AERODROME

DESIGN
MANUAL

PART 5

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

FIRST EDITION - 1983

Approved by the Secretary General

and published under his authority

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL -4VI-ATIONORGANIZATION

 Aerodrome
Design
Manual
(Doc 9157-AN/901)

Part 5
Electrical Systems

First Edition - 1983

 AMENDMENTS

Amendments are announced in the supplelnenfs to the Catalogue of ICAO

Publications; the Catalogue and its supplements are available on the ICAO website
at www.icao.int. The space below is provided to keep a record of such amendments.

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OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA

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 Proper d e s i g n , i n s t a l l a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e of e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s f o r n a v i -
g a t i o n a i d s , b o t h v i s u a l and n o n v i s u a l , a r e p r e r e q u i s i t e s f o r t h e s a f e t y , r e g u l a r i t y ,
and e f f i c i e n c y of c i v i l a v i a t i o n . To t h i s e n d , t h i s manual p r o v i d e s g u i d a n c e on t h e
d e s i g n and i n s t a l l a t i o n of e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g and r a d i o n a v i g a -
tion aids.

The e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g and r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s

i n c l u d e f e a t u r e s which a r e n o t u s u a l l y i n v o l v e d i n o t h e r e l e c t r i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s . This
manual t h e r e f o r e d i s c u s s e s n o t o n l y t h e g e n e r a l f e a t u r e s of e l e c t r i c a l p r a c t i c e s and
i n s t a l l a t i o n s b u t a l s o t h o s e f e a t u r e s which a r e of s p e c i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r aerodrome
installations. It i s assumed t h a t r e a d e r s of t h e manual w i l l be f a m i l i a r w i t h e l e c -
t r i c a l c i r c u i t s and g e n e r a l d e s i g n c o n c e p t s , b u t may n o t be knowledgeable of c e r t a i n
f e a t u r e s of aerodrome i n s t a l l a t i o n s which a r e l e s s f r e q u e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d i n o t h e r
installations. It i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s manual i s
i n t e n d e d t o complement n a t i o n a l s a f e t y c o d e s r e l a t e d t o e l e c t r i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

The manual d o e s n o t d i s c u s s e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s f o r b u i l d i n g s l o c a t e d on a n
a i r p o r t o t h e r t h a n t h e e f f e c t of s u c h b u i l d i n g s on t o t a l power r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r p r i m a r y
and s e c o n d a r y power s u p p l i e s . S i m i l a r l y , t h e manual d o e s n o t d e a l w i t h t h e m a i n t e n a n c e
o f e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s . F o r g u i d a n c e on t h i s l a t t e r i s s u e t h e r e a d e r i s a d v i s e d t o r e f e r
t o t h e A i r p o r t S e r v i c e s Manual, (Doc 9 1 3 7 ) , P a r t 9, A i r p o r t Maintenance P r a c t i c e s .

F u t u r e e d i t i o n s of t h i s manual w i l l be improved on t h e b a s i s of e x p e r i e n c e
g a i n e d and of comments and s u g g e s t i o n s r e c e i v e d from u s e r s of t h i s manual. Readers of
t h i s manual a r e i n v i t e d t o g i v e t h e i r v i e w s , comments and s u g g e s t i o n s t o t h e S e c r e t a r y
G e n e r a l of ICAO.
Chapter 1 . Introduction ....................................................5-1
1.1 Purpose ............................................................5-1
1.2 O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e manual ............................................ 5-1

Chapter 2. E l e c t r i c i t y S u p p l i e s ............................................5-2

2'1 Sources of power ......................... ~ ~ P O O O O O O O O i O O O ~ e ~

2.1.1 G e n e r a l .....................................................5-2
2.1.2 Primary power s o u r c e s .......................................5-2
2.1.3 Secondary power s o u r c e s .....................................5-2
2.1.4 D i s t r i b u t i o n o f i n t e r m e d i a t e power ..........................5-3
2.2 Power t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ...................................... -3
2.2.1 T r a n s f e r ( s w i t c h - o v e r ) t i m e r e q u i r e m e n t s ....................5-3
2.2.2 Continuous power s o u r c e s ....................................5-3
2.2.3 Methods of t r a n s f e r .........................................5-5
2.3 Secondary power equipment ..........................................5-7
2.3.1 Components ..................................................5-7
2.3.2 Engine-generator s e t s .......................................5-9
2.3.3 Power t r a n s f e r s w i t c h i n g ....................................5-10
2.3.4 U n i n t e r r u p t i b l e power s u p p l i e s ..............................5-10
2.3.5 S p e c i a l s e c o n d a r y power d e v i c e s .............................5-11
2.4 V a u l t s and s h e l t e r s f o r e l e c t r i c a l equipment .......................5-11
2.4.1 S h e l t e r s ....................................................5-11
2.4.2 L a c a t i o n ....................................................5-13
2.4.3 S p e c i a l p r o v i s i o n s ..........................................5-13
2.5 D i s t r i b u t i o n of power ..............................................5-14
2s5sl General .....................................................5-14
2.5.2 Primary power f e e d e r c i r c u i t s ...............................5-15
2.5.3 Above-ground ( o v e r h e a d ) p r i m a r y d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s .......=5-- 1 5
2.5.4 .......................
Line-voltage r e g u l a t o r s 6(r(r(r(r(r(r(rOsDDDD55i5
2.5.5 Power l i n e s................................................. 5-16
2.5.6 Conductors .................................................. 5-16
2.5.7 Insulators .................................................. 5-17
2.5.8 Lacknuts .................................................... 5-18
2.5.9
2.5.10
Transformers
Capacitors
................................................
.................................................. 5-18
5-19
2.5.11 Circuit interruption devices ................................ 5-19
2.5.12 ........................................
Lightning p r o t e c t i o n
.................................................. 5-20
2.5.13 Clearances 5-20
2.5.14 Grounding ................................................... 5-20
2.5.15 ............................
Underground d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s 5-21
Chapter 3 . E l e c t r i c a l C i r c u i t s f o r Aerodrome L i g h t i n g and Radio
N a v i g a t i o n Aids ...........................................................5-23
Types of e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s .......................................5-23
3.1.1 E l e c t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ..................................5-23
3.1.2 S e r i e s c i r c u i t s .............................................5-23
3. 1.3 P a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s ...........................................5-24
3.1.4 Comparison of s e r i e s and p a r a l l e l l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s .........5-25
S e r i e s c i r c u i t r y f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g ............................5-25
3.2.1 F a c t o r s t o be c o n s i d e r e d ....................................5-25
P a r a l l e l ( m u l t i p l e ) c i r c u i t r y ......................................5-41
3.3.1 Use of p a r a l l e l ( m u l t i p l e ) c i r c u i t r y i n aerodrome l i g h t i n g ..5-41
C o n t r o l of aerodrome l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s ..............................5-42
3.4.1 C o n t r o l c i r c u i t r y ...........................................5-42
3.4.2 C o n t r o l p a n e l s ..............................................5-43
3.4.3 Use of r e l a y s ...............................................5-44
3.4.4 I n t e r c o n n e c t i o n of c o n t r o l s .................................5-45
3.4.5 Automatic c o n t r o l s ..........................................5-45
3.4.6 Radio remote c o n t r o l s .......................................5-46
Lamps ..............................................................5-46
3.5.1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i n c a n d e s c e n t lamps .......................5-46
3.5.2 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of g a s e o u s d i s c h a r g e lamps ..................5-48
Methods of o b t a i n i n g i n t e g r i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y f o r aerodrome
l i g h t i n g .........................................................5-49
3.6.1 D e f i n i t i o n of terms .........................................5-49
3.6.2 Summary of means of improving e l e c t r i c a l i n t e g r i t y
...........................................5-50
and r e l i a b i l i t y

3.7.1 Methods of m o n i t o r i n g
.......................... 5-51
M f n i t o r i n g of aerodrome l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s
5-51
................................
. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ e ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ p ~ t -e* 6 6 6 6 6 L i 5 i i

3.7.2 Design of m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e s 3-3"

3.7.3 .......................................a.5-51
C l a s s e s of m o n i t o r s
3.7.4 ...................................5-52
Monitor o v e r r i d e c o n t r o l s
..................a.e.
E l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s f o r radio navigation aids 5-52
3.8.1 ..............................5-52
Types of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s
3.8.2 Electrical characteristics ....................C*...... eeaOO05-52
3.8.3
3.8.4
..................
Control c i r c u i t s f o r r a d i o navigation a i d s
..........5-53
5-54
R e l i a b i l i t y and i n t e g r i t y of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s
3.8.5 Monitoring .........................5-54
of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s

3.9.1 Application
................5-54
Acceptance t e s t i n g of aerodrome e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s
.................................................5-54
3.9.2 Guarantee p e r i o d ............................................5-55
3.9.3 Inspection procedures .......................................5-55
3.9.4 .................5-57
E l e c t r i c a l t e s t of s e r i e s - c i r c u i t equipment
3.9.5
3.9.6
............................
.............................. 5-59
E l e c t r i c a l t e s t s of o t h e r c a b l e s
E l e c t r i c a l t e s t s of r e g u l a t o r s 5-60
3.9.7 Troubleshooting t e s t s .......................................5-61
3.9.8 .........*...........*...5-62
E l e c t r i c a l t e s t s of o t h e r equipment
3.9.9 ...........................................5-62
T e s t s of m o n i t o r s
T a b l e of C o n t e n t s (vii >

Chapter 4 . Underground E l e c t r i c a l Systems ........................I..*......5-63

4.1 G e n e r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s ...............................................5-63
4.1.1 I n i t i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ........................................5-63
4.1.2 P r e c o n s t r u c t i o n a r r a n g e m e n t s ................................5-63
4.1.3 Methods o f i n s t a l l a t i o n .....................................5-63
4.2 D i r e c t b u r i a l of c a b l e .............................................5-63
4.2.1 S t e p s of i n s t a l l i n g .........................................5-63
4.2.2 T r e n c h i n g ...................................................5-63
4.2.3 S e p a r a t i o n between c a b l e s ...................................5-64
4.2.4 I n s t a l l a t i o n of d i r e c t - b u r i a l c a b l e s ........................5-65
4.3 I n s t a l l a t i o n o f d u c t s ( c o n d u i t ) ....................................5-66
4.3.1 I n s t a l l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s and p r o c e d u r e s ......................5-66
4.4 Manholes and h a n d h o l e s .............................................5-67
4.4.1 S e l e c t i o n ...................................................5-67
4.4.2 b c a t i o n ....................................................5-69
4.4.3 Stubs ....................................................... 5-69
4.4.4 Hardware ....................................................5-69
4.4.5 T w o s e c t i o n manholes ........................................5-69
4.5 I n s t a l l a t i o n of underground c a b l e s .................................5-69
4.5.1 P r e p a r a t i o n of d u c t s ........................................5-69
4.5.2 Cable p u l l i n g i n d u c t s ......................................5-69
4.5.3 I n s t a l l a t i o n of c a b l e i n manholes and h a n d h o l e s .............5-71
4.5.4 P r e s s u r i z e d t y p e c o a x i a l c a b l e s .............................5-72
4.5.5 Cable i n s t a l l a t i o n i n saw c u t s .............................5-73
405.6 Cable marking . . ~ . e . . . . . . . . e . . . . . e . ~ e . . . . . . ~eDii5ei66ieee~aee5-74
4.5.7 Enclosures f o r connections ..................................5-75
Chapter 5. Cables f o r Underground S e r v i c e a t Aerodromes ....................5-77

5.1
5.1.1 ...........5-77
F e a t u r e s of t h e c a b l e s . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e C e . . a e a e . O . I ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c a b l e s f o r underground s e r v i c e 5-77
5.1.2
5.1.3
C l a s s e s of s e r v i c e
Causes of c a b l e damage
..........................................
......................................5-79
5-80
5.2 Cable c o n n e c t i o n s
5.2.1 Cable s p l i c e s
..................................................
...............................................5-82
5-82
5.2.2 Taped s p l i c e s ........................................a.....e5-83
5.2.3 Connector k i t s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g .......................5-85
5.2.4
5.2.5
Coaxial c a b l e s ..............................................
Connection of c o n d u c t o r s ....................................5-85
5-88
 1.1 PURPOSE

1.1.1 To e n s u r e t h e r e g u l a r i t y and s a f e t y of a v i a t i o n , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t a e r o -
drome l i g h t i n g and r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a l a i d s have h i g h i n t e g r i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y . It i s
c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of f a i l u r e of w e l l d e s i g n e d and m a i n t a i n e d l i g h t i n g and
r a d i o a i d s a t a c r i t i c a l moment i s e x t r e m e l y low,

1.1.2 The f o l l o w i n g m a t e r i a l i s i n t e n d e d as a g u i d e t o t h e recommended e l e c t r i c a l

e n g i n e e r i n g p r a c t i c e s f o r d e s i g n and i n s t a l l a t i o n of new systems and t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n of
e x i s t i n g s y s t e m s of aerodrome f i x e d l i g h t i n g and of d i s t r i b u t i o n of power t o r a d i o
navigation aids. It does n o t imply t h a t e x i s t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s , i f d i f f e r e n t , a r e wrong
and s h o u l d be changed a u t o m a t i c a l l y . It d o e s mean t h a t some of t h e e a r l i e r d e s i g n s
a d o p t e d a r e n o t recommended f o r r e p e t i t i o n s i n c e t h e y have been s u p e r s e d e d by l a t e r
thinking. Because of t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n e n g i n e e r i n g s t y l e and equipment i n d i f f e r e n t
c o u n t r i e s , t h i s material e s t a b l i s h e s only b a s i c design principles. It i s n o t i n t e n d e d
t o i l l u s t r a t e d e t a i l e d d e s i g n o r p a r t i c u l a r p i e c e s of equipment o r s y s t e m s u n i q u e t o any
one S t a t e .

1.1.3 The e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s f o r aerodrome v i s u a l a i d s and n a v i g a t i o n s y s t e m s

r e q u i r e good q u a l i t y i n s t a l l a t i o n s and c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r f e a t u r e s which a r e n o t u s u a l l y
involved i n other e l e c t r i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s . T h i s manual d i s c u s s e s t h e g e n e r a l f e a t u r e s
o f e l e c t r i c a l p r a c t i c e s and i n s t a l l a t i o n s w i t h emphasis on t h o s e f e a t u r e s which a r e l e s s
commonly i n v o l v e d o r have s p e c i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r aerodrome o p e r a t i o n s . It i s assumed
t h a t t h o s e u s i n g t h i s manual w i l l be f a m i l i a r w i t h e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s and g e n e r a l
p r a c t i c e s b u t may n o t b e knowledgeable of c e r t a i n f e a t u r e s of aerodrome i n s t a l l a t i o n s
which a r e l e s s f r e q u e n t l y e n c o u n t e r e d i n o t h e r e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s . Some o f t h e s e
f e a t u r e s a r e t h a t most e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s a r e i n s t a l l e d underground, s e r i e s c i r c u i t s
a r e u s e d f o r most l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s , h i g h e r r e l i a b i l i t y i s r e q u i r e d o f t h e i n p u t power
s o u r c e s , and r a p i d , a u t o m a t i c t r a n s f e r t o s e c o n d a r y power i n c a s e of power f a i l u r e s .
Each aerodrome i s u n i q u e , and i t s e l e c t r i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o p r o v i d e
e c o n o m i c a l l y power and c o n t r o l which i s s a f e , r e l i a b l e , and e a s i l y m a i n t a i n e d .

1.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE :NNUAL

1.2.1 T h i s manual p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e E l e c t r i c i t y S u p p l i e s i n Chapter 2,

E l e c t r i c a l C i r c u i t s f o r Aerodrome L i g h t i n g and N a v i g a t i o n Aids i n C h a p t e r 3, Underground
E l e c t r i c a l Systems i n Chapter 4 , and C a b l e s f o r Underground S e r v i c e a t Aerodromes i n
C h a p t e r 5.
 2.1 SOURCES OF POWER

2.1.1 General

2.1.1.1 The p r i m a r y s o u r c e s of power f o r aerodromes s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d b e f o r e t h e

d e s i g n s of t h e aerodrome l i g h t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s and t h e r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s are
initiated. The e l e c t r i c a l power f o r t h e s e i n s t a l l a t i o n s i s u s u a l l y o n l y a s m a l l p a r t o f
t h e e l e c t r i c a l power u s e d by t h e aerodrome. Whether t h e v i s u a l and r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n
a i d s b e i n g i n s t a l l e d a r e f o r a new aerodrome o r f o r m o d e r n i z a t i o n and e x p a n s i o n of a n
e x i s t i n g aerodrome, t h e s o u r c e s of power s h o u l d be a n a l y z e d f o r a v a i l a b i l i t y , c a p a c i t y ,
r e l i a b i l i t y , p r a c t i c a l i t y f o r t h e p r o p o s e d i n s t a l l a t i o n , and f o r f u t u r e e x p a n s i o n . T h i s
a n a l y s i s s h o u l d i n c l u d e b o t h t h e p r i m a r y power s o u r c e and t h e s e c o n d a r y power s o u r c e
r e q u i r e d by Annex 1 0 , Volume I, 2.9 and Annex 1 4 , 8.1 f o r u s e i n c a s e s of f a i l u r e o r
m a l f u n c t i o n of t h e p r i m a r y power s o u r c e .

Primary power s o u r c e s

2.1.2.1 The p r i m a r y s o u r c e s o f power f o r most aerodromes a r e f e e d e r s f r o m a w i d e l y

i n t e r c o n n e c t e d e l e c t r i c i t y network o u t s i d e t h e aerodrome, u s u a l l y f r o m e i t h e r a commer-
c i a l o r a p u b l i c mains s u p p l y . I n some c a s e s t h e power may come f r o m a l o c a l g e n e r a t i n g
p l a n t o r f r o m a l i m i t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n system. Two i n d e p e n d e n t incoming power s o u r c e s a r e
d e s i r a b l e f o r major aerodromes, i n s t e a d of a s i n g l e p r i m a r y power s o u r c e . They s h o u l d
come f r o m w i d e l y s e p a r a t e d s e c t i o n s of t h e e l e c t r i c i t y network beyond t h e aerodrome w i t h
e a c h s u p p l y i n g s e p a r a t e c i r c u i t s t h a t would p r o v i d e i n t e g r i t y of f a c i l i t i e s if o n e
failed. P r e f e r a b l y , t h e s e s o u r c e s w i l l have s e p a r a t e f e e d e r s f r o m s e p a r a t e s u b s t a t i o n s
and w i l l a l s o be from d i f f e r e n t g e n e r a t o r s . Other s u p p l y a r r a n g e m e n t s may b e u s e d
d e p e n d i n g on t h e security, r e l i a b i l i t y , s t a t i s t i c s , o r economics a p p l i c a b l e t o a
p a r t i c u l a r situation,

2,1.2.2 T h i s power i s u s u a l l y s u p p l i e d a t h i g h e r v o l t a g e ( o v e r 5 0 0 0 v o l t s ) t o t h e
aerodrome main power s u b s t a t i o n .

2.1.3 Secondary power s o u r c e s

2.1.3.1 Most aerodromes w i t h aerodrome l i g h t i n g and r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s s h o u l d b e

p r o v i d e d w i t h s e c o n d a r y e l e c t r i c a l power f o r t h e a i d s r e q u i r e d a s a minimum f o r o p e r a -
t i o n s . The c i r c u i t s and f a c i l i t i e s t o be p r o v i d e d w i t h s e c o n d a r y power v a r y w i t h t h e
most c r i t i c a l c l a s s o r c a t e g o r y of f l i g h t o p e r a t i o n s . The aerodrome f a c i l i t i e s f o r
which a s e c o n d a r y power s u p p l y i s recommended a r e i n d i c a t e d i n Annex 1 4 , C h a p t e r 8 f o r
v i s u a l a i d s and i n Annex 1 0 , Volume I , P a r t I, C h a p t e r 2 f o r r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s .
Those f a c i l i t i e s f o r which s e c o n d a r y power i s r e q u i r e d s h o u l d b e a r r a n g e d t o
a u t o m a t i c a l l y c o n n e c t t o t h e s e c o n d a r y power s u p p l y on f a i l u r e of t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e
power.

2.1.3.2 Sources of s e c o n d a r y power. As recommended i n Annex 1 4 , C h a p t e r 8, s o a r c e s

o f s e c o n d a r y power may be i n d e p e n d e n t p u b l i c power s o u r c e s o r stand-by power u n i t s .
 2.1.3.3 For a e r o d r o m e s w i t h t h e
primary supp dependent e l e c t r i c a l
t r a n s m i s s i o n power l i n e s may be u s e d t o p r o v i d e s e c o n d a r y power. These i n d e p e n d e n t
power s o u r c e s a r e n o t u s u a l l y c o n n e c t e d t o t h e aerodrome l i g h t i n g and r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n
a i d s l o a d s b u t c a n be a u t o m a t i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d t o t h e s e l o a d s i n c a s e of f a i l u r e of t h e
p r i m a r y power s o u r c e . T h e s e i n d e p e n d e n t power s o u r c e s may be i n a r e s e r v e s t a t u s o n l y
o r may be s u p p l y i n g e l e c t r i c a l power t o o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s on t h e aerodrome. An
i n d e p e n d e n t s o u r c e s u p p l y i n g power t o o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s s h o u l d have a d e q u a t e c a p a c i t y t o
p r o v i d e t h e power f o r t h e more e s s e n t i a l aerodrome l i g h t i n g a n d r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s i n
a d d i t i o n t o t h e u s u a l l o a d o r s w i t c h i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d t o d i s c o n n e c t
from i t s u s u a l l o a d a s i t i s connected t o t h e l i g h t i n g and r a d i o a i d s l o a d . The
improvement i n i n t e g r i t y of o p e r a t i o n s p r o v i d e d by i n d e p e n d e n t power s o u r c e s depends on
t h e s e p a r a t i o n and i n d e p e n d e n c e of t h i s s o u r c e from t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e . I f t h e two
s o u r c e s come f r o m i n t e r c o n n e c t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n n e t w o r k s , a f a i l u r e i n t h e n e t w o r k may
c a u s e b o t h s o u r c e s t o f a i l . An i n d e p e n d e n t power s o u r c e may be u s e d as a s e c o n d a r y
power s o u r c e i f i t h a s t h e c a p a c i t y t o s u p p l y i t s own l o a d p l u s t h e aerodrome l i g h t i n g
and r a d i o a i d s l o a d and i s s o s e p a r a t e d t h a t any s i n g l e c a u s e of power f a i l u r e of t h e
p r i m a r y s o u r c e w i l l n o t i n t e r f e r e w i t h power from t h e o t h e r s o u r c e . Unless t h e
i n d e p e n d e n t s o u r c e Is c o m p l e t e l y i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e and w i l l n o t be
o v e r l o a d e d upon f a i l u r e of t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e , l o c a l s e c o n d a r y power s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d
f o r t h e v i s u a l and r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e o p e r a t i o n s of t h e aerodrome.

2.1.3.4 Independent l o c a l power s o u r c e . Some aerodromes may have t u r b o - a l t e r n a t o r

motor u n i t s which a r e u s e d t o s u p p l y power t o n o n - c r i t i c a l f a c i l i t i e s . These l o c a l
power s o u r c e s may be u s e d a s t h e s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e of power f o r c r i t i c a l aerodrome l i g h t -
i n g and r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a l a i d s . I f t h e p r i m a r y power f a i l s , t h e c r i t i c a l l i g h t i n g and
r a d i o a i d s a r e t r a n s f e r r e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y t o t h e l o c a l power s o u r c e . I f t h e l o c a l power
s o u r c e h a s a d e q u a t e c a p a c i t y , t h e l i g h t i n g and r a d i o a i d s l o a d may be i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e
u s u a l load. I f t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e l o c a l power s o u r c e i s l i m i t e d , t h e l o c a l power
s o u r c e may need t o d i s c o n n e c t some of t h e n o n - c r i t i c a l l o a d b e f o r e c o n n e c t i n g t o t h e
c r i t i c a l l i g h t i n g and r a d i o a i d s l o a d .

2.1.3.5 . Another a r r a n g e m e n t i s t o s u p p l y t h e power

f o r t h e aerodrome l i g h t i n g - and r a d i o n a v i g - a t i o n a l a i d s from t u r b o - a l t e r n a t o r motor u n i t s
which may a l s o be s u p p l y i n g power t o o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s . I f t h i s s o u r c e of power f a i l s ,
t h e c r i t i c a l l i g h t i n g and r a d i o a i d s l o a d may be t r a n s f e r r e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y t o t h e
p r i m a r y power s o u r c e f o r t h e aerodrome.

2.1.3.6 Stand-by power s o u r c e s . Secondary power s o u r c e s may be e n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r

s e t s , o r t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r s f r o m which e l e c t r i c a l power can be o b t a i n e d a n d which can be
a u t o m a t i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d t o t h e f a c i l i t i e s r e q u i r i n g s e c o n d a r y power. The maximum l o a d
which c a n be c o n n e c t e d s h o u l d be w i t h i n t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e stand-by u n i t s . Stand-by
u n i t s w i t h c a p a c i t i e s r a n g i n g f r o m 5 0 t o more t h a n 1 000 k i l o v o l t - a m p e r e s a r e u s e d a s
s e c o n d a r y power s o u r c e s f o r a i r p o r t s . The s e c o n d a r y power s o u r c e s h o u l d be c a p a b l e of
s u p p l y i n g power f o r a t i m e p e r i o d t h a t e x c e e d s t h e maximum t i m e needed t o r e s t o r e power
from t h e primary source. E n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t s a r e o f t e n e x p e c t e d t o o p e r a t e f o r 24 t o
72 hours without r e f u e l l i n g . Other s e c o n d a r y power s o u r c e s , u s u a l l y f o r s m a l l l o a d s ,
may be b a t t e r y u n i t s , f u e l c e l l s , e t c .

2.1.4.1 T1e v o l t a g e f r o m t h e p r i m a r y power s o u r c e i s u s u a l l y r e d u c e d a t t h e a e r o -

drome s u b s t a t i o a t o a n i n t e r m e d t a t e v o l t a g e ( 2 000 t o 5 500 v o l t s ) f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n
 5-4 A e r o d r o l l l e D e s i g n Manual

Table 2-1. ry Pawer Supply AidsdRBdioAlds

( b m &X 14 and &X 10)

P-

- WOAids

V i s u a l aids requiring ai
C l a s s lfication F r r % r
tine time

Noll-in%trurnent Visual approach slope i d i c a t o r s a

W edge
RLmway threshold
e d
Obstaclea

Noqmcision Approach Lighting s y s t w 15 seconds m 15 seconds

Visual approach slope indicatorsa 15 seconds m l5 seconds
m
m
dge
y threshold
15 seconds
15 seconds
MDB
D/F facility
15 seconds
15 seconds
b a y end 15 secarads
Obstaclea L5 seconds

Precision approach Approach lighting systan 15 seconds IIS locallzer 10 seconds

category I -Y ~~
RLmwq threshold
15 seconds
15 seconds
ILS glide path
IIS middle marker
10 secords
10 seconds
Kurway ad l5 &S ILS outer nrucker 10 secords
Essential taxiway 15 sec& PAR 10 seconds
Obstaclea 15 secorads

Precision approach Approach lighting systan 1 second IIS locallzer 0s e d

c a t e p r y II Y- &S 15 s e d s ILS glide path 0 seconds
Runway t h r e i b l d 1s e d m Inns ~ ~ l i l l h 1 second
Rumay erd 1 second ILs middle 1 second
Ihlmq oentre line l &cord m outer llm-ka 10 seconds
Runwrny mchdown zone l sfxotki
Stop bars at taxi-holding pcxsitions 1 secorad
Esserltial taxiway including stop bars 15 seconds
other than those at taxl-holdiq
p i t ions
Obstaclea 15 seconds

Precision approach (%me as category I1 excepl- all

c a t e r p r y I11 stop bars - I second)

a. %ppLif?d w i t h s e a m p e r when tlleir operatim is essential to tk safety of f 1igt-s operations.

w i t h i n t h e aerodrome. This power i s u s u a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d by a " p a r a l l e l " s y s t e m t o t h e
v a r i o u s t r a n s f o r m e r s t a t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r step-down of v o l t a g e t o w t c h t h e i n p u t v o l t a g e
of t h e equipment. Two i n d e p e n d e n t incoming e l e c t r i c a l s u p p l i e s t a k e n f r o m w i d e l y
s e p a r a t e d s e c t i o n s of t h e e l e c t r i c i t y network beyond t h e aerodrome a r e recommended.
W i t h i n t h e aerodrome, r e l i a b i l i t y i n t h e s u p p l y of power t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l s t a t i o n s c a n
be improved by u s i n g a c l o s e d r i n g h i g h v o l t a g e i n p u t c i r c u i t w i t h b a l a n c e d v o l t a g e
p r o t e c t i o n on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r s o r by u s i n g a d o u b l e l o o p s y s t e m f r o m
i n d e p e n d e n t p r i m a r y s o u r c e s o p e r a t i n g a s open r i n g s f e e d i n g two t r a n s f o r m e r s a t e a c h
s t a t i o n . T h i s l a t t e r s y s t e m i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 2-1. I f a c e n t r a l i z e d monitoring
s y s t e m of t h e l o o p s w i t c h e s a t e a c h s t a t i o n and of f a u l t c u r r e n t s l i k e l y t o o c c u r i n
e a c h s e c t i o n a r e u s e d p r a c t i c a l l y c o m p l e t e e l i m i n a t i o n of power f a i l u r e s t o t h e
t r a n s f o r m e r s t a t i o n s c a n be a c h i e v e d . Simpler arrangements p r o v i d i n g l e s s e r r e l i a b i l i t y
may be u s e d a t s m a l l e r a i r p o r t s .

2.2 POWER TRANSFER CHARACTERISTIC S

2.2.1 T r a n s f e r (switch-over) time requirements

2.2.1.1 When t h e p r i m a r y power s u p p l y t o t h e more c r i t i c a l v i s u a l a i d s , f a c i l i t i e s ,

and r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s f a i l s , t h e l o a d must be t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e s e c o n d a r y power
s o u r c e . The s e c o n d a r y power s o u r c e must be s t a r t e d and s p e e d and v o l t a g e s t a b i l i z e d
b e f o r e t h e load i s t r a n s f e r r e d .

2.2.1.2 The t r a n s f e r , o r s w i t c h - o v e r , t i m e s p e r m i t t e d depend on t h e most c r i t i c a l

i n s t r u m e n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of t h e aerodromes o p e r a t i o n . Annex 14, C h a p t e r 8, and Annex
10, Volume I , P a r t I , Attachment C l i s t t h e maximum p e r m i s s i b l e t r a n s f e r t i m e s f o r t h e
components of aerodrome l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s and r a d i o a i d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h n o n - i n s t r u m e n t ,
n o n - p r e c i s i o n , and p r e c i s i o n a p p r o a c h runway c a t e g o r i e s I , I T , and III; (See T a b l e
2-1. >
Continuous power s o u r c e s

2.2.2.1 C e r t a i n t y p e s of lamps c a n n o t be r e s t a r t e d f o r s e v e r a l m i n u t e s i f t h e r e i s a
b r e a k i n t h e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e lamp of more t h a n a few t e n t h s of a s e c o n d . Some t y p e s
of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n and computer d e v i c e s a l l o w no i n t e r r u p t i o n of power, It i s n e c e s -
s a r y t o p r o v i d e a n u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e o r n e a r c o n t i n u o u s s o u r c e of power when t h e p r i m a r y
power s o u r c e f a i l s t o c a t e r t o s u c h equipment. Some d e v i c e s , s u c h a s some computers,
a r e c a p a b l e of accommodating o n l y v e r y l i m i t e d f l u c t u a t i o n s of f r e q u e n c y o r v o l t a g e and
r e q u i r e a t r u l y u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e power s u p p l y .

2.2.3 Methods of t r a n s f e r

2.2.3.1 The f o l l o w i n g methods a r e s u g g e s t e d a s p o s s i b l e ways t o r e s t o r e t h e power

s u p p l y w i t h i n t h e s p e c i f i e d maximum t r a n s f e r t i m e s . It i s a d v a n t a g e o u s t o g r o u p l o a d s
w i t h s i m i l a r l i m i t i n g t r a n s f e r t i m e s s o t h a t t h e y may be c o n t r o l l e d a t t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
s u p p l y o r a t t h e f e e d e r d i s t r i b u t i o n c o n n e c t i o n s f r o m t h e same s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e .

- I 2 ~ i n u t et r a n s f e r t i m . m - e r e a 2 - m i n u t e t r a n s f e r t i m e i s p e r m i s s i b l e ,
l o c a l g a s o l i n e o r d i e s e l engine-generator o r gas turbine-generator s e t s
w i t h a u t o m a t i c o r remote s t a r t i n g and s w i t c h i n g are s a t i s f a c t o r y . In
t h i s 2--minute p e r i o d t h e e n g i n e o r t u r b i n e c a n be s t a r t e d and t h e s p e e d
and v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o a can be s t a b i l i z e d .
LC. i g u ~ e2-1,
o Example of a d o u b l e - l o o p o p e n - r i n g i n t e r - m e d i a t e v o l t a g e
d i s t r i b u t i o x network
P a r t 5.- E l e c t r i c a l Systems 5-7

b) 15-second t r a n s f e r t i m e . Where a 15-second t r a n s f e r t i m e i s r e q u i r e d ,

s t a n d b y d i e s e l and g a s o l i n e e n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t s w i t h r a p i d - s t a r t
c a p a b i l i t y and f a s t - a c t i n g a u t o m a t i c s w i t c h i n g o r an i n d e p e n d e n t s o u r c e
w i t h a u t o m a t i c t r a n s f e r s w i t c h i n g can be used.

c) 10-second t r a n s f e r t i m e . Where a 10-second t r a n s f e r t i m e i s r e q u i r e d ,

s e c o n d a r y power u n i t s w i t h s u i t a b l e s t a r t i n g and s w i t c h - o v e r c a p a b i l i t y
can be used.

d) One-second t r a n s f e r t i m e . Where a one s e c o n d s w i t c h - o v e r time i s

r e q u i r e d , one of t h e f o l l o w i n g two methods a r e u s u a l l y used f o r t h i s
r a p i d t r a n s f e r of power. One method i s t o s t a r t t h e stand-by d i e s e l
e n g i n e o r gas t u r b i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t a s soon a s t h e RVR i s of t h e o r d e r
of 600 m and o p e r a t e t h e more c r i t i c a l l i g h t i n g and r a d i o a i d s from t h i s
g e n e r a t o r s e t w i t h a u t o m a t i c t r a n s f e r t o t h e p r i m a r y power s o u r c e i n
c a s e t h e s e c o n d a r y power f a i l s . The c r i t i c a l l o a d power s h o u l d c o n t i n u e
t o be f u r n i s h e d by t h e s e c o n d a r y power s o u r c e u n t i l an RVR of 800 m i s
reached on a f i r m t r e n d of improvements. The second method i s t o
a u t o m a t i c a l l y switch-over t o a s a t i s f a c t o r y i n d e p e n d e n t power s u p p l y .

e) Near z e r o t r a n s f e r t i m e . Very f a s t - a c t i n g ( s w i t c h i n g i n 0.3 second o r

l e s s ) a u t o m a t i c t r a n s f e r d e v i c e s which can s w i t c h t h e l o a d from t h e
o p e r a t i n g stand-by g e n e r a t o r t o t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e a r e r e q u i r e d f o r
l i g h t s u s i n g some t y p e s of d i s c h a r g e lamps i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n t h e
d i s c h a r g e . Another method of o b t a i n i n g a n e a r - z e r o t r a n s f e r time i s t o
u s e an i n e r t i a f l y w h e e l - d r i v e n g e n e r a t o r which i s c a p a b l e of m a i n t a i n i n g
t h e power s u p p l y d u r i n g t h e s t a r t - u p of t h e s e c o n d a r y power s o u r c e .

f) Zero t r a n s f e r t i m e . For t h o s e f a c i l i t i e s r e q u i r i n g u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e
power and a c c e p t i n g o n l y l i m i t e d v a r i a t i o n s of v o l t a g e o r f r e q u e n c y ,
b a t t e r y - d r i v e n s t a t i c i n v e r t e r ( s ) o r g e n e r a t o r ( s ) ( s e e F i g u r e 2-2) may
be used. Although t h e s e c o n d a r y power t r a n s f e r s h o u l d u s u a l l y be
accomplished i n o n l y s e v e r a l s e c o n d s , t h e b a t t e r y s e t ( s ) s h o u l d be
c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g t h e f a c i l i t i e s f o r a minimum of 15 m i n u t e s w i t h o u t
recharging.

2.3 SECONDARY POWER EQUIPMENT

Component S

2.3. 1.1 Secondary e l e c t r i c a l power s h o u l d be of s u c h q u a l i t y t h a t it w i l l p r o v i d e

t h e r e l i a b i l i t y , a v a i l a b i l i t y , and v o l t a g e s and f r e q u e n c i e s needed by t h e f a c i l i t y . The
majo r i t e m s of s e c o n d a r y power equipment commonly used f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g and r a d i o
n a v i g a t i o n a i d s a r e engine-generator s e t s , power-transfer s w i t c h i n g d e v i c e s , b a t t e r i e s ,
and b a t t e r y c h a r g e r s t o f u r n i s h power f o r s t a r c i n g t h e e n g i n e g e n e r a t o r s , and v a u l t s o r
s h e l t e r s f o r t h i s equipment. Less o f t e n u s e d , u s u a l l y f o r s p e c i a l f a c i l i t i e s , a r e
u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e power (UPS) s y s t e m s , s t a n d b y battery-power s y s t e m s , s o l a r o r wind
g e n e r a t o r s with b a t t e r y systems, independent g e n e r a t i n g devices such a s t h e s m e l e c t r l c ,
n u c l e a r , o r f u e l c e l l s . The s e c o n d a r y power equipment s h o u l d be l o c a t e d a s c l o s e a s i s
p r a c t i c a l t o t h e i n p u t of t h e f a e i l i t h e a s e r v e d .
 --

UPS MODULE
I
I
I
I
l
I
I

STATIC

P S OUTPUT TO mITICAL BUS

*UPS ( U n i n t e r r u p t i b l e Power Supply)

-.
rlgure 2-2, T y p i c a l n o n r e d u n d a n t uninterruptibfe power s u p p l y
2.3,2.1 The b a s i c s e c o n d a r y power e n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t c o n s i s t s of a p r i m e mover, a
g e n e r a t o r o r a l t e r n a t o r , a s t a r t i n g d e v i c e , s t a r t i n g c o n t r o l s , and a f u e l t a n k o r
supply. E n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t s f o r s e c o n d a r y power u n i t s a r e u s u a l l y i n 1 0 0 t o
500 k i l o v o l t - a m p e r e s c a p a c i t i e s b u t may r a n g e f r o m 50 t o 1 000 k i l o v o l t - a m p e r e s i n
capacity .
a) Prime movers. The prime movers f o r most s e c o n d a r y power u n i t s a r e
g a s o l i n e , d i e s e l , o r g a s e n g i n e s o r t u r b i n e s , t h e c h o i c e b e i n g b a s e d on
c o s t and a v a i l a b i l i t y of f u e l s . These prime movers a r e u s u a l l y
a v a i l a b l e i n s t a n d a r d i z e d s i z e s w i t h a d e q u a t e power t o h a n d l e t h e
k i l o v o l t - a m p e r e r a t i n g of t h e g e n e r a t o r . The prime movers f o r most
major aerodromes a r e r a p i d - s t a r t t y p e s which can s t a r t a u t o m a t i c a l l y ,
s t a b i l i z e t h e s p e e d , and be c o n n e c t e d t o t h e l o a d w i t h i n 1 0 s e c o n d s .

b) Generators. The g e n e r a t o r , u s u a l l y a n a l t e r n a t o r , i s m e c h a n i c a l l y
c o u p l e d t o t h e prime mover and p r o v i d e s s e c o n d a r y e l e c t r i c a l power a t
t h e f r e q u e n c y , v o l t a g e , and power r a t i n g of t h e u n i t . These g e n e r a t o r s
may be e i t h e r s i n g l e p h a s e o r t h r e e phase. They s h o u l d h a v e h i g h
e f f i c i e n c y i n c o n v e r t i n g mechanical energy t o e l e c t r i c a l energy.

c) S t a r t i n g d e v i c e s . Most s e c o n d a r y power e n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t s u s e
b a t t e r y packs t o s t o r e energy f o r s t a r t i n g . Because o f t h e i n f r e q u e n t
u s e , s h o r t o p e r a t i n g p e r i o d s , h i g h s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t demands, and c o s t ,
l e a d - a c i d t y p e b a t t e r i e s a r e used most f r e q u e n t l y f o r s t a r t i n g t h e s e
units. The b a t t e r y pack ( o f t e n a s e t of b a t t e r i e s c o n n e c t e d i n s e r i e s
a n d / o r p a r a l l e l ) must be c a p a b l e of p r o v i d i n g t h e v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t
needed t o s t a r t t h e e n g i n e w i t h i n t h e r e q u i r e d t i m e l i m i t s and u n d e r t h e
most s e v e r e c o n d i t i o n s ( u s u a l l y a low t e m p e r a t u r e of -7°C) a t which t h e
s e c o n d a r y power u n l t i s e x p e c t e d t o o p e r a t e . A b a t t e r y c h a r g e r w i t h
o v e r - c u r r e n t and over-charge c o n t r o l i s p e r m a n e n t l y c o n n e c t e d t o t h e
e l c t r i c a l power t o m a i n t a i n t h e s t o r e d e n e r g y i n t h e b a t t e r i e s . The
b a t t e r y pack s h o u l d b e w e l l v e n t i l a t e d t o p r e v e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n of
hydrogen g a s and s h o u l d be p r o t e c t e d f r o m a r c s , s p a r k s , o r f l a m e s which
c o u l d c a u s e a n e x p l o s i o n of any accumulated g a s . Nickel-cadmium
b a t t e r i e s may b e u s e d where s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s w a r r a n t t h e i r h i g h
i n i t i a l cost. Flywheels, pneumatic-pressure v e s s e l s , other-than-battery
stored-energy devices a r e used i n f r e q u e n t l y f o r engine s t a r t i n g because
of u n r e l i a b i l i t y o r c o s t .

d) S t a r t i n g c o n t r o l s . The c o n t r o l s f o r t h e e n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t a r e
u s u a l l y a u t o m a t i c s t a r t w i t h t h e s e n s o r f o r primary power f a i l u r e a s
p a r t of t h e t r a n f e r s w i t c h i n g d e v i c e . Manual o r r e m o t e c o n t r o l s a r e
sometimes u s e d f o r f a c i l i t i e s w i t h low c r i t i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . Once i t
i s s t a r t e d , s p e e d and power a r e a u t o m a t i c a l l y r e g u l a t e d by t h e e n g i n e
and t h e e l e c t r i c a l l o a d i s c o n n e c t e d by t h e t r a n s f e r s w i t c h . The e n g i n e
generator should o p e r a t e automatically without adjustment o r o t h e r
a t t e n t i o n . T r a n s f e r of power back t o t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e a n d s t o p p i n g
t h e e n g i n e may be a u t o m a t i c o r by remote c o n t r o l .

e1 . L i q u i d f u e l f o r s e c o n d a r y power i s u s u a l l y s t o r e d i n t a n k s
near t h e engine generator location. The c a p a c i t y of t h e f u e l t a n k s
s h o u l d be a d e q u a t e f o r t h e m a x i m u m o p e r a t i n g t i m e e x p e c t e d of t h e
 engine-generator. Some a u t h o r i t i e s r e q u i r e a minimum of 72 h o u r s
supply. Others d e s i g n f o r a l e s s e r time p e r i o d , but t h e t i m e period
u s u a l l y s h o u l d be a t l e a s t t w i c e t h e maximum d u r a t i o n e x p e c t e d of
c o n d i t i o n s t h a t c o u l d r e q u i r e t h e u s e of s e c o n d a r y power. Fuel tanks
and c o n n e c t i o n s s h o u l d meet a l l s a f e t y r e q u i r e m e n t s and s h o u l d p r o v i d e
convenient access f o r r e f u e l l i n g . These t a n k s s h o u l d a l s o p r o v i d e
a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r t e s t i n g f o r c o n t a m i n a t i o n of t h e f u e l , e s p e c i a l l y t h e
a c c u m u l a t i o n of w a t e r i n t h e t a n k .

