbook, " it includes a discussion of general approaches, opportunities
for achieving energy-efficient design and identifies some tools and techniques
useful in implementing energy efficient design solutions. Subscription includes a
monthly newsletter of current developments concerning energy and the built
environment.
29. American Institute of Architects Research Corporation. Energy Conservation in

Building Design, AIA, 1735 New York Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006,
1974.
Discusses design alternatives for reducing energy consumption, primarily in new

buildings. Directed to architects and engineers. Subjects include site analysis,
building orientation, configuration, interior space planning, mechanical and electrical
system design and waste management. Sun and wind are discussed as alternative
energy sources.
147
30. Caudill, William Wayne; Lawyer, Frank D.; and Bullock, Thomas A. A Bucket
of Oil, Cahners Books, Boston, 1974.
Simply written overview of energy conservation in buildings. Brief discussion of

siting, architectural form, interior space planning and mechanical and electrical
systems. An easily read primer which is not burdened by technical information or
extensive discussion.
31. Egan, David M. Concepts in Thermal Comfort, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1975.
Chapter 2 of this comprehensive book presents basic reference material on

climatic considerations in the siting and design of buildings. Includes illustrations
of optimal building shapes and orientations for minimizing solar radiation and
enhancing natural building ventilation.
32. Givoni, B. Man, Climate and Architecture, Applied Sciences Publishers Ltd.,
London, 1976.
A detailed engineering analysis of the relationship between climate and the built
environment. Little information on general site planning but does include a
technically oriented discussion of exterior building color and building orientation
related to interior comfort.
33. Olgyay, Victor. Design with Climate, Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural

Regionalism, Princeton University Press, 1963.
Classic and possibly best work emphasizing the need for a regional architecture
based on climatic conditions. Covers concepts and principles of climatic analysis
and effects of climate on people. Architectural principles are developed which
include site selection, solar control. wind effects and use of materials. Includes
prototype site plans and architectural form for four specific climatic regions.
34. National Academy of Sciences. Solar Radiation Considerations in Building,

Planning and Design, Proceedings of a Working Conference, Printing and
Publishing Office, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue,
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418, 1976.
Collection of papers which deal with various aspects of planning and design that
use the natural and built environment to advantage in conserving energy. Of
particular interest is Chapter V, "Architectural Design for Optimum Solar Effects, "
which includes a discussion on orientation, use of planting, design of windows
and solar shading devices.
35. Robinette, Gary O. Landscape Planning for Energy Conservation,

Environment Design Press, Reston, Va., 1977.
Provides site selection, building orientation and site design guidelines for each of
the four major climatic regions of the United States. Graphic illustrations
demonstrate the use of natural and man-made site elements for exploiting
existing natural site energy resources and the promoting of energy conservation.
148
Barrier Free Site Design.
36. American Society of Landscape Architects Foundation. Barrier Free Site Design,
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development
and Research, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (Stock No. 0-51-
923), 1975.
"The purpose of this publication is to provide in one source, for both administrators
and designers, the necessary information that can lead to designs that consider the
need of all persons using the outdoor environment."
37. American Standards Association. Making Buildings and Facilities Accessible to,
and Usable by, the Physically Handicapped, (ANSI A117.1), 10 East 40th Street, New
York, N.Y., 1961.
This standard specification for making buildings and facilities accessible to and
usable by the handicapped has been incorporated by reference in most federal, state
and local legislation and codes. It covers building approaches, parking, ramps, doors
and entrances, toilets, drinking fountains, phones and warning signs.
38. Kliment, Stephen A. Into the Mainstream, A Syllabus for A Barrier-Free

