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2. Let V the vector space of polynomials with coefficients in Q in the variable x of degree at
most 5 with 1, x, x2 , . . . , x5 as basis. Prove that the following are elements of the dual space
of V and express them as linear combinations of the dual basis:
(d) ϕ : V → Q defined by ϕ(p(x)) = p0 (5) where p0 (x) denoted the usual derivative of the
polynomial p(x) with respect to x.
for i = 0, 1, . . . , 5. Then the set of linear functionals given above is a basis for the dual space.
Therefore
1 1
ϕ = ϕ(1)ϕ0 + ϕ(x)ϕ1 + · · · + ϕ(x5 )ϕ5 = ϕ0 + ϕ1 + · · · + ϕ5
2 6
is a linear combination of the dual basis.
(c) For all p(x) and q(x) in V and r ∈ Q
Z 1 Z 1
ϕ(p(x) + r.q(x)) = ϕ(p + r.q)(x) = (p + r.q)(t)dt = t2 (p(t) + r.q(t))dt
0
Z0 1 Z 1
2
= t p(t)dt + t2 (r.q(t))dt
Z0 1 Z0 1
= t2 p(t)dt + rt2 q(t)dt
Z0 1 0
Z 1
2
= t p(t)dt + r t2 q(t)dt
0 0
= ϕ(p(t)) + r.ϕ(q(t)).
Now let {ϕ0 , ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ϕ3 , ϕ4 , ϕ5 } be a dual basis given by
(
1 if i = j
ϕi =
0 otherwise
(d) Prove that the annihilator of S is the same as the annihilator of the subspace of V ∗
spanned by S.
(e) Assume that V is finite dimensional with basis v1 , . . . , vn . Prove that if S = {v1∗ , . . . , vk∗ }
for some k ≤ n, then Ann(S) is the subspace spanned by {vk+1 , . . . , vn }.
Proof. Let V be an n-dimensional vector space over some field F with a basis {v1 , . . . , vn }.
Let {v1∗ , . . . , vn∗ } be a basis for V ∗ dual to {v1 , . . . , vn }.
(a) For all v, w ∈ Ann(S) and r ∈ F , v + rw ∈ V and for all f ∈ S ⊆ V ∗
So Ann(S) is a subspace of V .
(c) (⇒) It is obvious that Ann(W1 ) = Ann(W2 ) if W1 = W2 .
(⇐) Suppose that Ann(W1 ) = Ann(W2 ), where W1 and W2 are both subspaces of V ∗ . Then
let {vi∗1 , . . . , vi∗k } denote a basis for W1 with 1 ≤ i1 ≤ · · · ≤ ik ≤ n. For every f ∈ W1
f (v) = 0.
So the subspace Ann(W1 ) has the basis {vj1 , . . . , vjl }, where every index in {j1 , . . . , jl } is
distinct from any of {i1 , . . . , ik }. Moreover Ann(W2 ) also has the basis {vj1 , . . . , vjl } by
assumption Ann(W2 ) = Ann(W1 ). Therefore a basis for W2 contains {vi∗1 , . . . , vi∗k } and thus
f ∈ W2 . Similarly if f ∈ W2 then f ∈ W1 as well. Hence W1 = W2 as desired.
(d) Let W ∗ denote the subspace generated by S. Then suppose that v ∈ Ann(S). Then
for every f ∈ S f (v) = 0. Now observe that S ⊆ Span(S) = W ∗ . So f ∈ W ∗ . Therefore
v ∈ Ann(W ∗ ). Conversely suppose that v ∈ Ann(W ∗ ). Recall that W ∗ is the subspace of
(f) Since W ∗ is a subspace of a finite dimensional (dual) vector space V ∗ with basis {v1∗ , . . . , vn∗ },
W ∗ has a basis S = {vi∗1 , . . . , vi∗k }. By results from part (d) and (e),
Ann(W ∗ ) = Ann(S)
is a subspace of V , and Ann(W ∗ ) is generated by n − k elements {v1∗ , . . . , vn∗ } − {vi∗1 , . . . , vi∗k }.
Moreover those n − k elements are linearly independent since {v1∗ , . . . , vn∗ } is a dual basis for
V ∗ . Therefore
dim Ann(W ∗ ) = n − k = dim V − dim W ∗
as desired.
4. If V is infinite dimensional with basis A, prove that A∗ = {v ∗ |v ∈ A} does not span V ∗ .
Proof. Let V be an infinite dimensional vector space over F = Z2 = {0, 1} with a basis
A = {vα }α∈Λ , where Λ is an index set and the cardinality of Λ is infinite. Since the scalars
are 0 or 1, every v ∈ V expressed as a finite linear combination is finite sum of elements of
A. So
|A| ≥ |V |.
Now consider its dual space V ∗ . For every linear functional f ∈ V ∗ is a linear combination
of some subset of the dual basis {fα }α∈Λ , where
(
1 if α = β
fα (vβ ) =
0 otherwise .
Therefore there is a one-to-one correspondence between linear functionals in V ∗ and all
subsets of A. Hence the cardinality |V ∗ | is equal to |P(A)|, the cardinality of the power set
of A. Thus
|V ∗ | = |P(A)| > |A| ≥ |V |
and then V ∗ cannot be spanned by A∗ .