Power t r a n s f e r s w i t c h i n g

2.3.3.1 A s u i t a b l e t r a n s f e r d e v i c e i s needed f o r t r a n s f e r r i n g power f r o m t h e p r i m a r y

s o u r c e t o t h e s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e . F o r manual s t a r t i n g and c o n t r o l t h i s may be a s i m p l e
s w i t c h o r r e l a y t h a t d i s c o n n e c t s t h e l o a d f r o m one power s o u r c e and c o n n e c t s i t t o t h e
o t h e r . A d d i t i o n a l c o n t r o l s a r e needed f o r a u t o m a t i c t r a n s f e r . These a r e u s u a l l y
combined i n t o a s i n g l e c o n t r o l u n i t o r c u b i c l e . Such a u n i t s h o u l d be c a p a b l e o f
s e n s i n g t h e f a i l u r e of p r i m a r y power, i n i t i a t i n g t h e s t a r t i n g of t h e prime mover of t h e
s e c o n d a r y g e n e r a t o r s e t , d e t e r m i n i n g t h a t t h e v o l t a g e and f r e q u e n c y of t h e g e n e r a t o r
h a v e s t a b i l i z e d a d e q u a t e l y , and c o n n e c t i n g t h e l o a d t o t h e g e n e r a t o r . T h i s u n i t may
a l s o d i s c o n n e c t n o n - e s s e n t i a l l o a d s and f a c i l i t i e s which a r e n o t t o be e n e r g i z e d by t h e
s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e and t r a n s f e r t h e s e l o a d s back t o t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e a f t e r t h a t power
has been r e s t o r e d . The s w i t c h e s o r r e l a y s f o r d i s c o n n e c t i n g and c o n n e c t i n g t h e l o a d
s h o u l d have t h e c a p a c i t y t o h a n d l e t h e r a t e d l o a d of t h e g e n e r a t o r . The f u n c t i o n i n g of
these switches o r relays i s similar f o r e i t h e r 2arinute, 15second, o r l s e c o n d t r a n s f e r
t i m e s , a l t h o u g h more r a p i d - a c t i n g r e l a y s may be needed f o r t h e s h o r t e s t t r a n s f e r t i m e .
For a 2-minute t r a n s f e r , t h e power f a i l u r e s e n s o r s may d e l a y a few s e c o n d s i n d e t e r -
mining i f t h e p r i m a r y power h a s f a i l e d o r i s o n l y f l u c t u a t i n g and a l s o t o d e t e r m i n e i f
t h e s e c o n d a r y power h a s s t a b i l i z e d . For a 1 5 s e c o n d t r a n s f e r , t h e s e n s o r s must r e s p o n d
i n l e s s t h a n 3 s e c o n d s e a c h b e c a u s e t h e q u i c k s t a r t i n g e n g i n e s need 1 0 s e c o n d s t o s t a r t
and t o s t a b i l i z e . For t r a n s f e r t i m e s of 1 second o r l e s s , t i m e i s t o o s h o r t t o s t a r t
t h e e n g i n e , b u t t h e l o a d c a n be s w i t c h e d f r o m one power s o u r c e t o a n o t h e r o p e r a t i n g
s o u r c e w i r h i n t h i s t i m e l i m i t ; however, t h e power f a i l u r e s e n s o r ~ a s rt e s p ~ n dw i t h d n a
few c y c l e s .

2.3.4 U n i n t e r r u p t i b l e power s u p p l i e s (UPS) s y s t e m s

2.3.4.1 An u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e e l e c t r i c power s u p p l y i s n e c e s s a r y f o r e l e c t r o n i c o r
o t h e r equipment t h a t performs a c r i t i c a l f u n c t i o n and r e q u i r e s c o n t i n u o u s , d i s t u r b a n c e -
f r e e e l e c t r i c power t o o p e r a t e p r o p e r l y .

2.3.4.2 UPS equipment. The u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e power s u p p l y (UPS) s y s t e m c o n s i s t s of

one o r more UPS modules, a n e n e r g y - s t o r a g e b a t t e r y , and a c c e s s o r i e s a s r e q u i r e d t o
p r o v i d e a r e l i a b l e arid h i g h q u a l i t y power s u p p l y . The UPS s y s t e m i s o l a t e s t h e l o a d f r o m
t h e p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s and i n t h e e v e n t of a power i n t e r r u p t i o n p r o v i d e s
r e g u l a t e d power t o t h e c r i t i c a l l o a d f o r a s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d . (The b a t t e r y t y p i c a l l y h a s
a 15-minute c a p a c i t y when o p e r a t i n g a t f u l l l o a d . ) (See F i g u r e 2-2.)

a) UPS module. A UPS module i s t h e s t a t i c power c o n v e r s i o n p o r t i o n of t h e

UPS s y s t e m and c o n s i s t s of a r e c t i f i e r , an i n v e r t e r , and a s s o d a t e d
c o n t r o l s a l o n g w i t h s y n c h r o ~ ~ i z i n gp, r o t e c t i v e , and a u x i l i a r y d e v i c e s .
UPS modules may be d e s i g n e d t o o p e r a t e e i t h e r i n d i v i d u a l l y o r i n
parallel.
 b A n o n r e d u n d a n t UPS s y s t e m i s s u i t a b l e f o r m o s t o p e r a t i o n s .
However, i f t h e e x p e n s e i s j u s t i f i e d , a r e d u n d a n t UPS c o n f i g u r a t i o n ( s e e
F i g u r e 2-3) may be u s e d t o p r o t e c t a g a i n s t module f a i l u r e o r v e r y
f r e q u e n t p r i m a r y power f a i l u r e s .

c > The b a t t e r y s h o u l d b e a h e a v y - d u t y i n d u s t r i a l u n i t of t h e
lead-cadmium t y p e h a v i n g a n ampere-hour r a t i n g s u f f i c i e n t t o s u p p l y
d i r e c t c u r r e n t t o t h e i n v e r t e r as r e q u i r e d by t h e UPS s y s t e m
manufacturer's i n s t a l l a t i o n instructions. The b a t t e r y i s u s u a l l y
f u r n i s h e d w i t h t w o - t i e r r a c k s ; however, w h e r e s p a c e i s l i m i t e d t h r e e -
t i e r r a c k s may b e n e c e s s a r y .

d) Remote a l a r m s . The UPS e q u i p m e n t s h o u l d b e s u p p l i e d w i t h a r e m o t e - a l a r m

p a n e l t o b e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e o p e r a t i n g s p a c e s e r v e d by t h e UPS u n i t o r
i n a n o t h e r c o n t i n u o u s l y o c c u p i e d room, s u c h as a g u a r d o f f i c e . Since
UPS e q u i p m e n t rooms a r e u s u a l l y u n a t t e n d e d , a d d i t i o n a l r e m o t e i n d i c a t i n g
d e v i c e s s h o u l d be provided t o monitor t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t r o l and f i r e
a l a r m s y s t e m o f UPS module and b a t t e r y rooms.

e) UPS a n d b a t t e r y room r e q u i r e m e n t s . The UPS modules a n d t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d

b a t t e r y s e t s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d i n s e p a r a t e rooms. Construction should
be of a p e r m a n e n t t y p e . The w a l l s e p a r a t i n g t h e UPS module room f r o m
t h e b a t t e r y room s h o u l d b e f i r e p r o o f ( l - h o u r r a t i n g ) . When f e a s i b l e ,
s p a c e s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d i n t h e UPS module a n d b a t t e r y rooms f o r t h e
a d d i t i o n o f f u t u r e UPS e q u i p m e n t .

f) Environmental c o n t r o l . Both t h e UPS module a n d b a t t e r y rooms s h o u l d b e

provided with an environmental c o n t r o l system t o maintain t h e prescribed
room c o n d i t i o n s . Each e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t r o l s y s t e m s h o u l d c o n s i s t o f a
primary system with a secondary system c a p a b i l i t y . Upon f a i l u r e o f t h e
primary environmental c o n t r o l system, a u t o m a t i c t r a n s f e r t o t h e secsnd-
a r y s y s t e r n s h o u l d o c c u r and s h o u l d sound a n a l a r m i n d i c a t i n g t h e need
f o r maintenance.

2.3.5.1 O t h e r s e c o n d a r y power d e v i c e s which may be u s e d f o r s p e c i a l f a c i l i t i e s a r e

s t a n d b y b a t t e r y power s y s t e m s , w i t h o r w i t h o u t d c t o a c i n v e r t e r s ; p h o t o v o l t a i c o r wind
g e n e r a t o r s w i t h b a t t e r y systems and w i t h o r without d c t o a c i n v e r t e r s ; i n d e p e n d e n t
g e n e r a t i n g d e v i c e s , s u c h as t h e r m o e l e c t r i c , n u c l e a r , o r c h e m i c a l f u e l c e l l s ; a n d
inertia-flywheel generators. The m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s i n f o r m a t i o n s h o u l d e x p l a i n t h e
f u n c t i o n i n g and i n s t a l l a t i o n s f o r u s i n g t h e s e d e v i c e s .

2.4 VAULTS A N D SHELTEKS F O K ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

2.4.1 Shelters

2.4.1.1 Host e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t f o r a i r p o r t L i g h t i n g a n d o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s i s
l o c a t e d i n v a u i c s o r s p e c i a i s h e l t e r s f o r p r o t e c t i o n from t h e weather and f o r b e t t e r
security. S u b s t a t i o n s f o r h i g h v o l t a g e a r e u s u a l l y o u t d o o r s , and medium v o l t a g e
d i s t r i h ~ f i o nt r a n s f o r m e r % a r e o f t e n p o l e mounted o r p l a c e d o n f e n c e d t r a n s f o r m e r p a d s .
Host e l e c t r i c a l v a u l t s & r e a b o v e ground aad made of f i r e ~ r o ~materials. f Peinforced
5-1 2 Aerodrome D e s i n n I?lanual

UPS NoDVLE m.1 UPS MODULE NO. 2

BATTERY PACK

NONAUTOMATIC
CIRCUIT BREAKER

UPS OUTPUT T
CRITICAL BUS

F i g u r e 2-3- i y p i c a i dP5 stana-by redunnant configuration

c o n c r e t e f o r t h e f l o o r s and c o n c r e t e , c o n c r e t e o r c i n d e r b l o c k , a n d / o r b r i c k f o r t h e
w a l l s a r e m a t e r i a l s commonly used i n t h e s e v a u l t s . The u s e of s u c h m a t e r i a l s r e d u c e t h e
h a z a r d of e l e c t r i c s h o c k , s h o r t i n g of e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s , and f i r e h a z a r d s . Prefabri-
c a t e d m e t a l s t r u c t u r e s a r e o c c a s i o n a l l y u s e d a s s h e l t e r s f o r t r a n s f o r m e r s and e n g i n e -
g e n e r a t o r s e t s . These v a u l t s a r e u s e d t o h o u s e t h e power d i s t r i b u t i o n and c o n t r o l
equipment, s e c o n d a r y power equipment, and t h e v a r i o u s d e v i c e s u s e d t o p r o v i d e power and
c o n t r o l f o r t h e a i r p o r t l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s . These v a u l t s s h o u l d be of a d e q u a t e s i z e t o
c o n t a i n t h e n e c e s s a r y equipment w i t h o u t crowding. These v a u l t s may be d i v i d e d i n t o
rooms f o r b e t t e r s e g r e g a t i o n of equipment and a c t i v i t i e s .

2.4.2 Location

2.4.2.1 E l e c t r i c a l v a u l t s s h o u l d n o t be l o c a t e d where t h e y would i n f r i n g e on o b s t a -

c l e l i m i t a t i o n s u r f a c e s . The d i s t a n c e s f r o m t h e c o n t r o l tower t o t h e v a u l t s s h o u l d be
s h o r t enough t o a v o i d e x c e s s i v e v o l t a g e d r o p i n t h e c o n t r o l c a b l e s . The p e r m i s s i b l e
l e n g t h of t h e s e c a b l e s v a r i e s w i t h t h e s i z e of t h e c a b l e , t h e c o n t r o l v o l t a g e , and t h e
t y p e s of c o n t r o l r e l a y s u s e d , b u t some of t h e l o n g e r c o n t r o l s y s t e m s l i m i t t h e l e n g t h o f
c o n t r o l c a b l e s t o a b o u t 2 250 m e t r e s . V e h i c u l a r a c c e s s t o t h e v a u l t s i n a l l t y p e s of
w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s i s n e c e s s a r y and minimum c o n f l i c t w i t h a i r c r a f t t r a f f i c i s d e s i r a b l e .
The l o c a t i o n s h o u l d be c o n v e n i e n t f o r c o n n e c t i n g t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s
and f a c i l i t i e s t o k e e p f e e d e r c a b l e l e n g t h s a s s h o r t a s i s p r a c t i c a l . The v a u l t s s h o u l d
b e i s o l a t e d f r o m o t h e r b u i l d i n g s and f a c i l i t i e s t o p r e v e n t t h e s p r e a d of f i r e s o r
e x p l o s i o n s , e x c e p t t h e s h e l t e r s f o r s e c o n d a r y e n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t s may b e n e a r t h e
e l e c t r i c a l v a u l t t o r e d u c e c a b l e l e n g t h and s i z e and t o s i m p l i f y t h e power t r a n s f e r
system. Aerodromes w i t h a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s may n e e d s e p a r a t e a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g
v a u l t s f o r e a c h a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g system. F o r major a e r o d r o m e s , some a u t h o r i t i e s u s e a
v a u l t n e a r e a c h end of t h e runway o r a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m t o more e a s i l y a r r a n g e f o r
i n t e r l e a v i n g o f t h e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s and t o improve i n t e g r i t y of t h e s y s t e m s .

2.4.3 Special provisions

2=4+3.1 A s s p e c i a l p u r p o s e b u i l d i n g s , e l e c t r i c a l v a u l t s may r e q u i r e s p e c i a l f e a t u r e s
t o p r o v i d e s a f e t y and r e l i a b l e performance of t h e equipment. Some of t h e s e f e a t u r e s a r e
a s follows:

a) Ventilation. Provide adequate v e n t i l a t i o n t o p r e v e n t t r a n s f o r m e r

t e m p e r a t u r e s e x c e e d i n g t h e v a l u e s p r e s c r i b e d by t h e m a n u f a c t u r e . Most
of t h e e l e c t r i c a l h e a t l o s s e s must be removed by v e n t i l a t i o n ; o n l y a
minor p a r t c a n be d i s s i p a t e d by t h e v a u l t w a l l s . Some e l e c t r i c a l codes
recommend 20 s q u a r e c e n t i m e t r e s of c l e a r g r a t i n g a r e a p e r k i l o v o l t -
ampere of t r a n s f o r m e r c a p a c i t y . I n l o c a l i t i e s w i t h above-average
temperatures, such a s t r o p i c a l o r s u b t r o p i c a l a r e a s , t h e g r a t i n g a r e a
s h o u l d be i n c r e a s e d o r supplemented by f o r c e d v e n t i l a t i o n .

b) Access. Adequate a c c e s s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d f o r r e p a i r s , m a i n t e n a n c e ,
i n s t a l l a t i o n , and removal of equipment.

c) Drainage. A l l v a u l t s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d w i t h d r a i n a g e . When normal

d r a i n a g e i s n o t p o s s i b l e , p r o v i d e a sump p i t t o p e r m i t t h e u s e of a
p o r t a b l e pump.

dj S e c u r i t y . Each e l e c ~ r i c a lv a u i c s h o u l d b e e q u i p p e d t o d e t e r i n a d v e r t e n t
o r p r e m e d i t a t e d a c c e s s by u n a u t h o r i z e d p e r s o n s . T h i s s e c u r i t y i s
n e c e s s a r y t o p r e v e n t i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h equipmeat o p e r a t i o n and t o
p r o t s c t t h o s s persGns f r o m p ~ s s i b l ee l e c t r i c s h ~ c k . Some rnerhods u s e d
 a r e b a r r e d and s c r e e n e d windows, heavy-duty m e t a l d o o r s w i t h p a d l o c k s ,
and s e c u r i t y fencing.

e > . E l e c t r i c a l v a u l t s s h o u l d be w e l l i l l u m i n a t e d f o r u s e
e i t h e r day o r n i g h t . T h i s l i g h t i n g i s u s u a l l y p r o v i d e d by i n t e r i o r
l i g h t s of a s i z e , t y p e , and l o c a t i o n t o p r o v i d e good v i s i b i l i t y i n a l l
a r e a s . Poor v i s i b i l i t y c a n i n c r e a s e t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r a c c i d e n t s
r e s u l t i n g i n e l e c t r i c a l shock o r improper c o n t r o l and a d j u s t m e n t s .

f) Local communications. Most e l e c t r i c a l v a u l t s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d w i t h

c o n v e n i e n t and r e l i a b l e communications t o t h e c o n t r o l t o w e r , o t h e r
v a u l t s , and p e r h a p s o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s o r o f f i c e s . Special telephone o r
i n t e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m s may a v o i d o u t s i d e i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h t h e s e
c i r c u i t s , b u t o t h e r dependable arrangements can be used.

g) E l e c t r i c a l conduits. E l e c t r i c a l v a u l t s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d w i t h a
s u f f i c i e n t number of c o n d u i t s and c a b l e e n t r a n c e a c c e s s e s t o a v o i d l a t e r
m o d i f i c a t i o n of t h e s t r u c t u r e t o p e r m i t t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l
i n p u t o r o u t p u t c i r c u i t s . These c a b l e s e n t r a n c e s a r e u s u a l l y t h r o u g h
underground c o n d u i t s which may be c o n n e c t e d t o e x i s t i n g c a b l e d u c t s ,
d i r e c t - b u r i a l c a b l e s , o r unused c o n d u i t s a v a i l a b l e f o r f u t u r e e x p a n s i o n .
Unused c o n d u i t s s h o u l d be p l u g g e d , and c o n d u i t s w i t h c a b l e s s h o u l d be
sealed.

h) I n s t a l l a t i o n s of equipment. Arrange t h e equipment, e s p e c i a l l y t h e

l a r g e r items such a s r e g u l a t o r s , d i s t r i b u t i o n transformers, c o n t r o l
p a n e l s , and c i r c u i t s e l e c t o r o r c o n t r o l d e v i c e s , t o p r o v i d e a s i m p l e ,
u n c l u t t e r e d , uncrowded p l a n . This arrangement should c o n s i d e r s a f e t y ,
e s p e c i a l l y p r o t e c t i o n from h i g h v o l t a g e e l e c t r i c a l c o n n e c t i o n s , a s w e l l
a s a c c e s s t o t h e equipment and c o n t r o l s . The e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s s h o u l d
a i s o be a r r a n g e d i n a s i m p l e p a t t e r n wherever p o s s i b l e . Follow t h e
a p p l i c a b l e e l e c t r i c s a f e t y codes f o r i n s t a l l i n g a l l e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s
and c o n t r o l s .

2.5 DISTRIBUTION OF POWER

2.5.1 General

2.5.1.1 The equipment d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n r e l a t e s o n l y t o t h a t u s e d i n

t r a n s m i t t i n g e l e c t r i c a l power f o r t h e aerodrome l i g h t i n g and r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s
between t h e main aerodrome s u b s t a t i o n ( s ) and t h e l i g h t i n g v a u l t s o r t h e l o c a l s i t e
d i s t r i b u t i o n transformers. D e s c r i p t i o n s of equipment a r e i n g e n e r a l t e r m s o f c h a r a c t e r -
i s t i c s and n e e d s and u s u a l l y a r e n o t r e l a t e d t o s p e c i f i c t y p e s o r i t e m s of e q u i p m e n t s .
Types of equipment and number of d e v i c e s w i l l v a r y g r e a t l y w i t h t h e s i z e and c o m p l e x i t y
of t h e aerodrome. Economics i s a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t of i n s t a l l a t i o n s , and o n l y equipment
which c o n t r i b u t e s t o p e r f o r m a n c e , s a f e t y , r e l i a b i l i t y , and i n t e g r i t y s h o u l d b e used.
The c i r c u i t s and equipment used s h o u l d p r o v i d e f o r a r e a s o n a b l e e x p a n s i o n of f a c i l i t i e s w
E f f i c i e n t u s e of e l e c t r i c a l power i s always a d e s i r a b l e g o a l , b u t t h e power c o s t f o r
aerodrome l i g h t i n g and r a d i o navigation a i d s i s u s u a l l y a r a t h e r s m a i i p a r t o f t h e t o t a l
aerodrome e n e r g y c o s t and s h o u l d n o t be emphasized t o t h e p o i n t of o v e r l y i n c r e a s i n g
l r i s t a l l a t i o n c o s t s 01- of d i m i n i s h i n g p e r f o r m a ~ l c e , s a f e t y , o r r e l i a b l l i t y i Follow r h e
l o c a l e l e c t r i c a l s a f e c y codes.
2.5.2.1 Primary power i s u s u a l l y r e d u c e d i n v o l t a g e a t t h e main aerodrome s u b s t a t i o n
f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n on t h e aerodrome. F o r major a e r o d r o m e s , t h i s power a t t h e f i r s t s t a g e
may be a t a n i n t e r m e d i a t e v o l t a g e ( u s u a l l y 5 000 t o 20 000 v o l t s ) , b u t f o r s m a l l e r , l e s s
complex aerodromes, t h i s power may be d i s t r i b u t e d a t a medium v o l t a g e ( u s u a l l y 1 000 t o
5 000 v o l t s ) . The d i s t a n c e and t o t a l l o a d on t h e c i r c u i t a r e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s i n
determining t h e v o l t a g e l e v e l of transmission. For an intermediate-voltage d i s t r i b u t i o n
s y s t e m , power i s o f t e n r u n t o s u b s t a t i o n s n e a r l a r g e power u s a g e a r e a s where i t i s
r e d u c e d t o medium v o l t a g e f o r l o c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . A c o m b i n a t i o n of t h e s e v o l t a g e
d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s may b e u s e d . Primary power i s t r a n s m i t t e d f r o m t h e main s u b s t a t i o n
t o t h e l o c a l s u b s t a t i o n o r d i s t r i b u t i o n s i t e s u s u a l l y as m u l t i - p h a s e c i r c u i t s by above
ground ( o v e r h e a d ) c i r c u i t s , u n d e r g r o u n d c i r c u i t s , o r a c o m b i n a t i o n of t h e s e c i r c u i t s .
Above ground c i r c u i t s a r e l e s s e x p e n s i v e t o i n s t a l l and a r e u s u a l l y u s e d i f f e a s i b l e ,
b u t t h e s e c i r c u i t s may be more exposed t o damage and i n some a r e a s a r e a h a z a r d t o
a i r c r a f t and c r e a t e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c i n t e r f e r e n c e f o r o t h e r equipment. Underground
f e e d e r c a b l e s a r e u s u a l l y i n s t a l l e d i n d u c t s , b u t sometimes d i r e c t b u r i a l i s u s e d . Each
t y p e of c i r c u i t , w h e t h e r o v e r h e a d o r underground, i n v o l v e s s p e c i f i c t y p e s o f equipment
and d e s i g n .

2.5.3 Above-ground (overhead) primary d i s t r i b u t i o n systems

2.5.3.1 The f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e d e s i g n of a n o v e r h e a d
power d i s t r i b u t i o n system:

a) Application. Use o v e r h e a d d i s t r i b u t i o n i n l i e u of u n d e r g r o u n d d i s t r i b u -
t i o n wherever f e a s i b l e .

b) Capacity. P r o v i d e f o r s p a r e c a p a c i t y i n e a c h p o r t i o n of t h e c i r c u i t .
Peak l o a d s do n o t r e l a t e d i r e c t l y t o s p a r e c a p a c i t y .

c) Wire s i z e . Select t h e wire s i z e i n accordance with t h e current-carrying

c a p a c i t y r e q u i r e d a n d , where a p p l i c a b l e , t h e v o l t a g e - d r o p l i m i t a t i o n .

2.5.4 Linevoltage regulators

2.5.4.1 R e g u l a t o r s a r e u s e d f o r c o r r e c t i o n of 1 i n e v o Z t a g e v a r i a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g f r o m
c h a n g i n g l o a d s o r u t i l i t y company i n p u t v o l t a g e changes. Do n o t u s e t h e s e r e g u l a t o r s t o
c o r r e c t f o r excessive voltage drops. B o o s t e r t r a n s f o r m e r s which c o r r e c t f o r v o l t a g e
d r o p s h o u l d be used o n l y i n r a r e i n s t a n c e s a s , i n most c a s e s , c o r r e c t d e s i g n e l i m i n a t e s
e x c e s s i v e v o l t a g e drop.

a) Rating. Choose t h e r a t i n g of t h e r e g u l a t i n g d e v i c e s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
t h e amount of r e b w l a t i o n r e q u i r e d .

b) Selection. Choose t h e t y p e of r e g u l a t o r s f r o m f i x e d c a p a c i t o r s ,
s w i t c h e d c a p a c i t o r s , m u l t i s t e p (motor-driven t a p c h a n g i n g ) r e g u l a t o r s ,
and i n d u c t i o n ( s t e p l e s s v o l t a g e c h a n g e ) r e g u l a t o r s .

c) Multistep o r induction regulators. Provide l i n e d r o p compensation f o r

a u t o m a t i c o p e r a t i o n when t h e s e r e g u l a t o r s a r e used on more t h a n one
s o u r c e o r when more t h a n one r e g u l a t o r i s used on a s i n g l e c i r c u i t .
 Power l i n e s

2.5.5.1 S e l e c t t h e t y p e of power l i n e s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e t y p e o f c i r c u i t
i n v o l v e d and t h e c o n d i t i o n s t o which i t i s s u b j e c t e d f r o m t h e f o l l o w i n g :

a) Open w i r e ( b a r e o r w e a t h e r p r o o f ) on i n s u l a t o r s .

b) A e r i a l c a b l e , s e l f s u p p o r t e d o r s u p p o r t e d by a h i g h s t r e n g t h s t e e l
( m e s s e n g e r ) c a b l e , c o n s i s t i n g of i n s u l a t e d , b u n d l e d , s i n g l e - c o n d u c t o r
cable o r multiple-conductor cable.

a) Poles.
P
Wood, c o n c r e t e ( r e i n f o r c e d w i t h p r e s t r e s s i n g o r p o s t
t e n s i o n i n g ) , o r m e t a l ( s t e e l o r aluminum) may be used. Concrete or
m e t a l p o l e s s h o u l d b e u s e d o n l y where t h e y a r e more e c o n o m i c a l o r
s p e c i a l considerations warrant t h e i r use.

b) Footings. P r o v i d e f o o t i n g s , o r r e i n f o r c e m e n t s of t h e p o l e b u t t - e n d , a s
r e q u i r e d by f o u n d a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s .

c) C o n f i g u r a t i o n . Armless c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r a e r i a l l i n e s i s u s u a l l y l e s s
c o s t l y t h a n c r o s s a r m c o n s t r u c t i o n and i t s u s e i s p r e f e r r e d , as i s m u l t i -
corlductor s e c o n d a r y c a b l e w i t h a l a r g e n e u t r a l c o n d u c t o r a s t h e s u p p o r t -
i n g member o v e r i n d i v i d u a l s u p p o r t e d c o n d u c t o r s . Use c r o s s a r m s mainly
f o r equipment s u p p o r t .

d) Guys and a n c h o r s . P r o v i d e guys and a n c h o r s t o s u p p o r t p o l e s o r l i n e

t o w e r s a g a i n s t h o r i z o n t a l u n b a l a n c e d l o a d s c a u s e d by a n g l e s , c o r n e r s ,
and t e r m i n a t i o n s of l i n e s and where r e q u i r e d b e c a u s e of e x t r e m e wind
loadings. Consult manufacturers7 c a t a l o g u e s f o r t y p e s of eareh anchors
and d e s i g n d a t a . S e l e c t equipment s u i t a b l e f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r s o i l
c o n d i t i o n s and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n m t h o d t o be used.

2.5.6 Conductors

2.5.6.1 S i z e l i m i t a t i o n s . L i m i t t h e u s e of p o l e - l i n e c o n d u c t o r s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
T a b l e 2-2 f o r an econom%cal s y s t e m f r o m t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n , o p e r a t i o n a l , and m a i n t e n a n c e
p o i n t s of view. S p e c i a l i r l s t a n c e s may r e q u i r e l a r g e r c o n d u c t o r s . I n a l l i n s t a n c e s be
s u r e t h a t t h e t y p e and s i z e of c o n d u c t o r s u s e d p r o v i d e s a d e q u a t e s t r e n g t h f o r t h e s p a n
l e n g t h s and l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s .

T a b l e 2-2

Conductor t y p e
2.5.6.2 Base w i r e s i z e on t h e r a n g e s shown i n Table 2-2. Primary w i r e
s i z e s u s u a l l y s h o u l d n o t be l e s s t h a n 13.0 mm2 copper o r 33.0 mm2 aluminum. For primary
c o n d u c t o r s , s e l e c t from t h e f o l l o w i n g :

a) Bare c o p p e r c o n d u c t o r , s t r a n d e d o r s o l i d c o p p e r .

b) Bare aluminum-alloy c o n d u c t o r , s t r a n d e d o r s o l i d aluminum-alloy.

c) Bare aluminum c o n d u c t o r , s t e e l r e i n f o r c e d .

d) Bare h i g h s t r e n g t h all-aluminum a l l o y c o n d u c t o r .

2.5.6.3 Special conductors. I n s p e c i a l i n s t a n c e s , u s e of t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d u c t o r s

may be a p p r o p r i a t e f o r p r i m a r y c o n d u c t o r s :

a) I n s u l a t e d c o n d u c t o r , c o p p e r o r aluminum, p r e a s s e m b l e d n o n - m e t a l l i c -
sheathed o r metallic-sheathed, steel-cable-supported (messenger-
s u p p o r t e d ) a e r i a l c a b l e i s u s e d where n e c e s s a r y t o a v o i d e x p o s u r e t o
open w i r e h a z a r d s , f o r example, h i g h r e l i a b i l i t y s e r v i c e i n heavy s t o r m
areas.

b) Compound c o n d u c t o r m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s c o p p e r - c l a d s t e e l , aluminum-clad
s t e e l , g a l v a n i z e d s t e e l , o r b r o n z e a r e u s e d t o p r o v i d e h i g h s t r e n g t h and
corrosion resistance.

2.5.6.4 D i s s i m i l a r c o n d u c t o r s . Where i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o c o n n e c t aluminum c o n d u c t o r s

t o copper conductors, a p p r o p r i a t e connectors s p e c i f i c a l l y designed f o r such u s e should
be i n s t a l l e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s of t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r .

2.5.7 Insulators

2,5,7,1 Types of i n s u l a t o r s - Select from t h e f o l l o w i n g l i s t t h e t y p e of i n s u l a t o r

t o support b a r e o r weatherproof i n s u l a t e d conductors.

a) Suspension t y p e , s i n g l e o r m u l t i p l e .

b) Spool t y p e .

c) L i n e - p o s t t y p e ( o n e - p i e c e p o r c e l a i n on a b o l t f o r mounting on c r o s s a r m s
o r on a s a d d l e on t h e s i d e of a p o l e ) .

d) S t r a i n type (suspension u n i t s with s t r e n g t h e q u a l o r exceeding t e n s i l e

s t r e n g t h of t h e c o n d u c t o r u s u a l l y h a v i n g one t o t h r e e e x t r a d i s k
s e c t i o n s and a r c i n g h o r n s o r r i n g s ) .

e) P i n t y p e ( p o r c e l a i n , u s u a l l y two o r more s e p a r a t e s h e l l s cemented

t o g e t h e r , w i t h a n i n t e r n a l t h r e a d f o r s c r e w i n g o n t o a wood o r m e t a l
pin).

f) Combinations. V a r i o u s t y p e s of i n s u l a t o r s may be combined; f o r example,

s t r a i n t y p e f o r anchor p o l e s o r t e r m i n a t i o n s w i t h e i t h e r p i n o r l i n e -
post types f o r l i n e insulation. Line-post types a r e considered t o be
b o t h l e s s e x p e n s i v e and s u p e r i o r t o p i n t y p e s .
2.5.7.2 I f overhead l i n e s a r e used i n l o c a t i o n s e n s i t i v e t o e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c i n t e r -
f e r e n c e , t h e i n s u l a t o r s s h o u l d b e of a s t a t i c - f r e e t y p e .

2.5.8 Locknuts

2.5.8.1 Hardware components s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d w i t h l o c k n u t s t o a v o i d l o o s e c o n n e c t -

i o n s which c o u l d c a u s e s t a t i c . Locknuts must be t h r e a d e d and of a t y p e w h i c h w i l l
p r e v e n t l o o s e n i n g of t h e c o n n e c t i o n when wood members s h r i n k .

2.5.9 Transformers

2.5.9.1 Mount t r a n s f o r m e r s on p o l e s o r a t g r o u n d l e v e l .
When s h e e t m e t a l e n c l o s u r e s a r e n o t t a m p e r p r o o f , ground
- mounted u n i t s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d
with a fenced enclosure. A c o n c r e t e o r b r i c k s t r u c t u r e s h o u l d be u s e d where a d v e r s e
w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s make s u c h a n i n s t a l l a t i o n a d v i s a b l e .

a1 For s i n g l e - p o l e mounting, l i m i t t h e s i z e o f
single-phase o r three-phase u n i t s i n accordance w i t h approved p r a c t i c e s .

b) P o l e - p l a t f o r m mounting. P o l e - p l a t f o r m mounting (two-pole s t r u c t u r e s )

s h o u l d n o t be u s e d , e x c e p t i n i n s t a n c e s where o t h e r methods a r e n o t
satisfactory. For i n s t a l l a t i o n s of 225 o r 500 k i l o v o l t - a m p e r s ,
pad-mounted compartmental-type t r a n s f o r m e r s become an a t t r a c t i v e
economic a l t e r n a t i v e t o pole-mounted u n i t s *

c) Ground m o u n t i n g For ground mounting on a c o n c r e t e b a s e , t h e r e i s n o

k i l o v o l t - a m p e r e l i m i t . U s u a l l y tamperproof t r a n s f o r m e r s ( c l a s s i f i e d a s
gad-mounted compartmental-type u n i t s ) s h o u l d n o t b e s p e c i f i e d f o r
r a t i n g s of o v e r 500 k i l o v o l t - a m p e r e s .

2.5.9.2 Ratings. S e l e c t t r a n s f o r m e r s w i t h s t a n d a r d k i l o v o l t - a m p e r e r a t i n g s and

i n p u t and o u t p u t v o l t a g e as single-phase o r three-phase u n i t s , Transformers w i t h i n p u t
v o l t a g e t a p s f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e most s u i t a b l e i n p u t v o l t a g e l e v e l may be d e s i r a b l e f o r
some i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

2.5.9.3 Indoor i n s t a l l a t i o n s . Oil-immersed ( f l a m m a b l e ) t r a n s f o r m e r s s h o u l d n o t be

i n s t a l l e d i n d o o r s e x c e p t i n v a u l t s conforming t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e a p p l i c a b l e
e l e c t r i c code. Such v a u l t s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d o n l y when o t h e r t y p e s of t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e
l e s s e c o n o m i c a l o r a r e p r o h i b i t e d by s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . Where s u c h a v a u l t i s n o t
p r o v i d e d , s e l e c t t r a n s f o r m e r s f o r i n d o o r i n s t a l l a t i o n from t h e f o l l o w i n g :

a) high-fire-point, liquid-immersed;

b) dry-type , ventilated;

c) dry-type, s e a l e d t a n k ; and

d) nonhazardous g a s - i n s u l a t e d .

2.5.9.4 T o x i c i n s u l a t i o n f l u i d s . The t r a n s f o r m e r s s h o u l d n o t u s e p o l y - c h l o r i n a t e d
b i p h e n y l (PCB) o r o t h e r h i g h l y t o x i c i n s u l a t i o n f l u i d s . Leakage o r m i s h a n d l i n g of t h e s e
c h e m i c a l s d u r i n g m a i n t e n a n c e t e s t i n g c a n be h a z a r d o u s t o p e r s o n n e l .
2.5.10 Capacitors

2,5.10.1 Use s h u n t c a p a c i t o r s t o improve t h e power f a c t o r o f

t h e l o a d c a r r i e d by t h e c i r c u i t . In applying capacitors, consider t h e following:

a) Fixed c a p a c i t a n c e . Fixed c a p a c i t a n c e i s t h e amount of c a p a c i t a n c e t h a t

c a n be a p p l i e d c o n t i n u o u s l y w i t h o u t e x c e s s i v e v o l t a g e rise a t r e d u c e d
load.

b) Switched c a p a c i t a n c e . Switched c a p a c i t a n c e i s a n a d d i t i o n a l amount o f

c a p a c i t a n c e t h a t c a n be a p p l i e d , i f p r o v i s i o n i s made t o s w i t c h o f f t h i s
a d d i t i o n a l amount a t r e d u c e d demand.

c) Capacitor switching. S e l e c t a t y p e of c a p a c i t o r s w i t c h i n g t h a t i s
s u i t a b l e f o r t h e c o n d i t i o n a t hand. P o s s i b l e c h o i c e s i n c l u d e remote
c o n t r o l of t h e c a p a c i t o r s w i t c h i n g d e v i c e , time-clock c o n t r o l , power-
factor relay control o r voltage-sensitive relay control.

2.5.10.2 L o c a t i o n of c a p a c i t o r s . I n s t a l l c a p a c i t o r s i n banks on p o l e s , a t ground

l e v e l , o r i n a s u b s t a t i o n a s n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e t o t h e c e n t r o i d of t h e a r e a where
c o r r e c t i o n i s required.

2.5.11 Circuit interruption devices

2.5.11.1 F u s e s . A f t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e n e c e s s a r y c u r r e n t - c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t i e s ,
i n t e r r u p t i n g d u t i e s , and t i m e - c u r r e n t m e l t i n g and c l e a r i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , s e l e c t f u s e s
from t h e f o l l o w i n g t y p e s :

a) open f u s i b l e l i n k ;

b) expulsion type;

c) b o r i c - a c i d t y p e ; and

d) current-limiting type.

2.5.11.2 C i r c u i t breakers. Co-ordinate t h e c i r c u i t breaker r a t i n g w i t h t h e load

i n t e r r u p t i n g d u t y and w i t h c i r c u i t b r e a k e r s and f u s e s ahead of o r a f t e r t h e c i r c u i t
breaker.

2.5.11.3 Automatic c i r c u i t r e c l o s e r s . Use of a u t o m a t i c r e c l o s e r s f o r o t h e r t h a n

o v e r h e a d l i n e l o a d s may c a u s e problems from h i g h - r e s i s t a n c e ground f a u l t s . I f an a u t o -
m a t i c c i r c u i t r e c l o s e r i s u s e d , c o n s i d e r t h e r e l i a b i l i t y and c o n t i n u i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s of
the service. R e c l o s e r s may c o n s i s t of a c i r c u i t - b r e a k e r o r m u l t i p l e s w i t c h i n g d e v i c e s .
R e c l o s e r s o p e r a t e s o t h a t a f a u l t e d c i r c u i t may be opened and t h e n , e i t h e r i n s t a n t a n e -
o u s l y o r w i t h d e l i b e r a t e time d e l a y , reclosed. Up t o t h r e e r e c l o s u r e s w i t h v a r y i n g t i m e
i n t e r v a l s may be u s e d . Co-ordinate automatic c i r c u i t r e c l o s e r s with f u s e s o r c i r c u i t
b r e a k e r s on t h e same c i r c u i t .

2.5.11.4 S w i t c h e s . Use s w i t c h e s t o l o c a l i z e d e f e c t i v e p o r t i o n s of a e r i a l and under-

ground c i r c u i t s and t o a c c o m p l i s h d e a d - c i r c u i t work. S e l e c t from one of t h e f o l l o w i n g
p r i n c i p a l types:
 a) Nonload-break switches. Use nonload-break s w i t c h e s o n l y f o r t h e i n t e r -
t c a r r y no a p p r e c i a b l e l o a d . S e l e c t t h e type
a p p l i c a b l e , d e p e n d i n g on c i r c u i t i m p o r t a n c e , l o a d , v o l t a g e , a n d f a u l t
c i r c u i t d u t y . The t y p e s a v a i l a b l e a r e p o r c e l a i n d i s c o n n e c t f u s e
c u t o u t s , p l a i n o r f u s e d s i n g l e - p o l e a i r disconnect s w i t c h e s , and
d i s c o n n e c t f u s e c u t o u t s of v a r i o u s t y p e s . D i s c o n n e c t i n g and horn-gap
s w i t c h e s may a l s o be u s e d a s nonload-break s w i t c h e s ,

b) Load-break s w i t c h e s . b a d - b r e a k switches a r e provided w i t h a n i n t e r -

r u p t i n g d e v i c e capable of d i s c o n n e c t i n g c i r c u i t s under load. Fuse
c u t o u t s , which a r e d e s i g n e d t o be l o a d - b r e a k and l o a d - i n t e r r u p t e r
switches, are a v a i l a b l e . Vacuum s w i t c h e s a l s o p r o v i d e l o a d - b r e a k
capability.

2.5.12.1 To d e t e r m i n e t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r l i g h t n i n g p r o t e c t i o n , c o n s i d e r o v e r h e a d
ground w i r e , open o r e x p u l s i o n g a p s , and d i s t r i b u t i o n - t y p e s u r g e ( l i g h t n i n g ) a r r e s t e r s .
The w e a t h e r s h o u l d a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d . P r o t e c t i o n f o r l i g h t n i n g - i n d u c e d s u r g e s may be
u n n e c e s s a r y i n a r e a s where a n n u a l l i g h t n i n g s t o r m s a r e few. A d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c y o r
l o c a l e l e c t r i c power company p r a c t i c e s h o u l d u s u a l l y be f o l l o w e d . Select t h e proper
a r r e s t e r i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e c h o s e n b a s i c i m p u l s e i n s u l a t i o n l e v e l f o r which t h e
c i r c u i t must be b u i l t .

2.5.13 Clearances

2.5.13.1 P r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l c l e a r a n c e s f r o m a d j a c e n t
p h y s i c a l o b j e c t s , s u c h a s b u i l d i n g s , s t r u c t u r e s , and o t h e r e l e c t r i c l i n e s , a s r e q u i r e d
by t h e a p p l i c a b l e e l e c t r i c a l s a f e t y code. Provide a g a i n s t contingency i n t e r f e r e n c e s ,
s u c h as b r o k e n p o l e s , b r o k e n c r o s s a r m s , and b r o k e n c i r c u i t c o n d u c t o r s . Provide f o r
c l e a r a n c e c o n d i t i o n s a r i s i n g f r o m mu.ltipurpose j o i n t u s e of p o l e s . !%e t h e a p p l i c a b l e
e l e c t r i c a l s a f e t y code f o r c l i m b i n g s p a c e c l e a r a n c e s , j o i n t u s e , and s u p p l y c o n d u c t o r
protection.

2.5.14 Grounding

2.5.14.1 For i n f o r m a t i o n on g r o u n d i n g of o v e r h e a d d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s , u s e t h e
a p p l i c a b l e e l e c t r i c a l s a f e t y code o r A d m i n i s t r a t j v e p o l i c y . For s a f e t y p r o v i d e grnund-
i n g f o r a l l equipment and s t r u c t u r e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s t o p r e v e n t s h o c k
f r o m s t a t i c o r dynamic v o l t a g e s . Maximum ground r e s i s t a n c e s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d v a l u e s
s p e c i f i e d i n t h e a p p l i c a b l e e l e c t r i c a l s a f e t y code. C o n s i d e r t h e s o u r c e of e l e c t r i c
power, c a p a c i t y , magnitude of f a u l t c u r r e n t , and method of s y s t e m g r o u n d i n g , a s t h e y
affect t h i s resistance.