Environment, The American Institute of Architects, 1735 New York Avenue, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20036.
A guide to implementing a barrier-free environment written for administrators and
designers. Provides historic background for barrier-free design, illustrates common
barrier problems, suggests solutions and provides a listing of supplementary
information sources.
Historic Preservation.
39. Bullock, Orin M. The Restoration Manual, The American Institute of Architects,
Publication Division, Washington, D.C., 1966.
Introductory text on restoration of historic buildings. The purpose is to define a basic
procedure to be followed in restoring a building in a manner compatible with its
original design and construction. Written for the architect. Topics include historical,
architectural and archaeological research specification for restoration work and typical
design problems encountered in doing restoration work.
40. Cavaglieri, Giorgio, ed. Preservation and Building Codes, Preservation Press,
National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C., 1975.
Considers problems of adapting old buildings to new uses while making them safe.
Contains 25 pages presented at the conference sponsored by National Trust for
Historic Preservation. Takes the position that code requirements should be met and
need not detract from preservation or restoration.
41. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Economic Benefits of Preserving Old
Buildings, Washington, D.C., 1976.
Essays on the adaptive use of old buildings.
42. National Trust for Historic Preservation. How to Evaluate Historic Sites and
Buildings, Washington, D.C., 1971.
Presents criteria for the significance of potentially historic structures and the feasibility
of preservation.
149
Planting Materials.
43. Wyman, Donald. Trees for American Gardens, Macmillan Co., New York, 1972.
A guide to more than 1000 species and varieties of trees recommended for North
American soils. Includes descriptions of the natural habitat, hardiness, habits, foliage
blossom-producing and fruit-bearing characteristics of each tree. Includes a section on
trees recommended for particular needs and purposes, i.e., trees that withstand drought,
trees that withstand city conditions.
44. Wyman, Donald. Shrubs and Vines for American Gardens, Macmillan Co., New
York, 1973.
A guide for more than 1, 700 species and varieties of shrubs and vines recommended for
North American soils. Provides for each species discussed detailed information on the
landscaping usefulness of the plant, including time of bloom, foliage colors, type of fruit,
height, habitat and most suitable growing conditions.
45. Zion, Robert L. Trees for Architecture and the Landscape, Van Nostrand Reinhold
Co., New York, 1968.
A book devoted to trees with excellent winter and summer photographic portraits and
definitions intended to facilitate communication between landscape architect, the architect
and the layperson. Also contains valuable practical considerations from buying to
designing with trees and a state-by-state tree list.
Playgrounds.
46. Dattner, Richard. Design for Play, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1969.
Outlines psychological and social function of children’s play activities and develops design
criteria for play facilities. Includes illustrations and evaluation of recently built playgrounds
and presents criteria for playgrounds for handicapped children.
47. Friedberg, M. Paul. Handcrafted Playgrounds, Designs You Can Build Yourself.
Vintage Books, New York, 1975.
A sketch book of easily executed playground equipment ideas by a recognized authority
in the field of children’s play areas.
48. Friedberg, M. Paul. Play and Interplay, a Manifesto for New Design in Urban
Recreational Environments, Macmlllan Co., New York, 1970.
Examines traditional concepts of play that have affected the design of children’s
playgrounds and recreational areas and facilities for teenagers, adults and the elderly.
Deals primarily with the needs of people in urban environments, but the principles are
applicable to other environments. Successful and unsuccessful playgrounds, equipment
and materials are compared. Flexibility and fluidity of site treatment, and continuity of the
total environment as a recreation tool are advocated.
49. Hogan, Paul. Playgrounds for Free: the Utilization of Used and Surplus Materials in
Playground Construction, The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1974.1/4A visual
documentary of recycled materi-
A visual documentary of recycled materials used in diverse recreation areas, primarily for
small children. Applicable to the self-help projects on military installations.
150
Signing, Lighting and Street Furnitures
50. The American Institute of Graphic Arts. Symbol Signs, The Development of
Passenger/Pedestrian Oriented Symbols for Use in Transportation Related
Facilities, prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation. Distributed by
National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, (PB-239
352), 1974.
Presents a system of sign symbols and guidelines developed for the U.S.
Department of Transportation for use in transportation-related facilities. Symbols
are now being implemented on a national scale. When sign symbols are
contemplated, it is suggested that these be considered as standards when
appropriate.
51. Ashley/Myer/Smith, Architectural Planners. City Signs and Lights, The Boston
Redevelopment Authority and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development, 1971.
Study intended as "a first step in the process of planning and controlling signs and
lights for the purpose of improving the flow of information in the city." Amply
illustrates existing confusion and blight in private and public signing and lighting.
Graphic informational systems and exterior lighting standards are developed, field
testing reported, and model codes and implementation procedures proposed.
52. Fox, Martin and Carpenter, Edward K. The Best in Environmental Graphics,
R.C. Publications, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1975.
Presentation of 18 environmental graphics programs selected by a juried