2.5.14.2 Ground r o d s . Ground r o d s may be u s e d e i t h e r s i n g l y o r i n c l u s t e r s . Drive

t h e ground r o d s t o ground w a t e r l e v e l f o r a n e f f e c t i v e and permanent i n s t a l l a t i o n .
P r o v i d e f o r c o r r o s i o n p r e v e n t i o n by a p r o p e r c h o i c e of m e t a l s o r by c a t h o d i c p r o t e c t i o n .
Where ground w a t e r c a n n o t be r e a c h e d , c h e m i c a l s s u c h a s magnesium s u l p h a t e (MgS04) o r
c o p p e r s u l p h a t e (CuSO,+) may be u s e d t o improve s o i l c o n d u c t i v i t y where n e c e s s a r y . Manu-
f a c t u r e r s of ground r o d s c a n p r o v i d e d a t a on s u c h t r e a t m e n t . P r o v i d e f o r e a s y mainte-
nance and p e r i o d i c t e s t i n g . Although d r i v i n g ground r o d s d e e p e r ( s e c t i o n a l t y p e ) may b e
more e f f e c t i v e t h a n m u l t i p l e r o d s , i n many c a s e s , s o i i v a r i a t i o n s and p o s s i b l e bedrock
may make p r o v i s i o n of a d d i t i o n a l r o d s l e s s e x p e n s i v e .
2.5.14.3 A b u r i e d network of ground c o n d u c t o r s w i l l a s s u r e a n
e f f e c t i v e s a f e t y ground i n p o o r s o i l and w i l l e l i m i n a t e l a r g e v o l t a g e g r a d i e n t s a t
s u b s t a t i o n s f o r u t i l i t y aerodrome i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n s . Mesh s p a c i n g s of 3 t o 3.5 m e t r e s
a r e commonly u s e d and u s u a l l y s u c h s p a c i n g s c a n c o n t r o l s u r f a c e v o l t a g e g r a d i e n t s even
t h o u g h t h e ground r e s i s t a n c e may be r e l a t i v e l y h i g h .

2.5.14.4 Water p i p e c o n n e c t i o n s . The e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m may b e g r o u n d e d t o a w a t e r

s u p p l y s y s t e m e x c e p t where n o n m e t a l l i c p i p e s , c a t h o d i c a l l y p r o t e c t e d m e t a l l i c p i p e s , o r
i n s u l a t i n g c o u p l i n g s a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e w a t e r p i p e s y s t e m . The w a t e r p i p e connec-
t i o n s h o u l d be supplemented by o t h e r g r o u n d i n g e l e c t r o d e s where r e q u i r e d by t h e
a p p l i c a b l e e l e c t r i c a l s a f e t y code.

2.5.14.5 Combination of g r o u n d i n g methods. Where t h e ground r e s i s t a n c e i n a n

e x i s t i n g s y s t e m i s h i g h , two o r more of t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d methods may be combined t o
e f f e c t improvement.

2.5.14.6 Ground c o n n e c t i o n s . Wires r u n n i n g f r o m p r o t e c t i v e d e v i c e s ( f o r example,

g a p s , g r a d i n g r i n g s , e x p u l s i o n o r p r o t e c t i o n t u b e s , and s u r g e a r r e s t e r s ) t o ground
s h o u l d be k e p t a s s t r a i g h t and s h o r t a s p o s s i b l e . Where bends a r e n e c e s s a r y t h e y s h o u l d
b e of l a r g e r a d i i t o k e e p t h e s u r g e impedance a s low a s p o s s i b l e .

2.5.14.7 Overhead ground w i r e s . Where o v e r h e a d ground w i r e s a r e u s e d f o r p r o t e c t i o n

o f e l e c t r i c l i n e s , a ground c o n n e c t i o n s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d a t t h e b a s e of e a c h p o l e from
t h e o v e r h e a d ground w i r e t o a w i r e l o o p o r a ground p l a t e o r t o a d r i v e n r o d , d e p e n d i n g
on t h e e x i s t i n g s o i l c o n d i t i o n s . Use of w i r e wraps o r p o l e b u t t p l a t e s i s a l l o w e d o n l y
i n a r e a s of v e r y low s o i l r e s i s t i v i t y .

2.5.14.8 Measurement of ground r e s i s t a n c e . Two methods of m e a s u r i n g g r o u n d

resistance are:

a) T h r e e - e l e c t r o d e method. I n t h e t h r e e - e l e c t r o d e method, two t e s t e l e c -

t r o d e s a r e u s e d t o measure r e s i s t a n c e of t h e t h i r d e l e c t r o d e , t h e ground
p o i n t . A s e l f - c o n t a i n e d s o u r c e of a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t and a b a t t e r y
o p e r a t e d v i b r a t o r s o u r c e equipment p r o v i d i n g d i r e c t r e a d i n g s a r e a v a i l -
able.

b) F a l l - o f - p o t e n t i a l method. The f a l l - o f - p o t e n t i a l method i n v o l v e s a n

ungrounded a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t s o u r c e which c i r c u l a t e s a measured
c u r r e n t t o ground. Voltage r e a d i n g s t a k e n , of t h e c o n n e c t i o n t o
a u x i l i a r y g r o u n d s , a l l o w u s e of Ohm's law t o d e t e r m i n e t h e ground
resistance.

Underground d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s

2.5.15.1 Primary power d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t s i n c e r t a i n a r e a s o n and n e a r aerodromes

must be i n s t a l l e d underground. Although underground i n s t a l l a t i o n s c o s t more t h a n over-
head s y s t e m s , r a d i o i n t e r f e r e n c e problems o r t h e p r o x i m i t y of t h e l i g h t i n g f a c i l i t i e s t o
a r e a s of a i r c r a f t o p e r a t i o n s o f t e n r e q u i r e s t h e u s e of underground d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s .
Underground c i r c u i t s may be i n s t a l l e d by d i r e c t b u r i a l o r by t h e p u l l - i n method ( p u l l i n g
t h e cables through conduits). D i r e c t b u r i a l of d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t s i s u s u a l l y l e s s
c o s t l y t h a n i n s t a l l a t i o n i n d u c t s ( p u l l i n method), b u t b e c a u s e of t h e p o o r e r p r o t e c -
t i o n , d i r e c t b u r i a l i s u s u a l l y u s e d o n l y f o r s m a l l l o a d s where r e i i a b i i i i y r e q u i r e m e n t s
a r e low. M e d i u m v o l t a g e d i r e c t b u r i a l c a b l e s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d w i t h a m e t a l armor
c o v e r i n g o r s h i e l d f o r p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t m e c h a n i c a l i n j u r y . Where c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e
i s i m p o r t a n t , armored c a b l e s may r e q u i r e a p l a s t i c o r s y n t h e t i c - r u b b e r j a c k e t o v e r t h e
armor. The underground d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t s u s e d f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g a n d r a d i o
navigation f a c i l i t i e s a r e pull-in c i r c u i t s .

2.5.15.2 D e t a i l s of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of underground d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s a r e g i v e n i n
C h a p t e r 4 , and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c a b l e s u i t a b l e f o r underground s e r v i c e a r e g i v e n i n
C h a p t e r 5.
 EUeTRZGBL CIRCUITS FOR AEBO L I G H T W m W I O WIGBTZON B I D S

3.1 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

3.1.1 Electrical characteristics

3.1.1.1 E l e c t r i c a l power f o r a e r o d r o m e l i g h t i n g a i d s i s a l m o s t e n t i r e l y a l t e r n a t i n g
current (ac). (Some c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s are d i r e c t c u r r e n t ( d c ) a n d e n e r g y f o r s t a r t i n g
s e c o n d a r y power e n g i n e s o r f o r some u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e power s y s t e m s i s s t o r e d i n b a t t e r -
ies.) T h i s a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t i s u s u a l l y 50 t o 60 h e r t z . Both s e r i e s a n d p a r a l l e l
c i r c u i t s a r e u s e d i n t h e s e l i g h t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s . Most o f t h e a e r o d r o m e l i g h t s a r e
e n e r g i z e d by s e r i e s c i r c u i t s , b u t t h e i n c o m i n g power i s d i s t r i b u t e d by p a r a l l e l cir-
c u i t s , a n d some s i n g l e u n i t s o r s h o r t e r c i r c u i t s o f l i g h t s may b e e n e r g i z e d by p a r a l l e l
circuits. S e q u e n c e - f l a s h i n g l i g h t s o f a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s , some f l o o d l i g h t s , a n d
some o b s t a c l e l i g h t s a r e t h e more i m p o r t a n t l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s u s i n g p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s .

3.1.2 Series c i r c u i t s

3.1.2.1 The c i r c u i t e l e m e n t s o f s e r i e s c i r c u i t s a r e c o n n e c t e d i n a s t r i n g w i t h t h e
same c u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n e a c h e l e m e n t . The c i r c u i t i s o n e c o n t i n u o u s l o o p s t a r t i n g a n d
e n d i n g a t t h e i n p u t power s o u r c e . I f a f i x e d i n p u t v o l t a g e were c o n n e c t e d t o t h e l o a d ,
t h e c u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t would v a r y w i t h t h e c o n n e c t e d l o a d ; however, c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t
r e g u l a t o r s w i l l maintain a constant c u r r e n t independent of t h e load on t h e c i r c u i t .
Thus t h e same c u r r e n t w i l l f l o w i n a l o n g c i r c u i t a s i n a s h o r t e r c i r c u i t a n d w i l l
r e m a i n t h e same e v e n i f some o f t h e lamps f a i l . T h i s c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t means t h a t a
s h o r t - c i r c u i t a c r o s s t h e o u t p u t of a c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r i s a no-load c o n d i t i o n
and a n open-circuit i s an overload. I n a s i m p l e d i r e c t - c o n n e c t e d series c i r c u i t , a lamp
f a i l u r e c a u s e s a n o p e n - c i r u i t ; h e n c e , i t i t n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v i d e a by-pass d e v i c e , s u c h
as a f u s e d f i l m c u t o u t o r a n i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r , as p a r t o f e a c h l i g h t i n g f i x t u r e .
I s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e p r e f e r r e d f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s .

3.1.2.2 . Some o f t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f s e r i e s
c i r c u i t s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g a r e :

a) a l l lamps a r e o p e r a t i n g a t t h e same c u r r e n t a n d t h u s a t t h e same i n t e n -

s i t y . T h i s u n i f o r m i n t e n s i t y a n d a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e l a m p s are h e l p f u l ;

b) a single-conductor c a b l e of one conductor s i z e and i n s u l a t i o n v o l t a g e

r a t i n g can be used throughout the c i r c u i t ;

c) i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l of t h e l i g h t s can be o b t a i n e d o v e r a wide r a n g e ;

d) t h e c i r c u i t may h a v e a s i n g l e g r o u n d f a u l t a t a n y p o i n t a l o n g t h e
c i r c u i t without a f f e c t i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e l i g h t s ; and

e) ground f a u l t s a r e e a s y t o l o c a t e .

3,1.2.3 Disadvantages of s e r i e s l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s . The m a j o r d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f

s e r i e s c i r c u i t s when u s e d f o r l i g h t i n g a r e :
 a) i n s t a l l a t i o n c o s t s a r e h i g h - t h e c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r and t h e
i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s o r by-pass d e v i c e s add a p p r e c i a b l y t o t h i s c o s t ;

b) poor e f f i c i e n c y , p r i m a r i l y of t h e moving-coil t y p e c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t
r e g u l a t o r , i n u s e of e l e c t r i c a l power;

c) a l l components - c a b l e , i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s and lamp s o c k e t s - must

be i n s u l a t e d f o r f u l l v o l t a g e i f i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e n o t u s e d ;

d) a n o p e n - - c i r c u i t f a u l t anywhere i n t h e c i r c u i t makes t h e e n t i r e c i r c u i t
i n o p e r a t i v e and p o s s i b l y may damage t h e c a b l e i n s u l a t i o n o r t h e
c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r ; and

e) l o c a t i o n of f a u l t s , e s p e c i a l l y o p e n - c i r c u i t f a u l t s , may b e d i f f i c u l t .

3.1.3 Parallel circuits

3.1.3.1 The c i r c u i t e l e m e n t s of p a r a l l e l ( m u l t i p l e ) c i r c u i t s a r e c o n n e c t e d i n
p a r a l l e l a c r o s s t h e c o n d u c t o r s t o which t h e i n p u t v o l t a g e i s a p p l i e d . In theory the
same v o l t a g e i s a p p l i e d t o e a c h l i g h t ; however, t h e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e c o n d u c t o r s
c a u s e s a d e c r e a s e i n v o l t a g e ( l i n e d r o p ) which f o r l o n g e r c i r c u i t s may r e d u c e a p p r e c i -
a b l y t h e v o l t a g e t o , and c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e i n t e n s i t y o f , t h e l i g h t s a t t h e f a r e n d of t h e
circuit. In d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t s where t h e v o l t a g e may be h i g h and t h e c u r r e n t low,
t h e v o l t a g e d r o p i n t h e l i n e s i s l e s s i m p o r t a n t , and p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s a r e o f t e n u s e d
f o r such c i r c u i t s . If i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l of t h e l i g h t s i s required, tapped transformers
of i n d u c t i o n - v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s may be u s e d , b u t t h e s e i n c r e a s e t h e c o s t of t h e i n s t a l l -
a t i o n and r e d u c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y of t h e c i r c u i t .

3.1.3.2 Some of t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f
p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g a r e :

a) l o w e r c o s t of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i f v ~ l t a g er e g u l a t i o n a n d
i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l a r e not required;

b) more e f f i c i e n t u t i l i z a t i o n of e l e c t r i c a l power;

c) e a s y t o add t o o r r e d u c e a n e x i s t i n g c i r c u i t ;

d) t h e c i r c u i t s a r e more f a m i l i a r t o most p e o p l e ;

e) cable f a u l t s , especi.ally open-circuit f a u l t s , may be e a s i e r t o l o c a t e ;

f) an open-circuit may n o t d i s a b l e t h e e n t i r e c i r c u i t ; a n d

g) t h e s e c i r c u i t s do n o t need b y - p a s s d e v i c e s and may n o t need i s o l a t i n g

transformers.

3.1.3.3 D i s a d v a n t a g e s of p a r a l l e l l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s . Some of t h e m a j o r d i s a d v a n t -
a g e s of p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g a r e :

a) t h e i n t e n s i t y of t h e l i g h t s d e c r e a s e s w i t h l i n e d r o p a l o n g t h e c i r c u i t .
T h i s may be m i s i n t e r p r e t e d i f i t i s n o t i c e a b l e i n a p a t t e r n o f l i g h t s ;
 b) two c o n d u c t o r s a r e r e q u i r e d a l o n g t h e c o m p l e t e c i r c u i t , a n d l a r g e r
c o n d u c t o r s may be needed t o r e d u c e t h e l i n e v o l t a g e d r o p ;

c) lamp f i l a m e n t s a r e u s u a l l y l o n g e r which may r e q u i r e l a r g e r o p t i c s a n d

larger l i g h t Eixtures;

d) i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l , e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e l o w e r i n t e n s i t i e s , i s more d i f f i -
c u l t t o f u r n i s h a c c u r a t e l y , o r t h e equipment c o s t a d d s a p p r e c i a b l y t o
t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n cos t ;

e) a s i n g l e ground f a u l t on t h e h i g h - v o l t a g e f e e d e r w i l l d i s a b l e t h e
c i r c u i t s ; and

f) ground f a u l t s a r e d i f f i c u l t t o l o c a t e .

Comparison of s e r i e s and p a r a l l e l l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s

3.1.4.1 Often a c c e p t a b l e l i g h t i n g can be p r o v i d e d by e i t h e r s e r i e s o r p a r a l l e l

circuits. S e r i e s c i r c u i t s a r e u s u a l l y u s e d f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s where t h e
p a t t e r n p r o v i d e s g u i d a n c e i n f o r m a t i o n b e c a u s e of t h e more u n i f o r m i n t e n s i t y of t h e
l i g h t s and b e t t e r i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l . Such s y s t e m s i n c l u d e most runway and t a x i w a y
l i g h t s and most s t e a d y - b u r n i n g l i g h t s o f a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s . Parallel circuits
a r e u s e d f o r most a r e a i l l u m i n a t i o n , i n d i v i d u a l o r s m a l l numbers of v i s u a l a i d s , and
power d i s t r i b u t i o n . Aerodrome l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s u s u a l l y u s i n g p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s a r e
apron f l o o d l i g h t i n g , o t h e r apron l i g h t s , sequence-flashing l i g h t s , s p e c i a l purpose
v i s u a l a i d s s u c h a s beacons and wind d i r e c t i o n i n d i c a t o r s , some o b s t a c l e l i g h t s and
electrical distribution circuits.

3.2 S E R I E S CIRCUITRY FOR AERODROME LIGHTING

F a c t o r s t o be c o n s i d e r e d

3.2.1.1 If a s e r i e s c i r c u i t i s t o be u s e d , c e r t a i n o p t i o n s on t h e equipment t o b e
u s e d s h o u l d be e v a l u a t e d . O f t e n when one c h o i c e i s made i t r e d u c e s t h e o p t i o n s of o t h e r
equipment. F i r s t , t h e c o m p l e t e c i r c u i t s h o u l d be a n a l y s e d f o r c r i t i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e ,
r e l i a b i l i t y , economy of i n s t a l l a t i o n s and o p e r a t i o n s , e a s e of m a i n t e n a n c e , and how t h e
s e v e r a l t y p e s of equipment a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d . Some o p t i o n a l f a c t o r s a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g
items.

3.2.1.2 Choice of c u r r e n t . Equipment development h a s l i m i t e d t h e a v a i l a b l e o p t i o n s

of c u r r e n t t o be used i n a p a r t i c u l a r s e r i e s c i r c u i t . Most aerodrome l i g h t i n g s e r i e s
c i r c u i t s a r e e i t h e r 6.6 o r 20 amperes a t r a t e d f u l l i n t e n s i t y , a l t h o u g h o t h e r c u r r e n t s
a r e sometimes used. The l i n e power l o s s f o r a f i x e d c a b l e c o n d u c t o r and l e n g t h f o r 6.6
ampere c i r c u i t s i s a b o u t o n e n i n t h t h a t f o r 2 0 ampere c i r c u i t s . E i t h e r v a l u e of c u r r e n t
can be c a r r i e d i n 5 000 v o l t i n s u l a t i o n c a b l e by c o n d u c t o r s of 4 mm d i a m e t e r w i t h o u t
e x c e s s i v e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e . The l o a d on t h e r e g u l a t o r of s e r i e s c i r c u i t s , s h o u l d be a t
l e a s t one-half of i t s r a t e d c a p a c i t y . 6.6 ampere c i r c u i t s a r e commonly u s e d f o r l o n g
c i r c u i t s w i t h s m a l l e r e l e c t r i c a l l o a d s , and 20 a a p e r e c i r c u i t s a r e u s e d f o r l a r g e r l o a d s
and s h o r t e r c a b l e l e n g t h s ( s e e p a r a g r a p h 3.2.1.4 for regulator capacities.) Runway edge
l i g h t s and taxiway edge l i g h t s a r e u s u a l l y 6,6 aolpere c i r c u i t s , and a p p r o a c h l i g h t s and
rouchdown zone l i g h t s a r e o f t e n 20 ampere c i r c u i t s , Kunway c e n t r e l i n e a n d t a x i w a y
c e n t r e l i n e l i g h t s may be e x t h e r 6.6 a n p e r e o r 20 ampere c i r c u i ~ s , Koce t h a t &he c l r -
c u i t c u r r e n t i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y d e t e r m i n e d by t h e c u r r e n t of t h e lamps i n t h e f i x t u r e s .
F o r example by s e l e c t i n g t h e i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s p r o p e r l y , 6.6 ampere lamps can be
u s e d on 20 ampere c i r c u i t s and 20 ampere lamps on 6.6 ampere c i r c u i t s o r c o m b i n a t i o n s of
lamp c u r r e n t s can be used on e i t h e r c i r c u i t .

3.2.1.3 The p r e f e r r e d a r r a n g e m e n t f o r a e r o d r o m e l i g h t -
i n g c i r c u i t s i s a number of h i g h v o l t a g e s e r i e s c i r c u i t l o o p s w i t h a s e r i e s i s o l a t i n g
t r a n s f o r m e r f o r e a c h f i t t i n g , and e a c h c i r c u i t f e d f r o m a n e l e c t r i c a l s u p p l y s u b s t a t i o n
a d j a c e n t t o t h e runway end. One s u b s t a t i o n p e r runway end i s p r e f e r r e d f o r a l l a e r o -
dromes.

a) 8.2 of Annex 1 4 s p e c i f i e s t h a t f o r a p r e c i s i o n a p p r o a c h runway t h e

e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s be d e s i g n e d s o t h a t t h e f a i l u r e of one c i r c u i t w i l l
n o t l e a v e t h e p i l o t w i t h o u t v i s u a l g u i d a n c e and w i l l n o t r e s u l t i n a
misleading pattern.

b Every a p p r o a c h a n d runway l i g h t -
i n g s y s t e m s h o u l d be i n t e r l e a v e d o v e r a t l e a s t two c i r c u i t s . Examples
of c i r c u i t i n t e r l e a v i n g t o improve i n t e g r i t y a r e shown i n F i g u r e s 3-1 t o
3-7. Each c i r c u i t i n a n i n t e r l e a v e d s e r v i c e s h o u l d e x t e n d t h r o u g h o u t
t h e whole of t h a t s e r v i c e and be s o a r r a n g e d t h a t a b a l a n c e d s y m m e t r i c a l
l i g h t i n g p a t t e r n r e m a j n s i n t h e e v e n t of f a i l u r e of o n e o r more of t h e
c i r c u i t s . T h r e s h o l d l i g h t s a r e u s u a l l y on s e p a r a t e c i r c u i t s . Runway
c e n t r e l i n e l i g h t s must be i n t e r l e a v e d i n a way t h a t w i l l n o t d e s t r o y
t h e c o l o u r c o d i n g of t h e s e l i g h t s . S e c t i o n s of t h e c e n t r e l i n e s y s t e m
c o n s i s t i n g of w h i t e l i g h t s o n l y and of r e d l i g h t s o n l y may be i n t e r -
l e a v e d a s shown on F i g u r e 3-5a. Annex 1 4 r e q u i r e s t h e c e n t r e l i n e
l i g h t s i n t h e s e c t i o n of t h e runway from t h e p o i n t 900 m f r o m t h e runway
end ( o r f r o m t h e m i d p o i n t of t h e runway f o r runways l e s s t h a n 1 800 m i n
l e n g t h ) t o t h e p o i n t 300 m from t h e runway end b e a l t e r n a t e l y v a r i a b l e
w h i t e and r e d l i g h t s e x c e p t t h a t f o r runway c e n t r e l i n e l i g h t s s p a c e d a t
7.5 n a l t e r n a t e p a i r of v a r i a b l e w h i t e and r e d l i g h t s a r e r e q u i r e d .
Examples of c i r c u i t i n t e r l e a v i n g which w i l l m a i n t a i n t h e r e q u i r e d c o l o u r
c o d i n g a r e shown i n F i g u r e s 3-5b and 3-5c. When one c i r c u i t f a i l s where
t h e p a t t e r n of l i g h t s and i n t e r l e a v i n g a r e a s shown i n F i g u r e 3-5c, a
p a t t e r n of a l t e r n a t i n g r e d and w h i t e l i g h t s u n i f o r m l y s p a c e d a t t w i c e
t h e normal i n t e r v a l w i l l show. T h i s s p a c i n g i s t h e same a s t h a t of t h e
a l l w h i t e and a l l r e d s e c t i o n s when one c i r c u i t f a i l s . With t h e p a t t e r n
of l i g h t s and i n t e r l e a v i n g shown i n F i g u r e 3-5b, t h e s p a c i n g would be
a l t e r n a t e l y t h r e e t i m e s t h e normal i n t e r v a l and t h e n t h e n o r m a l
interval.

c) Visual approach s l o p e i n d i c a t o r systems. Visual approach s l o p e i n d i c a -

t o r s y s t e m s s h o u l d have two c i r c u i t s p e r runway end. When a v i s u a l
approach s l o p e i n d i c a t o r s y s t e m i s a VASIS, 3-BAR VASIS, o r T-VASIS,
power t o a l l l i g h t u n i t s on one s i d e of t h e runway s h o u l d be s u p p l i e d by
t h e same c i r c u i t . This arrangement e n s u r e s t h a t should one c i r c u i t f a i l
a complete p a t t e r n w i l l be r e t a i n e d on t h e o t h e r s i d e of t h e runway.
When a p p r o a c h s l o p e i n d i c a t o r s a r e i n s t a l l e d on o n l y one s i d e of t h e
runway a s w i t h t h e PAPI, t h e AVASIS, t h e 3-BAR AVASIS, and t h e AT-VASIS,
p a r t of t h e lamps i n e a c h L i g h t u n i t s h o u l d be c o n n e c t e d t o o n e c i r c u i t
and t h e r e m a i n d e r t o t h e o t h e r c i r c u i t i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n t h e
i n t e g r i t y of t h e p a t t e r n , b u t w i t h r e d u c e d i n t e n s i t y . Visual approach
s l o p e i n d i c a t o i s y s t e m s s h o u l d be d e e n e r g i z e d when a m i s l e a d i n g s i g n a l
r e s u l t s from r h e f a i l u r e of a L i g h t u n i t .
d Taxiway l i g h t i n g s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d f o r s e r i e s
circuits. Taxiway c e n t r e l i n e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s s h o u l d b e i n t e r l e a v e d
a s shown i n F i g u r e 3-5a on t h o s e p a r t s of t h e t a x i w a y s y s t e m t h a t a r e
u s e d i n C a t e g o r y 111 c o n d i t i o n s , b u t f o r economic r e a s o n s a s i n g l e
c i r c u i t may b e u s e d f o r o t h e r t a x i w a y s . Taxiway l i g h t i n g s h o u l d be
c i r c u i t e d t o p e r m i t s e l e c t i v e l i g h t i n g of segments of t h e s y s t e m t o
provide r o u t e guidance t o p i l o t s . This c a p a b i l i t y may be o b t a i n e d by
u s i n g a n i n d i v i d u a l c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r f o r e a c h segment o r by
c o n n e c t i n g s e v e r a l segments t o a s i n g l e r e g u l a t o r and u s i n g s e l e c t o r
relays, e i t h e r i n the f i e l d o r a t the regulator, t o short-circuit those
segments which a r e n o t p a r t of t h e r o u t e . Note t h a t t h e v o l t a g e r a t i n g
of t h e s e l e c t o r r e l a y s must be h i g h e r t h a n t h e o p e n - c i r c u i t v o l t a g e of
the regulator. S e l e c t i v e s w i t c h i n g may be o b t a i n e d i n s e v e r a l ways.
Among t h e s e a r e :

1) t h e u s e of a c o n t r o l s w i t c h f o r e a c h segment. The p r e f e r r e d
l o c a t i o n of s u c h s w i t c h e s i s on a f a c s i m i l e d i a g r a m on t h e c o n t r o l
p a n e l i n t h e c o n t r o l tower w i t h e a c h s w i t c h l o c a t e d on t h e segment
which i t c o n t r o l s ;

2) i n t e r c o n n e c t i n g t h e c o n t r o l s which e n e r g i z e t h e r e g u l a t o r s o r
s e l e c t o r r e l a y so t h a t actuating a single switch w i l l cause a l l
segments on a d e s i g n a t e d r o u t e t o be l i g h t e d ; and

3) u s i n g a minicomputer programmed t o l i g h t t h e optimum r o u t e a f t e r t h e

o p e r a t o r d e s i g n a t e s t h e runway e x i t t o be used and t h e d e s t i n a t i o n
of t h e a i r c r a f t .

e) Stop b a r s . Stop b a r s must be c o n t r o l l e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y of e a c h o t h e r a n d

of t h e t a x i w a y l i g h t s . The e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d s o
t h a t a l l of t h e l i g h t s of a s t o p b a r w i l l n o t f a i l a t t h e same t i m e .
The l i g h t s of a s t o p b a r s h o u l d be i n t e r l e a v e d . They may be s u p p l i e d by
two s e p a r a t e c i r c u i t s o r f r o m two common c i r c u i t s w i t h c o n t r o l r e l a y s
l o c a t e d a d j a c e n t t o t h e s t o p bar. S t o p b a r s may be c o n n e c t e d i n t o
i n t e r l e a v e d runway o r t a x i w a y l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s w i t h e a c h s t o p b a r
c o n t r o l l e d by r e l a y s which s h o r t - c i r c u i t t h e l i g h t s of t h e s t o p b a r when
i t i s desired t o deenergize t h e bar. In o r d e r t o reduce t h e v o l t a g e
r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e s e r e l a y s , l i g h t s of t h e s t o p b a r s h o u l d be c o n n e c t e d
i n t o a runway o r t a x i w a y l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t t h r o u g h a n i s o l a t i n g
t r a n s f o r m e r of s u i t a b l e c a p a c i t y w i t h t h e s h o r t - c i r c u i t i n g r e l a y
c o n n e c t e d a c r o s s t h e s e c o n d a r y of t h e i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r . The
a p p l i c a b l e runway o r t a x i w a y l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t must be e n e r g i z e d whenever
t h e u s e of a s t o p b a r i s r e q u i r e d . The r e l a y s c o n t r o l l i n g a s t o p b a r
must be s o c o n n e c t e d t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f c o n t r o l power i s r e q u i r e d
t o t u r n t h e s t o p b a r o f f . Thus t h e s t o p b a r w i l l be l i g h t e d i f t h e
c o n t r o l c i r c u i t should f a i l .

f) Grounding, A l l t h e equipment i n t h e c o n t r o l / d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t r e s h o u l d
be bonded t o e a r t h . A ground w i r e ( c o u n t e r p o i s e ) s h o u l d a l s o be r u n
from t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t r e s w i t h t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t c a b l e s . The
s e c o n d a r y s i d e of a l l i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s and t h e s u p p o r t s of a l l
e l e v a t e d l i g h t s should be connected t o t h i s w i r e . The g r o u n d w i r e
s h o u l d be p o s i t i o n e d above t h e c i r c u i t c a b l e s i n a c o n d u i t nearer t h e
s u r f a c e o r i n t h e same r r e n c l ~n o r l e s s t h a n 10 c m above t h e cop, cable..
U s u a l l y u n i n s u l a t e d c o n d u c t o r s a r e used a s ground w i r e s .
0 CIRCUIT 1
Q) CIRCUIT 2
 0 CIRCUIT 3
@ CIRCUIT 4

F i g u r e 3-2, Supplementary l i g h t i n g t o expand a p r e c i s i o n a p p r o a c h b i g h t i n g

s y s t e m t y p e A ( s y s t e m wPth d i s t a n c e coded c e n t r e l i n e ) t o a p r e c i s i o n
approach c a t e g o r y I1 and 111 l i g h t i n g s y s t e m
5-3 0 Aerodrome Design Manual

RUNWAY THRESHOLD

0 CIliChiiT i
0 CIRCUIT 2

OPTION A. I N T E R L E A V I N G BY ALTERNATING BARRETTES

-*
r ' l g u r e 3-3. P r e c i s i o n approach lighting s y s t e m t y p e B
(system with b a r r e t t e c e n t r e l i n e )
 0 CIRCUIT 1
6 CIRCUIT 2

OPTION B. INTERLEAVING BY ALTERNATING LIGHTS IN EACH

BARRETTE TO FROVIDE S I M I M R APPEARANCE IN EITH
SINGLE-CIRCUIT OPERATION

F i g u r e 3-3, Precision approach l i g h t i n g system type B

(system w i t h b a r r e t t e c e n t r e l i n e )
 RUNWAY THRESHOLD

0 CIRCUIT 1.
$ CIRCUIT 2

OPTION C . INTERLEAVING BY ALTERNATING LIGHTS I N EACH

BARRETTE WITH ALL STATION ALIKE I N ANY
OPERATING C I R C U I T MODE

F i g u r e 3-3. P r e c i s i o n a p p r o a c h iighting s y s t e m t y p e B
( s y s t e m w i i h b a r r e t c e c e n t r e iinej
 RUNWAY THRESHOLD RUNWAY THRESHOLD

e..

PART OF CENTRE LlNE LIGHTS PART OF CENTRE LlNE LIGHTS

OF PRECISION APPROACI-I OF PRECISION APPROACH
Q CIRCUIT 1 LIGHTING SYSTEM TYPE B 0 CIRCUIT l LIGHTING SYSTEM TYPE B

CIRCUIT 2 @ CIRCUIT 2

OPTION A. INTERLEAVING BY ALTERNATlNG BARRETTES OPTION B. INTERLEAVING BY ALTERNATING LIGHTS IN EACH

BARRETTE TO PROVIDE SIMILAR APPEARANCE FOR
EITHER SINGLE-CIRCUIT OPERATION

Figure 3-4. Supplementary lighting to expand a precision approach lighting

system type B (system with barrette centre line) to a precision approach
category 11 and I11 lighting system
(Supplementary lighting for a system with distance coded centre line
is shown in Figure 3-2.)
 Q WHITE L I G H T
CIRCUIT 1

CIRCUIT 2

CIRCUIT l

B. INTERLEAVING I N S E C T I O N S
C O N S I S T I N G O F ALTERNATING RED
AND WHITE L I G H T S FOR L I G H T
S P A C I N G S O F 15 AND 30 METERS

0 WHITE L I G H T
C I R C U I T I.
@ 'WfiITE EIZHT
CIRCUIT 2

CIRCUIT l

A. INTERLEAVING I N S E C T I O N S
I N WHICH ALL L I G H T S ARE
O F T H E SAME COLOUR
C. INTERLEAVING I N S E C T I O N S
C O N S I S T I N G O F ALTERNATE TWO RED
AND TWO WHITE L I G H T S FOR L I G H T
S P A C I N G S O F 7.5 METERS

Figure 3-5. Runway or taxiway centre L ~ n eirghting on two interleaved circuits

Part 5, - Electrical Svstems 5-35

0 CIRCUIT 1
@ CIRCUIT 2

F i g u r e 3-6. Runway edge Lights on two ~ n t e r l e a v e dseries circuits

 RUNWAY

NOTE: When used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h Type A p r e c i s i o n approach l i g h t i n g

sys terns each barrette shaul d have four lights .

F kb~ u r e3-7, interleavecj series c i r c u i t s

Touchdown zone L i g h t s o i l t w ~
3.2.1.4 The e l e c t r i c a l power f o r most aerodrome ground
l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s i s s u p p l i e d by c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t ( s e r i e s c i r c u i t ) r e g u l a t o r s . These
r e g u l a t o r s a r e designed t o produce a constant-current o u t p u t independent of v a r i a t i o n s
i n t h e c i r c u i t l o a d and i n t h e v o l t a g e of t h e power s o u r c e . They a r e a l s o d e s i g n e d t o
p r o v i d e two o r more o u t p u t c u r r e n t s when dimming of t h e l i g h t s i s r e q u i r e d . Some t y p e s
of c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r s u s e d f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g a r e a s f o l l o w s .

a) Moving c o i l r e g u l a t o r s . Moving c o i l r e g u l a t o r s h a v e been u s e d f o r many

y e a r s t o s u p p l y power t o s e r i e s l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s . T h i s t y p e r e g u l a t o r
h a s s e p a r a t e p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y c o i l s which a r e f r e e t o move w i t h
r e s p e c t t o e a c h o t h e r , t h u s v a r y i n g t h e m a g n e t i c l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e of
t h e i n p u t and o u t p u t c i r c u i t s . This r e a c t a n c e a u t o m a t i c a l l y a d j u s t s
i t s e l f t o a v a l u e which, when added t o t h e l o a d impedance, p e r m i t s a
c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t t o f l o w . The d e s i r e d o u t p u t c u r r e n t s e t s up a f o r c e o f
r e p u l s i o n which f l o a t s t h e moving c o i l i n t h e p o s i t i o n which p r o d u c e s
t h i s c u r r e n t . A s t a t e of m e c h a n i c a l e q u i l i b r i u m i s a t t a i n e d s u c h t h a t
t h e f o r c e of r e p u l s i o n e x a c t l y b a l a n c e s t h e w e i g h t of t h e moving c o i l .
Any change i n l o a d o r i n p u t v o l t a g e i s i m m e d i a t e l y c o u n t e r a c t e d by a
movement of t h e f l o a t i n g c o i l t o r e s t o r e t h e m e c h a n i c a l e l e c t r i c a l
balance. I n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l i s o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h t h e u s e of a t a p p e d
t r a n s f o r m e r a c r o s s t h e o u t p u t of t h e r e g u l a t o r . The main d i s a d v a n t a g e s
of moving c o i l r e g u l a t o r s a r e t h e m e c h a n i c a l movement of t h e c o i l s a n d
t h e low power f a c t o r s f o r l o a d s l e s s t h a n r a t e d l o a d . F o r a l o a d of 50
p e r c e n t of t h e r a t e d l o a d , t h e power f a c t o r may be 75 p e r c e n t o r l e s s .
I n a d d i t i o n some moving c o i l r e g u l a t o r s must be p r e c i s e l y l e v e l l e d and
i s o l a t e d from v i b r a t i o n .

b) Monocyclic s q u a r e r e g u l a t o r s . One s t a t i c t y p e (no moving p a r t s )

c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r f o r s e r i e s c i r c u i t s i s t h e monocyclic square
regulator. The c u r r e n t r e g u l a t i n g n e t w o r k u s u a l l y c o n s i s t s of two
i n d u c t i v e and two c o n d e n s i v e r e a c t o r s , e a c h of e q u a l r e a c t a n c e
( r e s o n a n c e ) a t t h e power f r e q u e n c y , a r r a n g e d i n a b r i d g e t y p e c i r c u i t .
With s u c h a network, t h e s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t i s i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e imped-
a n c e of t h e l o a d . I n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l c a n b e p r o v i d e d by a t a p p e d i n p u t
o r o u t p u t t r a n s f o r m e r o r by c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r i a b l e i n p u t t r a n s f o r m e r .
The a d v a n t a g e s o f t h i s t y p e of r e g u l a t o r a r e no moving p a r t s and h i g h
power f a c t o r . The d i s a d v a n t a g e s a r e l a c k of compensation f o r v a r i a t i o n s
i n i n p u t v o l t a g e and a d v e r s e e f f e c t s on t h e r e g u l a t i o n c a u s e d by l o a d s
which c a u s e h i g h harmonic f r e q u e n c i e s i n t h e r e s o n a n t c i r c u i t , s u c h a s
o p e n - c i r c u i t e d s e c o n d a r i e s of s e r i e s i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s and g a s e o u s -
v a p o u r lamps.

c) Compensation s t a t i c - t y p e r e g u l a t o r s . By s e n s i n g t h e s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t
f r o m t h e r e g u l a t o r , a d j u s t m e n t may be made i n t h e m o n o c y c l i c s q u a r e o r
i n t h e c u r r e n t - r e g u l a t i n g network t o compensate f o r p r i m a r y v o l t a g e
v a r i a t i o n s and f o r harmonic f r e q u e n c i e s c a u s e d by o p e n - c i r c u i t e d second-
a r i e s of i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s . T h i s compensation p r o v i d e s improved
current r e g u l a t i o n and p r e v e n t s s h o r t e n i n g of lamp l i f e f r o m above r a t e d
secondary current.

d) Solid s t a t e c o n t r c l constant-current regulators. These r e g u l a t o r s u s e

a c s o l i d s t a t e c i r c u i t s f o r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e transformer leakage react-
ance. T h i s t e c h n i q u e p e r m i t s t h e u s e of low c o n t r o l l e v e l s t o o b t a i n
c o n s t a n t c u r r e n t f r o m r e g u l a t o r s w i t h t h e e l e c t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
 c o n s t a n t v o l t a g e , s e r i e s - r e s o n a n t c i r c u i t s . These s o l i d s t a t e c o n t r o l s
p r o v i d e f a s t r e s p o n s e , h i g h power f a c t o r , compact r e g u l a t o r s w i t h e a s y
m a i n t e n a n c e of t h e r e g u l a t o r c o n t r o l s .

3.2.1.5 Constant-current
r e g u l a t o r s s u p p l y i n g power t o aerodrome l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s s h o u l d h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g
capabilities:

a) maintain a constant-current o u t p u t w i t h i n k 2 p e r c e n t f o r any load from

one-half t o f u l l l o a d w i t h up t o 30 p e r c e n t of i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s
having open-circui t s e c o n d a r i eS;

b) i n d i c a t e a g r o u n d i n g f a u l t on t h e c i r c u t t w h i l e p e r m i t t i n g t h e c i r c u i t
t o o p e r a t e n o r m a l l y when a s i n g l e ground f a u l t p r e v a i l s ;

c) h a v e a h i g h d e g r e e of r e l i a b i l i t y and t h e r e f o r e h a v e n o moving p a r t s ;

d) i n c o r p o r a t e a n o p e n - c i r c u i t d e v i c e which l o c k s o u t t h e p r i m a r y v o l t a g e
w i t h i n two s e c o n d s a n d r e q u i r e s r e s e t t i n g of t h e r e g u l a t o r ;

e) respond t o c i r c u i t changes w i t h i n 15 c y c l e s ;

f) i n c o r p o r a t e a s e c u r i t y device t h a t s e t s t h e r e g u l a t o r o u t of s e r v i c e o r
a s s u r e s a r e d u c t i o n of t h e c u r r e n t i n e a s e of a n o v e r c u r r e n t ;

g) p r o v i d e t h e r e q u i r e d number of i n t e n s i t y s e t t i n g s o r a c o n t i n u o u s l y
v a r i a b l e c o n t r o l a s required. The r e g u l a t o r s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d s o t h a t
t h e i n t e n s i t y s e t t i n g c a n be changed w i t h o u t d e e n e r g i z i n g t h e r e g u l a t o r ;

h) e l e c t r i c a l l y i s o l a t e t h e p r i m a r y power c i r c u i t f r o m t h e s e c o n d a r y l i g h t -
i n g c i r c u i t ; and

i) o p e r a t e c o n t i n u o u s l y a t f u l l l o a d i n ambient t e m p e r a t u r e s between -40°C

and +55"C and r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y between 1 0 and 100 p e r c e n t and a t
a l t i t u d e s up t o 2 000 m.

3.2.1.6 R a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t regulators. The f o l l o w i n g a r e

examples of r a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r s which a r e a v a i l a b l e :

a) Power. Output ( s e c o n d a r y ) l o a d s between 4 and 70 k i l o w a t t s . Many s i z e s

i n t h i s range a r e a v a i l a b l e .

b 6.6 and 20 amperes a r e most common. U n i t s

s u p p l y i n g 6.6 amperes f o r l o a d s up t o 30 k i l o w a t t s and 20 amperes f o r
l o a d s of 10 k i l o w a t t s and more a r e o f t e n u s e d .

c) Frequency. A s r e q u i r e d by t h e f r e q u e n c y of t h e p r i m a r y power, u s u a l l y
5 0 o r 60 h e r t z .

d Rated p r i m a r y v o l t a g e s between 120 a n d 1 2 000 v o l t s

have been used. P r i m a r y v o l t a g e s of 240 v o l t s f o r s i z e s up t o 30
k i l o w a t t s a n 4 2 400 v o l t s f o r s i z e s of i O t o 7 0 k i l o w a t t s a r e used by
one S t a t e , O t h e r p r i m a r y v o l t a g e s may a l s o be used.
P a r t 5,- E l e c t r i c a l Svstems 5-39

3.2.1.7 Most aerodrome l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s u s e i s o l a t i n g

t r a n s f o r m e r s t o p r o v i d e c o n t i n u i t y of t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t s o t h a t f a i l u r e o f a lamp d o e s
n o t make a n o p e n - c i r c u i t f a u l t . The second f u n c t i o n of i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s i s t o
p r o v i d e e l e c t r i c a l i s o l a t i o n o f t h e lamp from t h e h i g h v o l t a g e c i r c u i t f o r s a f e t y
purposes. C i r c u i t c o n t i n u i t y c a n a l s o b e a t t a i n e d by u s i n g b y - p a s s d e v i c e s , s u c h a s
f i l m c u t o u t s , which s h o r t a c r o s s t h e lamp when t h e lamp f a i l s , b u t i n t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t
t h e lamp may be a t a h i g h p o t e n t i a l when t h e c i r c u i t i s e n e r g i z e d . Isolating trans-
f o r m e r s a r e used t o p r o v i d e t h e p r o p e r c u r r e n t t o t h e lamp i f t h e lamp c u r r e n t d i f f e r s
f r o m t h a t of t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t .

a > An i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r c o n s i s t s of a p r i m a r y a n d
a s e c o n d a r y c o i l wound on a m a g n e t i c c o r e i n a w a t e r p r o o f c a s e w i t h
p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y l e a d s f o r c o n n e c t i n g t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t t o t h e
lamp. The p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y c o i l s a r e i s o l a t e d e l e c t r i c a l l y b u t
l i n k e d by t h e m a g n e t i c c i r c u i t . The s e c o n d a r y c i r c u i t i s s u b j e c t e d t o a
l e s s e r e l e c t r i c a l p o t e n t i a l and one s i d e of t h e s e c o n d a r y s h o u l d be
brought o u t t o a grounding connection. The c o r e of a n i s o l a t i n g t r a n s -
f o r m r i s m a g n e t i c a l l y u n s a t u r a t e d i n o p e r a t i o n b u t becomes s a t u r a t e d i f
t h e lamp f a i l s o r t h e s e c o n d a r y c i r c u i t i s o p e n - c i r c u i t e d , t h u s main-
t a i n i n g t h e i n t e g r i t y o f t h e primary c i r c u i t . I f t h e lamp c i r c u i t
s h o u l d be s h o r t - c i r c u i t e d , t h e i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r would b e i n a no-
l o a d c o n d i t i o n and h a v e minimum e f f e c t on t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t . These
t r a n s f o r m e r s s h o u l d b e c a p a b l e of c o n t i n u o u s o p e r a t i o n a t r a t e d l o a d ,
o p e n - c i r c u i t , o r s h o r t - c i r c u i t w i t h o u t damage. The t u r n s r a t i o of t h e
p r i m a r y c o i l t o t h e s e c o n d a r y c o i l of a s e r i e s l s e r i e s t r a n s f o r m e r i s 1 : 1
i f t h e lamp c u r r e n t i s t h e same a s t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t c u r r e n t b u t i s
i n v e r s e l y proportional t o t h e c u r r e n t r a t i o otherwise.

b) Enclosure. The w a t e r p r o o f c a s e f o r e n c l o s i n g t h e c o r e , w i n d i n g s , and

l e a d s may be of m e t a l , r u b b e r , o r p l a s t i c and s h o u l d be s u i t a b l e f o r
i n s t a l l i n g by d i r e c t b u r i a l , u n d e r w a t e r , i n b a s e s , o r e x p o s u r e d t o t h e
weather. The c a s e s h o u l d p r o t e c t t h e u n i t f r o m damage i f t h e t r a n s f o r m -
e r i s dropped o r i s c a r r i e d by a s i n g l e l e a d . The c a s e s h o u l d p r e v e n t
w a t e r from e n t e r i n g t h r o u g h t h e c a s e o r where j o i n e d t o t h e l e a d s ,
m a i n t a i n r e s i l i e n c e t o a v o i d s h a t t e r i n g o r damage a t v e r y low tempera-
t u r e s , and p r o t e c t t h e u n i t d u r i n g h a n d l i n g , s t o r a g e , i n s t a l l i n g , and
service. The p r i m a r y l e a d s s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n 8.4 mm2 i n s i z e and
s h o u l d b e i n s u l a t e d f o r n o t l e s s t h a n 5 000 v o l t s . These l e a d s s h o u l d
be n o t l e s s t h a n 50 cm l o n g . U s u a l l y t h e s e l e a d s w i l l be p r o v i d e d w i t h
a p l u g t y p e c o n n e c t o r on one l e a d and a r e c e p t a c l e on t h e o t h e r s u i t a b l e
f o r connecting t o t h e s e r i e s - c i r c u i t cable. The s e c o n d a r ~l e a d s s h o u l d
be two-conductor w i t h c o n d u c t o r s i z e n o t l e s s t h a n 3.3 mm and i n s u l a t e d
f o r n o t l e s s t h a n 600 v o l t s and have a l e n g t h of n o t less t h a n 100 cm.
U s u a l l y t h e s e l e a d s a r e p r o v i d e d w i t h a s u i t a b l e two-conductor c o n n e c t o r
f o r connecting t o t h e l i g h t .

c) Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e . These t r a n s f o r m e r s s h o u l d be c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g
i n t e m p e r a t u r e s between -55°C and +65 "C.

d) S e r i e s l s e r i e s i s o l a t i n g transformer r a t i n g s . R a t i n g s of i s o l a t i n g
t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e by o u t p u t power, p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t , t h e
f r e q u e n c y , and t h e i n s u l a t i o n v o l t a g e of p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y c i r c u i t s .
These t r a n s f o r m e r s may be e a s i l y manufactured f o r a l m o s t a n y d e s i r e d
rating. Seme ccmr",cnly a v a i l a b l e r a t i n g s a r e a s f o l l o w s :
 1) Power. R a t i n g s o f 3 0 / 4 5 , 6 5 , 1 0 0 , 2 0 0 , 3 0 0 and 5 0 0 w a t t s a r e
f r e q u e n t l y used and sometimes 1 0 0 0 and 1 500 w a t t u n i t s a r e used.

2) Current. C u r r e n t r a t i n g s a r e u s u a l l y g i v e n a s a r a t i o of p r i m a r y t o
s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t . Common c u r r e n t r a t i n g s a r e 6 . 6 / 6 . 6 , 2 0 1 2 0 , 6.6,'-
2 0 and 2 0 / 6 . 6 amperes.

3) Frequency. The common f r e q u e n c i e s a r e 5 0 and 6 0 h e r t z . Preferably

t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s h o u l d be used on t h e f r e q u e n c y f o r which i t was
designed.

4) I n s u l a t i o n . Most i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e i n s u l a t e d f o r 5 0 0 0
v o l t s on t h e p i i m a r y c i r c u i t and 6 0 0 v o l t s on t h e s e c o n d a r y . L a r g e r
power s i z e s of t r a n s f o r m e r s may r e q u i r e a h i g h e r s e c o n d a r y i n s u l a -
t i o n b e c a u s e of t h e i r h i g h e r o p e n - c i r c u i t v o l t a g e .

e) S e v e r a l lamps from a s i n g l e t r a n s f o r m e r . P r e f e r a b l y e a c h l i g h t is
s u p p l i e d by i t s own i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r . Sometimes t o r e d u c e t h e
i n s t a l l a t i o n c o s t s , s u c h a s f o r i n s t a l l i n g c e n t r e l i n e l i g h t s on e x i s t -
i n g ninways, o r t o r e d u c e t h e mass and s t r e n g t h of c a b l e s , as f o r t a l l
f r a n g i b l e a p p r o a c h l i g h t s u p p o r t s , s e v e r a l lamps may be connected i n a
s e r i e s across a s i n g l e i s o l a t i n g transformer. Of c o u r s e t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
must have t h e c a p a c i t y t o s u p p l y t h e t o t a l lamp l o a d p l u s l i n e l o s s e s .
Two problems of t h i s arrangement a r e : f i r s t , i f one lamp f a i l s c a u s i n g
a n o p e n - c i r c u i t , t h e o t h e r lamps a r e i n o p e r a t i v e u n l e s s s u i t a b l e by-pass
d e v i c e s a r e u s e d ; and s e c o n d l y , at t h e i n s t a n t of t h e o p e n - c i r c u i t
f a i l u r e t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e may become v e r y g r e a t
e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e l a r g e r s i z e s of i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s . These
problems a r e d i s c u s s e d below.

f) E f f e c t s of o p e n - c i r c u i t e d s e c o n d a r i e s of i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s . The
d e s i g n of most i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s l i m i t s t h e r o o t m e a n - s q u a r e (rms)
v o l t a g e of o p e n - c i r c u i t e d s e c o n d a r i e r s t o 3 0 0 v o l t s o r l e s s . However,
t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s v o l t a g e of some i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s a t t h e t i m e t h e
o p e n - c i r c u i t o c c u r s may e x c e e d 1 0 0 0 v o l t s . I s o l a t i n g transformers with
magnetic cores designed t o s a t u r a t e a t a v o l t a g e only s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r
t h a n t h e i r o p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e u s u a l l y have l o w e r r m s and i n s t a n t a n e o u s
peak o p e n - c i r c u i t s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e s t h a n do l e s s s a t u r a t e d t r a n s f o r m -
e r s . High r m s o p e n - c i r c u i t v o l t a g e s r e q u i r e h i g h e r s e c o n d a r y i n s u l a t i o n
and p r e s e n t a g r e a t e r e l e c t r i c a l shock h a z a r d , b u t t h e y a l s o make f i l m
c u t o u t o p e r a t i o n s more r e l i a b l e . The r e a c t a n c e of s e r i e s / s e r i e s i s o l a t -
i n g transformers with open-circuit secondaries d i s t o r t s the primary
c u r r e n t waveform, and t h e r e s u l t i n g harmonic f r e q u e n c i e s may a f f e c t t h e
r e g u l a t i o n of some t y p e s of c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r s .

g) Lamp by-pass d e v i c e s . Whether lamps a r e c o n n e c t e d d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e

s e r i e s c i r c u i t o r a s a group i n s e r i e s a c r o s s a s i n g l e i s o l a t i n g t r a n s -
f o r m e r , when t h e f i l a m e n t of one lamp b u r n s o u t , a l l t h e lamps of t h e
group a r e o u t u n l e s s a s u i t a b l e by-pass d e v i c e i s connected a c r o s s t h e
t e r m i n a l s of t h e f a i l e d lamp. From t h e e a r l y days of s e r i e s l i g h t i n g
c i r c i n i t s witb--,* i s o l a t t n g t r a n s f ~ r m e r s , f u s e d f i l m c u t o u t s have been
used t o by-pass f a i l e d lamps. For t h i s d e v i c e , s p r i n g - l o a d e d c o n t a c t s
are c o n n e c t e d a c r o s s t h e t e r m i n a l s of each lamp. The s p r i n g - l o a d e d
consarrs zrcl s e p a r a t e d by 3 f i l n l c i l t o u ~w h i c h i s a s m a P i eisk of a tklm
 non-conducting f i l m between c o n d u c t i n g o u t e r s u r f a c e s . When t h e lamp i s
o p e r a t i n g , t h e f i l m d i s k k e e p s t h e lamp t e r d n a l s i n s u l a t e d f r o m e a c h
o t h e r and t h e lamp f i l a m e n t c o m p l e t e s t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t . I f a lamp
f i l a m e n t f a i l s , t h e v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e lamp t e r m i n a l s r a p i d l y r i s e s t o a
v a l u e ( p e r h a p s 1 000 v o l t s ) which p e r f o r a t e s t h e f i l m and s h o r t s o u t t h e
lamp t e r m i n a l s and r e s t o r e s t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t b e f o r e t h e c o n s t a n t -
current r e g u l a t o r ' s open-circuit p r o t e c t i o n operates. When t h e lamp i s
r e p l a c e d a new f u s e d f i l m c u t o u t must be i n s t a l l e d . The o u t a g e of t h e
o t h e r lamps of a s m a l l c i r c u i t c o n n e c t e d i n s e r i e s w i t h t h e s e c o n d a r y o f
a n i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r when one lamp f a i l s may n o t be a c c e p t a b l e , and
b y - p a s s d e v i c e s f o r t h e s e lamps a r e needed. The o p e n - c i r c u i t s e c o n d a r y
v o l t a g e peak of some i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s may be 100 t o 200 v o l t s o r
l e s s . Fused f i l m c u t o u t s which o p e r a t e a t t h e s e v o l t a g e s a r e a v a i l a b l e
b u t may be u n r e l i a b l e a s t h e o p e n - c i r c u i t v o l t a g e may f a i l t o p e r f o r a t e
t h e f i l m c u t o u t and s h o r t o u t t h e f a i l e d lamp. A r e c e n t development o f
a by-pass d e v i c e f o r lamps i n t h e s e c i r c u i t s i s a s h o r t i n g r e l a y . These
r e l a y s a r e more e x p e n s i v e t h a n f u s e d f i l m c u t o u t s b u t p r o v i d e more
r e l i a b l e operation.

3.2.1.8 Connections f o r s e r i e s c i r c u i t s . The c o n n e c t i o n s i n s e r i e s c i r c u i t s s h o u l d

be c a r e f u l l y made t o a s s u r e c i r c u i t c o n t i n u i t y and t o p r e v e n t development o f ground
f a u l t s . An o p e n - c i r c u i t f a u l t i n t h e p r i m a r y w i l l c a u s e a n o u t a g e of a l l l i g h t s i n
t h a t c i r c u i t . Unless t h e constant-current r e g u l a t o r i s equipped w i t h o p e n - c i r c u i t
p r o t e c t i o n , t h e r e g u l a t o r may be damaged. Most ground-type f a u l t s on s e r i e s c i r c u i t s
o c c u r a t c o n n e c t i o n s . A s i n g l e ground f a u l t d o e s n o t c a u s e a n o u t a g e of t h e l i g h t s , b u t
two o r more ground f a u l t s w i l l s h o r t - c i r c u i t a l l l i g h t s between t h e f a u l t s .

3.3 PARALLEL (MULTIPLE) CIRCUITRY

3.3.1.1 The u s e of p a r a l l e l ( m u l t i p l e ) c i r c u i t s f o r a v i a t i o n ground l i g h t i n g i s n o t

recommended f o r l a r g e aerodromes a n d / o r c o m p l i c a t e d l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g
reasons :

a) p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s u s u a l l y e n t a i l a much more e x p e n s i v e c a b l i n g i n s t a l l -
a t i o n t h a n does a high-voltage s e r i e s c i r c u i t ;

b) a c c u r a t e b r i l l i a n c y b a l a n c e of a l l l i g h t s i n t h e p a t t e r n c a n n o t b e
o b t a i n e d e a s i l y ; and

c) t h e mass b u r n o u t of lamps i n a c i r c u i t i s much more l i k e l y due t o t h e

i n a b i l i t y of a v e r a g e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s t o c o n t r o l v e r y r a p i d f l u c t u a -
t i o n s i n incoming s u p p l y v o l t s .

3.3.1.2 I n view of t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s s h o u l d o n l y b e used when

t h e r e a r e o n l y a few f i t t i n g s e x i s t i n g i n t h e c i r c u i t and a c c u r a t e i n t e n s i t y b a l a n c e i s
n o t c r i t i c a l ; f o r example, a s h o r t t a x i w a y . S m a l l e r aerodromes w i t h s h o r t runways a n d
t a x i w a y s c a n employ p a r a l l e l v o l t a g e f o r t h e l i g h t i n g .

2 2 1 2
J O J - I e J E f f e c t s ~f f a u l t s . If t h e l i g h t f i x t u r e s are connected across t h e l i g h t i n g
c i r c u i t ,a L laiiiip
UUL,lc~-O iit o r a n opt.n-cireuit f a u l t in a f i x t u r ed o e s :lot s e r i o i ; s l y
a f f e c t t h e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t , but a s h o r t - c i r c u i t f a u l t w i l l be a n overload c o n d i t i o n
a n d , d e p e n d i n g on which p r o t e c t i v e d e v i c e ( f u s e o r c i r c u i t b r e a k e r ) o p e r a t e s , may make
t h e c i r c u i t of l i g h t s i n o p e r a t i v e . To p r o t e c t t h e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t , o f t e n e a c h lamp i s
c o n n e c t e d t o t h e l i n e v o l t a g e s i d e of t h e c i r c u i t by a f u s e .

3.3.1.4 Most p a r a l l e l - t y p e l i g h t f i x t u r e s a r e d e s i g n e d f o r
low a p p l i e d v o l t a g e s ( l e s s t h a n 300 v o l t s ) , and t h e c i r c u i t v o l t a g e i s t h a t r e q u i r e d by
t h e lamps o r step-down t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e u s e d . The l i g h t s may be s u p p l i e d f r o m a s i n g l e
c i r c u i t c o n n e c t e d between t h e l i n e and n e u t r a l o r by a l t e r n a t i n g between n e u t r a l and
l i n e v o l t a g e on e a c h s i d e of t h e n e u t r a l . Examples of t h e s e c i r c u i t s a r e 120 v o l t s
l i n e - t o - n e u t r a l and 2401120 v o l t (240 v o l t s l i n e - t o - l i n e and 120 v o l t s l i n e - t o - - n e u t r a l )
circuits. Other v o l t a g e s a r e o f t e n u s e d . Usually t h e c a b l e i n s u l a t i o n of p a r a l l e l
l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s i s r a t e d a t 600 v o i t s , which limits t h e v o l t a g e f o r p a r a l l e l l i g h t i n g
c i r c u i t s t o n o t more t h a n 500 v o l t s .

3.3.1.5 Step-down t r a n s f o r m e r s . The u s e of h i g h e r v o l t a g e s f o r t r a n s m i s s i o n o f

power r e d u c e s t h e l i n e v o l t a g e d r o p and t h e n step-down d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r s r e d u c e
t h e v o l t a g e t o t h a t more s u i t a b l e f o r l o c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . S i m i l a r l y , t h e power t o a e r o -
drome l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s may be a t a h i g h e r v o l t a g e on t h e f e e d e r c i r c u i t s a n d r e d u c e d by
a step-down t r a n s f o r m e r a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t t o match t h e d e s i r e d
c i r c u i t voltage. Of c o u r s e , t h e s e f e e d e r c a b l e s must be a d e q u a t e l y i n s u l a t e d f o r t h e
feeder voltage. Sometimes i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o u s e l o n g l o w - v o l t a g e c a b l e s f o r f e e d e r s ,
s u c h a s when t h e s e c a b l e s a r e a l r e a d y i n s t a l l e d and a v a i l a b l e . Assuming t h e s e f e e d e r s
h a v e 6 0 0 - v o l t i n s u l a t i o n , t h e l i n e d r o p c a n be r e d u c e d by u s i n g a h i g h e r v o l t a g e w i t h i n
t h e i n s u l a t i o n l i m i t of t h e c a b l e on t h e f e e d e r s and r e d u c i n g t h e v o l t a g e w i t h step-down
transformers a t the input t o the c i r c u i t o r t o the individual l i g h t fixtures. An
example i s t o u s e 480 v o l t s on t h e f e e d e r s and step-down t o 120 v o l t s a t t h e l i g h t i n g
c i r c u i t . Use of lamps i n t h e v o l t a g e r a n g e of 6 t o 30 v o l t s i n aerodrome l i g h t f i x t u r e s
i s u s u a l l y more e f f e c t i v e t h a n t h e u s e of 120 o r of 240 v o l t lamps. Thus, when s t e p -
down t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e t o be used f o r i n d i v i d u a l l i g h t s , o r f o r a s m a l l g r o u p of l i g h t s
i n a b a r r e t t e , c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o c h o o s i n g l i g h t s which u s e low-voltage
lamps. Unless i n d i v i d u a l l y f u s e d , step-down t r a n s f o r i n e r s u s e d a s i n d i c a t e d abave s h o u l d
b e of t h e h i g h - r e a c t a n c e t y p e s o t h a t a s h o r t - c i r c u i t i n t h a t p a r t of t h e l i g h t i n g
s y s t e m f e d by one t r a n s f o r m e r w i l l n o t c a u s e f a i l u r e of t h e e n t i r e s y s t e m .

3.3.1.6 The u s e of a c o n s t a n t v o l t a g e t r a n s f o r m e r a t
the location of a l i g h t s u p p l i e d by a l o n g f e e d e r c a b l e t o compensate f o r l i n e - v o l t a g e
d r o p changes may be a d v a n t a g e o u s . For example, a n aerodrome beacon s u p p l i e d by a l o n g
feeder cable which a l s o s u p p l i e s a number of i n t e r m i t t e n t l o a d s which c a u s e s t h e l i n e -
v o l t a g e drop t o f l u c t u a t e widely.

3.4 CONTROL OF AERODROME LIGHTING SYSTEMS

3.4.1,l The c o n t r o l c i r c u i t r y f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g p r o v i d e s t h e means o f s w i t c h i n g

o n o r o f f and of c h a n g i n g t h e i n t e n s i t y of t h e v a r i o u s l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s . T h e s e c o n t r o l s
may be manual o r a u t o m a t i c .

3.4.1.2 Local manual c o n t r o l . Tne s i m p l e s t c o n t r o l s y s t e m i s a s w i t c h a t t h e power

s u p p l y u n i t of t h e c i r c u i t . which i s o p e r a t e d by a p e r s o n t o e n e r g i z e o r d e e n e s g i z e the
c i r c u i t . T h i s c o n t r o l method i s u s e d a t some s m a l l aerodromes o r some m i s c e l l a n e o u s
associated l i g h t i g circuits. Some aerodromes may u s e l o c a l manual c o n t r o l s as a n
a l t e r n a t e c o n t r o l p o i n t f o r emergency o p e r a t i o n s .

3.4.1.3 Remote c o n t r o l . The l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s f o r l a r g e r aerodromes a r e complex a n d

p r o p e r c o n t r o l i s r e l a t e d t o a t m o s p h e r i c c o n d i t i o n s , t i m e of d a y , p e r h a p s t h e p i l o t ' s
p r e f e r e n c e , t h e p o s i t i o n s and manoeuvring of s e v e r a l a i r c r a f t , and o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s on
the field. The p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s most knowledgeable of t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s a r e t h e a i r
t r a f f i c c o n t r o l l e r s ; t h e r e f o r e , most of t h e aerodrome l i g h t i n g c o n t r o l s a r e on a remote
l i g h t i n g c o n t r o l p a n e l i n t h e aerodrome c o n t r o l tower and o p e r a t e d by t h e t r a f f i c
controllers. Some aerodromes may h a v e s p e c i a l c o n t r o l s t a t i o n s o t h e r t h a n i n t h e
c o n t r o l tower w i t h t h e o p e r a t o r i n d i r e c t communication w i t h t h e a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l l -
e r s . The remote l i g h t i n g c o n t r o l p a n e l i s c o n n e c t e d t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e l i g h t i n g v a u l t
by a s y s t e m of c o n t r o l c a b l e s t o p r o v i d e c a p a b i l i t y of c o n t r o l l i n g t h e v a r i o u s l i g h t i n g
circuits.

3.4.1.4 Types of remote c o n t r o l s y s t e m s . S e v e r a l t y p e s of c o n t r o l s y s t e m s a r e u s e d

f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g . A l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t ( a c ) power i s o f t e n used t o e n e r g i z e t h e
controls. T h i s a c power may be a t t h e low d i s t r i b u t i o n v o l t a g e o r a t a s p e c i a l v o l t a g e
more s u i t a b l e f o r t h e l e n g t h of t h e c o n t r o l c a b l e r u n s and t h e s i z e of t h e c o n d u c t o r .
These c o n t r o l s may be c o n n e c t e d d i r e t l y t o t h e power c o n t r o l d e v i c e f r o m t h e remote
c o n t r o l p a n e l o r by a u x i l i a r y r e l a y s t o o p e r a t e t h e c o n t r o l d e v i c e s . Some c o n t r o l
c i r c u i t s u s e d i r e c t c u r r e n t f o r t h e c o n t r o l voltage, e s p e c i a l l y t o reduce i n d u c t i v e
c o u p l i n g between c i r c u i t s . Some major aerodromes w i t h v e r y complex c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s u s e
multiplex c o n t r o l systems t o provide g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y f o r extensions and v a r i a t i o n s
t o l i g h t i n g p a t t e r n s and t o f a c i l i t a t e changes i n t h e c o n t r o l r e q u i r e m e n t s . Some a e r o -
dromes u s e r a d i o s i g n a l s f o r c o n t r o l , e i t h e r a i r - t o - g r o u n d f o r p i l o t s o r g r o u n d - t o
ground f o r equipment l o c a t e d i n a r e a s n o t e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e t o c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s . These
c o n t r o l s y s t e m s s h o u l d be c a p a b l e of a h i g h d e g r e e of o p e r a t i o n a l r e l i a b i l i t y and s h o u l d
b e d e s i g n e d t o p r o v i d e , a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e , t h e i n t e g r i t y of t h e l i g h t i n g p a t t e r n s
s e l e c t e d r e g a r d l e s s of c o n t r o l c a b l e f a u l t s o r equipment f a i l u r e s . Solid s t a t e equip-
ment may be used where p r a c t i c a b l e , a l t h o u g h r e l a y s may be more s a t i s f a c t o r y a t t h e
i n t e r f a c e between t h e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s and t h e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t power e q u i p m e n t .

Control panels

3.4.2.1 Primary c o n t r o l p a n e l . The p r i m a r y c o n t r o l p a n e l i s u s u a l l y l o c a t e d i n t h e

c o n t r o l tower a t a l i g h t i n g c o n t r o l d e s k o r p a n e l . T h i s p a n e l s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o
p r o v i d e t h e o p e r a t o r w i t h c o n t r o l s w i t c h e s , o p e r a t i n g c i r c u i t i n d i c a t o r l i g h t s and
i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l s , and t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d i n d i c a t i n g f e a t u r e s which a r e e a s i l y i n d e n t i f i -
a b l e under a l l c o n d i t i o n s o f i l l u m i n a t i o n i n t h e c o n t r o l room. For t h i s p u r p o s e i t may
b e n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v i d e s e l f - i l l u m i n a t e d l e g e n d s f o r c o n t r o l s e l e c t o r s and a d e s k
b r i l l i a n c y l e v e l s e l e c t o r f o r t h e i n d i c a t o r lamps. There a r e a d v a n t a g e s t o b e d e r i v e d
f r o m a s t a n d a r d i z e d f o r m of l a y o u t f o r c o n t r o l and i n d i c a t i n g f a c i l i t i e s a n d t h e c u r r e n t
t r e n d i s towards s t a n d a r d modular p a n e l l a y o u t s . Each s e r v i c e s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d w i t h
i t s own c o n t r o l s e l e c t o r and g r o u p of i n d i c a t o r lamps. Where a s e p a r a t e c o n t r o l d e s k i s
p r o v i d e d f o r e a c h runway, a d i a g r a m c a n b e combined w i t h t h e c o n t r o l d e s k b u t where one
c o n t r o l d e s k s e r v e s t h e whole a i r p o r t a s e p a r a t e f a c s i m i l e d i a g r a m may need t o be
provided. Complex t a x i i n g g u i d a n c e s y s t e m s u s i n g s e l e c t i v e s w i t c h i n g o f c e n t r e l i n e
l i g h t s and s t o p b a r s can b e s t be c o n t r o l l e d from a n o p e r a t i o n a l d i a g r a m f i t t e d w i t h
combined i n d i c a t i o n lamplpush b u t t o n s f o r s t o p b a r s and i n d i c a t o r lamps f o r t a x i w a y
routes.
3.4.2.2 Facsimile diagrams a r e r e q u i r e d f o r aerodromes having
complex p a t t e r n s . They a r e s p e c i a l l y made t o s u i t i n d i v i d u a l l a y o u t s and s o i n v o l v e
considerable cost. P a n e l s w i t h runways and t a x i w a y s d e l i n e a t e d i n a c o n t r a s t i n g c o l o u r
a r e accommodated t o p r o v i d e a d i a g r a m m a t i c d i s p l a y of l i g h t i n g s e r v i c e s . Fibre optics
may a l s o be u s e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e .

3.4.2.3 C o n t r o l s . The s w i t c h e s and c o n t r o l s s h o u l d b e t y p e s which a r e e a s y t o

i d e n t i f y , p r o v i d e p o s i t i v e i n d i c a t i o n of t h e o p e r a t i n g s t a t u s , and be g r o u p e d t o
a s s o c i a t e r e l a t e d f u n c t i o n s and c i r c u i t s . These c o n t r o l s s h o u l d be a t y p e w h i c h a r e n o t
e a s i l y switched i n a d v e r t e n t l y .

3.4.2.4 Alternate c o n t r o l panel. P r o v i s i o n s h o u l d be made f o r l o c a l c o n t r o l of

aerodrome l i g h t i n g i n t h e l i g h t i n g v a u l t s o r c o n t r o l c e n t r e s t o e n a b l e o p e r a t i o n of t h e
l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s a t t i m e s when t h e remote c o n t r o l s y s t e m i s i n o p e r a t i v e . A l l l i g h t i n g
s y s t e m s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e aerodrome o p e r a t i o n s h o u l d have a n a l t e r n a t e c o n t r o l p a n e l .
The a l t e r n a t e c o n t r o l p a n e l s h o u l d be l o c a t e d s o t h a t i t i s a c c e s s i b l e t o a n o p e r a t o r
w i t h o u t h i s h a v i n g t o e n t e r a n a r e a h o u s i n g h i g h v o l t a g e equipment o r s w i t c h g e a r .
Often t h e a l t e r n a t e c o n t r o l p a n e l i s l o c a t e d i n a s e c t i o n of t h e l i g h t i n g v a u l t n e a r t h e
e n t r a n c e , which i s s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e a r e a c o n t a i n i n g t h e power equipment. Usually only
one a l t e r n a t e c o n t r o l p a n e l i s p r o v i d e d , and i t i s l o c a t e d i n t h e v a u l t c o n t a i n i n g t h e
equipment f o r s u p p l y i n g power t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s i n v o l v e d . Thus t h e r e
may be s e v e r a l a l t e r n a t e c o n t r o l p a n e l s , e a c h of which c o n t r o l s d i f f e r e n t c i r c u i t s .
Some aerodromes may u s e a c e n t r a l a l t e r n a t e c o n t r o l p a n e l , s i m i l a r t o t h e p r i m a r y remote
c o n t r o l p a n e l l o c a t e d i n a c o n t r o l c e n t r e , f o r emergency o p e r a t i o n s . Constant-current
r e g u l a t o r s u s u a l l y p r o v i d e c o n t r o l s on e a c h r e g u l a t o r f o r o p e r a t i o n of t h a t r e g u l a t o r
f o r m a i n t e n a n c e o r d u r i n g a n emergency. A u t h o r i z e d p e r s o n s a r e u s u a l l y t h e o n l y ones
permitted t o operate t h e s e controls.

3.4.2.5 Transfer r e l a y panel. For s a f e t y of m a i n t e n a n c e p e r s o n n e l a n d t o a v o i d

c o n f l i c t i n g o p e r a t i o n of t h e c o n t r o l s , o n l y one c o n t r o l s t a t i o n s h o u l d b e a b l e t o oper-
a t e a g i v e n c i r c u i t a t any t i m e . Transfer r e l a y panels a r e used t o s w i t c h t h e o p e r a t i n g
c a p a b i l i t y f r o m t h e p r i m a r y c o n t r o l . panel. t o t h e a l t e r n a t e c o n t r o l p a n e l , To accommo-
d a t e a l l t h e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s involved i n t h e t r a n s f e r , s e v e r a l t r a n s f e r c o n t r o l panels
may be used b u t u s u a l l y a s i n g l e t r a n s f e r s w i t c h a c t u a t e s a l l of t h e c o n t r o l p a n e l s .
The t r a n s f e r c o n t r o l p a n e l s and t h e t r a n s f e r s w i t c h a r e u s u a l l y l o c a t e d a t t h e s i t e o f
t h e a l t e r n a t e c o n t r o l panel.

3.4.3 Use of r e l a y s

3.4.3.1 Relay p a n e l s f o r l o n g c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s . Where c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s a r e l o n g ,

t h e v o l t a g e d r o p i n t h e l i n e s may be s u c h t h a t power c o n t r o l d e v i c e s c a n n o t b e o p e r a t e d
d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e p r i m a r y remote c o n t r o l p a n e l . Even c i r c u i t s which e a r l i e r o p e r a t e d
s a t i s f a c t o r i l y may become i n o p e r a t i v e a f t e r a d d i t i o n a l c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s a r e added. To
p e r m i t c o n t r o l a t t h e l o n g e r d i s t a n c e , r e l a y s w i t h l o w - c u r r e n t c o i l s may be u s e d t o
e n e r g i z e t h e c o n t r o l s of t h e power equipment. These r e l a y s a r e o f t e n a s s e m b l e d i n
p a n e l s c o n t a i n i n g s e v e r a l (16 o r more) r e l a y s . (These r e l a y p a n e l s a r e sometimes c a l l e d
p i l o t r e l a y panels.) A r e l a y may be p r o v i d e d f o r e a c h c o n t r o l l i n e f r o m t h e p r i m a r y
remote c o n t r o l p a n e l . The c o n t a c t s of t h e s e r e l a y s c o n t r o l t h e power t o t h e s w i t c h e s o r
c o n t r o l s of t h e power equipment f u n c t i o n s .

3.4.3,2 Some i n d i v i d u a l v i s u a l a i d s o r s h o r t l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s
(aerodrome beacons, wind d i r e c t i o n i n d i c a t o r s , s e c t i o n s of o b s t a c l e l i g h t s , s i m p l e
a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s , e t c . ) may o b t a i n power from a l i g h t i n g v a u l t o r f r o m a l o c a l
s o u r c e o f power. If t h e power is; froin a l o c a l scjurce, t h e r e l a y f o r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e s e
l i g h t s is u s u a l l y l o c a t e d a t o r t h e l i g h t o r s o i i r c e o f r u w c r , If t h e
c a b l e s a r e l o n g , t h e c o n d u c t o r s of t h e c o n t r o l c a b l e may need t o be l a r g e t o r e d u c e t h e
v o l t a g e d r o p . The r e l a y s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d t o o p e r a t e f r o m t h e c o n t r o l v o l t a g e a v a i l -
a b l e when t h e r e l a y i s a c t u a t e d . Also i f t h e r e l a y i s t o be l o c a t e d o u t d o o r s , i t w i l l
need t o be p r o v i d e d w i t h p r o t e c t i o n from t h e most s e v e r e w e a t h e r t o which i t w i l l be
subjected. It s h o u l d have a p r o v i s i o n t o l o c k i t f o r s e c u r i t y .

3.4.4 I n t e r c o n n e c t i o n of c o n t r o l s

3.4.4.1 Often t h e o p e r a t i o n s a t t h e aerodrome a r e s u c h t h a t c e r t a i n c o m b i n a t i o n s o f

l i g h t s a r e always used t o g e t h e r o r o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n s a r e p r o h i b i t e d . Examples a r e :

a) runway edge l i g h t s , t h r e s h o l d l i g h t s , and runway end l i g h t s may be

o p e r a t e d a t t h e same t i m e a l t h o u g h t h e power may be p r o v i d e d from
different circuits;

b) runway e d g e l i g h t s may be o p e r a t e d w i t h o u t t h e runway c e n t r e l i n e l i g h t s

b u t i f t h e runway c e n t r e l i n e l i g h t s a r e u s e d t h e runway e d g e l i g h t s a r e
always e n e r g i z e d ;

c) t h e s e q u e n c e d - f l a s h i n g l i g h t s of t h e a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m c a n b e
u s e d o n l y when t h e i n c a n d e s c e n t l i g h t s of t h e s y s t e m a r e a t t h e h i g h e r
intensity steps;

d) s e t t i n g of t h e i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l f o r a g i v e n a t m o s p h e r i c c o n d i t i o n may
o p e r a t e t h e a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m a t one i n t e n s i t y s t e p , t h e runway
l i g h t s a t a n o t h e r i n t e n s i t y s t e p , and t h e t a x i w a y l i g h t s a t y e t a n o t h e r
i n t e n s i t y s t e p ; and

e) i n t e r s e c t i n g runways s h o u l d n o t be l i g h t e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . Only by
p r o p e r l y i n t e r c o n n e c t i n g t h e c o n t r o l s and c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s , c a n t h e
d e s i r e d c o m b i n a t i o n s be o b t a i n e d o r u n d e s i r e d c o m b i n a t i o n s p r o h i b i t e d
w i t h s i m p l e r o p e r a t i o n s by t h e c o n t r o l l e r and l e s s e r c h a n c e of e r r o r ;
Each aerodrome s h o u l d c o n s i d e r p o s s i b l e c o n t r o l i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n
c o m b i n a t i o n s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e i r i n s t a l l a t i o n s and o p e r a t i n g
procedures.

3.4.5 Automatic c o n t r o l s

3.4.5.1 Some t y p e s of aerodrome l i g h t i n g a i d s may be c o n t r o l l e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y by

automatic controls. More o f t e n t h e s e a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l s a r e u s e d a t s m a l l e r a i r p o r t s ,
b u t t h e y may be used f o r l e s s c r i t i c a l v i s u a l a i d s a t l a r g e aerodromes e s p e c i a l l y a t
l o c a t i o n s n o t e a s i l y connected t o t h e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s . P h o t o e l e c t r i c c o n t r o l s may b e
used t o e n e r g i z e and d e e n e r g i z e aerodrome b e a c o n s , wind d i r e c t i o n i n d i c a t o r s , and
o b s t a c l e l i g h t s i n l e s s c r i t i c a l a r e a s . The c o n t r o l s a r e u s u a l l y a c t u a t e d by s k y
i l l u m i n a n c e l e v e l s . Most of t h e s e c o n t r o l s e n e r g i z e t h e c i r c u i t when t h e i l l u m i n a n c e
from t h e n o r t h s k y d e c r e a s e s t o a b o u t 400 l u x and d e e n e r g i z e s t h e c i r c u i t when t h e
illumi-nance i n c r e a s e s t o a b o u t 600 l u x . Time-clock c o n t r o l s may b e u s e d t o a u t o m a t i c a l -
l y c o n t r o l t h e aerodrome l i g h t i n g a t aerodromes w i t h n o n - i n s t r u m e n t c a p a b i l i t y o n l y .
Time-clock c o n t r o l s a r e o f t e n used a t aerodromes where t h e v i s u a l a i d s a r e t u r n e d o f f
a f t e r a c e r t a i n hour a t n i g h t t o c o n s e r v e e n e r g y . Thermal c o n t r o l s may b e u s e d t o
a c t u a t e h e a t e r s of some v i s u a l a i d s t o p r e v e n t t h e f o r m a t i o n o r a c c u m u l a t i o n of i c e ,
snow o r c o n d e n s a t i o n . These t h e r m a l c o n t r o l s may be o b t a i n e d w i t h f i x e d o r a d j u s t a b l e
c o n t r o l f o r many d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s . Some i n s t a t l a t i o n may need manual c o n t r o l t o
o v e r r i d e t h e a u t o m a t i c c u i i t r u i o f c e r t a i n lighting circulLts.
3.4.6 Radio remote c o n t r o l s

3.4.6.1 Radio s i g n a l s from a i r c r a f t t o c o n t r o l aerodrome l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s have been

u s e d , t o a l i m i t e d d e g r e e , a t s m a l l e r aerodromes f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s . T h i s c o n t r o l method
h a s s e v e r a l a d v a n t a g e s i n t h a t i t p e r m i t s t h e p i l o t t o s e l e c t t h e l i g h t i n t e n s i t y of h i s
c h o i c e , e l i m i n a t e s t h e need f o r c o s t l y c o n t r o l c a b l e s , and c o n s e r v e s power by h a v i n g t h e
l i g h t i n g s y s t e m d e e n e r g i z e d when n o t needed. Radio c o n t r o l s f o r a i r - t o - g r o u n d , ground-
to-ground, and a c o m b i n a t i o n of air-to-ground and ground-to-ground s y s t e m s a r e
available. Radio c o n t r o l c a n p r o v i d e i n t e n s i t y c o n t r o l a s w e l l a s e n e r g i z i n g t h e
l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s . Most r a d i o c o n t r o l s a u t o m a t i c a l l y d e e n e r g i z e t h e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s
15 t o 60 m i n u t e s a f t e r t h e l a s t c o n t a c t . Radio c o n t r o l s h a v e been u s e d t o c o n t r o l
runway e d g e l i g h t s , t a x i w a y e d g e l i g h t s , s i m p l e a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s , v i s u a l
approach s l o p e i n d i c a t o r systems, a s i n d v i d u a l systems o r i n p r e d e t e r d n e d combinations.
Radio c o n t r o l of aerodrome l i g h t i n g systems from a i r c r a f t s h o u l d b e u s e d o n l y a t
u n c o n t r o l l e d aerodromes o r a t o t h e r aerodromes d u r i n g p e r i o d s when t r a f f i c c o n t r o l i s
not i n operation. L i g h t i n g s y s t e m s which s h o u l d n o t be r a d i o c o n t r o l l e d i n c l u d e
o b s t a c l e l i g h t s , aerodrome b e a c o n s , p r e c i s i o n a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s , runway c e n t r e
l i n e l i g h t s , and touchdown zone l i g h t s .

3.4.6.2 For a i r - t o - g r o u n d o p e r a t i o n o n l y a r e c e i v e r and d e c o d e r a r e i n s t a l l e d on t h e

airport. The a c t u a t i n g s i g n a l may be p r o v i d e d by a s p e c i f i e d s h o r t s e r i e s of c l i c k s
accomplished by k e y i n g t h e microphone of a n a i r c r a f t communications t r a n s m i t t e r .
Ground-to-ground c o n t r o l i s u s e d m o s t l y when c a b l e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e
and a r e n o t p r a c t i c a l t o i n s t a l l . Ground-to-ground c o n t r o l may be u s e d o n l y t e m p o r a r i l y
u n t i l c a b l e s can be i n s t a l l e d o r p e r m a n e n t l y e s p e c i a l l y t o remote l o c a t i o n s .

3.5 LAMPS

?,5il C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ~f incaxdescent lamps

3.5.1.1 I n c a n d e s c e n t lamps a r e u s e d i n most f i t t i n g s i n s t a l l e d i n a e r o d r o m e l i g h t i n g

s y s t e m s . The f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i n c a n d e s c e n t lamps a r e p e r t i n e n t t o t h e
d e s i g n of t h e aerodrome l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s .

3.5.1.2 The l i g h t o u t p u t , l i f e , power consumed, and e f f i c a c y ( e f f i c i e n c y ) of i n c a n -

d e s c e n t lamps i s a complex f u n c t i o n of t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e o r c u r r e n t , a s i n d i c a t e d by
F i g u r e 3-8 and Table 3-1. For example, i f t h e v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o a lamp i s f i v e p e r
c e n t g r e a t e r t h a n r a t e d v o l t a g e , t h e l i g h t o u t p u t w i l l be a b o u t 120 p e r c e n t o f r a t e d
l i g h t o u t p u t , and t h e lamp l i f e w i l l be a b o u t one-half t h e d e s i g n l i f e . The e f f e c t s of
changes i n lamp c u r r e n t a r e g r e a t e r , If t h e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h a lamp i s f i v e p e r c e n t
above r a t e d c u r r e n t , t h e l i g h t o u t p u t w i l l be a b o u t 1 3 5 p e r c e n t of t h e r a t e d l i g h t o u t -
p u t , and t h e lamp l i f e w i l l be a b o u t t h r e e - t e n t h s t h e d e s i g n l i f e . These v a l u e s
i l l u s t r a t e t h e need f o r c l o s e c o n t r o l of t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e o r c u r r e n t .
 Table 3-1. Table of tamp Exponents

output
- -
OUTPUT

life amperes 24.1

LIFE
- -
[A.MPEmJ

watts amperes 2.85

- -
-
WATT s [mpEm,i

amperes
-
AMPERES

Note: C a p i t a l l e t t e r s represent r a t e d values.