competition sponsored by "Print" magazine, a trade journal of the graphic arts.
Projects selected include "supergraphics, " corporate graphic systems, graphic
communication systems for airports, new community and municipal transportation.
Illustrates the "state-of-the-art" in signing and graphics in both the private and public
sectors.
53. Malt, Harold Lewis. Furnishing The City, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1970.
Evaluation and historic development of street furniture systems. Outlines a

"systems approach" to integrated street furniture solutions.
54. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Manual

on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, (Stock No. 5001-0021), 1970.
The traffic signing standard. Provides all graphic and locational standards for traffic
signing and markings.
Technical References.
55. Beazley, Elizabeth. Design and Detail of the Space Between Buildings, The
Architectural Press, London, 1960.
Discusses alternative technical solutions and material selections for roads,

pedestrian paths and other outdoor paved areas. Solutions to common site
development components such as walls and fences; the planting in paved areas
and edge treatments are detailed and illustrated with modern and historic European
examples. Selection of materials and details based on functional requirements and
appropriate sense of place are discussed.
151
56. Callender, John Hancock. Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design
Data, (Revised Fourth Edition), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973.
Facilities discussed are residential, educational, cultural, health, religious, public,
commercial, transportation, industrial, recreation and miscellaneous such as
landscaping. Sections applicable to site designing include site planning,
programming of large group facilities, parking, docks and terminals, warehouses,
recreational facilities, and planting.
57. De Chiara, Joseph and Koppelman, Lee. Planning Design Criteria (Second
Edition), Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1969.
An illustrated summary of basic reference material which presents a variety of data
and established standards related to land planning and site design. Topics include
master planning and land use principles, housing, vehicular circulation, recreation
and industrial development.
58. Gage, Michael and Vendenberg, Martz. Hard Landscape in Concrete, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1975.
Comprehensive guide to uses of concrete in the landscape for paving material,
street furniture, play equipment, walls and screens. Technical details and
specifications are included but standards of practice are British and dimensioning
is metric.
59. Parker, Harry. Simplified Site Engineering for Architects and Builders, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1954.
Simple, somewhat dated, but useful technical guide to grading, utilities, road
design and other site development engineering concerns.
60. Ramsey, C. G. and Sleeper, H.R. Architectural Graphic Standards (Sixth

Edition), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1970.
A general technical reference on architecture with an introductory chapter on
planning and design principles. Addresses a variety of facilities found on military
installations, such as truck docks, recreational playing fields, sun control, plot
subdivision data, standard swimming pool dimensions, etc. Exterior construction
and finish materials such as concrete, masonry, metal, wood, plaster and tile are
also covered.
61. Robinette, Gary O. Energy and Environment, Kendall Hunt Publishing Co.,
Dubuque, Iowa, 1973.
One of the few comprehensive references to address the visual design issues
associated with power generation plants, transmission lines and transformation
facilities. Provides useful guidelines for site selection and illustrates various
approaches to minimizing visual impacts.
62. Schultz, Theodore and McMahon, Nancy M. Noise Assessment Guidelines,

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (Stock No. 2300-1194),
1974.
Procedures for evaluating noise exposure of potential development sites. Created
for use by persons without technical training. Sites are ranked from clearly
acceptable to clearly unacceptable and levels of noise which require special
abatement efforts are identified. Does not provide guidelines for designing noise
abatement systems.
152
63. Stone, Edward H., II. Visual Resource Management, American Society of
Landscape Architects, Washington, D.C., 1978.
Highlights a landscape inventory and analysis process used by the Forest Service
and Bureau of Land Management in assessing the visual quality of specific lands
areas. Application of the process is most suitable for predominantly natural
undisturbed terrains.
Bibliographies.
The following Council of Planning Librarians, Exchange Bibliographies are available