3.5.1.3 The d e s i g n e r of a n aerodrome l i g h t i n g s y s t e m may h a v e some l a t i t u d e i n h i s

c h o i c e of lamps f o r c e r t a i n aerodrome l i g h t f i x t u r e s , s e l e c t i n g a s e r i e s lamp, a low-
v o l t a g e m u l t i p l e lamp, o r a h i g h e r - v o l t a g e m u l t i p l e lamp. The f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s are
p e r t i n e n t i n t h e choice:

a) t h e v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s s e r i e s lamps u s u a l l y f a l l s i n t h e " l o w - v o l t a g e "

c a t e g o r y ; t h e v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s a 6.6 ampere, 200 w a t t runway edge
l i g h t i s 30 v o l t s , and t h e v o l t a g e d r o p a c o r s s a 20 ampere, 500 w a t t
a p p r o a c h l i g h t lamp i s 2 5 v o l t s ;

b) b e c a u s e of t h e i r d i f f e r e n c e s i n d e s i g n t o l e r a n c e s , s e r i e s lamps s h o u l d
n o t be u s e d i n p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s , and m u l t i p l e lamps s h o u l d no'% be u s e d
I n series c i r c u i t s ; and

c) t h e l i f e of a " l o w - v o l t a g e " lamp w i l l b e g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t of a " h i g h -

v o l t a g e w * lamp, f o r a g i v e n r a t e d power consumption and l i g h t o u t p u t .

* " H i g h v o l t a g e " i s used i n t h i s s e c t r i o n a s b e i n g t h e v o l t a g e

n o r m a l l y u s e d f o r household l i g h t s .
 *
z l40

E3
,
m. 5.

; l20
2.
F';,w
*3
Z a
LY W
u n 80
.(m

PER CENT NORMAL AMPERES

(a) SERIES TYPE LAMPS

PER CENT NORMAL VOLTS

(b) PARALLEL (MULTIPLE) TYPE LAMPS

F i g u r e 3-8. E f f e c t s of c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e v a r i a t i o n s o n
o p e r a t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i n c a n d e s c e n t lamps

3.5.1.4 Many lamps now b e i n g u s e d f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g

a r e t u n g s t e n - h a l o g e n lamps. The f i l a m e n t s o f t h e s e lamps a r e e n c l o s e d i n s m a l l q u a r t z
t u b e s which c o n t a i n s m a l l amounts of a h a l o g e n , s u c h a s i o d i n e , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e u s u a l
i n e r t f i l l g a s . When t h e f i l a m e n t i s h e a t e d , t u n g s t e n e v a p o r a t e s from t h e f i l a m e n t and
c o n d e n s e s on t h e i n s i d e w a l l s of t h e lamp e n v e l o p e . The v a p o u r i z e d h a l o g e n combines
w i t h t h i s condensed t u n g s t e n f o r m i n g a vapour. T h i s vapour t r a v e l s t o t h e h o t f i l a m e n t
where i t d i s a s s o c i a t e s and r e d e p o s i t s t h e t u n g s t e n on t h e f i l a m e n t . T h i s p r o c e s s
r e d u c e s b l a c k e n i n g of t h e lamp b u l b , i n c r e a s e s t h e l i f e o f t h e lamp, m a i n t a i n s b e t t e r
l i g h t i n t e n s i t y , and improves t h e e f f i c i e n c y of t h e lamp. The c o s t of t h e lamps i s
however i n c r e a s e d .

3.5.2.1 The lamps u s e d i n

t h e sequenc ge l i g h t s and n o t
i n c a n d e s c e n t lamps. The lamp i s a t u b e which may be formed i n t o v a r i o u s s h a p e s c o n t a i n -
i n g a n i n e r t g a s s u c h a s a r g o n o r k r y p t o n which e m i t s l i g h t when a n a r c i s c r e a t e d i n
the gas. The power s u p p l y c h a r g e s e l e c t r i c a l c a p a c i t o r s t o p r o v i d e power f o r t h e a r c
and p r o v i d e s a t r i g g e r i n g v o l t a g e t o i n i t i a t e t h e a r c upon a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e t r i g g e r i n g
signal. The a r c i n t h e g a s e m i t s a h i g h - i n t e n s k t y f l a s h of i i g h t of s h o r t d u r a t i o n
( ~ c r o s e c o n d s )which r a p i d l y expends t h e c h a r g e of t h e c a p a c i t o r s and e x t i n g u i s h e s t h e
arc. Very h i g h voitages a r e P n v ~ i u e df o r t h e power s u p p l y and lamp. T h i s h a z a r d s h o u l d
b e c o n s l a e r e d i n ~ Z l ed e s i g n of tlae i i g i ~ t i r ~sysirem.
g The peak i i i t e i l s i C y uf ; k s e l',gtits
may be v e r y g r e a t b u t of s h o r t d u r a t i o n , The f l a s h must b e i n t e g r a t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
e f f e c t i v e i n t e n s i t y of t h e e m i t t e d l i g h t and i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s a s a v i s u a l a i d . The
f r e q u e n c y of f l a s h i n g of t h e s e l i g h t s i s l i m i t e d by t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d t o r e c h a r g e t h e
c a p a c i t o r s and u s u a l l y i s o n l y a few t i m e s p e r second. The o u t p u t of t h e l i g h t i s pro-
p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s q u a r e of t h e v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o t h e l i g h t f i t t i n g , u n l e s s i t h a s a
r e g u l a t e d power s u p p l y .

3.5.2.2
lamps e n c o u r a g e s t h e i r
m e t a l - h a l i d e , and low-
these types is usually
t h e u s e of f l u o r e s c e n t
When c o n s i d e r i n g u s i n g
investigated.
. The h i g h e r e f f i c i e n c y of g a s e o u s d i s c h a r g e
use. Types of t h e s e lamps i n c l u d e f l u o r e s c e n t , mercury-vapour,
o r h i g h - p r e s s u r e s o d i u m - v a p o u r l i g h t s . The u s e of l i g h t s of
l i m i t e d t o i l l u m i n a t i o n of a r e a s s u c h a s a p r o n a r e a s , e x c e p t f o r
lamps i n some t a x i w a y e d g e l i g h t s and f o r i l l u m i n a t i n g s i g n s .
l i g h t s of t h e s e t y p e s t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e f a c t o r s t h a t s h o u l d be

a) R e s t a r t i n e Some of t h e s e lamps c a n n o t b e r e s t a r t e d f o r s e v e r a l s e c o n d s
t o minutes a f t e r t h e a r c i s extinguished. Power i n t e r r u p t i o n s o r
s w i t c h i n g c a n c a u s e l o s s of l i g h t s a t c r i t i c a l t i m e s . Emergency l i g h t -
i n g by o t h e r t y p e s of lamps may be d e s i r a b l e .

b) Cold s t a r t i n g . Some of t h e s e lamps c a n n o t be s t a r t e d o r are d i f f i c u l t

t o s t a r t i n low a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s .

c) Intensity control. These lamps o f t e n a r e n o t c a p a b l e of i n t e n s i t y con-

t r o l o r h a v e a l i m i t e d r a n g e of c o n t r o l as compared t o i n c a n d e s c e n t
lamps.

d) Stroboscopic e f f e c t s . The s t r o b o s c o p i c e f f e c t s of t h e lamps may b e

d i s t u r b i n g . Where s u c h l i g h t s a r e u s e d , i n c l u d i n g f o r i l l u m i n a t i o n of
a r e a s , t h e u s e of t h r e e - p h a s e e l e c t r i c a l s u p p l y s y s t e m s w i t h a b a l a n c e
i n c o n n e c t i n g t h e l i g h t s may be d e s i r a b l e .

e) T y p i c a l l y t h e l i g h t e m i t t e d f r o m t h e s e lamps c o v e r s a
l i m i t e d p a r t of t h e v i s u a l spectrum. T h i s makes r e c o g n i t i o n of c o l o u r
c o d i n g d i f f i c u l t a s c o l o u r s may n o t h a v e t h e i r o r d i n a r y a p p e a r a n c e when
i l l u m i n a t e d by g a s e o u s - d i s c h a r g e lamps. The c o l o u r " r e d " i s par-
ticularly affected.

3.6 METHODS OF OBTAINING INTEGRITY AND RELIABILITY FOR AERODROME LIGHTING

3.6.1 D e f i n i t i o n s of t e r m s

3.6.1.1 The terms i n t e g r i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y a s a p p l i e d t o aerodrome l i g h t i n g a r e n o t

p r e c i s e , e a s i l y d e f i n e d o r measured t e r m s . P r e v i o u s e f f o r t s t o d e f i n e t h e s e terms have
c o n c l u d e d t h a t r e l i a b i l i t y i s a q u e s t i o n of mean t i m e between f a i l u r e of components
w h i l e i n t e g r i t y i s a q u e s t i o n c o m p r i s i n g s u c h m a t t e r s as f a i l u r e s u r v i v a l o f t h e o v e r a l l
system. It i s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t v i s u a l a i d s s h o u l d h a v e a comparable i n t e g r i t y and r e l i a -
b i l i t y t o t h a t a f f o r d e d by n o n - v i s u a l a i d s . Thus r e l i a b i l i t y i s a f f e c t e d by t h e s e l e c -
t i o n of components and o p e r a t i o n a l u s e , aiid i n t e g r l t j i i s a f f e c t e d by t h e d e s i g n and
i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e s y s t e m s and m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h e equipment. It i s d i f f i c u l t t o s t a t e
what t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of p r e s e n t v i s u a l a i d s i s , I n g e n e r a l i t i s c o n s i d e r e d chat w e l l
d e s i g n e d and m a i n t a i n e d v i s u a l a i d s have a v e r y h i g h i n t e g r i t y and t h a t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y
o f a f a i l u r e o c c u r r i n g a t a c r i t i c a l moment i s e x t r e m e l y low. N e v e r t h e l e s s a l l r e a s o n -
a b l e e f f o r t s s h o u l d be made t o improve upon i n t e g r i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y . Electrical fac-
t o r s which a f f e c t i n t e g r i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y may be c l a s s i f i e d as f o l l o w s :

a) f a i l u r e of t h e c i r c u i t ;

b) f a i l u r e of t h e power s u p p l y ; a n d

c) f a i l u r e of t h e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t .

3.6.2.1 Reducing f a i l u r e of t h e c i r c u i t . A s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e i s t o u s e s e v e r a l
c i r c u i t s t o p r e v e n t a f a i l u r e of one c i r c u i t b l a c k i n g o u t a n e n t i r e l i g h t i n g system.
Four c i r c u i t s a r e sometimes employed f o r l i g h t i n g t h e a p p r o a c h and t h r e s h o l d . One
c i r c u i t i s u s e d f o r t h e t h r e s h o l d l i g h t s and t h r e e f o r t h e a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g system.
The l a t t e r t h r e e c i r c u i t s a r e s o d e s i g n e d t h a t i f one s h o u l d f a i l o n l y e v e r y t h i r d
b a r r e t t e would be o u t of o p e r a t i o n . Where a l i g h t i n g p a t t e r n i s f e d by s e v e r a l
c i r c u i t s , t h e p r a c t i c e of e a c h c i r c u i t f e e d i n g o n e p a r t i c u l a r g e o g r a p h i c a l s e c t i o n o f
t h e p a t t e r n i s n o t recommended b e c a u s e l o s s of one c i r c u i t c a n t h e n change t h e p a t t e r n
i n t o something e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t . For example, a n a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g p a t t e r n c o m p r i s i n g
a c e n t r e l i n e and f i v e c r o s s b a r s i f f e d i n two d i s t i n c t h a l v e s by two c i r c u i t s c o u l d
change f r o m a c e n t r e l i n e and f i v e b a r s y s t e m t o a c e n t r e l i n e and t h r e e b a r s y s t e m w i t h
t h e l o s s of one c i r c u i t .

3.6.2.2 Reducing f a i l u r e of t h e power s u p p l y . S t e p s c a n b e t a k e n t o e n s u r e a con-

t i n u o u s s u p p l y of power t o t h e l i g h t i n g system. h e o f t h e most s i m p l e and most r e l i a -
b l e i s t o h a v e a l t e r n a t i v e s o u r c e s of power f r o m two d i f f e r e n t g e n e r a t o r s w h i c h a r e
c a p a b l e of a u t o m a t i c a l l y s t a r t i n g i n c a s e of a power f a i l u r e . Equipment h a s b e e n d e v e l -
oped w h i c h w i l l r e d u c e t o a v e r y s h o r t i n t e r v a l t h e t i m e between power f a i l u r e and d e l i -
* - --"
V C L ~ ~ f c u r r e n t from t h e a l t e r n a t i v e system. S w i t c h i n g r a t e s a s l o w a s 0 = 3 t o 0.5
s e c o n d s a r e b e i n g o b t a i n e d f o r equipment i n s t a l l e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h p r e c i s i o n
a p p r o a c h runways. S w i t c h i n g r a t e s f o r o t h e r s y s t e m s v a r y between 1 0 t o 20 s e c o n d s .
Another p r o c e d u r e which i s u s e d i s t o o p e r a t e from t h e s e c o n d a r y g e n e r a t o r s c o n t i n u o u s l y
d u r i n g c r i t i c a l t i m e s s u c h a s d u r i n g low v i s i b i l i t y c o n d i t i o n s o r when a s t o r m i s
forecast. I n c a s e of a f a i l u r e of t h e g e n e r a t o r , t h e s w i t c h - o v e r i s t h e n made t o t h e
p r i m a r y power s u p p l y . These systems and a r r a n g e m e n t s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r 2.

3.6.2.3 Sometimes a l t e r n a t e control cir-

c u i t s a r e neglected. Careful a t t e n t i o n i s given t o t h e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s and secondary
power s u p p l i e s a r e p r o v i d e d f o r them, b u t p r o v i s i o n of a l t e r n a t e c i r c u i t s f o r controls
o f t h e l i g h t s f r o m t h e c o n t r o l tower i s o v e r l o o k e d . The p r o b a b i l i t y of a control cir-
c u i t f a i l i n g may be e q u a l t o t h a t of a l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t f a i l i n g , and d u a l control
c i r c u i t s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d .

3.6.2.4 D e s i g n i n g f o r i n t e g r i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y . The d e s i g n and i n s t a l l a t i o n o f

aerodrome l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s c a n a f f e c t i n t e g r i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y i n ways o t h e r t h a n
s e l e c t i o n of components and i n t e r l e a v i n g of c i r c u i t s . These f e a t u r e s a r e o f t e n t h e same
a s t h o s e u s e d t o r e d u c e and s i m p l i f y maintenance. Some of t h e f e a t u r e s d e t e r m i n e d i n
t h e d e s i g n d e c i s i o n s a r e i n s t a l l i n g c a b l e s i n c o n d u i t ( d u c t s ) i n s t e a d of d i r e c t b u r i a l ,
u s i n g i n s e t l i g h t s i n s t e a d oE e l e v a t e d l i g h t s i n a r e a s where s u r f a c e t r a f f i c o f t e n c o l -
l i d e s w i t h t h e l i g h t f i x t u r e s , providing ground-wire c i r c u i t s throughout t h e system ts
r e d u c e t h e e f f e c t s of i i g h ~ n i n gand h i g h v o l t a g e s u r g e s , e q u i p p i n g l i g h t f i x t u r e s wkth
h e a t i n g e l e m e n t s t o e l i m i n a t e m o i s t u r e c o n d e n s a t i o n and i c i n g p r o b l e m s , e t c . Relia-
b i l i t y and i n t e g r i t y a r e f a c t o r s which s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e d e s i g n and
installation.

3.7 MONITORING OF AERODROME LIGHTING CIRCUITS

3.7.1 Methods o f m o n i t o r i n g

3.7.1.1 8.3 of Annex 1 4 s t a t e s t h a t a s y s t e m of m o n i t o r i n g v i s u a l a i d s s h o u l d be

employed t o e n s u r e l i g h t i n g s y s t e m r e l i a b i l i t y . M o n i t o r i n g may be accomplished by
v i s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n s o r by a n a u t o m a t i c s e n s o r . V i s u a l m o n i t o r i n g , e x c e p t f o r what A i r
T r a f f i c C o n t r o l s e e s and p i l o t s r e p o r t , i s seldom used. Some of t h e m o n i t o r i n g of
l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s i n u s e c o n s i s t of i n d i c a t o r l i g h t s which i n d i c a t e o n l y t h a t t h e
s w i t c h e s which c o n t r o l t h e c i r c u i t s a r e t u r n e d t o ON o r t h a t one o r more l i g h t s i n a
c i r c u i t have f a i l e d . R e l i a b l e monitoring is very d e s i r a b l e , but p a r t i a l o r incomplete
m o n i t o r i n g can c r e a t e a s e c u r e f e e l i n g which h i n d e r s i n s t e a d of a i d s i n r e l i a b i l i t y .
Examples a r e : i n d i c a t o r l i g h t s which respond o n l y t o s w i t c h p o s i t i o n o r c o n t r o l r e l a y
o p e r a t i o n may n o t d e t e c t a m a l f u n c t i o n i n g c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r o r a grounded o u t
l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t ; o r m o n i t o r s of power waveform d i s t o r t i o n t o d e t e c t lamp f a i l u r e s may
n o t respond t o f a u l t s of t h e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s o r f a i l u r e of power o r c o n t r o l equipment.

3.7.2 Desien o f m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e s

3.7.2.1 The i d e a l m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e f o r aerodrome l i g h t s measures t h e i n t e n s i t y o f

e a c h l i g h t i n t h e d i r e c t i o n s from which i t w i l l be o b s e r v e d and i n d i c a t e s a n y d e f i c i e n -
c i e s by l o c a t i o n and amount. Such m o n i t o r i n g may n o t be p r a c t i c a l o r p o s s i b l e . The
d e s i g n of m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e s s h o u l d c o n s i d e r r e l a t e d i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t would be h e l p f u l
a s w e l l a s t h e f a i l u r e s which t h e y can d e t e c t . Some d e v i c e s may s e n s e i m p o r t a n t
i n f o r m a t i o n which i s not p r e s e n t e d by t h e i n d i c a t o r . I n s t r u c t i o n s f o r u s e of t h e
m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m s h o u l d e x p l a i n t h e l i m i t a t i o n s as w e l l a s t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s of t h e
system. The q u a n t i t i e s u s u a l l y measured a r e c u r r e n t , v o l t a g e , power, waveform, t i m e ,
and p h o t o e l e c t r i c e m i s s i o n . R e c o r d e r s of t h e s e v a l u e s a r e a form of m o n i t o r , b u t t h i s
t y p e i n f o r m a t i o n i s seldom used f o r immediate r e s p o n s e o r t o produce a c t i o n s
automatically.

3.7.3 C l a s s e s of m o n i t o r s

3.7.3.1 M o n i t o r s may be c l a s s e d a s a c t i v e o r p a s s i v e . Active monitors take a

p r e d e t e r m i n e d a c t i o n when a s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n is s e n s e d o r a t a s e l e c t e d t i m e a f t e r t h e
c o n d i t i o n o c c u r s . Examples of m o n i t o r s i n t h i s c l a s s a r e t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e v o l t a g e
s e n s o r s which a u t o m a t i c a l l y s t a r t t h e s e c o n d a r y e n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r s e t and t r a n s f e r t h e
l o a d when t h e p r i m a r y power s o u r c e f a i l s , o r t h e h i g h i n t e n s i t y t i m e l i m i t c o n t r o l which
a u t o m a t i c a l l y r e s e t s t o a lower i n t e n s i t y s t e p and sounds a b u z z e r a n d / o r e n e r g i z e s an
i n d i c a t o r lamp a f t e r t h e l i g h t s have been a t f u l l i n t e n s i t y f o r 15 m i n u t e s . * Passive
m o n i t o r s p r o v i d e a s i g n a l s u c h a s an i n d i c a t o r lamp o r b u z z e r when a p r e d e t e r m i n e d

* A u t o m t $ c r e s e t t i n g of t h e i n t e n s i t y Is n o t d e s i r a b l e s i r l c e t h e change e ~ u l c "be
; made
-L .," a pi:ot is L L L i C-
i:-I a c-'"' a i- '-
p a-. .Ll ?'L W
.-.C I l
n --F;
l LILO L aypLua%-I-Il.
c o n d i t i o n o c c u r s and does n o t change any of t h e systems o p e r a t i o n s . A human o p e r a t o r
must e v a l u a t e t h e meaning of t h e s i g n a l and t a k e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n . Examples of
p a s s i v e m o n i t o r i n g a r e t h e s e q u e n c e - f l a s h i n g l i g h t s m o n i t o r which a l e r t s when a
p r e s e l e c t e d number of l i g h t s i s i n o p e r a t i v e , o r t h e i n d i c a t o r lamp which shows t h a t
s p e c i f i c c i r c u i t s a r e e n e r g i z e d and o p e r a t i n g .

3.7.4 Monitor o v e r r i d e c o n t r o l s

3.7.4.1 Often c o n t r o l s o r p r o c e d u r e s which can be u s e d t o o v e r r i d e o r c i r c u m v e n t t h e

a c t i o n of t h e monitor a r e p r o v i d e d . By a c t i v a t i n g a s p e c i a l c i r c u i t o r r e s e t t i n g a
c o n t r o l , t h e o p e r a t o r can m a i n t a i n t h e s y s t e m s o p e r a t i o n w i t h o u t change f o r new o r
i n d e f i n i t e t i m e period. The s i g n a l i n d i c a t i n g t h e m o n i t o r ' s r e s p o n s e may b e p r o v i d e d
d u r i n g t h e o v e r r i d e o p e r a t i o n t o k e e p t h e o p e r a t o r informed t h a t t h e s y s t e m i s i n a n
u n d e s i r a b l e o p e r a t i n g s t a t u s . An example i s t o r e s e t t h e t i m e r t o f u l l i n t e n s i t y
o p e r a t i o n s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of e a c h a p p r o a c h i n low v i s i b i l i t y c o n d i t i o n s t o e n s u r e t h a t
t h e l i g h t s w i l l n o t a u t o m a t i c a l l y be changed t o a lower i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g t h e approach.

3.8 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS FOR RADIO NAVIGATION AIDS

3.8.1 Types of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s

3.8.1.1 The t y p e s of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s which may be l o c a t e d on o r n e a r t h e

aerodrome and r e q u i r e e l e c t r i c a l power e i t h e r f r o m t h e aerodrome power s y s t e m o r a s a
s e p a r a t e s y s t e m v a r i e s w i t h t h e aerodrome. These r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a l a i d s o f t e n i n c l u d e
i n s t r u m e n t l a n d i n g s y s t e m ( I L S ) , v e r y h i g h f r e q u e n c y o m n i d i r e c t i o n a l r a d i o r a n g e (VOR),
n o n - d i r e c t i o n a l beacon ( N D B ) , d i r e c t i o n f i n d i n g (DF) f a c i l i t i e s , p r e c i s i o n a p p r o a c h
r a d a r s y s t e m s , d i s t a n c e m e a s u r i n g equipment (DME), a i r s u r v e i l l a r ~ c er a d a r (ASR), and
s i m i l a r equipment, Most aerodromes a r e equipped w i t h some of t h e s e d e v i c e s a n d t h e
e l e c t r i c a l power r e q u i r e m e n t s may r e q u i r e s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Note t h a t t h e ILS f o r
c a t e g o r y I1 and 111 o p e r a t i o n s i s more p r e c i s i o n equipment t h a n t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r
category I operations.

3.8.2 Electrical characteristics

3.8.2.1 E l e c t r i c a l power f o r r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s i s u s u a l l y a l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t
(ac). B a t t e r i e s may be used t o p r o v i d e power f o r s t a r t i n g s e c o n d a r y power s o u r c e s and
t o s u p p l y energy f o r some u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e power s y s t e m s . T h i s a c power i s u s u a l l y
e i t h e r 50 o r 60 h e r t z .

3.8.2.2 Primary power. For r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s l o c a t e d on o r a d j a c e n t t o t h e

aerodrome, t h e primary power s o u r c e i s u s u a l l y t h e same a s t h e aerodrome p r i m a r y s o u r c e .
'I'hese s o u r c e s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n p a r a g r a p h 2.1.2, S i n c e t h e t o t a l k i l o w a t t s r e q u i r e d by
r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s u s u a l l y i s n o t l a r g e , t h e i n p u t power t o t h e s e i n s t a l l a t i o n s i s
o f t e n t r a n s m i t t e d a t t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e v o l t a g e l e v e l and f e d t o Local d i s t r i b u t i o n
t r a n s f o r m e r s f o r step-down t o t h e v o l t a g e s u i t a b l e f o r t h e equipment,

3.8.2.3 Secondary power* S i n c e t h e s e r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s p r o v i d e s i g n a l s f o r

i n s t r u m e n t g u i d a n c e of t h e a i r c r a f t and a r e e s s e n t i a l f o r o p e r a t i o n s i n a t l e a s t some
c o n d i t i o n s , Annex 10, Voiurne I, P a r t i , C'napter 2 r e q u i r e s s e c o n d a r y power aoinrces f o r
most of t h e s e r a d i o a i d s . The s w i t c h - o v e r time f o r some of t h e s e r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s
a r e shown i n Table 2-1 and d i s c u s s e d i n paragraphs 2 , 2 and 2 , 3 o f t h i s manual. The
r a d i o navis--: , a L L-- - isolated
u u a i d s a r e o f t e n l o c a t e d In . a r e a s o r a r e a s w e l l s e p a r a t e d from
o t h e r b u i l d i n g s r e q u i r i n g e l e c t r i c a l power. Secondary power i s u s u a l l y p r o v i d e d by
e n g i n e - g e n e r a t o r power u n i t s b e c a u s e , f o r t h e amount of power needed, s e c o n d a r y power
may be more e c o n o m i c a l t o i n s t a l l t h a n a s e c o n d f e e d e r t o t h e s i t e . I f a n independent
power s o u r c e i s u s e d , t h e f e e d e r f r o m t h i s s o u r c e s h o u l d b e i n a s e p a r a t e d u c t o r e v e n a
s e p a r a t e r o u t e f r o m t h e p r i m a r y power f e e d e r . Some of t h e r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s a r e
more l i k e l y t o r e q u i r e u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e power s u p p l i e s t h a n a r e aerodrome l i g h t i n g
s y s t e m s . The r e d u n d a n t c o n f i g u r a t i o n of F i g u r e 2-3 i s o f t e n a d v i s a b l e f o r some r a d i o
n a v i g a t i o n a i d s and r e l a t e d computers.

3.8.2.4 Groundin@ Radio n a v i g a t i o n a i d s may r e q u i r e lower r e s i s t a n c e and more

St a b l e g r o u n d i n g t h a n d o aerodrome l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s . The g r o u n d i n g , as d i s c u s s e d i n
p a r a g r a p h 2.5.14, a p p l i e s b u t g r o u n d i n g n e t w o r k s a r e more o f t e n r e q u i r e d . The g r o u n d i n g
r e q u i r e m e n t s of b o t h t h e e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m a t t h e r a d i o a i d s b u i l d i n g and a t t h e a n t e n n a
s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d c a r e f u l l y . Some of t h e a n t e n n a s may r e q u i r e s p e c i a l g r o u n d i n g
p l a n e s i n some l o c a t i o n s . P r o t e c t i o n of t h e g r o u n d i n g s y s t e m s f r o m c o r r o s i o n may be
n e c e s s a r y f o r some r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s .

3.8.2.5 Lightning a r r e s t e r s . L i g h t n i n g and s u r g e p r o t e c t i o n f o r r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n

a i d s i s more i m p o r t a n t t h a n f o r most e l e c t r i c a l s y s t e m s b e c a u s e t h e r a d i o s i g n a l s a r e
more e a s i l y a f f e c t e d , and a n t e n n a s a r e o f t e n t h e t a r g e t of l i g h t n i n g s t r i k e s . P a r a g r a p h
2.5.12 d i s c u s s e s l i g h t n i n g p r o t e c t i o n . Also t h e s e r a d i o a i d s o f t e n u s e s o l i d - s t a t e
d e v i c e s which a r e v u l n e r a b l e t o v o l t a g e and power s u r g e s . O f t e n b a t t e r i e s o r c o n v e r t e r s
a r e u s e d t o p r o v i d e d c power f o r t h e s o l i d - s t a t e d e v i c e s t o e l i m i n a t e o r r e d u c e t h e
l i g h t n i n g and power s u r g e problems.

3.8.2.6 Feeds t o a n t e n n a a r r a y s . The c a b l i n g between t h e r a d i o e q u i p m e n t and t h e

antenna o f t e n r e q u i r e s s p e c i a l handling. U s u a l l y c o a x i a l c a b l e s a r e u s e d t o conduct
t h e s e s i g n a l s . The c a b l e may be r e q u i r e d t o p r o v i d e a p r o p e r impedance m a t c h between
t h e o u t p u t of t h e s i g n a l g e n e r a t o r and t h e i n p u t t o t h e a n t e n n a b u t may a l s o need t o be
of a n a c c u r a t e l e n g t h f o r f r e q u e n c y p h a s i n g . The r a d i o equipment o f t e n e x p l i c i t l y
s t a t e s t h e s e c a b l i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s b u t some r a d i o a i d s may n o t f u r n i s h t h e s e d e t a i l s .
The f e e d s t o t h e a n t e n n a a r r a y s s h o u l d be c a r e f u l l y c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h t h e s u p p l i e r of t h e
equipment and t h e i n s t a l l e r s of t h e a n t e n n a and r a d i o equipment.

3.8.3,1 Uses of c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s . The c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s f o r r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s

a r e p r i m a r i l y u s e d t o e n e r g i z e and d e e n e r g i z e t h e s y s t e m s , t o t r a n s f e r f r o m p r i m a r y t o
stand-by o r a l t e r n a t e t r a n s m i t t e r , and t o t r a n s f e r from p r i m a r y t o s e c o n d a r y power
source .
3.8.3.2 The r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s may b e l o c a t e d on t h e
aerodrome o r s e v e r a l m i l e s away. Most r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s p r o v i d e l o c a l c o n t r o l a t
t h e t r a n s m i t t e r s i t e and r e m o t e c o n t r o l a t one o r more a i r t r a f f i c o r equipment c o n t r o l
s i t e s . I f t h e r a d i o a i d s a r e l o c a t e d on o r n e a r t h e aerodrome and t h e c o n t r o l s a r e
r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e , a c o r d c power c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e u s e d f o r aerodrome
l i g h t i n g may be used. These c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n p a r a g r a p h s 3.4.1.4,
3.4.2.3, 3.4.3.1, and 3.4.3.2 a s guides. If t h e d i s t a n c e s a r e g r e a t o r t h e c o n t r o l
c i r c u i t s a r e complex, t e l e p h o n e c i r c u i t s a r e o f t e n used f o r remote c o n t r o l . By d i a l i n g
a p a r t i c u l a r code of o n e , two, o r t h r e e numbers, t h e d e s i r e d s w i t c h i n g c a n be o b t a i n e d .
The t e l e p h o n e d i a l i n g c o n t r c l s y s t e m i s a form o f m u l t i p l e x c o n t r o l which c a n be
expanded f o r c o n t r o i l i n g v e r y complex s y s t e m s .
3.8.4 R e l i a b i l i t y and i n t e g r i t y of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s

8.4.1 A s d i s c u s s e d i n p a r a g r a p h 3.6.1, t h e r e l i a b i l i t y and i n t e g r i t y of n o n - v i s u a l

d s ( r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s ) s h o u l d be comparable t o t h a t of v i s u a l a i d s . I n a d d i t i o n
t h e e l e c t r i c a l f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g aerodrome l i g h t i n g of f a i l u r e of t h e c i r c u i t ,
f a i l u r e of t h e power s u p p l y , and f a i l u r e of t h e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t , t h e r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n
a i d s must t r a n s m i t a s i g n a l h a v i n g s e v e r a l q u a l i t i e s w i t h i n a c c e p t a b l e t o l e r a n c e s .
These s i g n a l q u a l i t i e s and t o l e r a n c e s f o r t h e s e a i d s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n Annex 1 0 , Volume
I , P a r t 1 , C h a p t e r 3. Not o n l y must t h e equipment be o p e r a t i n g and t r a n s m i t t i n g a
s i g n a l , b u t i t s h o u l d be monitored t o a s s u r e a n a c c e p t a b l e s i g n a l . U s u a l l y no s i g n a l i s
p r e f e r a b l e t o a bad s i g n a l . To improve r e l i a b i l i t y many r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s h a v e
a l t e r n a t e t r a n s m i t t e r s e n e r g i z e d and r e a d y f o r s w i t c h i n g t o t r a n s m i s s i o n upon f a i l u r e of
t h e p r i m a r y t r a n s m i t t e r o r of a d e f i c i e n t s i g x a l . The r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s o f t e n h a v e
i n d i v i d u a l s e c o n d a r y power s o u r c e s t o a u t o m a t i c a l l y assume power i f t h e p r i m a r y power
source f a i l s . The c o n t r o l s y s t e m s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d s o t h a t i f t h e c o n t r o l s h o u l d f a i l
when t h e a i d is b e i n g o p e r a t e d by remote manual c o n t r o l , t h e r a d i o a i d w i l l remain
o p e r a t i n g and s w i t c h t o a u t o m a t i c c o n t r o l . Attachment F t o P a r t I of Annex 10 c o n t a i n s
a d d i t i o n a l g u i d a n c e m a t e r i a l r e g a r d i n g r e l i a b i l i t y and a v a i l a b i l i t y of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n
aids.

M o n i t o r i n g of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s

3.8.5.1 Signal monitoring. The m o n i t o r i n g of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s , e x c e p t f o r

l i g h t s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e equipment i s e n e r g i z e d , r e q u i r e s a u t o m a t i c s e n s o r s of t h e
s i g n a l t o determine i f i t i s acceptable. S e v e r a l q u a l i t i e s of t h e s i g n a l and f u n c t i o n -
i n g of s e c t i o n s of t h e equipment may r e q u i r e m o n i t o r i n g . The m o n i t o r i n g of t h e s i g n a l
q u a l i t y f o r t h e s e r a d i o a i d s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n Annex 1 0 , Volume I , P a r t 1, C h a p t e r 3 .
The m o n i t o r may be r e q u i r e d t o a u t o m a t i c a l l y s w i t c h t o t h e a l t e r n a t e t r a n s m i t t e r o r
d e a c t i v a t e t h e equipment and a l s o s i g n a l t h e d e s i g n a t e d c o n t r o l p o i n t s of t r a n s m i t t e d
s i g n a l d e f i c i e n c i e s . O t h e r l e s s e s s e n t i a l r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s may have m o n i t o r s which
i n d i c a t e a t t h e c o n t r o l p o i n t s i f operation is s a t i s f a c t o r y , I f i t is not s a t i s f a c t o r y ,
e l l = o p e r a t o r can make the r e q u i r e d t r a n s f e r s ,
+-L.- For t h e r a d i o a i d s w i t h c r i t i c a l s i g n a l
r e q u i r e m e n t s , t h e m o n i t o r may a u t o m a t i c a l l y d e a c t i v a t e t h e equipment t o p r e v e n t t r a n s -
m i s s i o n of a d e f i c i e n t s i g n a l i f a s a t i s f a c t o r y s i g n a l from an a l t e r n a t e t r a n s m i t t e r is
not obtained.

3.8.5.2 Monitoring a u x i l i a r y f u n c t i o n s . S e v e r a l o t h e r f u n c t i o n s may be monitored t o

a s s u r e s a t i s f a c t o r y o p e r a t i o n of r a d i o n a v i g a t i o n a i d s . These may i n c l u d e b a t t e r y
v o l t a g e s f o r t h e s t a r t i n g of t h e s e c o n d a r y power s e t o r f o r o p e r a t i n g u n i n t e r r u p t i b l e
power s u p p l i e s , ambient o r room t e m p e r a t u r e t o m a i n t a i n s u i t a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t s f o r t h e
e q u i p m e n t , and f u e l s u p p l y f o r t h e s e c o n d a r y power s o u r c e . These m o n i t o r s may p r o v i d e
a l a r m s o r i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n s exceed e s t a b l i s h e d c r i t e r i a .

3.9 ACCEPTANCE TESTING OF AERODROME ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

3.3.1.2 The t e s t p r o c e d u r e s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n a p p l y t o t h e a c c e p t a n c e t e s t s
of new i n s t a l l a t i o n s and s h o u l d be performed b e f o r e making t h e s y s t e m o p e r a t i o n a l .
3.9.2.1 Each i n s t a l l a t i o n c o n t r a c t s h o u l d i n c l u d e a g u a r a n t e e c l a u s e s p e c i f y i n g a
p e r i o d of a t l e a s t one y e a r d u r i n g which t h e i n s t a l l i n g c o n t r a c t o r c a n be h e l d r e s p o n s i -
b l e f o r r e p a i r i n g and r e p l a c i n g a l l c a b l e and equipment f a i l u r e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m poor
work o r d e f e c t i v e m a t e r i a l s and equipment. (Damp o r d i r t y c a b l e c o n n e c t o r s and c a b l e
damage due t o f a u l t y i n s t a l l a t i o n p r a c t i c e s o f t e n f a i l s e v e r a l months a f t e r
installation. )

3.9.3.1 Visual examination. The most i m p o r t a n t o f a l l i n s p e c t i o n and t e s t

procedures a r e thorough v i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n s . V i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n s s h o u l d be made
f r e q u e n t l y d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n , a t c o m p l e t i o n of i n s t a l l a t i o n , and b e f o r e e n e r g i z i n g t h e
circuits. A c a r e f u l v i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n w i l l r e v e a l d e f e c t s t h a t c a n be c o r r e c t e d p r i o r
t o a c c e p t a n c e t e s t s and e n e r g i z a t i o n . S e r i o u s damage may o c c u r i f d e f e c t s a r e s u b j e c t e d
t o e l e c t r i c a l t e s t s o r energization. Visual i n s p e c t i o n s should i n c l u d e i n s p e c t i o n
appraisal of:

a) c o r r e c t n e s s of e x t e r n a l c o n n e c t i o n s ;

b) good work p e r f o r m a n c e ;

c) c l e a n l i n e s S;

d) s a f e t y hazards; and

e) s p e c i f i c requirements f o r i n d i v i d u a l items.

A l l equipment manufactured u n d e r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s s h o u l d p a s s s t r i c t f a c t o r y t e s t s p r i o r
t o s h i p m e n t , b u t i t s h o u l d be v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d f o r s h i p p i n g damage i m m e d i a t e l y upon
receipt.

3.9.3.2 . The p r i m a r y and

s e c o n d a r y c a b l e l e a d s of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s s h o u l d be s u p p l i e d w i t h f a c t o r y i n s t a l l e d
molded c o n n e c t o r s . V i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n of t h e s e i t e m s d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n i s e s p e c i a l l y
i m p o r t a n t , a s minor c u t s , b r u i s e s , o r m i s h a n d l i n g may r e s u l t i n a p r o g r e s s i v e
d e t e r i o r a t i o n which w i l l e v e n t u a l l y c a u s e c o m p l e t e f a i l u r e , b u t n o t u n t i l some t i m e
a f t e r a c c e p t a n c e t e s t s . During i n s t a l l a t i o n , t h e s e i t e m s s h o u l d b e i n s p e c t e d t o
determine t h e following:

a) t h a t t h e m a t i n g s u r f a c e s of molded c o n n e c t o r s a r e c l e a n and d r y when

plugged t o g e t h e r . I f c l e a n and d r y i n s i d e , t h e s e h i g h v o l t a g e
c o n n e c t o r s w i t h t a p i n g form a c o n n e c t i o n e q u a l t o , o r s u p e r i o r t o , a
c o n v e n t i o n a l h i g h v o l t a g e s p l i c e . C o n v e r s e l y , i f t h e y a r e wet o r d i r t y
i n s i d e , no amount of t a p i n g c a n p r o d u c e a s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n n e c t i o n . Two
o r t h r e e t u r n s of t a p e a r e recommended t o h o l d t h e c o n n e c t o r t o g e t h e r
and k e e p t h e p a r t i n g l i n e s c l e a n . C l e a n l i n e s s of m a t i n g s u r f a c e s c a n
b e s t be i n s u r e d by k e e p i n g t h e f a c t o r y i n s t a l l e d c a p s i n p l a c e u n t i l t h e
f i n a l c o n n e c t i o n i s made. The m a t i n g s u r f a c e s of uncapped c o n n e c t o r s
s h o u l d n o t be l a i d down, touched, o r b r e a t h e d upon. If i t i s necessary
t o b r e a k a c o n n e c t i o n , t h e c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d be i m m e d i a t e l y capped;
5-5 6 Aerodrome Desirrn Manual

b) t h a t t h e c o n n e c t o r s a r e c o m p l e t e l y plugged t o g e t h e r . A f t e r i n i t i a l
p l u g g i n g , t r a p p e d a i r p r e s s u r e may p a r t i a l l y d i s e n g a g e t h e p l u g and
receptacle. I f t h i s h a p p e n s , w a i t a few s e c o n d s and push them t o g e t h e r
a g a i n . Apply two o r t h r e e t u r n s of t a p e t o h o l d them i n p l a c e ;

c) t h a t t h e c a b l e s h a v e n o t been c u t by s h o v e l s , k i n k e d , c r u s h e d by
v e h i c l e w h e e l s , b r u i s e d by r o c k s , o r damaged i n any way d u r i n g h a n d l i n g
and i n s t a l l a t i o n ;

d) t h a t t h e c a b l e s a r e b u r i e d t o t h e s p e c i f i e d d e p t h below f i n i s h e d g r a d e
and a l l o t h e r d e t a i l e d r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n s p e c i f i c a t i o n
a r e accomplished;

e) t h a t t h e c a b l e s do n o t d i r e c t l y c r o s s e a c h o t h e r and a r e s e p a r a t e d by
t h e required distances;

f) t h a t s c r e e n e d m a t e r i a l h a s been p l a c e d u n d e r and o v e r t h e c a b l e s , and

t h a t r o c k s o r p e b b l e s do n o t c o n t a c t t h e c a b l e s ; and

g) t h a t t h e c a b l e s h a v e n o t been b e n t s h a r p l y where t h e y e n t e r ( o r l e a v e ) a
c o n d u i t and a r e s u p p o r t e d p r o p e r l y by tamped ground, s o f u t u r e s e t t l i n g
c a n n o t c a u s e s h a r p bends.

3.9.3.3 Constant-current r e g u l a t o r inspection. Each c o n s t a n t - c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r

s h o u l d be i n s p e c t e d t o e n s u r e t h a t p o r c e l a i n b u s h i n g s have n o t been c r a c k e d , n o s h i p p i n g
damage h a s o c c u r r e d , c o n n e c t i o n s a r e c o r r e c t , s w i t c h e s and r e l a y s o p e r a t e f r e e l y and a r e
n o t t i e d o r b l o c k e d , f u s e s ( i f r e q u i r e d ) a r e c o r r e c t , and t h a t t h e o i l l e v e l o f o i l -
f i l l e d regulators is correct. Only r e l a y p a n e l c o v e r s s h o u l d be removed f o r t h i s
inspection. It i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t o open t h e main t a n k of o i l - f i l l e d r e g u l a t o r s .
I n f o m r a t i o n on t h e r e g u l a t o r i n s p e c t i o n p l a t e must be f o l l o w e d . All c o v e r s s h o u l d be
c l e a n e d and t i g h t l y r e p l a c e d a f t e r i n s p e c t i o n and t e s t s a r e completed.

3.9.3.4 An i n s p e c t i o n s h o u l d be made t o
d e t e r m i n e t h a t t h e c o l o u r , q u a n t i t y , and l o c a t i o n s of l i g h t s a r e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e
i n s t a l l a t i o n d r a w i n g s . Each l i g h t s h o u l d be i n s p e c t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t i t i s o p e r a b l e ,
t h a t g l a s s i s n o t broken o r c r a c k e d , t h a t c o r r e c t iamps a r e i n s t a l l e d , and t h a t -it h a s
been p r o p e r l y l e v e l e d and aimed.

3.9.3.5 I n s p e c t i o n of m i s c e l l a n e o u s components. Components s u c h a s c o n t r o l p a n e l s ,

r e l a y c a b i n e t s , p a n e l b o a r d s , e t c . , s h o u l d be v i s u a l l y i n s p e c t e d f o r damage, c o r r e c t
c o n n e c t i o n s , p r o p e r f u s e and c i r c u i t - b r e a k d e r r a t i n g s , and compliance w i t h t h e
i n s t a l l a t i o n drawings.

3.9.3.6 System o p e r a t i o n t e s t . A f t e r components and c i r c u i t s h a v e been i n s p e c t e d ,

a s i n d i c a t e d i n t h e p r e c e e d i n g p a r a g r a p h s , t h e e n t i r e s y s t e m s h o u l d be r e s t e d a s
follows :

a) e a c h s w i t c h of t h e l i g h t i n g p a n e l s i n t h e c o n t r o l tower s h o u l d b e
o p e r a t e d s o t h a t e a c h s w i t c h p o s i t i o n i s r e a c h e d a t l e a s t t w i c e , During
t h i s p r o c e s s , a l l L i g h t s and v a u l t equipment s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d t o
determine t h a t each switch properly c o n t r o l s t h e corresponding c i r c u i t ;
P a r t 5. - E l e c t r i c a l Svstems 5-57

b) t h e above t e s t should be r e p e a t e d u s i n g t h e p a n e l s i n t h e a l t e r n a t e
c o n t r o l s t a t i o n ( v a u l t ) and t h e n r e p e a t e d a g a i n u s i n g t h e l o c a l c o n t r o l
s w i t c h e s on t h e r e g u l a t o r s ; and

c) e a c h l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s h o u l d b e t e s t e d by o p e r a t i n g i t c o n t i n u o u s l y a t
maximurn i n t e n s i t y f o r a t l e a s t 6 h o u r s . Visual i n s p e c t i o n should be
made a t t h e b e g i n n i n g a n d a t t h e e n d o f t h i s t e s t t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t t h e
c o r r e c t number of l i g h t s are o p e r a t i n g a t f u l l i n t e n s i t y . Dimming of
some o r a l l o f t h e l i g h t s i n a c i r c u i t i s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f g r o u n d
faults. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e l a m p - t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e s h o u l d be measured o n a t
l e a s t one l i g h t t n e a c h m u l t i p l e c i r c u i t , t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t i t i s w i t h i n
t 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e r a t e d lamp v o l t a g e a s marked o n t h e l a m p .

3.9.4 E l e c t r i c a l tests o f s e r i e s - c i r c u i t e q u i p m e n t

3.9.4.1 E l e c t r i c a l tests a r e h e l p f u l i n determining t h a t t h e q u a l i t y of t h e i n s t a l -

l a t i o n i s a c c e p t a b l e a n d t h a t t h e p e r f o r m a n c e w i l l meet t h e o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s .
Some o f t h e t e s t s i n v o l v e t h e u s e a n d measurements o f h i g h v o l t a g e c i r c u i t s . These
t e s t s s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d o n l y by q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n s who a r e f a m i l i a r w i t h h i g h - v o l t a g e
e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t a n d t h e s a f e t y p r e c a u t i o n s w h i c h must b e o b s e r v e d .

3.9.4.2 E l e c t r i c a l t e s t s on c a b l e . Cables b u r i e d i n e a r t h ( t h a t i s , n o t i n d u c t )
s h o u l d be t e s t e d b e f o r e and a f t e r b a c k f i l l i n g t h e c a b l e t r e n c h .

3.9.4.3 Each s e r i e s c i r c u i t s h o u l d b e t e s t e d f o r c o n t i n u i t y by ohmmeter o r e q u i -

v a l e n t method. The r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c i r c u i t t o g r o u n d s h o u l d t h e n b e c h e c k e d w i t h a
s u i t a b l e t e s t s e t t o make s u r e i t i s f r e e o f g r o u n d s . Any f a u l t s i n d i c a t e d by t h e s e
t e s t s s h o u l d be l o c a t e d and r e p a i r e d b e f o r e proceeding w i t h high-voltage t e s t s .

3.9.4.4 Each s e r i e s c i r c u i t s h o u l d b e s u b j e c t e d t o h i g h v o l t a g e i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t -
a n c e t e s t s t o d e t e r m i n e c o m p l e t f r e e d o m f r o m g r o u n d s . Whenever p o s s i b l e , t h e s e t e s t s
s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d when t h e g r o u n d i s t h o r o u g h l y w e t . E x p e r i e n c e h a s shown t h a t c i r -
c u i t s which p a s s i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e t e s t s d u r i n g d r y w e a t h e r may f a i l a f t e r a heavy
rain. Each c i r c u i t , i n c l u d i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s , s h o u l d be t e s t e d a s f o l l o w s :

a) Msconilect b o t h l e a d s from t h e r e g u l a t o r o u t p u t t e r m i n a l s . Support b o t h

l e a d s s o t h a t a i r gaps of s e v e r a l i n c h e s e x i s t between b a r e c o n d u c t o r s
a n d g r o u n d . Make s u r e t h a t t h e c a b l e s h e a t h i s c l e a n a n d d r y f o r a
d i s t a n c e o f a t l e a s t 30 cm f r o m t h e e n d o f t h e c a b l e . A l s o make s u r e
t h a t exposed i n s u l a t i o n a t each end of t h e c a b l e i s c l e a n and d r y .

b) Each c i r c u i t s h o u l d b e t e s t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a E t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n , i n a c c o r d -
a n c e w i t h " F i r s t T e s t F o r New C i r c u i t s " d e s c r i b e d i n s u b - p a r a g r a p h e ) .
Any c i r c u i t which h a s b e e n i n s t a l l e d f o r 60 d a y s o r more, e v e n i f i t h a s
n o t been o p e r a t e d , s h o u l d b e t e s t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h " S u c c e e d i n g T e s t
a n d Old C i r c u i t s ". (See s u b - p a r a g r a p h e ) . )

c) The maximum a c c e p t a b l e l e a k a g e c u r r e n t , i n m i c r o a m p e r e s , s h o u l d n o t
e x c e e d t h e v a l u e s i n d i c a t e d i n p a r a g r a p h 3.9.4.7.

d) When a d d i t i o n s a r e made t o o l d c i r c u i t s , o n l y t h e new s e c t i o n s s h o u l d b e

t e s t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h " F i r s t T e s t On New C i r c u i t s " . The c o m p l e t e
c i r c u i t s h o u l d be c h e c k e d a t t h e r e d u c e d v o l t a g e s t o e n s u r e r e l i a b l e
o p e r a t ton.
5-58 Aerodrome D e s i g n Manual

e) Connect b o t h c o n d u c t o r s , a n d a p p l y t h e t e s t v o l t a g e i n d i c a t e d b e l o w f o r
a p e r i o d o f 5 m i n u t e s between c o n d u c t o r s and g r o u n d .

-
F i r s t : T e s t on Succeeding T e s t s
New C i r c u i t s a n d Old C i r c u i t s

Complete a p p r o a c h l i g h t i n g
system (transformers with
5 OOO-volt p r i m a r y l e a d s )

Touchdown z o n e a n d c e n t r e
line light circuits
( t r a n s f o r m e r s w i t h 5 000-
v o l t primary l e a d s )

High i n t e n s i t y runway e d g e 9 000 V, d c

l i g h t c i r c u i t s (transformers
w i t h 5 OOOvolt primary
leads)

Medium i n t e n s i t y runway a n d 6 000 V, d c

taxiway l i g h t s c i r c u i t s
( t r a n s f o r m e r s w i t h 5 000-
v o l t primary l e a d s )

600-volts c i r c u i t s l 800 V, d c 600 V, d c

- p-

3.9.4.5 The t e s t s o u t l i n e d a b o v e s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d w i t h a s u i t a b l e h i g h - v o l t a g e
t e s t e r which h a s a s t e a d y , f i l t e r e d d c o u t p u t v o l t a g e . The h i g h - v o l t a g e t e s t e r s h o u l d
c o n t a i n a n a c c u r a t e v o l t m e t e r a n d microammeter f o r r e a d i n g t h e v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o t h e
c i r c u i t and t h e i n s u l a t i o n l e a k a g e c u r r e n t .

3.9.4.5 These t e s t s shors2.d b e s u p e r v i s e d c a r e f u l l y by q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n n e l t o a s c e r -

t a i n t h a t excessive voltages a r e not applied.

3.9.4.7 D u r i n g t h e l a s t m i n u t e of t h e t e s t s t h e i n s u l a t i o n l e a k a g e c u r r e n t i n m i c r o -
a m p e r e s f o r e a c h c o m p l e t e c i r c u i t s h o u l d be measured a n d s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d t h e v a l u e
c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h c i r c u i t as f o l l o w s :

a) a l l o w 2 micorampere f o r e a c h s e r i e s t r a n s f o r m e r ;

b) a l l o w 1 microampere f o r e a c h 1 0 0 m e t e r s o f c a b l e ( T h i s v a l u e i n c l u d e s
a l l o w a n c e s f o r t h e n o r m a l number o f c o n n e c t o r s a n d s p l i c e s . ) ; a n d

c) add t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t o t a l a l l o w a b l e microampere
leakage f o r each complete c i r c u i t .

3.9.4.8 Lf t h e l e a k a g e c u r r e n t e x c e e d s t h e v a l u e c a l c u l a t e d a s o u t l i n e d a b o v e , t h e
c i r c u i t s h o u l d b e s e c t i o n a l i z e d arid t h e t e s t s r e p e a t e d f o r e a c h s e c t i o n . I k f e c t i v e
components must b e l o c a t e d a n d r e p a i r e d , o r r e p l a c e d u n t i l t h e e n t i r e c i r c u i t p a s s e s t h e
test.
3.9.4.9 Make s u r e t h a t t h e t e s t v o l t a g e s p e c i f i e d i n p a r a g r a p h 3.9.4.4 e ) i s
a c t u a l l y a p p l i e d t o t h e c i r c u i t a t t h e t i m e t h e l e a k a g e c u r r e n t i s measured. The v o l t -
age should be adjusted s o t h e voltmeter reads t h e desired value before t h e leakage
c u r r e n t i s read. I f any d i f f i c u l t y i s encountered i n o b t a i n i n g t h e d e s i r e d v o l t a g e ,
e i t h e r t h e c i r c u i t b e i n g t e s t e d o r t h e test s e t i s d e f e c t i v e , and s h o u l d be c o r r e c t e d
before t h e t e s t i s continued.

3.9.4.10 On new c i r c u i t s , a r e s i s t a n c e measurement s h o u l d b e made i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r

t h e c i r c u i t h a s p a s s e d t h e h i g h v o l t a g e t e s t s w i t h t h e t e s t s e t u s e d by a e r o d r o m e
maintenance. T h i s measurement r e a d i n g t h e n c a n b e u s e d d u r i n g m a i n t e n a n c e as a
c o m p a r i s o n w i t h f u t u r e r e a d i n g s t o d e t e r m i n e c i r c u i t c o n d i t i o n s . Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e
and weather c o n d i t i o n s s h o u l d be r e c o r d e d a t t h e t i m e of t e s t .

3.9.5 E l e c t r i c a l t e s t s of o t h e r cables

3.9.5.1 Power c a b l e s r a t e d 5 000 v o l t s and more. Power c a b l e s s h o u l d b e t e s t e d a s

o u t l i n e d u s i n g t h e methods i n p a r a g r a p h 3.9.4.4 e x c e p t t h a t , c a b l e s r a t e d a t 5 000 v o l t s
s h o u l d b e t e s t e d a t 1 0 000 v o l t s a n d power c a b l e s r a t e d a b o v e 5 000 v o l t s s h o u l d b e
t e s t e d a t t w i c e t h e c a b l e v o l t a g e r a t i n g p l u s 1 000 v o l t s . The t e s t s h o u l d b e made
between conductors and from conductors t o ground w i t h t h e c a b l e ' s s h i e l d and armor
g r o u n d e d a n d f o r a p e r i o d o f n o t l e s s t h a n o n e m i n u t e a f t e r i n s t r u m e n t r e a d i n g s have
stabilized. The minimum a c c e p t a b l e r e s i s t a n c e v a l u e i s 50 megohms. Original insulation
v a l u e s o f t h e c a b l e h a v e b e e n s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e d t o t h e s p e c i f i e d 5 0 megohms i n o r d e r
t o compensate f o r c a b l e l e n g t h , a g i n g of cotlductor i n s u l a t i o n , and o t h e r f a c t o r s which
may a f f e c t t e s t r e s u l t s b o t h b e f o r e a n d d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n . Unless c a b l e l e n g t h should
a p p r e c i a b l y e x c e e d 3 000 m e t r e s , n o r e d u c t i o n i n t h e s p e c i f i e d i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e
s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d . (Note. I n s u l a t i o n r e a d i n g s w i l l be e r r o n e o u s u n t i l t h e c a b l e h a s
been c o m p l e t e l y c h a r g e d by t h e m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t . ) A t e s t s h o u l d b e made f o r
c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e c a b l e ' s s h i e l d o r armor. An ohmmeter t y p e i n s t r u m e n t may b e u s e d .

3.9.5.2 Power c a b l e r a t e d 600 v o l t s a n d below. S e c o n d a r y power c a b l e s r a t e d a t 6 0 0

v o l t s and below and u s e d f o r l i g h t i n g a n d power w i r i n g s h o u l d h a v e a r e s i s t a n c e of n o t
l e s s t h a n 5 0 megohms
- between c o n d u c t o r s a n d between c o n d u c t o r s a n d g r o u n d when measure-
m e n t s a r e made a t n o t l e s s t h a n 500 v o l t s dc.

3.9.5.3 ~f~~~ i---+..l -

LID ~ a 1~ . ~ a tt h
i e~s ei l c a b l e s s h o u l d comply
w i t h t h e following requirements:

Size cable Minimum no. of a c c e p t a b l e c o n d u c t o r s

12 p a i r o r less All

Over 1 2 p a i r t o 25 p a i r , A l l , e x c e p t one p a i r
inclusive

Over 25 p a i r A l l , except 2 p a i r

Acceptable conductors i n c l u d e s a t i s f a c t o r y t e s t a s t o c o n t i n u i t y , freedom from s h o r t -

c i r c u i t s , and a m i n i m m o f 5 0 megohms r e s i s t a n c e betwen c o n d u c t o r s a n d f r o m e a c h con-
d u c t o r t o grounded s h i e l d when t e s t e d a t n o t l e s s t h a n 500 v o l t s d c .
3.9.5.4 Coaxial cables. Radio f r e q u e n c y c a b l e s s h o u l d be t e s t e d f o r i n s u l a t i o n and
l o o p r e s i s t a n c e p r i o r t o i n s t a l l a t i o n and t h e r e s u l t s r e c o r d e d . The i n s u l a t i o n t e s t
s h o u l d be made between t h e c e n t r e c o n d u c t o r a n d s h i e l d w i t h a 5 0 0 v o l t d c i n s t r u m e n t .
The l o o p r e s i s t a n c e t e s t s h o u l d be a l s o made a s above, b u t w i t h t h e c e n t r e c o n d u c t o r s
s h o r t e d t o t h e s h i e l d a t t h e f a r end of t h e c a b l e . This t e s t may be made w i t h a b r i d g e ,
ohmmeter, o r o t h e r s u i t a b l e i n s t r u m e n t . A f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n , t h e c o n d u c t o r - t o - s h i e l d and
conductor-to-grond r e s i s t a n c e s h o u l d exceed 5 0 megohms when measured a t 5 0 0 v o l t s d c .
Loop r e s i s t a n c e s h o u l d be w i t h i n p l u s o r minus 1 0 p e r c e n t of t h e measured v a l u e s p r i o r
t o i n s t a l l a t i o n , e.g. measured r e s i s t a n c e p e r 1 0 0 0 m e t r e s of c a b l e on r e e l , m u l t i p l i e d
by e a c h 1 0 0 0 m e t r e s and f r a c t i o n t h e r e o f of i n s t a l l e d c a b l e . S h i e l d - t o ground r e s i s t -
a n c e s h o u l d a l s o be measured and t h e r e s u l t s r e c o r d e d .

3.9.5.5 Coaxial cable, pressurized. Upon c o m p l e t i o n of t h e c a b l e i n s t a l l a t i o n , t h e

f o l l o w i n g t e s t s h o u l d be made:

a) E l e c t r i c a l t e s t . A h i g h - v o l t a g e i n s u l a t i o n t e s t e r w i t h microammeter
c u r r e n t - l e a k a g e m e t e r s h o u l d be u s e d and 3 0 0 0 v o l t s d c a p p l i e d between
t h e i n n e r and o u t e r c o n d u c t o r s f o r a minimum p e r i o d of t h r e e m i n u t e s .
While t h i s v o l t a g e i s a p p l i e d no n o t i c a b l e c u r r e n t s h o u l d f l o w between
t h e conductors a f t e r charging c u r r e n t has s t a b i l i z e d .

b) Nitrogen gas t e s t . Nitrogen gas a t t h e s p e c i f i e d p r e s s u r e s h o u l d b e

a p p l i e d t o t h e c a b l e , t h e g a s v a l v e c l o s e d , and a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e
recorded. S i x s u c c e s s i v e , h o u r l y measurement of p r e s s u r e s h o u l d be
t a k e n and r e c o r d e d . A f t e r t h e s i x t h measurement i s t a k e n and a f t e r a
t i m e i n t e r v a l of a b o u t 24 h o u r s , a s e v e n t h measurement s h o u l d be made.
I f v a r i a t i o n s i n g a s p r e s s u r e a r e due o n l y t o changes i n a m b i e n t temper-
a t u r e , t h e l e n g t h of c a b l e i s a c c e p t a b l e . A t e m p e r a t u r e c o r r e c t i o n
f a c t o r of 0.017 p e r d e g r e e C s h o u l d be used.

3,9,6.X ' f i e s u p p l y v o l t a g e and t h e i n p u t t a p of t h e r e g u l a t o r s h o u l d he checked t o

s e e t h a t they correspond.

3.9.6.2
-..w r t h l o a d d i s c o n n e c t e d , e n e r g i z e t h e r e g u l a t o r o n c e , and watch t h e open-
c i r c u i t p r o t e c t o r t o s e e t h a t i t deenergizes t h e r e g u l a t o r w i t h i n 2 o r 3 seconds.

a) Connect t h e l o a d c i r c u i t a f t e r i t h a s been checked f o r opens and ground

a s r e q u i r e d i n p a r a g r a p h s 3.9.4.3 and 3.9.4.4 and i n s p e c t e d t o s e e t h a t
a l l transformers a r e properly lanped.

b) Obtain a v o l t m e t e r and a n ammeter w i t h a n e r r o r of n o t more t h a n L 1 p e r

c e n t of f u l l s c a l e , and s i m u l t a n e o u s l y measure i n p u t v o l t a g e and o u t p u t
c u r r e n t ( c o n n e c t t h e ammeter t o t h e t e r m i n a l s of a n i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m -
e r i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e o u t p u t c i r c u i t of t h e r e g u l a t o r ) f o r e a c h i n t e n s i t y
s e t t i n g tap.

c) Use a r e c o r d i n g v o l t m e t e r o r t a k e r e a d i n g s d u r i n g b o t h d a y and n i g h t a t
s u f f i c i e n t i n t e r v a l s t o o b t a i n an average supply voltage.

d) I f r e g u l a t o r h s s i n p u t v o l t a g e t a p s , s e l e c t t h e t a p w h i c h most n e a r l y
corresponds t o average supply voltage. The o u t p u t c u r r e n t f o r e a c h
i n t e n s i t y s e t t i n g t a p s h o u l d be wfchfn IL 2 p e r c e n t of t h e n a m e p l a t e
v a l u e s a f t e r a n y necessary s u p p l y v o l t a g e c o r r e c t i o n i s made.
3.9.6,3 I n a l l c u r r e n t r e g u l a t o r s which have i n p u t v o l t a g e t a p s , t h e o u t p u t c u r r e n t
w i l l v a r y i n p r o p o r t i o n t o i n p u t v o l t a g e changes. I f a s u p p l y v o l t a g e of 2 350 i s
a p p l i e d t o t h e 2 4 0 0 v o l t t a p , t h e o u t p u t c u r r e n t v a l u e s s h o u l d b e 2 p e r c e n t below t h e
nameplate values.

3.9.6.4 R e g u l a t o r s which h a v e a u t o m a t i c s u p p l y v o l t a g e c o r r e c t i o n i n l i e u of i n p u t
t a p s do n o t change t h e o u t p u t c u r r e n t a s t h e s u p p l y v o l t a g e v a r i e s .

a) I f t h e o u t p u t c u r r e n t on f u l l i n t e n s i t y d e v i a t e s f r o m t h e n a m e p l a t e
v a l u e by more t h a n 2 p e r c e n t (and i f t h e r e g u l a t o r i s n o t o v e r l o a d e d ) ,
t h e i n t e r n a l a d j u s t m e n t s h o u l d be checked, a s d e s c r i b e d o n t h e r e g u l a t o r
instruction plate. S i n c e t h e a d j u s t m e n t may be d e l i c a t e , i t i s
recommended t h a t a d e v i a t i o n of +- 5 p e r c e n t h e a l l o w e d o n l o w e r s e t -
tings before a t t e m t i n g t o readjust the regulator.

b) F u r t h e r m o r e , a check s h o u l d be made t o s e e w h e t h e r t h e a d j u s t m e n t h a d
been changed p u r p o s e l y f o r a n u n u s u a l l o c a l f l i g h t o p e r a t i o n a l
requirement.

3.9.7.1 The f o l l o w i n g t e s t s h o u l d h e l p l o c a t e t h e f a u l t i n t h e e v e n t t h a t t h e t e s t s
i n d i c a t e improper operation.

3.9.7.2 Disconnect t h e l o a d , s h o r t - c i r c u i t r e g u l a t o r o u t p u t t e r m i n a l s t h r o u g h a n
ammeter, and measure o u t p u t c u r r e n t . I f measured v a l u e s a r e e q u a l t o o r s l i g h t l y h i g h e r
t h a n n a m e p l a t e v a l u e s , t h e r e g u l a t o r i s o p e r a t i n g s a t i s f a c t o r i l y and t h e l o a d c i r c u i t
s h o u l d be checked f o r f a u l t s .

3.9.7.3 Connect t h e l o a d c a b l e s ( a f t e r l o a d c i r c u i t h a s been checked f o r o p e n s a n d

g r o u n d s , a s s p e c i f i e d i n p a r a g r a p h s 3.9.4.3 and 3.9.4.4 and i n s p e c t e d t o s e e t h a t a l l
t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e p r o p e r l y lamped), and measure o u t p u t c u r r e n t and o u t p u t v o l t a g e
s i m u l t a n e s u s l y w i t h t h e regulator o p e r a c i i i g on i h e h i g h e s t i n t e n s i t y s e t t i n g . The
s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e r e a d i n g s i s a s f o l l o w s :

a) S a c i s f a c t o r y o p e r a t i o n i s i n d i c a t e d by c o r r e c t o u t p u t c u r r e n t and a n
o u t p u t v o l t a g e which i s s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e
l o a d , b u t which d o e s n o t exceed t h e r a t e d o u t p u t v o l t a g e . The v o l t a g e
r e q u i r e d f o r t h e l o a d may be e s t i m a t e d by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e i s o l a t i n g
transformer primary v o l t a g e a t r a t e d load ( w a t t s d i v i d e d by primary
c u r r e n t ) by t h e number of t r a n s f o r m e r s c o n n e c t e d i n s e r i e s i n t h e l o a d
circuit .
b) A c o r r e c t output c u r r e n t with an output v o l t a g e a p p r e c i a b l y l e s s t h a n
t h e e s t i m a t e d l o a d v o l t a g e i n d i c a t e s c o m p l e t e o r p a r t i a l s h o r t i n g of t h e
load.

c) A c o r r e c t output c u r r e n t with an output v o l t a g e exceeding t h e r a t e d l o a d

o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n d i c a t e s a n overload.

d) A reduced o u t p u t c u r r e n t w i t h an o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n d i c a t i n g a n o v e r l o a d
i s p o s s i b l y caused by a poor c o n n e c t i o n i n t h e l o a d c i r u i t . The
r e g u l a t o r s h o u l d be d e e n e r g i z e d immediately t o p r e v e n t damage.
 e) A reduced o u t p u t c u r r e n t w i t h a n o u t p u t v o l t a g e n o t exceeding t h e r a t e d
o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n d i c a t e s a f a u l t y r e g u l a t o r o r reduced s u p p l y v o l t a g e .

f) A z e r o o u t p u t c u r r e n t w i t h e x c e s s i v e o u t p u t v o l t a g e i n d i c a t e s a n open i n
t h e l o a d c i r c u i t and f a i l u r e o f t h e o p e n - c i r c u i t p r o t e c t o r i n t h e
regulator. I n t h i s c a s e , t h e r e g u l a t o r must be d e e n e r g i z e d i m m e d i a t e l y
t o p r e v e n t s e r i o u s damage.

g) CAUTION: The o p e n - c i r c u i t p r o t e c t o r of t h e r e g u l a t o r must n o t b e

d e a c t i v a t e d o r by-passed d u r i n g t h e s e t e s t s .

3.9.8 E l e c t r i c a l tests of o t h e r equipment

3.9.8.1 Measure t h e i n p u t and o u t p u t v o l t a g e s and c u r r e n t s and d e t e r m i n e t h e l o a d s

of t h e connected c i r c u i t s . Check t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e s e v o l t a g e s and l o a d s a r e w i t h i n
t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s r a t i n g of t h e equipment. Record t h e s e measurements f o r f u t u r e
r e f e r e n c e d u r i n g maintenance o r f o r m o d i f i c a t i o n of t h e c i r c u i t .

T e s t s of m o n i t o r s

3.9.9.1 A f t e r t h e t e s t s l i s t e d above have been completed and t h e s y s t e m i s f u n c t i o n -

i n g a s d e s i g n e d , m o n i t o r s s h o u l d be t e s t e d by s i m u l a t i n g s u c h f a i l u r e s a s o p e n - c i r c u i t s ,
s h o r t - c i r c u i t s , g r o u n d s , f a i l u r e of l i g h t s , l o s s o f power i n b o t h t h e l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t s
and t h e c o n t r o l c i r c u i t s , and o b s e r v i n g t h e performance of t h e monitor. M o n i t o r s which
f a i l t o p e r f o r m a s i n t e n d e d s h o u l d be r e p a i r e d b e f o r e t h e s y s t e m i s a c c e p t e d .
 4.1 GENERAL KEQUIKEMENTS

4.1.1 I n i t i a l considerations

4.1.1.1 I n s t a l l a t i o n of e l e c t r i c a l c a b l e s underground i s e x p e n s i v e a n d t e c h n i q u e s t o
a s s u r e l o n g and e f f e c t i v e s e r v i c e w i t h a minimum of m a i n t e n a n c e s h o u l d b e used. All
work s h o u l d be done by e x p e r i e n c e d p e r s o n n e l r e g u l a r l y engaged i n t h e i r t y p e of work.
Most underground c a b l e s w i l l be l o c a t e d o n , o r v e r y c l o s e t o , t h e manoeuvring a r e a of
t h e aerodrome. Hence, a t a c t i v e aerodromes g r e a t c a r e must be e x e r c i s e d t o e n s u r e t h a t
t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n does n o t p r e s e n t a hazard t o a i r c r a f t o r t o t h e i n s t a l l e r s .

4.1.2 P r e c o n s t r u c t i o n arrangements

4.1.2.1 Obtain p r i o r a p p r o v a l of t h e e n g i n e e r i n c h a r g e f o r t h e m a t e r i a l s , workmen,

t i m e of d a y o r n i g h t f o r t h e work, method and p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n , and
p r o c e d u r e f o r any t e m p o r a r y o r permanent r e p a i r s t o be made. Arrange f o r c o - o r d i n a t i n g
t h e e f f o r t w i t h A i r T r a f f i c C o n t r c l i f i t may be i n v o l v e d . C a r e f u l l y d e t e r m i n e and mark
the route f o r the cables. Take a l l r e a s o n a b l e p r e c a u t i o n s t o p r o t e c t e x i s t i n g
underground u t i l i t i e s s u c h a s f u e l t a n k s , w a t e r l i n e s , b u r i e d c o n t r o l and power c a b l e s ,
etc. A l l known u t i l i t i e s and power and c o n t r o l c a b l e s l e a d i n g t o and f r o m a n y o p e r a t i n g
f a c i l i t y s h o u l d be marked i n t h e f i e l d b e f o r e any work i n t h e g e n e r a l v i c i n i t y i s
s t a r t e d . T h e r e a f t e r and t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e t i m e of c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e y s h o u l d b e
p r o t e c t e d f r o m any p o s s i b l e damage. Any underground c a b l e s which a r e damaged d u r i n g
i n s t a l l a t i o n s h o u l d be i m m e d i a t e l y r e p a i r e d w i t h e q u a l q u a l i t y m a t e r i a l .

4.1.3 Methods of i n s t a l l a t i o n

4,1,3.1 There a r e two methods of i n s t a l l i n g underground e l e c t r i c a l c a b l e s , by d i r e c t

b u r i a l o r i n d u c t ( c o n d u i t ) . These methods a r e d i s c u s s e d below.

4.2 UIUCT UUKXAL OF CABLE

4.2.1.1 The major s t e p s of i n s t a l l i n g e l e c t r i c a l c a b l e s by d i r e c t b u r i a l a r e

t r e n c h i n g , placement of t h e c a b l e , and b a c k f i l l i n g .

4.2.2 Trenching

4.2.2.1 Basic requirements. Unless r e q u i r e d o t h e r w i s e , a l l c a b l e s i n t h e s a n e

l o c a t i o n and r u n n i n g i n t h e same g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same
trench. Walls of t r e n c h e s s h o u l d be e s s e n t i a l l y v e r t i c a l s o t h a t a minimum of s h o u l d e r
s u r f a c e i s disturbed. The bottom s u r f a c e of t r e n c h e s s h o u l d be e s s e n t i a l l y smooth and
f r e e from c o a r s e a g g r e g a t e . I f p o s s i b l e , t r e n c h e s s h o u l d be opened o n l y t o t h e e x t e n t
t h a t c a b l e s c a n be i n s t a l l e d and t h e t r e n c h c l o s e d i n t h e same working d a y . Where t u r f
i s w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d and t h e s o d c a n be reanved, i t s h o u l d h e c a r e f u l l y s t r i p p e d and
properly stored.
4.2.2.2 The t r e n c h d e p t h s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n 5 cm below t h e l e v e l
of t h e lowes l e s s h o u l d be a minimum of 5 0 cm below t h e f i n i s h e d g r a d e when
on t h e aerodrome p r o p e r t y and 7 5 cm below t h e f i n i s h e d g r a d e when o f f t h e a e r o d r o m e
property. I f c a b l e s a r e t o be p l a c e d a t more t h a n one l e v e l , t h e v e r t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n
s h o u l d be t h e same a s t h e h o r i z o n t a l s e p a r a t i o n i n d i c a t e d i n p a r a g r a p h 4.2.3, except
v e r t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n of c o n t r o l and t e l e p h o n e c a b l e s and of low v o l t a g e s power c a b l e s
s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n 6 cm. The ground w i r e o r c o u n t e r p o i s e s h o u l d be a minimum o f
1 5 cm above t h e uppermost l a y e r of c a b l e s . Trench d e p t h s s h o u l d a l l o w f o r t h e s e
vertical separations.

4.2.2.3 Heavy t r a f f i c a r e a s . Cables s h o u l d n o t be d i r e c t b u r i e d u n d e r paved a r e a s ,

roadways, r a i l r o a d t r a c k s , o r d i t c h e s . In t h e s e a r e a s t h e c a b l e should be i n s t a l l e d i n
concrete-encased ducts o r i n r i g i d s t e e l conduit.

4.2.2.4 Areas of r o c k s . Where r o c k e x c a v a t i o n i s e n c o u n t e r e d t h e r o c k s h o u l d b e

removed t o a d e p t h of a t l e a s t 8 cm below t h e r e q u i r e d c a b l e d e p t h and i t s h o u l d be
r e p l a c e d w i t h bedding m a t e r i a l of e a r t h o r s a n d c o n t a i n i n g no m i n e r a l a g g r e g a t e
p a r t i c l e s l a r g e r t h a n S mm i n d i a m e t e r . When s o l i d r o c k i s e n c o u n t e r e d , a l t e r n a t i v e s
such a s r e r o u t i n g t h e t r e n c h o r i n s t a l l a t i o n i n r i g i d s t e e l conduit should b e
considered.

4.2.2.5 Trench w i d t h . Trench w i d t h f o r a s i n g l e c a b l e s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n

1 5 cm. Where more t h a n one c a b l e i s l o c a t e d i n a t r e n c h , t h e t r e n c h w i d t h s h o u l d be
a d j u s t e d s o t h a t t h e s e p a r a t i o n s g i v e n below can be m a i n t a i n e d .

4.2.3 S e p a r a t i o n between c a b l e s

a) Power c a b l e s , of t h e same c i r c u i t , may be l a i d s i d e by s i d e i n t h e

t r e n c h w i t h o u t s e p a r a t i o n , e x c e p t a s n o t e d below. Series lighting
c a b l e s may be c o n s i d e r e d a s of t h e same c i r c u i t .

b) Power c a b l e s of t h e same o r d i f f e r e n t c i r c u i t s of l e s s t h a n 600 v o l t s ,

may be l a i d t o g e t h e r i n t h e same t r e n c h w i t h o u t h o r i z o n l s a i s e p a r a t i o n .

c) Power c a b l e s of d i f f e r e n t c i r c u i t s w i t h v o l t a g e s between 600 a n d 5 000

v o l t s s h o u l d be s e p a r a t e d a miniimlim of 10 cm.

d) A l l power c a b l e s , 5 000 v o l t s and below, s h o u l d be s e p a r a t e d f r o m a l l

c o n t r o l , t e l e p h o n e , and c o a x i a l t y p e c a b l e s by a minimum of 1 5 cm.

e) Power c a b l e s , of more t h a n 5 000 v o l t s , s h o u l d be s e p a r a t e d f r o m a l l

o t h e r c a b l e s by a minimum of 3 0 cm.

f) C o n t r o l , t e l e p h o n e , and c o a x i a l c a b l e s may be l a i d i n t h e t r e n c h w i t h o u t
h o r i z o n t a l s e p a r a t i o n from each o t h e r .

g) V e r t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n s s h o u l d be s i m i l a r t o t h o s e g i v e n i n a ) t h r o u g h f )
e x c e p t t h a t c a b l e s which do n o t r e q u i r e h o r i z o n t a l s e p a r a t i o n s h o u l d be
s e p a r a t e d a minimum of 6 cm v e r t i c a l l y . No c a b l e s h o u l d d i r e c t l y o v e r -
l a p a n o t h e r c a b l e b e c a u s e compacting may damage t h e c a b l e .

h) Ground w i r e s and c o u n t e r p o i s e s s h o u l d be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 15 cm a b o v e t h e
uppermost l e v e l of t h e c a b l e s .
4.2.4 I n s t a l l a t i o n of d i r e c t - b u r i a l cables

4.2.4.1 .
B e f o r e p l a c i n g any c a b l e s , b a c k f i l l and compact a 5 cm
l a y e r of e i t h e r e a r t h o r s a n d c o n t a i n i n g n o m a t e r i a l a g g r e g a t e p a r t i c l e s l a r g e r t h a n
6 mm i n d i a m e t e r .

4.2.4.2 Wherever p o s s i b l e , c a b l e s h o u l d be r u n i n o n e p i e c e ,
without s p l i c e s , from connection t o connection. Use t h e l o n g e s t p r a c t i c a b l e l e n g t h s of
c a b l e i n o r d e r t o minimize s p l i c i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s . When c a b l e c u t t i n g i s r e q u i r e d , c a b l e
e n d s s h o u l d be e f f e c t i v e l y s e a l e d a g a i n s t m o i s t u r e i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r c u t t i n g . Bends of
a r a d i u s l e s s t h a n e i g h t t i m e s t h e d i a m e t e r f o r r u b b e r - o r p l a s t i c - c o v e r e d c a b l e and
t w e l v e t i m e s t h e d i a m e t e r f o r m e t a l l i c - a r m o r e d c a b l e s h o u l d n o t be made. Cable t h a t has
been k i n k e d s h o u l d n o t be i n s t a l l e d . A man s h o u l d be s t a t i o n e d a t t h e r e e l t o o b s e r v e
and r e p o r t any i r r e g u l a r i t i e s i n t h e c a b l e when t h e c a b l e i s b e i n g u n r e e l e d . Cable f o r
d i r e c t e a r t h b u r i a l s h o u l d be u n r e e l e d i n p l a c e i n t h e open t r e n c h o r u n r e e l e d n e a r t h e
t r e n c h and c a r e f u l l y p l a c e d i n t h e t r e n c h bottom. P u l l i n g t h e c a b l e i n t o t h e t r e n c h by
d r a g g i n g o v e r t h e ground s h o u l d n o t be p e r m i t t e d .

4.2.4.3 Cable s l a c k l o o p s . A c a b l e s l a c k l o o p of a p p r o x i m a t e l y one m e t r e s h o u l d be

l e f t on e a c h end of c a b l e r u n s , and a t a l l p o i n t s where c a b l e c o n n e c t i o n s a r e b r o u g h t
above ground. The s l a c k l o o p s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e same minimum d e p t h a s t h e c a b l e
run. Loops s h o u l d have bends w i t h a n i n n e r r a d i u s n o t l e s s t h a n t w e l v e t i m e s t h e
o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r of t h e c a b l e . Where c a b l e i s b r o u g h t a b o v e ground, a d d i t i o n a l s l a c k
s h o u l d be l e f t above ground. A t a l l c a b l e s p l i c e s , p r o v i d e s l a c k l o o p s f r e e of bends a t
t h e s p l i c e o r w i t h i n 3 0 cm of t h e e n d s of t h e s p l i c e .

4.2.4.4 Final backfilling. A f t e r t h e c a b l e h a s been i n s t a l l e d , t h e t r e n c h s h o u l d b e

b a c k f i l l e d a s follows:

a) B a c k f i l l s e p a r a t i n g c a b l e s s h o u l d be f i r m l y tamped i n p l a c e . The c a b l e
s e p a r a t i o n s g i v e n i n 4.2.3 .should be m a i n t a i n e d . These s e p a r a t i o n s may
be e i t h e r h o r i z o n t a l , v e r t i c a l , o r a c o m b i n a t i o n of t h e two.

b) The f i r s t l a y e r of b a c k f i l l i n g s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n 7.5 cm d e e p ,
l o o s e measurement, and s h o u l d be e i t h e r e a r t h o r s a n d c o n t a i n i n g no
m a t e r i a l a g g r e g a t e p a r t i c l e s l a r g e r t h a n 6 mm d i a m e t e r . This l a y e r
s h o u l d n o t be compacted, e x c e p t f o r tamping t o m a i n t a i n s e p a r a t i o n of
cables.

c) The s e c o n d l a y e r s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n 12 cm d e e p , l o o s e measurement,
and s h o u l d c o n t a i n n o p a r t i c l e s l a r g e r t h a n 25 mm d i a m e t e r .

d) The r e m a i n d e r of t h e b a c k f i l l i n g may be e x c a v a t e d o r i m p o r t e d m a t e r i a l
and s h o u l d n o t c o n t a i n s t o n e s o r a g g r e g a t e l a r g e r t h a n 1 0 0 mm i n
diameter. The t h i r d and s u b s e q u e n t l a y e r s of t h e b a c k f i l l i n g s h o u l d n o t
e x c e e d 2 0 cm i n maximum d e p t h , l o o s e measurement. The s e c o n d and
s u b s e q u e n t l a y e r s s h o u l d be t h o r o u g h l y tamped and compacted t o a t l e a s t
t h e d e n s i t y of t h e a d j a c e n t u n d i s t u r b e d s o i l . If necessary t o o b t a i n
t h e d e s i r e d compaction, t h e b a c k f i l l m a t e r i a l may be m o i s t e n e d o r
a e r a t e d a s required. T r e n c h e s s h o u l d n o t be e x c e s s i v e l y w e t and s h o u l d
n o t c o n t a i n p o o l s of w a t e r d u r i n g t h e b a c k f i l l i n g o p e r a t i o n s . The
t r e n c h s h o u l d be c o m p l e t e l y b a c k f i l l e d and tamped l e v e l w i t h t h e
adjacent surface.
 e) When s o d i s t o be p l a c e d o v e r t h e t r e n c h , t h e b a c k f i l l i n g s h o u l d be
s t o p p e d a t a d e p t h e q u a l t o t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e s o d t o b e u s e d . Any
e x c e s s e x c a v a t e d m a t e r i a l s h o u l d be removed.

Where sod h a s been removed i t s h o u l d be r e p l a c e d a s soon a s p o s s i b l e

a f t e r t h e b a c k f i l l i n g i s completed. A l l a r e a s d i s t u r b e d by t h e
t r e n c h i n g , s t o r i n g of d i r t , c a b l e l a y i n g , pad c o n s t r u c t i o n , and o t h e r
work s h o u l d be r e s t o r e d t o i t s o r i g i n a l c o n d i t i o n . The r e s t o r a t i o n
s h o u l d i n c l u d e any n e c e s s a r y t o p s o i l i n g , f e r t i l i z i n g , l i m i n g , s e e d i n g ,
s o d d i n g , s p r i g g i n g , o r nrulching. I f t r e n c h i n g c u t s a r e made t h r o u g h
paved a r e a s , t h e c u t s , a f t e r p r o p e r b a c k f i l l i n g , s h o u l d b e r e s u r f a c e d
w i t h p a v i n g s i m i l a r t o t h e o r i g i n a l paving. R e s u r f a c e d c u t s s h o u l d be
l e v e l w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l p a v i n g , f r e e f r o m c r a c k s , and c a p a b l e of
w i t h s t a n d i n g t r a f f i c l o a d s imposed w i t h o u t s e t t l i n g o r c r a c k i n g .

4.3 INSTALLATION OF DUCTS (CONDUIT)

I n s t a l l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s and p r o c e d u r e s

4.3.1,l S e l e c t i o n of r o u t e s . D u c t - l i n e r o u t e s s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d t o b a l a n c e maxirnum
f l e x i b i l i t y w i t h minimum c o s t and t o a v o i d f o u n d a t i o n s f o r f u t u r e b u i l d i n g s a n d o t h e r
s t r u c t u r e s . Where i t may be n e c e s s a r y t o r u n communication l i n e s a l o n g w i t h e l e c t r i c
power d i s t r i b u t i o n l i n e s , two i s o l a t e d s y s t e m s i n s e p a r a t e rnanhole compartments s h o u l d
be provided. Where p o s s i b l e , d u c t s s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same c o n c r e t e e n v e l o p e .
E l e c t r i c and communication d u c t s s h o u l d be k e p t c l e a r of a l l o t h e r u n d e r g r o u n d
u t i l i t i e s , e s p e c i a l l y high-temperature water o r steam pipes.

4.3.1,2 Duct m a t e r i a l s . A c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d m a t e r i a l s f o r d u c t s i n c l u d e f i b e r ,
a s b e s t o s - c e m e n t , t i l e , and p l a s t i c . K g i d s t e e l c o n d u i t may a l s o be i n s t a l l e d below
g r a d e and s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d w i t h f i e l d o r f a c t o r y a p p l i e d c o a t i n g s where r e q u i r e d .

4.3.1.3 S i z e of d u c t s . S i z e of c o n d u i t s i n a d u c t bank s h o u l d be n o t less t h a n

10 cm i n s i d e d i a m e t e r e x c e p t t h a t d u c t s f o r c o m m n i c a t i o n l i n e s w i t h a minimum d i a m e t e r
of 7.5 cm a r e a c c e p t a b l e .