(copy can be obtained for fee from: Editor, Council of Planning Libraries, Post
Office Box 229, Monticello, Illinois 61856) for those interested in a more
comprehensive review of literature in the fields of urban design, planning and site
design.
84. Montgomery, Roger. A General Booklist on Urban Design, 1969.
188. Stanley, Brock T. Community Facilities Planning, A Selected

Interdisciplinary Bibliography, 1971.
476. Mills, Madolia Massey. The Potential of Direct Solar Energy in Planning,
1973.
906. Shilaber, Caroline. Landscape Architecture/Environmental Planning, A

Classified Bibliography, 1975.
954. Unruh, David. Space and Environment: An Annotated Bibliography, 1976.
998. Gentile, Joseph Francis. Landscape Planning and Design, 1976.
1030. Kulp, Kenneth K. Environmental Site Planning, 1976.
153
Appendix C. Section I:
2. The contractor shall correct all
errors, inconsistencies or
Outline Scope of Work omissions in the design guide
Statement. brought to his attention by the
contracting officer, and make
I. Statement of Work. resubmittals, if required by the
Model Scope of Work Statement contracting officer, even if the
and Design Consultant Selection A. Project Identification. period of service has expired.
Criteria for the Preparation of
Installation Design Guides. Description of the installation II. Specific Requirements.
location, environs, boundaries;
As stated in Chapter 1, the design subareas within the installation that A. Task I - Orientation
guidelines provided in this manual require differential treatment; and Conference.
are intended for general application other specific information
on all military installations and, identifying the project. Within fifteen calendar days after
therefore, it is recommended that issue of a notice to proceed and
each installation develop its own B. Objective. before proceeding with the work, a
design guide, tailored to its conference will be held at the office
specific situation. These specific The objective of this contract is to of the contracting officer, at which
installation design guides should develop a design guide for (name time the contractor’s
contain appropriate guidelines for of installation). This design guide representative(s) who will be in
all the component elements is to establish specific design active charge of the work shall be
comprising the visual environment criteria and an outline program to present in order that all
(as covered generically in Chapters improve the visual environment of requirements may be thoroughly
3 through 13 of this manual). (name of installation). The design reviewed.
However, the design guide would criteria should be developed in
be responsive to such locationally response to the general guidelines B. Task II Data Collection and
specific conditions as climate, contained within the Installation Analysis.
prevailing architectural character, Design Manual but should be
and any other atypical installation tailored specifically to the unique 1. Perform a visual survey of the
policies or conditions. characteristics of the installation. installation using photographic
The outline program for improving and/or sketch techniques to
This appendix is intended to: 1) the appearance of the installation document findings.
serve as a guideline for individual is intended to be incorporated into
installations in the development of the master plan of the installation. 2. Identify existing visual assets
a scope of work for the preparation and liabilities.
of a design guide, and 2) provide C. General Requirements.
criteria to aid in the selection of a 3. Evaluate major influences on
well-qualified design consultant to 1. The contractor shall furnish the the visual environment. The
prepare the design guide. necessary professional and installation master plan is the
technical personnel, clerical primary source of information for
services, materials, equipment and mission statements; existing
facilities and perform all travel in topography, structures, roads and
accordance with this document other physical conditions; and
and with criteria and requirements future proposed land uses and
furnished by the contracting officer. circulation. Climatological
information should also be
evaluated to determine appropriate
architectural, site planning and
planting criteria related to the
visual environment.
155
4. Prepare a report documenting D. Task IV Design Guide. D. Draft Mock-up of Design Guide.
existing visual conditions, assets,
liabilities and major influences on the 1. Upon completion of all the work oCopies
visual environment. Submit copies under Tasks I, II and III above, oCalendar days following previous
for review and approval by the prepare text, illustrations and review
contracting officer. photographs for the design guide for oCalendar day review period
(name of installation).
C. Task III Design Criteria. E. Final Design Guide.
2. Submit ____ copies of a draft
1. Establish specific goals, mock-up of the design guide for oCopies
objectives and priorities for improving review and approval by the oCalendar days following previous
the visual environment of the contracting officer. review
installation.
3. Correct all errors, inconsistencies F. Set of Reproducible Originals
2. Develop design criteria and omissions in the draft design for the Complete Guide.
responsive to these goals, objectives guide as indicated by the contracting
and priorities. These criteria should officer. Unfolded mylar reproducibles of fold
be developed for each of the out drawings, if any. Negatives for all
following elements comprising the 4. Submit to the contracting officer black and white photographs and
visual environment of the installation: _____ copies of the final design printed matter.
guide, an audio-visual presentation of
Buildings the design guide and a narrative IV. Contract Period of Service.
Roads keyed on the slides.
Parking All work under this contract will be
Walkways III. Submittals and Schedule. completed within ____ calendar days
Plazas and Courtyards after issue of notice to proceed.
Bikeways A. Orientation Conference
Planting Fifteen calendar days after notice to V. Material to be Furnished by the
Signing proceed Contracting Officer.
Lighting
Site Furnishings B. Data Collection and Analysis A. Copies of the Installation Design
Utilities Report. Manual and other related
government regulations and technical
The design guide should establish o Copies manuals.
overall guidelines including: a) a oCalendar days after orientation
general architectural design conference B. Installation master plan and
vernacular including desired oCalendar day review period topographic, building, utility and other
architectural character, massing, appropriate base maps and aerial
scale, materials and color palette; b) C. Outline Contents and Format of photographs as available.
plant materials, prototypical Design Guide.
applications and details that are C. Technical guidance and
appropriate to the installation and its oCopies information through conferences and
climate; c) site planning and design oCalendar days following previous review of submittals.
guidelines for site systems including review
circulation (vehicular, pedestrian, oCalendar day review period D. Design guides prepared for other
bikeway), parking, signing, lighting installations that may be helpful as
and utilities; and d) a coordinated models for preparing the design
design system for site furnishings, guide for this installation.
signing and lighting.
3. Prepare, in outline form, the