4.3.1.4 I n s t a l l a t i o n of d u c t s w i t h o u t c o n c r e t e encasement. Trenches f o r s i n g l e - d u c t

l i n e s s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n 1 5 cm n o r more t h a n 30 cm w i d e , and t h e t r e n c h f o r two o r
more d u c t s i n s t a l l e d a t t h e same l e v e l s h o u l d be p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y w i d e r . Trench bottoms
f o r d u c t s w i t h o u t c o n c r e t e encasement s h o l d be made t o confo.rm a c c u r a t e l y t o g r a d e s o a s
t o p r o v i d e u n i f o r m s u p p o r t f o r t h e d u c t a l o n g i t s e n t i r e l e n g t h . A l a y e r of f i n e e a r t h
m a t e r i a l a t l e a s t 10 cm t h i c k ( l o o s e measurement) s h o u l d be p l a c e d i n t h e b o t t o m of t h e
t r e n c h a s bedding f o r t h e d u c t . The bedding m a t e r i a l s h o u l d c o n s i s t of s o f t d i r t , s a n d ,
o r o t h e r f i n e f i l l , and i t s h o u l d c o n t a i n no p a r t i c l e s l a r g e r t h a n 6 mn d i a m e t e r . The
bedding m a t e r i a l s h o u l d be tamped u n t i l f i r m . When two or rnore d u c t s a r e i n s t a l l e d i n
t h e same t r e n c h w t t h o u t c o n c r e t e encasement, t h e y s h o u l d be s p a c e d n o t less t h a n 5 cm
a p a r t (measured from o u t s i d e w a l l t o o u t s i d e w a l l ) i n a h o r i z o n t a l d i r e c t i o n o r o o t l e s s
t h a n 1 5 cm a p a r t i n a v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n . R i g i d s t e e l ancl h e a v y - w a l l c o n d u i t may be
d i r e c t e a r t h buried. A l l o t h e r c o n d u i t s s h o u l d be e n c a s e d .

4.3.1.5 L n s t a l l a t i o n of d u c t s e n c a s e d i n c o n c r e t e . Al.]. d u c t s i n s t a l l e d i n c o n c r e t e
encasement s h u u l d be p l a c e d on a L a y e r of c o n c r e t e n o t l e s s t h a n 9 - 5 c m thick. Where
(measured f r o m o u t s i d e w a l l t o o u t s i d e w a l l ) . A s t h e d u c t l a y i n g p r o g r e s s e s , c o n c r e t e
n o t l e s s t h a n 7.5 cm t h i c k s h o u l d be p l a c e d around t h e s i d e s and t o p of t h e d u c t bank.
F l a r e d e n d s of d u c t s o r c o u p l i n g s s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d f l u s h w i t h t h e c o n c r e t e encasement
o r i n s i d e w a l l s of manholes o r h a n d h o l e s . I n t e r l o c k s p a c e r s s h o u l d be u s e d a t n o t more
t h a n 1.5 m e t r e s p a c i n g t o i n s u r e u n i f o r m s p a c i n g between d u c t s . Joints i n adjacent
d u c t s s h o u l d be s t a g g e r e d a minimum of 6 0 cm a p a r t and s h o u l d b e made w a t e r p r o o f p r i o r
t o c o n c r e t i n g . No d u c t h a v i n g a d e f e c t i v e j o i n t s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d . Concrete-encased
d u c t o r r i g i d s t e e l c o n d u i t s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d s o t h a t t h e t o p of t h e c o n c r e t e e n v e l o p e
o r c o n d u i t i s n o t l e s s t h a n 4 0 cm below t h e bottom of t h e p a v i n g where i t i s i n s t a l l e d
under roadways, r a i l r o a d s , runways, t a x i w a y s , o t h e r paved a r e a s , and d i t c h e s and n o t
l e s s t h a n 4 0 cm below t h e f i n i s h e d g r a d e e l s e w h e r e .

4.3.1.6 Grounding b u s h i n g s . Mhere r i g i d s t e e l c o n d u i t e n t e r s o r l e a v e s a manhole o r

h a n d h o l e a g r o u n d i n g b u s h i n g s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d f o r a l l c o n d u i t s .

4.3.1.7 Arrangement of d u c t banks. An a r r a n g e m e n t of two d u c t s wide o r h i g h s h o u l d

be used f o r b e s t h e a t d i s s i p a t i o n . C o r r e s p o n d i n g l y , t h e d u c t banks may b e s e v e r a l d u c t s
h i g h o r wide. ( T h i s may be i m p o s s i b l e where a l a r g e number of d u c t s a r e i n v o l v e d . ) The
v e r t i c a l two conduit-wide a r r a n g e m e n t e n a b l e s t h e c a b l e s t o be more e a s i l y r a c k e d on
manhole w a l l s b u t may n o t b e a s economical a s t h e h o r i z o n t a l two c o n d u i t - h i g h
a r r a n g e m e n t . For dimensions and arrangement of d u c t banks, s e e F i g u r e 4-1.

4.3.1.8 Drainage. A l l d u c t l i n e s s h o u l d be l a i d s o a s t o s l o p e toward h a n d h o l e s ,

manholes and d u c t ends f o r d r a i n a g e . Grades s h o u l d be a t l e a s t 2.5 m i l l i m e t r e s p e r
m e t r e . Where i t i s n o t p r a c t i c a b l e t o m a i n t a i n t h e s l o p e a l l one way, t h e d u c t l i n e s
may be s l o p e d from t h e c e n t e r i n b o t h d i r e c t i o n s toward manholes, h a n d h o l e s , o r d u c t
ends. P o c k e t s o r t r a p s where m o i s t u r e may a c c u m ~ i l a t es h o u l d be a v o i d e d .

4.3.1.9 P u l l wire. Each s p a r e d u c t i n s t a l l e d s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d w i t h a c o p p e r - c l a d

s t e e l p u l l w i r e of n o t l e s s t h a n 5 mm2 i n a r e a * The open ends of t h e s p a r e d u c t s s h o u l d
be plugged w i t h removable t a p e r e d p l u g s . The p l u g s h o u l d s e c u r e t h e p u l l w i r e f i r m l y .

4.3.1.10 S u f f i c i e n t d u c t s f o r planned i n s t a l l a t i o n s , f u t u r e
e x p a n s i o n , p l u s a minimum of 2 5 p e r c e n t of s p a r e d u c t s , s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d f o r a l l new
underground s y s t e m s .

4.4 MANHOLES AND HANDHOLES

4.4.1 Selection

4.4.1.1 F a c t o r s b e a r i n g on t h e c h o i c e of manholes and h a n d h o l e s a r e number,

d i r e c t i o n , and l o c a t i o n of d u c t r u n s ; c a b l e r a c k a r r a n g e m e n t s ; method o f d r a i n a g e ;
adequacy of work s p a c e ( e s p e c i a l l y i f equipment i s t o be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e manhole); a n d
t h e s i z e of t h e o p e n i n g r e q u i r e d t o i n s t a l l and remove equipment.
 SINGLE DUCT

ELECTRIC OR COMMUNICATION COMBINED ELECTRIC (E) A N D

COMMUNlCATlON (C)

1.5 cm TYPICAL

1.25 cm BARS AT 15 cm
TO 20 cm ON CENTRES$

7.5 cm TYPICAL
(2.5 cm WIRE HOOP)
APPROXIMATELY 20 cm
ON C E N T R E S ~

REINFORCED DUCT BANKS

1. WHERE REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED UNDER RAILROAD TRACKS I T SHOULD

EXTEND A T LEAST 3.5 m BEYOND THE OUTER RAILS.
4.4.2 Location

4.4.2,1 Manholes o r h a n d h o l e s s h o u l d b e p l a c e d where r e q u i r e d f o r c o n n e c t i o n s o r

s p l i c e s a n d where c o n f l i c t w i t h o t h e r u t i l i t i e s w i l l b e a v o i d e d * Manhole s e p a r a t i o n
s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d 200 m e t r e s on s t r a i g h t r u n s and 100 metres on c u r v e d d u c t r u n s .
S p a c i n g s h o u l d b e d e c r e a s e d where n e c e s s a r y t o p r e v e n t i n s t a l l a t i o n damage d u r i n g
p u l l i n g of c a b l e s . S t r a i n s h o u l d b e limi.ted d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n t o a p o i n t t h a t w i l l
n o t damage c a b l e i n s u l a t i o n o r deform t h e c a b l e ( s e e T a b l e 4-1).

4.4.3 Stubs

4.4.3.1 It i s good p r a c t i c e t o p r o v i d e a s e t of two o r more s p a r e s t u b s ( s h o r t

l e n g t h s o f d u c t s l e a d i n g o u t f r o m t h e manhole) s o t h a t t h e manhole w a l l n e e d n o t b e
d i s t u r b e d when a f u t u r e e x t e n s i o n i s made. The s t u b s s h o u l d b e p l u g g e d o n b o t h e n d s .

4.4.4 Hardware

4.4.4.1 Hardware a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n s h o u l d be c h o s e n . Where f l a r e d e n d s

of d u c t s a r e p r o v i d e d , c a b l e - d u c t s h i e l d s a r e n e c e s s a r y o n l y f o r p r o t e c t i o n o f m e t a l l i c -
sheathed cables.

Two-section manholes

4.4.5.1 T w o s e c t i o n manholes s h o u l d be u s e d t o m a i n t a i n s e p a r a t i o n of t h e c i r c u i t s
w h e r e e l e c t r i c power a n d communication l i n e s a r e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same d u c t bank o r u s e
t h e same manhole.

4.5 INSTALLATION OF UNDERGROUND CABLES

4.5.1 P r e ~ a r a t i o nof d u c t s

4.5.1.1 A f t e r t h e d u c t i n s t a l l a t i o n i s c o m p l e t e d , t h e c a b l e s a r e i n s t a l l e d by
d r a w i n g o r p u l l i n g i n t o t h e d u c ~ s . The d u c t s h o u l d be open, c o n t i n u o u s , a n d c l e a r of
debris before the cable is installed. The c a b l e s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d i n a manner t o
p r e v e n t h a r m f u l s t r e t c h i n g o f t h e c o n d u c t o r , i n j u r y t o t h e i n s u l a t i o n , o r damage t o t h e
o u t e r p r o t e c t i v e c o v e r i n g . The e n d s of a l l c a b l e s s h o u l d b e s e a l e d w i t h m o i s t u r e s e a l
t a p e b e f o r e i n s t a l l i n g , and t h e y s h o u l d b e k e p t s e a l e d u n t i l c o n n e c t i o n s are made.
Where more t h a n one c a b l e i s t o b e i n s t a l l e d i n a d u c t o r c o n d u i t , a l l c a b l e s h o u l d be
i n s t a l l e d a t t h e same t i m e . In no c a s e s h o u l d a s p l i c e o r c o n n e c t i o n be p l a c e d i n a
duct o r conduit.

4.5.2 Cable p u l l i n g i n d u c t s

4.5.2.1 . The c a b l e t o be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e d u c t may b e p u l l e d by a

power winch o r by hand. An a d e q u a t e amount of c a b l e p u l l i n g compound s h o u l d b e used on
a l l pulls. Petroleum g r e a s e should n o t be used. The s u r f a c e of any c a b l e s h e a t h o r
j a c k e t s h o u l d n o t be damaged t o a d e p t h g r e a t e r t h a n 1 1 1 0 t h i t s o r i g i n a l t h i c k n e s s . The
c a b l e s h o u l d n o t b e f l a t t e n e d o u t of round more t h a n 1110th i t s o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r .
Maximm p u l l i n g t e n s i a n s f o r commonly i n s t a l l - e d c a b l e s a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 4-1. The
l i m i t a t i o n s i n Table 4-1 a r e n o t i n t e n d e d t o p r e c l u d e t h e u s e of s t e e l o r w i r e r o p e a s a
m e a n s of p u l l i n g . However, u r i l e s s a dynamometer i s u s e d t o i n d i c a t e t h e g r o p e r t e n s i o n
f ~ the s c a b l e b e i n ga p u l l e d , a h a r n e s s of Che p r o p e r sLze r o p e t h a t will l i m i t t h e
 T a b l e 4-1

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NON-ARMOKED CABLE PULL USING DYNAMOMETER OR ROPE

CABLE TENSION ROPE DIAMETER

2 - l c 8.4 mm2 S o l 125 kg 4.8 mm C

3 - l c 8.4 mm2 S o l 165 kg 6.4 mm C 4.8 mm M
4 - l c 8.4 mm2 S o l 250 kg 6.4 mm M

2 - 1 c 1 3 , 3 mm2 S t s 190 kg 6.4 mm C 4.8 mm M

3 - l c 13.3 mm2 S t r 285 kg 8.0 mm C 6.4 mm M
4 - l c 1 3 . 3 mm2 S t r 380 kg 9.6 mm c 4.8 mm D

1 - 2c 8.4 mm2 S t r 140 kg 6.4 mm C

1 - 3c 8.4 mm2 S t r 180 kg 6.4 mm C
1 - 4c 8.4 mm2 S t r 265 kg 6.4 mm M
p--

l - 2c 13.3 mm2 S t r 220 kg 6.4 mm C 4.8 mm M

1 - 3c 13.3 mm2 S t r 310 kg 8.0 mm C
1 - 4c 13.3 mm2 S t r 400 kg 9.6 mm C 8.0 mm M 4.8 mm D
-
1 - 6c 3.3 mm2 S t r 140 kg 6.4 mm C
1 - 12c 3.3 mm2 ~ t r 285 kg 8.0 mm C 6.4 mm M

KG - 213/U 5 5 kg 4.8 m C ( f o r m e r l y KG-8/U)

KG - 214/U 65 kg 4.8 mm C: ( f o r m e r l y KG--9/U)
-p--- P

KG - 216/U 60 kg 4.8 mm C ( f o r m e r l y RG-13/U)

RG - 217/U 1 1 5 kg 6.4 mm M ( f o r m e r l y RG-14/U)
RG - 218/U 360 kg 1 1 . 5 mm C ( f o r m e r l y RG-17/U)

c - Conductor Sol - Solid S t r - Stranded PK - Pair

C -Cotton M -Manila D - Dacron N - Nylon
Maximum p u l l i n g t e n s i o n s f o r c a b l e s n o t l i s t e d s h o u l d be o b t a i n e d from t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r
of the cable.
t e n s i o n of t h e p u l l t o f o r c e s i n d i c a t e d i n T a b l e 4-1 s h o u l d be u s e d . Any c o m b i n a t i o n of
a group of c a b l e s t o be p u l l e d i n t o a d u c t s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d t h e sum o f i n d i v i d u a l
a l l o w a b l e t e n s i o n of e a c h c a b l e p l u s 1 5 p e r c e n t .

4.5.2.2 Length of p u l l . To minimize s p l i c i n g , t h e l o n g e s t p r a c t i c a b l e l e n g t h s o f

c a b l e s h o u l d be p u l l e d i n t o t h e d u c t s a t one time. Unless o t h e r w i s e r e q u i r e d , manholes
and h a n d h o l e s s h o u l d be a s f a r a p a r t a s p r a c t i c a b l e f o r t h e t y p e of c a b l e b e i n g
i n s t a l l e d , b u t u n d e r no c o n d i t i o n s h o u l d t h e d i s t a n c e between h a n d h o l e s o r manholes
e x c e e d 200 m e t r e s .

4.5.2.3 S e v e r a l c a b l e s i n s t a l l e d i n one d u c t . The f o l l o w i n g a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e

i n s t a l l a t i o n of two o r more c a b l e s i n t h e same d u c t .

a) Power c a b l e s of t h e same v o l t a g e may be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same d u c t .

b) Power c a b l e s of l e s s t h a n 600 v o l t s may be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same d u c t .

c) Power c a b l e s of l e s s t h a n 600 v o l t s s h o u l d n o t be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same

d u c t w i t h c o n t r o l , telephone, o r c o a x i a l type cables.

d) Power c a b l e s of more t h a n 600 v o l t s s h o u l d n o t be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same

d u c t w i t h c o n t r o l . t e l e p h o n e , c o a x i a l o r power c a b l e s o f less t h a n 600
volts.

e) C o n t r o l , t e l e p h o n e , and c o a x i a l c a b l e s may be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same

duct.

f) Power, c o n t r o l , and t e l e p h o n e c a b l e s may be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same d u c t

system, s u b j e c t t o p r o v i s i o n s of sub-paragraphs g ) and h ) .

g) Cable i n s t a l l a t i o n i n manholes o r h a n d h o l e s . Power and c o n t r o l c a b l e s

s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d i n s e p a r a t e manholes and h a n d h o l e s u n l e s s r e q u i r e d
otherwise. If s p a c e i s a v a i l a b l e , c a b l e s l a c k s u f f i c i e n t f o r one s p l i c e
f o r e a c h c a b l e s h o u l d be l e f t i n e a c h manhole.

h) S e p a r a t i o n of c a b l e s i n manholes and h a n d h o i e s . When i t i s n o t p o s s i b i e

t o i n s t a l l power and o t h e r t y p e c a b l e s i n s e p a r a t e manholes o r hand-
h o l e s , t h e y s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d i n s e p a r a t e compartments o r on o p p o s i t e
s i d e s of t h e manhole o r handhole.

I n s t a l l a t i o n of c a b l e s i n manholes and h a n d h o l e s

4.5.3.1 Cable r a c k s . Cables s h a l l be c a r e f u l l y formed a r o u n d t h e i n t e r i o r of man-

h o l e s o r h a n d h o l e s a v o i d i n g s h a r p bends o r k i n k s . A l l s p l i c e s and c a b l e s s h o u l d be t i e d
t o c a b l e r a c k s u s i n g 3.2 mm d i a m e t e r n y l o n l i n e . Handhole and manhole r a c k s s h o u l d be
t h e p l a s t i c type o r provided w i t h p o r c e l a i n i n s u l a t o r s . S p l i c e s o r c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d be
a minimum of 0.6 m e t r e from t h e mouth of t h e d u c t o p e n i n g i n t o t h e manhole o r h a n d h o l e .
Where f e a s i b l e , s p l i c e s i n d i f f e r e n t c a b l e s s h o u l d be s t a g g e r e d .

4S.3.2 Cable t e r m i n a t i o n s . T e r m i n a t i o n of a l l c o n t r o l , t e l e p h o n e , a n d c o a x i a l
c a b l e s s h o u l d be a s r e q u i r e d . T e r m i n a t i o n of a l l power c a b l e s r a t e d above 5 000 v o l t s
s h o u l d be made w i t h a s t r e s s r e l i e f d e v i c e . Where p o t h e a d s a r e u s e d , s t r i c t conformance
t o m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s recommendations s h o u l d be f o l l o w e d . Where t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e made a t
t r a n s f o r m e r b u s h i n g s , exposed c o a d u c t i n g s u r f a c e s on b o t h h i g h - and l o w - v o l r a g e s i d e s
s h o u l d be t a p e d f o r f u l l v o l t a g e and p a i n t e d w i t h a h i g h i n s u l a t i o n w a t e r - r e s i s t a n t
coa t i n g e
4.5.3.3 The f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s a p p l y t o t h e g r o u n d i n g o f
cables.

a) A l l s h i e l d e d power c a b l e s s h o u l d h a v e t h e s h i e l d grounded a t e a c h e n d .
The g r o u n d i n g c o n d u c t o r s h o u l d be c o n n e c t e d t o a ground r o d by means o f
a grounding connector s p e c i f i c a l l y designed f o r t h i s purpose. The
s h i e l d s o r armor on d i r e c t e a r t h - b u r i e d power c a b l e s s h o u l d be grounded
on e a c h e n d , b u t n o t a t t h e s p l i c e s .

b) A l l s h i e l d e d c o n t r o l c a b l e s s h o u l d h a v e t h e s h i e l d grounded a t e a c h e n d .
The s h i e l d a t e a c h s p l i c e s h o u l d have i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e f r o m ground
e q u a l t o t h a t of t h e o r i g i n a l c a b l e .

c) -
Telephone c a b l e s s h o u l d have t h e s h i e l d s grounded a t one end o n l y . The
s h i e l d a t e a c h s p l i c e s h o u l d have i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e f r o m ground
e q u a l t o t h a t of t h e o r i g i n a l c a b l e .

d) C o a x i a l c a b l e s h i e l d s s h o u l d be i n s u l a t e d f r o m ground t h r o u g h o u t t h e
l e n g t h of t h e c a b l e r u n . The s h i e l d s s h o u l d be grounded o n l y a t t h e
c o a x i a l c o n n e c t o r t e r m i n a t i n g i n t o t h e equipment on e a c h end o f t h e
c a b l e run,

4.5.4 Pressurized type coaxial cables

4.5.4.1 Precautions. S p e c i a l p r e c a u t i o n s s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d d u r i n g t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n
of g a s - f i l l e d c o a x i a l c a b l e s . These c a b l e s s h o u l d be f u r n i s h e d and i n s t a l l e d i n one
p i e c e u n d e r n i t r o g e n g a s p r e s s u r e w i t h c a b l e and s e a l s k e p t s e c u r e l y i n p l a c e a t a l l
t i m e s d u r i n g c a b l e h a n d l i n g , s h i p p i n g , and i n s t a l l a t i o n . Do n o t c u t o r s p l i c e t h i s
c a b l e a t a n y t i m e . A s t h e c a b l e i s unwound from t h e r e e l , a s u p p l e m e n t a r y d e v i c e f o r
s t r a i g h t e n i n g t h i s c a b l e i s d e s i r a b l e , Utmost c a r e s h o u l d be e x e r c i s e d a t a l l t i m e s t o
p r e v e n t k j n k i n g a n y p a r t of t h e c a b l e d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n .

4.5.4.2 P r e - i n s t a l l a t i o n c h e c k , I n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e whether t h e c a b l e h a s b e e n
damaged o r p u n c t u r e d , d e t e r m i n e i f t h e n i t r o g e n g a s s h i p p i n g p r e s s u r e i s s t i l l r e t a i n e d
i n the cable. I f t h i s g a s p r e s s u r e r e a d i n g h a s d e c r e a s e d and t h e l o s s i s n o t due t o
t e m p e r a t u r e change, a n i t r o g e n g a s t e s t s h o u i d be conducted.

4.5.4.3 .
S t y r o f l e x c o a x i a l c a b l e of 4 5 mm d i a m e t e r
s h o u l d n o t be s u b j e c t e d t o a bending r a d i u s of l e s s t h a n one m e t r e d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n
o r l e s s t h a n 0.6 m e t r e r a d i u s when s e c u r e d i n p l a c e . The maximum a l l o w a b l e p u l l i n g
t e n s i o n f o r t h i s s i z e of c a b l e i s 800 kg. H e l i a x c o a x i a l c a b l e s h o u l d n o t b e s u b j e c t e d
t o a b e n d i n g r a d i u s of l e s s t h a n 0.75 m e t r e d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n n o r l e s s t h a n a 0.5
m e t r e r a d i u s when s e c u r e d i n p l a c e . The maximum a l l o w a b l e p u l l i n g t e n s i o n f o r t h i s s i z e
of c a b l e i s 380 kg.

4.5.4.4 S l a c k c o i l c a b l e l o o p s s h o u l d n o t be used f o r p r e s s u r i z e d c o a x i a l c a b l e s .
The c a b l e end s h o u l d be f e d t h r o u g h t h e o p e n i n g p r o v i d e d a t t h e b u i l d i n g f r o m t h e r e e l
located outside the building. The c a b l e between t h e s t r u c t u r e e n t r a n c e and t h e
r e s p e c t i v e c a b l e end s h o u l d c o n t i n u e i n t o t h e b u i l d i n g on r e l a t i v e l y t h e same h o r i z o n t a l
plane. Bends s h o u l d n o t be l e s s t h a n t h e minimum p r e s c r i b e d above. T e m p o r a r i l y s u p p o r t
t h e c a b l e end s o t h a t t h e c a b l e w i l l n o t "droop" o r "hang", p e n d i n g f i n a l c o n n e c t i o n t o
the e l e c t r o n i c apparatus.
 Cable i n s t a l l a t i o n i n saw c u t s

4.5.5.1 Use of saw c u t s . When new l i g h t s a r e i n s t a l l e d i n e x i s t i n g p a v e m e n t s , f o r

example, runway c e n t r e l i n e and touchdown zone l i g h t s and t a x i w a y c e n t r e l i n e l i g h t s ,
c a b l e i n s t a l l a t i o n i n saw c u t s o r k e r f s may be r e q u i r e d . Only s e c o n d a r y c i r c u i t s of
i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d i n saw c u t s . This technique should = b e
used i n new pavement a s i t weakens t h e pavement.

4.5.5.2 C u t t i n g t h e pavement. Saw c u t s a r e made w i t h diamond b l a d e s a w s . The saw

c u t o r k e r f s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n 1 cm wide and n o t l e s s t h a n 2 cm d e e p . The w i d t h
and d e p t h s h o u l d be i n c r e a s e d i f s e v e r a l c a b l e s a r e t o be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e same saw c u t
and a t e n t r a n c e s t o l i g h t f i x t u r e s , t r a n s f o r m e r e n c l o s u r e s , and s p l i c e chambers. The
d e p t h of t h e k e r f s h o u l d be i n c r e a s e d s u f f i c i e n t l y t o a l l o w s l a c k w i r e u n d e r t h e pave-
ment j o i n t where a saw c u t c r o s s e s a c o n s t r u c t i o n j o i n t i n t h e pavement. A l l saw c u t s
s h o u l d be i n s t r a i g h t l i n e s w i t h v e r t i c a l s i d e s . The i n t e r s e c t i n g e d g e s s h o u l d be
chamfered where saw c u t s i n t e r s e c t t o r e d u c e damage t o t h e c a b l e i n s u l a t i o n . It may be
d e s i r a b l e t o c o l l e c t t h e d e b r i s from saw c u t t i n g and p r o c e s s i t t o r e c o v e r t h e diamond
grit.

4.5.5.3 C l e a n i n g t h e saw c u t . The saw c u t s h o u l d be s a n d b l a s t e d t o remove a l l

f o r e i g n and l o o s e m a t e r i a l . Sand f o r b l a s t i n g s h o u l d be of t h e p r o p e r s i z e and q u a l i t y
f o r t h i s work and a p p l i e d w i t h p r o p e r s i z e n o z z l e s and a i r p r e s s u r e . Immediately p r i o r
t o i n s t a l l i n g t h e c a b l e s o r w i r e s , t h e saw c u t s h o u l d be f l u s h e d w i t h a high-speed j e t
of w a t e r o r s t e a m and d r i e d w i t h a h i g h s p e e d j e t of a i r . Keep t h i s a r e a c l e a n u n t i l
c o m p l e t i o n of t h e work.

4.5.5.4 I n s t a L l a t i o n of c a b l e s i n saw c u t s . Since t h e s e c a b l e s a r e f o r t h e

s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t of i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s , 6 0 0 - v o l t i n s u l a t i o n s u i t a b l e f o r wet o r
damp l o c a t i o n s s h o u l d be u s e d . P o l y v i n y l - c h l o r i d e , p o l y e t h y l e n e , r u b b e r , and e t h y l e n e -
probylene-rubber a r e s u i t a b l e t y p e s of i n s u l a t i o n . A j a c k e t o v e r t h e i n s u l a t i o n i s n o t
required. The c o n d u c t o r s h o u l d be s t r a n d e d c o p p e r n o t l e s s t h a n 3.3 mm2 i n c r o s s -
sectional area. I f t h e t o t a l l e n g t h of t h e c o n d u c t o r w i l l e x c e e d 350 m e t r e s , t h e
cotlductor s i z e s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n 5.2 mm2. Usuaily single-conductor w i r e i s used,
b u t two-conductor c a b l e i s a c c e p t a b l e . Do n o t s p l i c e t h e c a b l e i n t h e s a w c u t s ; u s e
o n l y f u l l l e n g t h r u n s of c a b l e . Tile c a b l e s s h o u l d be p l a c e d a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e saw
c a t s and a n c h o r e d w i t h r u b b e r o r p l a s t i c wedges o r w i t h n o n - c o r r o s i v e m e t a l c l i p s .
There i s n o need f o r s e p a r a t i o n of c a b l e s when more t h a n o n e c a b l e i s p l a c e d i n t h e same
cut. The wedges o r c l i p s s h o u l d be s p a c e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y one m e t r e a p a r t e x c e p t t h a t
c l o s e r s p a c i n g may be d e s i r e d a t pavement j o i n t s , saw c u t i n t e r s e c t i o n s , a n d e n t r a n c e s
t o s p l i c e chambers o r l i g h t s . C a b l e s s h o u l d be e n c a s e d i n f l e x i b l e t u b i n g o f
p o l y e t h l e n e o r o t h e r s u i t a b l e m a t e r i a l of n o t l e s s t h a n 0.3 m e t r e i n l e n g t h a t j o i n t s i n
t h e pavements. The s i z e of t h e t u b i n g s h o u l d be s u f f i c i e n t t o a l l o w movement of t h e
cables. The t u b i n g s h o u l d be c e n t e r e d on t h e j o i n t and t h e e n d s o f t h e t u b i n g wrapped
w i t h t a p e t o p r e v e n t t h e e n t r a n c e of s e a l i n g m a t e r i a l s .

4.5.5.5 S e a l i n g t h e saw c u t . The saw c u t s h o u l d be s e a l e d w i t h s u i t a b l e a d h e s i v e

compounds a l o n g t h e e n t i r e l e n g - th a f t e r the cables a r e installed. The compounds a r e
u s t i a l l y two-component l i q u i d t y p e s s u i t a b l e f o r t h e c a b l e i n s u l a t i o n and t h e t y p e o f
concrete. T e s t samples of t h e s e a l a n t s h o u l d have a minimum e l o n g a t i o n o f 4 5 p e r c e n t .
The a d h e s i v e components s h o u l d n o t be o l d e r t h a n recommended by t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r and
s h o u l d n o t be s t o r e d where t h e t e m p e r a t u r e e x c e e d s 30°C o r t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s
recommendations. The m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s i r ~ s t r u c t i o n ss h o u l d be f o l l o w e d i n m i x i n g and
installing. U s u a l l y i f t h e a d h e s i v e components a r e p r e v a r m e d t o 25OC b e f o r e a n d d u r i n g
m i x i n g , t h e compound may b e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y i n s t a l l e d a n d c u r e d w i t h o u t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n
o f e x t e r n a l h e a t i f t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e i s 7OC o r g r e a t e r . The j o i n t s o f pavement
i n t h e a r e a s o f saw c u t s s h o u l d b e packed w i t h r o v i n g m a t e r i a l s u c h a s hemp, j u t e ,
c o t t o n , o r f l a x t o p r e v e n t t h e s e a l i n g m a t e r i a l from f l o w i n g i n t o t h e open j o i n t . All
s u r p l u s a n d s p i l l e d m a t e r i a l s h o u l d b e removed.

4.5.5.6 Cable t e r m i n a t i o n s . Cables s h o u l d b e p r o p e r l y t e r m i n a t e d i n f i x t u r e s ,

t r a n s f o r m e r e n c l o s u r e s , a n d s p l i c e chambers. The e n t r a n c e s t o t h e s e t e r m i n a t i o n u n i t s
s h o u l d be s e a l e d . The t e r m i n a t i o n e n d s of t h e c a b l e s s h o u l d b e s u i t a b l y c o n n e c t e d a n d
t h e c a b l e p r o t e c t e d f r o m m o i s t u r e e n t e r i n g t h e c a b l e between t h e c o n d u c t o r a n d t h e e n d
of t h e i n s u l a t i o n .

4.5.6 Cable marking

4.5.6.1 A l l c a b l e s a n d c a b l e r o u t e s s h o u l d b e marked f o r e a s y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n i n t h e
future.

4.5.6.2 C a b l e t a g g i n g . A l l c a b l e s s h o u l d b e t a g g e d i n e a c h manhole o r h a n d h o l e w i t h
n o t less t h a n two t a g s p e r c a b l e , o n e n e a r e a c h d u c t e n t r a n c e h o l e . Tags s h o u l d be
a t t a c h e d t o t h e c a b l e immediately a f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n . Cable t e r m i n a t i o n s and p o t h e a d s
s h o u l d be tagged a s t o f u n c t i o n , f a c i l i t y which i t s e r v e s , and o t h e r p e r t i n e n t d a t a .
Tags s h o u l d be o f s u i t a b l e s i z e a n d t h i c k n e s s , p r e f e r a b l y o f c o p p e r . They s h o u l d b e
s e c u r e l y a t t a c h e d t o t h e c a b l e u s i n g n y l o n c o r d . Marking o f t a g s s h o u l d c o n s i s t o f a n
a b b r e v i a t i o n o f t h e name of f a c i l i t y o r f a c i l i t i e s s e r v e d by t h e c a b l e , t h e l e t t e r
i n d i c a t i n g t h e t y p e of s e r v i c e (power, t e l e p h o n e , c o n t r o l and r a d i o f r e q u e n c y ( c o a x ) )
p r o v i d e d by t h e c a b l e . Where t e l e p h o n e t y p e c a b l e i s u s e d f o r c o n t r o l f u n c t i o n s , i t
s h o u l d b e marked a s a c o n t r o l c a b l e , n o t a t e l e p h o n e c a b l e . Where two o r more i d e n t i c a l
c a b l e s are u s e d t o s e r v e t h e same f a c i l i t y , t h e y may b e b u n d l e d u n d e r o n e t a g .

4.5.6.3 Cable r o u t e markers. D i r e c t e a r t h - b u r i a l c a b l e r o u t e s s h o u l d b e marked

e v e r y 6 0 m e t r e s a l o n g t h e c a b l e r u n , a t e a c h c h a n g e o f d i r e c t i o n o f t h e c a b l e , and a t
e a c h c a b l e s p l i c e w i t h a c o n c r e t e s l a b m a r k e r of s u i t a b l e s i z e a n d t h i c k n e s s i % e s e
m a r k e r s s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e f i n a l b a c k f i l l of t h e c a b l e t r e n c h . The
m a r k e r s s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d f l a t i n t h e g r o u n d w i t h t h e t o p a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2.5 c m a b o v e
t h e f i n i s h e d g r a d e , A f t e r t h e c o n c r e t e m a r k e r h a s s e t a minimum o f 2 4 h o u r s , t h e t o p
s u r f a c e shoilld be p a i n t e d b r i g h t orange w i t h pairit s u i t a b l e f o r uncured e x t e r i o r
concrete. Each c a b l e marker s h o u l d h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n i m p r e s s e d upon i t s
top surface:

a) t h e word "CABLE" o r "SPLICL". The l e t t e r d e s i g n a t i n g t h e t y p e o f c a b l e

s p l i c e d s h o u l d p r e c e d e t h e word "SPLICE";

b) t h e name of t h e f a c i l i t y s e r v e d ;

c) t h e t y p e o f c a b l e i n s t a l l e d s h o u l d b e marked w i t h "POWEK", "CONTROL",

"Tk3LEPHONE", o r "COAXIAL", o r w i t h s u i t a b l e a b b r e v i a t i o n s f o r t h e s e
terms. The d e s i g n a t i o n o f a l l t y p e c a b l e s i n s t a l l e d s h o u l d b e shown o n
t h e marker;

d) arrows t o i n d i c a t e t h e d i r e c t i o n o r change of d i r e c t i o n o f t h e c a b l e
run;
 e) t h e l e t t e r s s h o u l d n o t be less t h a n 10 cm h i g h , 7 c m w i d e a n d 1 c m d e e p ;

f) c a b l e s i n s t a l l e d i n d u c t o r conduit should have c a b l e markers i n s t a l l e d

e v e r y 60 m e t r e s a n d a t e v e r y c h a n g e i n d i r e c t i o n of c a b l e , e x c e p t
markers should n o t be i n s t a l l e d i n c o n c r e t e o r a s p h a l t s u r f a c e s ; and

g) manholes a n d h a n d h o l e s s h a l l b e i d e n t i f i e d by p u r p o s e .

4.5.7 Enclosures f o r connections

4.5.7.1 I n s t a l l a t i o n of e n c l o s u r e s . Most c a b l e c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e i s o l a t i n g
t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e i n t r a n s f o r m e r e n c l o s u r e s , i n b a s e s f o r l i g h t i n g f i x t u r e s which a r e
below t h e s u r f a c e a t t h e e d g e o f paved runways o r t a x i w a y s , o r i n t h e pavement.
P r e f e r a b l y , t h e s e e n c l o s u r e s a r e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e d e s i g n a t e d l o c a t i o n s i n a poured
c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n w h i c h e n c a s e s t h e e n c l o s u r e c o n t a i n e r by n o t l e s s t h a n 1 0 t o 1 5 cm
of c o n c r e t e around t h e bottom and s i d e s . Metal c o n d u i t s connected t o e n t r a n c e s of t h e
c o n t a i n e r f o r a d m i t t i n g t h e c a b l e s of t h e c i r c u i t s h o u l d e x t e n d t h r o u g h t h e c o n c r e t e
walls. T h e s e c o n d u i t s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d w i t h clamps f o r c o n n e c t i n g t h e g r o u n d w i r e s o r
c o u n t e r p o i s e s . The t o p o f t h e c o n t a i n e r must be l e v e l a n d a t t h e p r o p e r d e p t h below t h e
t o p s u r f a c e of t h e c o n c r e t e f o r m o u n t i n g t h e l i g h t f i x t u r e o r c o v e r p l a t e . A holding
d e v i c e o r j i g s h o u l d be used t o m a i n t a i n l e v e l , a l i g n m e n t , and p r o p e r d e p t h of t h e t o p
o f t h e e n c l o s u r e c o n t a i n e r d u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d c u r i n g of t h e c o n c r e t e . The e n d s of
c a b l e s a r e p u l l e d i n t o t h e e n c l o s u r e c o n t a i n e r a n d t h e e n d of t h e c o n d u i t o u t s i d e t h e
c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n i s s e a l e d a r o u n d t h e c a b l e w i t h a s u i t a b l e compound t o k e e p t h e
e n c l o s u r e f r e e of w a t e r . The e l e v a t e d l i g h t s , s e m i - f l u s h l i g h t s , o r b l a n k c o v e r s
mounted on t h e s e c o n t a i n e r s s h o u l d i n c l u d e a g a s k e t o r o t h e r means o f s e a l i n g t o p r e v e n t
water from e n t e r i n g t h e c o n t a i n e r .

4.5.7.2 I n s t a l l a t i o n i n e x i s t i n g pavement. I f l i g h t s a r e t o be i n s t a l l e d i n
e x i s t i n g p a v e m e n t s , i n s t a l l i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m e r e n c l o s u r e s i n c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n s may
n o t be p r a c t i c a l . Usually t h e t r a n s f o r m e r e n c l o s u r e i s l o c a t e d a t t h e e d g e of t h e
pavement a n d t h e s e c o n d a r y c a b l e s t o t h e l i g h t a r e i n s t a l l e d i n saw c u t s . A transformer
e n c l o s u r e , j u n c t i o n box, o r t h e l i g h t f i x t u r e may b e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e l o c a t i o n f o r t h e
l i g h t f o r making t h e c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e l i g h t by b o r i n g a h o l e of t h e p r o p e r s i z e a n d
d e p t h i n t h e pavement. The l i g h t f i x u t r e may b e mounted o n a n e n c l o s u r e o r b e of a t y p e
s u i t a b l e f o r i n s t a l l i n g d i r e c t l y i n t h e h o l e . H o l e s of p r o p e r d i a m e t e r f o r r h e f i x t u r e s
o r e n c l o s u r e s s h o u l d b e b o r e d i n t h e pavement w i t h diamond-edged b i t s . The b o t t o m o f
t h e h o l e f o r j u n c t i o n b o x e s and l i g h t E i x t u r e s s h o u l d b e f l a t o r s l i g h t l y c o n c a v e e x c e p t
t h a t a n a r e a 2.5 cm wide a r o u n d t h e p e r i m e t e r s h o u l d b e f l a t , If t h e holes a r e d r i l l e d
t o o d e e p , t h e y s h o u l d b e f i l l e d w i t h s e a l a n t compound t o t h e d e s i r e d d e p t h a n d t h e
compound p e r m i t t e d t o c u r e b e f o r e p r o c e e d i n g w i t h t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n .

4.5.7.3 Installing t h e enclosure. The s i d e s a n d b o t t o m of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r

e n c l o s u r e , j u n c t i o n box, o r f i x t u r e s h o u l d be s a n d b l a s t e d i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o
installation. Also s a n d b l a s t t h e i n s i d e f a c e s of t h e bored h o l e . The b o t t o m and s i d e s
o f t h e e n c l o s u r e o r f i x t u r e a n d t h e f a c e s and bottom o f t h e b o r e d h o l e s h o u l d be c o v e r e d
w i t h a c o a t i n g of a s u i t a b l e s e a l a n t w i t h a minimum amount t h a t w i l l c o m p l e t e l y f i l l t h e
s p a c e b e t w e e n t h e c o n c r e t e a n d t h e f i x t u r e o r e n c l o s u r e . 'L'he s e a l a n t compound i s
u s u a l l y a t w o - p a r t p a s t e compound which i s mixed a n d i n s t a l l e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e
m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s i n s t r u c t i - o n s . A h o l d i n g d e v i c e o r j i g s h o u l d be u s e d f o r i n s t a l l i n g e a c h
l i g h t o r e n c l o s u r e t o a s s u r e i t s p r o p e r e l e v a t i o n a n d a l i g n m e n t . The h o l d i n g d e v i c e
s h o u l d b e l e f t i n p l n c e u n t i l t h e s e a l a n t h a s s e t - The c a b l e s s h o u l d b e p u l l e d i n a n d
brought i n t o p o s i t i o n f o r c o n n e c t i n g o r s p l i c i n g a s r e q u i r e d and t h e e n t r a n c e should be
qeaied. A l l s u r p l u s s e a l a n t o r embedding compound s h o u l d b e re:noved.
4.5.7.4 Direct-burial i s o l a t i n g
transformers depth a s the cables connected t o
the transformers. Transformers and c a b l e s s h o u l d be a r r a n g e d s o t h a t t h e r e w i l l be n o
bends o r s t r e s s e s on t h e c o n n e c t o r s , and t h e c a b l e s and l e a d s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d w i t h
s l a c k t o accommodate e a r t h s e t t l i n g and f r o s t heaves. Use p r o p e r c o n n e c t o r s and t a p e
t h e o u t s i d e j o i n t w i t h 2 o r 3 t u r n s of e l e c t r i c a l tape. Do n o t make s p l i c e s f o r
connecting t h e cables t o t h e transformers.

4.5.7.5 I n s t a l l i n g i s o l a t i n g transformers i n transformer enclosures. When i s o l a t i n g

transformers a r e i n s t a l l e d i n transformer enclosures, t h e transformers should be
p o s i t i o n e d w i t h a f l a t s i d e on t h e bottoms of t h e e n c l o s u r e s , i f p o s s i b l e . Connect t h e
c a b l e s t o t h e l e a d s of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s u s i n g s u i t a b l e c o n n e c t o r s , n o t s p l i c e s , and t a p e
the joints. Connectors s h o u l d l i e f l a t on t h e bottoms of t h e e n c l o s u r e s w i t h o u t bending
o r tension i f possible. Ground c o n n e c t i o n s on i s o l a t i n g t r a n s f o r m e r s s h o u l d b e
c o n n e c t e d t o t h e ground w i r e i f s u c h c o n n e c t i o n s a r e p r o v i d e d . If t h e i n t e r n a l tempera-
t u r e s i n t h e e n c l o s u r e s w i l l be more t h a n 120°C, a s e c t i o n of alurninum f o i l between t h e
l i g h t f i x t u r e s and t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s w i l l r e d u c e t h e e f f e c t s of t h e h e a t on t h e
transformer.
 W m S FOR UPJD UND SERVICE AT AEELODROaS

5.1 FEATURES OF THE CABLES

5.1.1.1 Insulation. The f o l l o w i n g i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s a r e commonly s p e c i f i e d

b e c a u s e t h e y p r o v i d e t h e maximum r a t e d c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e s f o r o p e r a t i n g , o v e r l o a d ,
a n d s h o r t - c i r c u i t c o n d i . t i o n s f o r c a b l e s r a t e d up t o a maximum o f 35 k i l o v o l t s :

a) C r o s s - l i n k e d p o l y e t h y l e n e (XLP). T h i s t h e r m o - s e t t i n g compound h a s
e x c e l l e n t e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s , good c h e m i c a l r e s i s t a n c e , good p h y s i c a l
s t r e n g t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a n d r e m a i n s f l e x i b l e a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s .

b) E t h y l e n e - p r o p y l e n e r u b b e r (EPR). T h i s compound h a s e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r -
ties which a r e c o n s i d e r e d e q u a l t o c r o s s - l i n k e d p o l y e t h y l e n e ; there-
f o r e , t h e c o n t r a c t o r should be given t h e option t o provide e i t h e r type.

5.1.1.2 The f o l l o w i n g i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s may b e u s e d where s p e c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s

w a r r a n t t h e i r l o w e r r a t e d c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e s o r t h e i r l o w e r r a t e d maximum v o l t a g e
class.

a) Rubber. Rubber i n s u l a t e d c o n d u c t o r s p r o v i d e e a s e o f s p l i c i n g , good

m o i s t u r e r e s i s t a n c e , a n d low d i e l e c t r i c l o s s e s .

b) Varnished cambric. Varnished cambric i n s u l a t i o n i s used f o r r e s i s t a n c e

t o o z o n e a n d o i l and f o r e a s e of s p l i c i n g . Use v a r n i s h e d c a m b r i c p r i n -
c i p a l l y i n conjlanction w i t h p a p e r i n s u l a t e d c a b l e where o i l m i g r a t i o n i s
a problem, Where i n s t a l l e d i n wet o r h i g h l y humid l o c a t i o n s o r u n d e r -
g r o u n d , v a r n i s h e d - c a m b r i c i n s l i l a t i o n must be p r o v i d e d w i t h a s u i t a b l e
sheath.

P a p e r i n s u l a t e d . Use p a p e r i r l s u l a t e d c a b l e f o r low i o n i z a t i o n , l o n g
l i f e , h i g h d i e l e c t r i c s t r e n g t h , low d i e l e c t r i c l o s s e s , a n d good s t a b l e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s under temperature v a r i a t i o n s . As w i t h varnished-cambric
i n s u l a t i o n , paper i n s u l a t i o n requires a s u i t a b l e p r o t e c t i v e m e t a l l i c
sheath. It may b e s p e c i f i e d a s a n o p t i o n when e x i s t i n g c a b l e s a r e p a p e r
i n s u l a t e d , o r as a r e q u i r e m e n t when t h e e x t r a c o s t i s j u s t i f i e d b e c a u s e
n e i t h e r cross-linked polyethylene o r ethylene-propylene rubber provide
the required qualities.

d) Butyl rubber. This t h e r m o s e t t i n g i n s u l a t i o n h a s h i g h d i e l e c t r i c

s t r e n g t h and i s h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t t o m o i s t u r e , h e a t , and ozone. T t can
b e u s e d up t o 3 5 k i l o v o l t s , b u t h a s l o w e r r a t e d c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e s
than e i t h e r cross-linked polyethylene o r ethylene-propylene rubber.
 e) Silicone rubber. This t h e r m o s e t t i n g i n s u l a t i o n i s h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t t o
corona. It c a n b e u s e d i n w e t o r d r y l o c a t i o n s ,
exposed, o r i n conduit. It h a s t h e h i g h e s t r a t e d c o n d u c t o r t e m p e r a t u r e s
b u t c a n be u s e d o n l y f o r a p p l i c a t i o n s u p t o f i v e k i l o v o l t s .

5.1.1.3 Cable s h e a t h s

a) Nonmetallic. Nonmetallic s h e a t h s s h o u l d be f l e x i b l e , m o i s t u r e r e p e l -
l a n t , and l o n g l a s t i n g . Neoprene, w h i c h i s o f t e n u s e d as n o n m e t a l l i c
c a b l e s h e a t h s , i s u n s u i t a b l e i n many l o c a t i o n s . T h i s material f r e -
q u e n t l y a b s o r b s e x c e s s i v e amounts o f w a t e r w h i c h may p e n e t r a t e t h r o u g h
t o the insulation. Some n o n m e t a l l i c s h e a t h m a t e r i a l s , e s p e c i a l l y i n
some t r o p i c a l a r e a s , are r e p o r t e d t o b e damaged by m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s ,
i n s e c t s , and p l a n t l i f e . Some s h e a t h materials, w h i c h p e r f o r m w e l l
where i n s t a l l e d u n d e r g r o u n d o r i n c o n d u i t s , d e t e r i o r a t e r a p i d l y i f
i n s t a l l e d where i t i s e x p o s e d t o s u n l i g h t . M a t e r i a l s w h i c h become b r i t -
t l e a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d i n c o l d r e g i o n s . I n some
l o c a t i o n s , r o d e n t s f r e q u e n t l y damage n o n m e t a l l i c - s h e a t h e d c a b l e . In
t h e s e a r e a s t h e c a b l e s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d i n d u c t s o r m e t a l l i c - s h e a t h e d
c a b l e s h o u l d be u s e d *

b) Metallic. C a b l e s e x p o s e d t o m e c h a n i c a l damage o r h i g h i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e
r e q u i r e a m e t a l l i c s h e a t h , s u c h a s l e a d , aluminurn, o r s t e e l . Certain
i n s u l a t i o n s , s u c h as p a p e r a n d v a r n i s h e d c a m b r i c , r e q u i r e s u c h
protection i n a l l cases.

5.1.1.4 Cable coverings. A s u i t a b l e c o v e r i n g o r j a c k e t may b e r e q u i r e d f o r

c o r r o s i o n p r o t e c t i o n of m e t a l l i c s h e a t h s .

5.1.1.5 Shielded cables. S h i e l d i n g of a m e d i u m v o l t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n c a b l e i s

r e q u i r e d t o c o n f i n e t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d t o t h e i n s u l a t i o n i t s e l f and t o p r e v e n t l e a k a g e
c u r r e n t s from r e a c h i n g t h e o u t s i d e s u r f a c e of t h e c a b l e . Insulation shielding i s
r e q u i r e d on a l l n o n m e t a l l i c - s h i e l d e d c a b l e r a t e d two k i l o v o l t s a n d a b o v e , e x c e p t f o r
aerodrome-lighting s e r i e s - c i r c u i t c a b l e s , and a l l m e t a l l i c - s h e a t h e d c a b l e r a t e d f i v e
k i l o v o l t s a n d above. S h i e l d s should be grounded t o reduce t h e h a z a r d s of shock.
tirouttding i s r e q u i r e d a t e a c h t e r m i n a t i o n , o t h e r w i s e d a n g e r o u s i n d u c e d s h i e l d v o i t a g e s
may o c c u r .

5.1.1.6 Cable f i r e p r o o f i n g . C a b l e s i n m a n h o l e s , h a n d h o l e s , and t r a n s f o r m e r v a u l t s

o p e r a t i n g a t 2 400 v o l t s o r o v e r , o r e x p o s e d t o t h e f a i l u r e o f o t h e r c a b l e s o p e r a t i n g a t
t h e s e v o l t a g e s , s h o u l d be f i r e p r o o f e d w i t h a s u i t a b l e s p r a y c o a t i n g . E x c e p t i o n s may b e
made w h e r e p h y s i c a l ~ e p a r a t i o n , i s o l a t i o n by b a r r i e r s , o r o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s p e r m i t .

5.1.1.7 P r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t c o r o n a damage. I n s u l a t i o n o f h i g h v o l t a g e c a b l e s which

may b e damaged by ozone s h o u l d b e p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t t h i s damage by c o n t r o l l i n g c o r o n a ,
which p r o d u c e s o z o n e , by p l a c i n g a t h i n s e m i - c o n d u c t i n g f i l m b e t w e e n t h e c o n d u c t o r and
i t s i n s u l a t i o n . T h i s f i l m f i l l s t h e v o i d s between t h e c o n d u c t o r a n d t h e i n s u l a t i o n t h u s
p r e v e n t i n g t h e g e n e r a t i o n of corona and hence ozone. ( S e e 5.1.3.6.)

5.1.1.8 C a b l e c o n d u c t o r s . Annealed c o p p e r i s u s e d i n most f o r m s o f i n s u l a t e d con-

d u c t o r s because of i t s h i g h c o n d ~ t c t i v i t y ,f l e x i b i l i t y , and e a s e of h a n d l i n g . Medium-
h a r d d r a w n c o p p e r has g r e a t e r t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h t h a n s n n e a l e d c o p p F r , Aluminure con-
d u c t o r s may be p e r m i t t e d a s a c o n d u c t o r P s o p t i o n e x c e p t where c o r r o s i v e c o n d i t i o n s l i m i t
t h e i r tLsage;
 Classes of s e r v i c e

5.1.2.1 L o w v o l t a g e c a b l e s -- i n s u l a t i o n r a t e d a t 600 v o l t s o r
less -- a r e u s e d t o c o n n e c t t h e s e c o n d a r i e s of s e r i e s / s e r i e s i s o l a t i n g transformers t o
t h e lamps i n t h e f i x t u r e s , f o r l o w v o l t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t s , a n d as l o w v o l t a g e
f e e d e r c i r c u i t s t o s i n g l e u n i t s a n d t h e s h o r t e r c i r c u i t s . The c o n d u c t o r s are u s u a l l y
c o p p e r b u t may b e aluminum, a n d e i t h e r s i n g l e - o r m u l t i - c o n d u c t o r c a b l e s are u s e d . Both
s o l i d and s t r a n d e d c o n d u c t o r s a r e u s e d b u t s t r a n d e d i s p r e f e r r e d i f f r e q u e n t f l e x i n g o f
t h e c a b l e i s expected. The c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e c o n d u c t o r may v a r y f r o m 2 mm2 t o
8 mm 2 o r l a r g e r i f n e c e s s a r y t o d e c r e a s e t h e v o l t a g e d r o p .

5.1.2.2 High-voltage c a b l e s . For aerodrome l i g h t i n g , h i g h v o l t a g e c a b l e s a r e u s e d

m o s t l y f o r s o u r c e power d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d f e e d e r c a b l e s . The c r i t e r i a a n d materials are
t h e same as f o r power d i s t r i b u t i o n c a b l e s d i s c u s s e d i n p a r a g r a p h s 2.5.5 t o 2.5.7. The
v o l t a g e s u s e d u s u a l l y r a n g e f r o m 1 000 t o 5 000 v o l t s . Conductor s i z e s u s u a l l y a r e i n
t h e r a n g e o f 3.3 mm2 t o 21 mm2 i n c r o s s s e c t i o n b u t l a r g e r s i z e s a r e o c c a s i o n a l l y u s e d .
T h e s e c a b l e s may be e i t h e r s i n g l e - c o n d u c t o r o r two- o r t h r e e - c o n d u c t o r c a b l e s . Consider
t h e s o i l , e n v i r o n m e n t , method o f i n s t a l l a t i o n , s u b j e c t i o n t o c h e m i c a l s , a n d a n y s p e c i a l
problems i n s e l e c t i n g t h e i n s u l a t i o n , j a c k e t s , s h e a t h i n g , and s h i e l d i n g f o r t h e s e
cables.

5.1.2.3 S e r i e s a e r o d r o m e l i g h t i n g c a b l e s . The r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e c a b l e s f o r t h i s
p u r p o s e h a v e b e e n s t a n d a r d i z e d more t h a n h a v e t h e c a b l e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r m o s t power
c i r c u i t s . The s e r i e s c u r r e n t u s e d i n t h e s e c i r c u i t s i s b e t w e e n 6 a n d 20 a m p e r e s . The
c o n d u c t o r s i z e commonly u s e d i s 8.4 mm2 i n c r o s s - s e c t i o n b u t some 3.3 mm2 c a b l e i s a l s o
used. These c a b l e s a r e s i n g l e - c o n d u c t o r . The c o n d u c t o r i s u s u a l l y s t r a n d e d b u t s o l i d
c o n d u c t o r c a n a l s o be used. The i n s u l a t i o n i s u s u a l l y 5 O O O v o l t r a t e d . A non-metallic
j a c k e t o v e r t h e i n s u l a t i o n i s commonly u s e d . M e t a l l i c - t a p e s h i e l d i n g b e t w e e n t h e i n s u l -
a t i o n a n d j a c k e t o r between t h e j a c k e t a n d n o n - m e t a l l i c c o v e r i n g i s o f t e n u s e d b u t may
n o t b e r e q u i r e d f o r some i n s t a l l a t i o n . The p r e f e r r e d s e r i e s - l i g h t i n g c a b l e s a r e
s t r a n d e d , c o p p e r , 8.3 mm2 c o n d u c t o r ; c r o s s - l i n k e d p o l y e t h y l e n e , e t h y l e n e - p r o p y l e n e - r u b -
ber, o r bunarubber insulation; chlorosulfonated polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride,
p o l y e t h y l e n e , o r heavy d u t y n e o p r e n e j a c k e t e d ; m e t a l - t a p e s h i e l d e d t y p e s .

5.1.2.4 Control cables. Control cables a r e l o w v o l t a g e cables u s u a l l y i n p a i r s o r

multi-condiictor. A g r o u p of s i n g l e - c o n d u c t o r c a b l e s may be u s e d f o r some s i m p l e c o n t r o l
circuits. Some c o n t r o l c a b l e s h a v e one o r two l a r g e r c o n d u c t o r s f o r t h e l i n e v o l t a g e
a n d / o r n e u t r a l and s e v e r a l s m a l l e r conductors f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l c o n t r o l s , Other
i n s t a l l a t i o n s may u s e a p a i r o f l a r g e r w i r e s f o r t h e l i n e a n d n e u t r a l and o t h e r c a b l e s
w i t h many s m a l l e r c o n d u c t o r w i r e s f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l c o n t r o l s . M u l t i - c o n d u c t o r c o n t r o l
c a b l e s h a v e 7, 1 2 , 1 6 , o r many more c o n d u c t o r s a r e u s e d . Most c o n t r o l c a b l e s h a v e
s t r a n d e d c o p p e r c o n d u c t o r s . The s i z e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r i s s e l e c t e d tc:, k e e p t h e l i n e
voltage drop within an acceptable range. The c r o s s s e c t i o n a l s i z e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s i s
u s u a l l y b e t w e e n 3.3 mm2 a n d 0.5 mm2. The i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e r a t i n g must b e s u i t a b l e
f o r t h e c o n t r o l v o l t a g e which i s u s u a l l y 250 v o l t s o r l e s s . Rubber, p o l y e t h y l e n e , p o l y -
v i n y l c h l o r i d e , v a r n i s h e d c a m b r i c , a n d p a p e r a r e some of t h e t y p e s o f i n s u l a t i o n f o r
c o n t r o l c a b l e s . Thin i n s u l a t i o n i s d e s i r a b l e t o r e d u c e t h e d i a m e t e r o f t h e c a b l e .
T w i s t e d p a i r s o r s p i r a 1 . i n g o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s i s d e s i r a b l e f o r a l t e r n a t i n g - c u r r e n t con-
t r o l c i r c u i t s t o r e d u c e t h e i n d u c e d v o l t a g e between c i r c u i t s . Multi-conductor c a b l e s
must h a v e a n o u t s i d e j a c k e t a n d may b e s h i e l d e d w i t h metal t a p e .

5,1,2,5 Cormnunications c a b l e . S p e c i a l interco~nmnunications o r t e l e p h o n e c i r c u i t s

s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d t o p r o v i d e communications b e t w e e n c o n t r o l t o w e r , l i g h t i n g v a u l t s ,
and o f f i c e s o r s t a t i o n s , The c i r c u i t s a r e u s u a l l y o n e o r inore t w i s t e d - p a i r t e l e p h o r s e
type cables. These c a b l e s s h o u l d be s u i t a b l e f o r underground i n s t a l l a t i o n . Although
t h e c o n t r o l c a b l e s may be u s e d f o r c o m m n i c a t i o n s a t some i n s t a l l a t i o n s , s e p a r a t e c a b l e s
i n s e p a r a t e conduits o r w e l l separated i n t h e trench, i f d i r e c t b u r i a l , a r e p r e f e r r e d .

5.1.2,6 Ground w i r e s . A ground w i r e o r c o u n t e r p o i s e w i r e s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d t o

p r o t e c t underground power and c o n t r o l c a b l e s f r o m h i g h ground c u r r e n t s u r g e s i n a r e a s
where damage from l i g h t n i n g s t r i k e s may b e e x p e c t e d . The ground w i r e s h o u l d b e i n s t a l -
l e d between t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e and t h e underground c a b l e s . It i s u s u a l l y a n u n i n s u l -
a t e d , s t r a n d e d copper c o n d u c t o r . The s i z e of t h i s ground w i r e s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n
t h e l a r g e s t s i z e conductors which i t p r o t e c t s . C r o s s - s e c t i o n a r e a of t h e c o n d u c t o r may
r a n g e f r o m 8.4 mm2 t o 21 mm2 o r l a r g e r . It s h o u l d be a c o n t i n u o u s c o n d u c t o r a n d
c o n n e c t e d t o e a c h f i x t u r e , l i g h t b a s e , and ground r o d o r c o n n e c t i o n a l o n g i t s r o u t e .

5.1.3 Causes of c a b l e damage

5.1.3.1 Cable f a u l t s a r e f r e q u e n t r e a s o n s f o r aerodrome l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t f a i l u r e s

and o f t e n r e q u i r e c n s i d e r a b l e t i m e and e f f o r t t o l o c a t e and r e p a i r . E f f e c t i v e methods
of r e d u c i n g c a b l e f a u l t s improve r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e s y s t e m . B e t t e r knowledge of t h e
c a u s e s of damage t o c a b l e s h o u l d a i d i n c h o o s i n g t y p e s of c a b l e and i n s t a l l a t i o n
procedures. Some of t h e s e c a u s e s a r e d i s c u s s e d below.

5.1.3.2 Mechanical damage. P r o b a b l y most c a b l e f a u l t s a r e c a u s e d by m e c h a n i c a l

damage. Poor i n s t a l l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s and p r o c e d u r e s a r e p r o b a b l y t h e most common c a u s e
of m e c h a n i c a l damage, b u t f r o s t h e a v e s , v i b r a t i o n f r o m a i r c r a f t o r v e h i c l e t r a f f i c ,
r o d e n t s , ground s h i f t i n g o r s e t t l i n g , and many o t h e r r e a s o n s may p h y s i c a l l y damage t h e
cable. Some t y p e s of mechanical damage a r e :

a) Nicks and s c r a p e s of t h e i n s u l a t i o n .

b) Over s t r e s s i n g of t h e c a b l e when p u l l i n g i n t o d u c t s o r u n r o l l i n g t h e
cable for d i r e c t burial.

c) Stones o r f o r e i g n o b j e c t s i n t h e beds o r b a c k f i l l s of t r e n c h e s .

d) I n a d e q u a t e s l a c k a t e n t r a n c e s t o o r i n s i d e of h a n d h o l e s , m a n h o l e s , l i g h t
bases, c o n d u i t s , f i x t u r e s , connections t o equipment, c o n n e c t o r s ,
s p l i c e s , a l o n g t r e n c h e s o r c o n d u i t , o r o t h e r l o c a t i o n s where s e t t l i n g ,
m a i n t e n a n c e , i n s t a l l a t i o n s , o r w e a t h e r may i n c r e a s e s t r e s s e s .

e) Nicking of t h e c o n d u c t o r a t s p l i c e s o r c o n n e c t o r j o i n t s may l a t e r b r e a k
t h e conductor.

f) I n a d e q u a t e s e p a r a t i o n of c a b l e s i n t r e n c h e s , e i t h e r v e r t i c a l l y o r h o r i -
z o n t a l l y , a t s l a c k l o o p s of c a b l e , o r p l a c e s where e a r t h c o m p a c t i o n o r
f r e e z i n g a c t i o n may f o r c e two s e c t i o n s of c a b l e i n t o d i r e c t c o n t a c t .

g) Freezing o r f r o s t heaves f o r c i n g t h e c a b l e a g a i n s t i c e , f r o z e n e a r t h , o r
any o t h e r s o l i d o b j e c t o r m a t e r i a l . P r o p e r c u s h i o n i n g and s l a c k t o
reduce s t r e s s a t t h e s e p o i n t s i s necessary.

h) Improperly s u p p o r t e d c a b l e s i n manholes o r o t h e r a r e a s where s a g g i n g o r

e x p o s u r e may r e s u l t i n o b j e c t s o r p e r s o n s p u t t L n g p r e s s u r e o n t h e c a b l e .
 i) V i b r a t i o n f r o m t r a f f i c p a s s i n g o v e r t h e c a b l e o r f r o m equipment o p e r a -
t i o n a t t a c h e d t o o r n e a r t h e c a b l e may c a u s e f a t i g u e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r o r
of t h e j a c k e t and i n s u a l t i o n . Where s u c h c o n d i t i o n s may e x i s t o r b e
d e v e l o p e d , i n s t a l l t h e c a b l e s i n d u c t s which e x t e n d w e l l beyond t h e a r e a
of v i b r a t i o n .

j) Breaking o r s e p a r a t i o n of c o n d u i t s o r d u c t s may b r e a k t h e c a b l e . The

i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e d u c t s and c o n d u i t must be p r o p e r l y j o i n e d and
s u i t a b l y b a c k f i l l e d and tamped.

5.1.3.3 Water p e n e t r a t i o n . A ground f a u l t i s formed when w a t e r i s a b l e t o p e n e t r a t e

t h r o u g h t h e c a b l e s h e a t h and i n s u l a t i o n t o t h e c o n d u c t o r . Water p e n e t r a t i o n o r l e a k a g e
may o c c u r a t s p l i c e s , c o n n e c t i o n s , c a b l e t e r r d i i a t i o n s , p h y s i c a l damage a r e a s , s n s a t i s -
f a c t o r y i n s u l a t i o n , pinholes from l i g h t n i n g o r over v o l t a g e , o r o t h e r d e f e c t s .

a) Improperly made s p l i c e s and i m p r o p e r l y i n s t a l l e d c o n n e c t o r k i t s a r e a

f r e q u e n t s o u r c e of w a t e r p e n e t r a t i o n . See S e c t i o n 5.2 f o r i n s t r u c t i o n s
f o r making s p l i c e s and i n s t a l l i n g c o n n e c t o r s .

b) I n o r d e r t o a v o i d w a t e r p e n e t r a t i o n a t t h e e n d s of c a b l e , t h e s e e n d s
s h o u l d be k e p t c l e a n and f r e e from m o i s t u r e b e f o r e a s w e l l a s a f t e r
c o n n e c t i n g t o t h e equipment. The e n d s of s p a r e c a b l e s s h o u l d be
similarly protected. Some t y p e s of i n s u l a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y p a p e r and
m i n e r a l f i l l e d , may a t t r a c t m o i s t u r e f r o m t h e a t m o s p h e r e d u r i n g p e r i o d s
of h i g h h u m i d i t y . The ends of t h e c a b l e s of t h e s e t y p e s s h o u l d be k e p t
s e a l e d a t a 1 1 t i m e s even a f t e r c o n n e c t i n g t o t h e e q u i p m e n t .

c) Some i n s u l a t i o n s , e i t h e r f r o m d e f e c t s o r composition, may p e r m i t e x c e s -

s i v e water penetration. Q u a l i t y t e s t s of i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e s h o u l d
d e t e c t such d e f e c t s . There a r e r e p o r t s t h a t some n e o p r e n e - j a c k e t e d
c a b l e i s not adequately water r e s i s t a n t , although o t h e r r e p o r t s s t a t e
t h a t c a b l e of t h i s t y p e performs w e l l . Before c a b l e i s purchased, t h e
performance of t h e t y p e of c a b l e a t o t h e r i n s t a l l a t i o n s , p r e f e r a b l y f r o m
t h e same m a n u f a c t u r e r , s h o u l d be i n v e s t i g a t e d .

d) L i g h t n i n g s t r i k e s may s e v e r i y damage c a b l e s o r t h e i n d u c e d v o l t a g e s may

be enough t o damage t h e i n s u l a t i o n by c r e a t i n g p i n h o l e s . These p i n h o l e s
a r e more l i k e l y t o o c c u r a t p o i n t s of c r o s s i n g c a b l e s o r where t h e c a b l e
i s n e a r o r i n c o n t a c t w i t h m e t a l c o n d u c t o r s . P r o p e r l y i n s t a l l e d ground
w i r e o r c o u n t e r p o i s e s s h o u l d r e d u c e t h e damage f r o m l i g h t n i n g s t r i k e s .

e) E x c e s s i v e v o l t a g e may be a p p l i e d t o a c a b l e , e i t h e r a c c i d e n t a l l y o r f r o m
f a u l t y operation. Damage t o t h e c a b l e may n o t be n o t i c e a b l e
immediately.

5.1.3.4 Chemical damage. Often aerodrome l i g h t i n g c a b l e s a r e l o c a t e d i n a r e a s where

f u e l , o i l , a c i d s , o r o t h e r c h e m i c a l s may be p r e s e n t r e g u l a r l y o r o c c a s i o n a l l y . These
c h e m i c a l s a f f e c t t h e i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e of some t y p e s of c a b l e s . I f i t i s known, o r
s u s p e c t e d , t h a t c a b l e s may be exposed t o s u c h c i l e m i c a l s , s e l e c t a t y p e of c a b l e which i s
r e s i s t a n t t o t h e s e chemicals.
5.1.3.5 I n some a r e a s , d i r e c t b u r i a l c a b l e i s damaged b y r o d e n t s ,
especially g the insulation. T h e r e i s some e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e r o d e n t s may
be a t t r a c t e d t o t h e c a b l e e i t h e r by t h e h e a t e m i t t e d f r o m i t o r by i t s t a s t e . Where
r o d e n t damage i s a s e r i o u s problem, i t may be d e s i r a b l e t o i n s t a l l t h e c a b l e i n d u c t s o r
t o use metalsheathed cable,

5.1.3.6 Micro-organism o r p l a n t damage. M i c r o - o r g a n i s m s a n d p l a n t s a r e r e p o r t e d t o

h a v e damaged some t y p e s o f c a b l e s i n t r o p i c a l o r s u b t r o p i c a l a r e a s . O t h e r t y p e s of
cable a r e not seriously affected. I f i t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t s u c h p r o b l e m s may o c c u r ,
s e l e c t a t y p e of c a b l e w h i c h i s known t o b e r e s i s t a n t t o s u c h m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s and
plants.

5.i.3.7 Ozone and c o r o n a damage. Some c a b l e i n s u l a t i o n s a r e damage6 by o z o n e a n d

t h u s by t h e c o r o n a p r o d u c e d by t h e c i r c u i t o r by n e a r b y c i r c u i t s . C a b l e i n s u l a t i o n s a r e
a v a i l a b l e which s a t i s f a c t o r i l y resist t h e s e e f f e c t s . Select cables with t h e s e q u a l i t i e s
i f t h e c a b l e i s c a r r y i n g h i g h v o l t a g e s o r may be e x p o s e d t o o t h e r s o u r c e s o f o z o n e o r
corona. I n t h e p a s t some S t a t e s h a v e u s e d c a b l e s w h i c h were n o t p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t
c o r o n a damage f o r runway a n d a p p r o a c h l i g h t s e r i e s s y s t e m s r e a s o n i n g t h a t t h e s e s y s t e m s
a r e o p e r a t e d a t f u l l i n t e n s i t y f o r o n l y a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l number of h o u r s p e r y e a r .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e s e c a b l e s a r e s u b j e c t e d t o h i g h - v o l t a g e stress d u r i n g o n l y a s m a l l
f r a c t i o n oE t h e t i m e i n s e r v i c e . T h i s p r a c t i c e h a s b e e n f o u n d t o b e u n d e s i r a b l e s i n c e
t h e r e d u c t i o n i n c o s t i s small a n d b e c a u s e some o f t h i s c a b l e i n v a r i a b l y i s i n s e r t e d
i n t o t h e power d i s t r i b u t i o n c i r c u i t s a n d a r e s u b j e c t e d t o c o n t i n u o u s h i g h v o l t a g e
stress.

5.1.3.8 U l t r a v i o l e t damage. Some c a b l e i n s u l a t i o n , which performs s a t i s f a c t o r i l y i n

u n d e r g-r o u n d i n s t a l l a t i o n s , may become b r i t t l e and d e t e r i o r a t e r a p i d l y where exposed t o
s u n l i g h t i f u s e d on e l e v a t e d s u p p o r t s s u c h as a p p r o a c h l i g h t t o w e r s . If the cable w i l l
r e c e . i v e t h i s s o r t of e x p o s u r e , s e l e c t c a b l e w i t h i n s u l a t i o n which resists u l t r a v i o l e t o r
i n s t a l l t h e cable i n metal conduit.

5,!.3,9 C a b l e d e t e r i o r a t i o n , Nosh c a b l e I n s u l a t i o n d e t e r i ~ r z t e ss l o w l y -
s e r v i c e L i f e of u n d e r g r o u n d c a b l e s s h o u l d b e 1 0 t o 20 y e a r s .

5.2 CABLE CONNECT I O N S

5.2.1 Cable s p l i c e s

5.2.1.1 A l l c a b l e s p l i c e s s h o u l d b e p e r f o r m e d by e x p e r i e n c e d a n d q u a l i f i e d c a b l e
s p l i c e r s u s i n g h i g h s t a n d a r d s o f workmaSlship. S p l i c i n g methods and m a t e r i a l s s h o u l d b e
of t y p e s recommended by t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r o f t h e s p l i c i n g m a t e r i a l f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r
t y p e of c a b l e b e i n g s p l i c e d . A 1 1 c a b l e s p l i c e s s h o u l d meet t h e f o l l o w i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s .

5.2.1.2 Power c a b l e s i n s u l a t e d f o r more t h a n 5 000 v o l t s . Splice k i t s designed f o r

t h e t y p e of c a b l e b e i n g s p l i c e d s h o u l d b e u s e d . When s u c h k i t s are n o t a v a i l a b l e , t a p e d
s p l i c e s made i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h p a r a g r a p h 5.2.2 may be u s e d . Epoxy o r r e s i n s p l i c e s
should n o t be used.
5.2.1.3 Power c a b l e s w i t h 610- t o 5 000-volt i n s u l a t i o n . Pressure epoxy-resin
s p l i c e s envelopes and c a s t s p l i c e k i t s designed f o r t h e c a b l e s h o u l d be u s e d i n s t r i c t
c o n f o r m a n c e w i t h t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r " i n s t r u c t i o n s . Taped s p l i c e s s h o u l d b e u s e d o n l y i f
necessary.

5.2.1.4 Power c a b l e s i n s u l a t e d f o r 600 v o l t s o r less. Cast s p l i c e k i t s o r p r e s s u r e

e p- o x-y - r e s i n s p l i c e e n v e l o p e s s u i t a b l e f o r a l l d i r e c t e a r t h - b u r i a l c a b l e may b e u s e d .
Taped s p l i c e s u s i n g p r e s t r e t c h e d o r h e a t - s h r i n k a b l e t u b i n g as a c o v e r i n g may a l s o b e
used.

5.2.1.5 C o n t r o l and t e l e p h o n e c a b l e s . A t y p e of r e - e n t e r a b l e f i l l e d s p l i c e e n v e l o p e
is availabl u l a t e d non-pressurized cables. Splices t o
e x i s t i n g p r e s s u r i z e d , lead-covered, o r paper-insulated c a b l e s should b e l la c c o r d a n c e
i
w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e a u t h o r i t y i n v o l v e d .

5.2.2 Taped s p l i c e s

5.2.2.1 Taped s p l i c e s a r e u s u a l l y u s e d o n l y when s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n n e c t o r s a n d s p l i c e

k i t s c a n n o t be o b t a i n e d . I f t a p e d s p l i c e s a r e t o b e made, t h e c o r r e c t t e c h n i q u e must b e
u s e d i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n s a t i s f a c t o r y s e r v i c e . The t e c h n i q u e d e s c r i b e d b e l o w i s i n t e n d e d
f o r single-conductor cable but a p p l i e s with s u i t a b l e adaption t o multi-conductor cable
splice.

5.2.2.2 Keep t h e e n d s o f t h e c a b l e s t o b e j o i n e d c l e a n a n d p r o t e c t e d f r o m m o i s t u r e
a t a l l times.

5.2.2.3 C a r e f u l l y t a p e r a n d remove t h e c o v e r i n g , j a c k e t , m e t a l l i c s h i e l d , s h e a t h ,
a n d i n s u l a t i o n f r o m t h e e n d s o f t h e c a b l e s t o be j o i n e d . Remove a l l t r a c e s o f i n s u l a -
t i o n f r o m t h e c o n d u c t o r s f o r a l e n g t h of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 cm b e i n g v e r y c a r e f u l n o t t o
nick t h e conductor, Smoothly t a p e r t h e i n s u l a t i o n b a c k f r o m t h e c o n d u c t o r f o r 2 cm o r
more. Remove t h e s h e a t h , m e t a l t a p e , j a c k e t , e t c . b a c k a l o n g t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e of t h e
i n s u l a t i o n layer f o r an a d d i t i o n a l 2 c m ( s e e Figdze S-la), This o f f s e t of t h e t a p e r i n g
s h o u l d b l o c k p a t h s of w a t e r p e n e t r a t i n g a l o n g t h e t a p e r i n g . Keep i n t a c t t h e metal t a p e
f o r shielding, i f involved, over the e n t i r e length of t h e s p l i c e . Similarly, taper the
n o n m e t a l l i c s h e a t h f o r 2 cm o r more. Remove a n y s t e e l o r m e t a l a r m o r o r o u t e r metal
covering but leave s t u b s o r ends f o r reconnecting across t h e s p l i c e .

5.2.2.4 Use a crimp-type c o n n e c t o r t o j o i n t h e e n d s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r . Crimp t h e

c o n n e c t o r o n t o t h e e n d s of t h e c o n d u c t o r s u s i n g a t o o l d e s i g n e d t o make a c o m p l e t e crimp
b e f o r e t h e t o o l c a n be removed ( s e e F i g u r e 5 - l b ) . The c o n d u c t o r c o n n e c t o r may a l s o be
soldered i f desired.

5.2.2.5 Using r u b b e r o r s y n t h e t i c r u b b e r t a p e o f good q u a l i t y , c a r e f u l l y wrap t h e

j o i n t o n e l a y e r a t a t i m e m a i n t a i n i n g enough t e n s i o n on t h e t a p e f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25
p e r c e n t e l o n g a t i o n and o v e r l a p p i n g t h e t a p e approximately 50 p e r c e n t of i t s width.
Each l a y e r w i l l e x t e n d f u r t h e r up t h e t a p e r a l o n g t h e i n s u l a t i o n . Continue t h i s build-
up o f l a y e r s o f r u b b e r t a p e t o t h e f u l l s i z e of t h e i n s u l a t i o n l a y e r . See F i g u r e 5 - l c -

5.2.2.6 I f s h i e l d i n g t a p e i s u s e d o v e r t h e i n s u l a t i o n , c o n n e c t t h e metal t a p e , w h i c h
s h o u l d h a v e b e e n k e p t i n t a c t , a c r o s s t h e s p l i c e by s o l d e r i n g o r u s i n g s u i t a b l e
c o n n e c t o r s . Wrap w i t h e x t r a m e t a l t a p e of s i m i l a r t y p e i f n e e d e d .
(a) TAPERING INSULATION.

CONNECTOR*

* Attach w i t h a t o o l designed t o make a complete crimp b e f o r e t h e

t o o l can be removed.

(b) CONDUCTOR CONNECTION.

WEATHER-RESISTANT P L A S T I C TAPE
T

RUBBER INSULATION TAPE 2

I n d i c a t e t a p e l a y e r s are wound i n b o t h d i r e c t i o n s

(c) CROSS SECTION OF SPLICE.

:
r r g u r e 5-i. s p l i c e of s ~ . n g i e - c o n d u c t o r c a b l e
5.2.2.7 Continue t o wrap t h e r u b b e r t a p e a s i n 5.2.2,5 t o n o t l e s s t h a n 1.5 t i m e s
t h e d i a m e t e r of t h e c a b l e . C a r e f u l l y a p p l y t e n s i o n on t h e t a p e t o p r e v e n t a n y v o i d s and
o b t a i n good a d h e s i o n t o t h e c a b l e s u r f a c e s and e a c h i n s i d e l a y e r of t a p e .

5.2.2.8 Over t h e r u b b e r t a p e , add s e v e r a l l a y e r s o f h i g h - i n s u l a t i o n - r e s i s t a n c e ,

f l a m e - r e t a r d a n t , weather- and c o l d - r e s i s t a n t t a p e . Apply t h e p l a s t i c t a p e w i t h a p p r e c i -
a b l e t e n s i o n and o v e r l a p p i n g e a c h t u r n by a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 p e r c e n t of i t s w i d t h . The
p l a s t i c t a p e s h o u l d e x t e n d f o r 3 cm o r more a l o n g t h e s u r f a c e of t h e i n s u l a t i o n of
s h e a t h on e a c h s i d e of t h e s p l i c e .

5.2.2.9 If t h e c a b l e h a s a s t e e l - a r m o r o r o t h e r m e t a l l i c c o v e r , c o n n e c t a l e n g t h o f
g r o u n d i n g b r a i d a c r o s s t h e s p l i c e and f a s t e n t o t h e armor on t h e c a b l e w i t h s u i t a b l e
clamp c o n n e c t o r s a n d / o r s o l d e r on e a c h s i d e of t h e s p i i c e s ( s e e F i g u r e 5-2a). If t h e
c a b l e i s l e a d e n c a s e d , make a s u i t a b l e wiped-lead j o i n t o v e r t h e s p l i c e t o p r o v i d e a
w a t e r p r o o f s e a l t o t h e l e a d c o v e r i n g on t h e c a b l e . If t h e metal covering i s p r o t e c t e d
f r o m c o r r o s i o n by a c o a t i n g , a p p l y a c o a t i n g of s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l o v e r t h e e n t i r e s u r f a c e
of t h e c a b l e and s p l i c e i n t h e a r e a of t h i s work.

5.2.3.1 Use of c o n n e c t o r k i t s . I n r e c e n t y e a r s most s e r i e s - c i r c u i t c o n n e c t i o n s h a v e

been made u s i n g c o n n e c t o r k i t s . Although t h e c o s t of c o n n e c t o r k i t s i s s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e
t i m e s a v e d i n i n s t a l l a t i o n and t h e e a s e w i t h wich c i r c u i t s c a n b e opened a n d r e c l o s e d
when l o c a t i n g f a u l t s h a v e made t h e i r u s e d e s i r a b l e . S i n c e t h e l e a d s of m o s t i s o l a t i n g
t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e now manufactured w i t h c o n n e c t o r s , c a b l e c o n n e c t o r s a r e r e q u i r e d and
p r o v i d e a n e a s y means of c o n n e c t i n g o r d i s c o n n e c t i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m e r i n t o t h e s e r i e s
c i r c u i t and t o t h e l i g h t . S i n g l e - c o n d u c t o r c o n n e c t o r s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 5-3.

5.2.3.2 I n s t a l l a t i o n of c o n n e c t o r s . The c a b l e e n d s s h o u l d be p r e p a r e d c a r e f u l l y i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s , k e e p i n g b o t h t h e c a b l e e n d s and t h e c o n n e c t o r s u r f a c e s
f r e e of d i r t and m o i s t u r e , Make c e r t a i n t h a t a n y c a v i t i e s b e t w e e n . t h e c a b l e and
i n i e t i o r o i t h e c o n n e c t o r a r e f i l l e d w i t h t h e g e l p r o v i d e d CO p r e v e n t v o i d s . A f t e r
j o i n i n g t h e c o n n e c t o r s e n s u r e t h a t a i r i s n o t t r a p p e d which may t e n d t o f o r c e t h e con-
nection apart. Taping o v e r t h e j o i n t w i t h v i n y l e l e c t r i c t a p e t o keep t h e a r e a c l e a n
and f r o m s e p a r a t i n g i s s u g g e s t e d .

5.2.4 Coaxial cables

5.2.4.1 Non-pressurized c o a x i a l c a b l e s . C o a x i a l c a b l e s h o u l d be j o i n e d u s i n g a p p r o -
p r i a t e c o a x i a l connectors. Each c o n n e c t o r s h o u l d be c o v e r e d w i t h a 1 5 cm m i n i m m l e n g t h
of h e a t s h r i n k a b l e t u b i n g h a v i n g a 3 : 1 o r h i g h e r s h r i n k r a t i o . A s u i t a b l e s p r a y c a b l e
a d h e s i v e may be s p r a y e d on t h e c a b l e b u t n o t t h e c o n n e c t o r p r i o r t o s h r i n k i n g . A flame-
l e s s h e a t gun s h o u l d be used f o r s h r i n k i n g t h e h e a t s h r i n k a b l e t u b i n g . An a l t e r n a t e
c o v e r i n g may be p r e s t r e t c h e d , m e c h a n i c a l l y s h r i n k a b l e t u b i n g a p p l i e d as recommended by
the manufacturer.

5.2.4.2 Splices i n pressurized coaxial cables. No f i e l d - i n s t a l l e d s p l i c e i n

p r e s s u r i z e d c o a x i a l c a b l e s h o u l d be a l l o w e d u n l e s s s p e c i f i c a l l y a u t h o r i z e d .
 VINYL P L A S T I C TAPE ANCHOR FOR BRAID
I---
METAL ARMOR

SOLDER FILL ELECTRICAL GROUND BRAID

RUBBER INSULATION TAPE

(a) CONNECTING ARMOR ACROSS THE S P L I C E

WEATHER-RESISTANT P L A S T I C TAPE
( 4 LAYERS-1/2 LAPPED, WITH L I Q U I D
ELECTRICAL COATING A P P L I E D )

(b) OUTER COVERING OF THE S P L I C E

 (a) FACTORY MOLDED PLUG

-_-

METAL SOCKET

(b) FACTOR MOLDED RECEPTACLE

MIN 2 SAW SLOTS

-
PIN SOCKET

OPTION& INTERN OPTIONAL INTER

L O m I NG BESIGH LbCRlNG DESIGN

(c) F I E L D ATTACHED CONNECTORS

5.2.5 Connection of c o n d u c t o r s

5.2.5.1 Power c o n d u c t o r s . Connections of c a b l e c o n d u c t o r s s h o u l d b e made u s i n g

crimp c o n n e c t o r s u t i l i z i n g a crimping t o o l d e s i g n e d t o make a complete crimp b e f o r e t h e
t o o l can be removed. S p l i t - b o l t c o n n e c t o r s may be used f o r l o w v o l t a g e c i r c u i t s of 600
volts o r less.

5.2.5.2 C o n t r o l and t e l e p h o n e c a b l e s . J o i n i n g of t e l e p h o n e o r c o n t r o l c o n d u c t o r s
s h o u l d be done w i t h a t w i s t e d and s o l d e r e d s p l i c e o r a n a p p r o p r i a t e s e l f - s t r i p p i n g ,
p r e i n s u l a t e d c o n n e c t o r i n s t a l l e d w i t h t h e s p e c i f i c t o o l d e s i g n e d t o crimp t h e c o n n e c t o r .
Color coding of t h e c o n d u c t o r s s h o u l d be f o l l o w e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n .

5.2.5.3 Cable armor and s h i e l d s . Armor s h i e l d s s h o u l d be e l e c t r i c a l l y bonded a c r o s s

t h e s p l i c e by c l e a n i n g and s o l d e r i n g . Use s e c t i o n s of m e t a l b r a i d and c o n d u c t i n g t a p e ,
i f needed. Armor and s h i e l d i n g s h o u l d be c o m p l e t e l y i n s u l a t e d from e a c h and from
ground, e x c e p t a s n o t e d i n p a r a g r a p h 4.5.3.3.
 © ICAO 1983

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