proposed contents and format of the
design guide and submit for review
and approval by the contracting
officer.
156
Section II: II. Personnel, Experience and IV. Location.
Design Excellence.
It is critical that the personnel While not a primary selection criteria,
Design Consultant Selection identified to work on the project be the location of the firm or group of
Criteria. experienced design professionals firms should be considered as it
from each of the necessary relates to required travel to the
When selecting a consultant to disciplines. It is the experience of the installation, to the project officer, and
prepare a design guide for a military personnel assigned, rather than the between firms as necessary. A
installation, the following factors firm’s experience, that is most significant amount of time at the
should be considered. important. installation by the designers is
necessary to develop a full
I. Firm Type, Design Disciplines The type of experience that is most understanding of all aspects involved
and Organization. desirable includes site planning and in the preparation of the design guide
design. Completed projects will for the installation.
The consultant should be a design- clearly demonstrate the designer’s
oriented firm or group of firms. Either abilities at compatibly relating groups
a single firm or an affiliated group of of buildings to each other and their
firms can successfully prepare a natural setting and of sensitive
design guide as long as all the attention to all aspects of site design.
necessary design disciplines are This project experience need not
represented on the team. These necessarily have been performed for
should include architecture; site the military; comparable civilian
planning; landscape architecture; projects include institutional
graphic design; and illumination, civil campuses, new communities,
and mechanical engineering. housing and commercial complexes
and industrial parks.
If an affiliated group of firms is to
provide these various disciplines, the In evaluating this experience, the
organization of the team is critical. design excellence of the completed
One firm should be the prime projects is of critical importance. Site
contractor, and a lead designer with visits to representative projects by
that firm should be clearly identified the selection board is desirable to
as the project director. He must be best evaluate the skill of the design
given the authority required for such professionals. Minimally, site plans
a position. and photographs of completed
projects should be carefully reviewed.
Project experience in the vicinity of
the installation or in a similar climate
is an advantage but not a necessity.
III. Size and Workload.
Size and workload are interrelated. A

small firm or group of small firms can
successfully perform the required
tasks as long as they are not
overextended in their current
workload. The project manager
should be assigned between 80
percent and full time to the project
and the design professionals
between 30-60 percent. More people
spending lesser percentages of their
time reduces the efficiency and
continuity of the consultant effort.
157
The proponent agency of this publication is the Office of the Chief of Engineers, United
States Army. Users are invited to send comments and suggested improvements on DA
Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) direct to
HODA(DAEN-MPE-I) WASH DC 20314.
By Order of the Secretaries of the Army, the Air Force, and the Navy.
E. C. MEYER
General, United States Army
Official: Chief of Staff
J. C. PENNINGTON
Major General, United States Army
The Adjutant General
LEW ALLEN, JR.
General, United States
Air Force
Official: Chief of Staff
VAN L. CRAWFORD
Colonel, United States Air Force
Director of Administration
D. G. ISELIN
Rear Admiral, CEC, U. S. Navy
Commander, Naval Facilities
Engineering Command
Distribution:
To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-34B, requirements for TM 5-800 Series: Engineering and Design for
Real Property Facilities.
* U.S. PRINTING OFFICE : 1993 0 - 342-421 (62204)

PIN : 049304-000

Installtion Design

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Installtion Design

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Army TM 5-803-5

Navy NAVFAC P-960

4 Chapter 2: Improving the Visual Quality of Military Installations.

9 Part II: Design Guidelines

59 Chapter 7: Plazas and Courtyards.

85 Chapter 10: Signing.

95 Chapter 11: Lighting.

103 Chapter 12: Site Furnishings.

117 Chapter 13: Utilities.

124 Chapter 14: Main Entrances.

126 Chapter 15: Administrative Headquarters.

128 Chapter 16: Housing.

134 Chapter 17: Community Facilities.

136 Chapter 18: Industrial/Warehousing Areas.

141 Appendix A: Related Military References.

143 Appendix B: Annotated Bibliography.

4. During the survey, dominant 2. The graphic illustrations

The image of an installation is the functional requirements of a

A. Development Pattern. Fig. 3-1.

fig. 3-5. 2. Climate. Proper consideration

c. Use light colored walls and

d. Shelter windows from direct

fig. 3-17. fig. 3-19.

d. Use medium color surfaces 3. Hot Arid Regions.

g. In appropriate buildings that

fig. 3-27. fig. 3-32.

c. Locate all building loading docks off-

3. Color. Relate buildings with

fig. 3-44. a. In general, colors should be

1. Inventory and document

2. Preserve and appropriately

3. Avoid alterations that detract

4. When altering an historic

5. Avoid imitative designs when

6. Encourage adaptive reuse of

Observations and Objectives.

C. Improve the Existing

A Highways. B. Primary. C. Secondary.

E. Cul-de-sacs. 2. Service Roads. These

CROSS CONTOURS DIAGONALLY

B. Adapt Roads to the Natural c. Clear only to the edge of

b. At elevated road areas

b. Provide turning lanes to

3. Correct Unsafe Physical c. Provide proper lighting and

D. Other Type Vehicles.

6. Avoid parking directly

5-5 Parking Structures.

Most military installations contain climatic extremes in most older

Observations and Objectives.

A. Preserve and Enhance

3. A plant or plant mass can be

2. Plant materials to be used as

C. Environmental Controls. 2. Reduction of Noise.

Fig 6-20. Fig 6-22.

Outdoor pedestrian-oriented can provide an attractive and lunchtime relaxation. In a

Observations and Objectives.

fig. 7-15. 10. Carefully detail the edges of

serve as plaza seating surfaces (fig. 7-23). Design

H. Provisions for the Handicapped.

Pedestrian-oriented site planning

Observations and Objectives.

Fig. 8-25 between 5 and 7 inches while tread

Since the late 1960’s, the installations can easily be

Based upon these design speeds,