Cell Cell

Unit of life
•  Robert Hooke (1665)
•  tiny compartments in cork tissue (cells)
•  R. J. H. Dutrochet( 1824)
•  osmosis, effect of light on plants
•  Robert Brown (1833)
Plant Cells •  nucleus, cytoplasmic streaming ( movt of cytosol and organelles),
Brownian movt
•  Matthias Scleiden (1838)
•  Cofounder of cell theory, all plant parts are composed of cell
•  Theodor Schwann (1839)
Plant cells have diverse sizes, shapes and composition. •  cell theory
Their structure and metabolism vary and are correlated to
the functions of each part of cell.

Cells Two basic types of cells A plant cell consists of three general parts:
1. the cell wall
1. Prokaryote – cell without nucleus and 2. the protoplasm
•  basic structural and functional unit other membrane bounded organelles. 3. the cell inclusion
e.g eubacteria, cyanobacteria and
•  All living organisms are made up of cells archaebacteria
•  Physiological processes are encountered and manifested at
cellular level. 2. Eukaryote – cell with nucleus and
membrane bounded organelles.
e.g. respiration, digestion, growth and e. g. protists, fungi, plants, animals.
development.
* Animal cell- no cell wall, plastid, vacuole and
glyoxysome

Cell wall Cell wall

•  The most important feature distinguishing
the cells of plants from those of animals is
the cell wall. In plants this wall protects the
cellular contents and limits cell size
•  A plant's cell wall is composed of cellulose (a
polymer made up of molecules of the sugar
glucose) is the most important
•  Other important .
are lignins, which add
rigidity, and waxes, such as cutin and
suberin, which reduce water loss from cells
•  All plant cells have cell walls except sperm cell of some seed plant
•  Cellulose crystallized to form strong microfibrils
•  Hemicellulose
•  Prod by dictyosome, brought to cell wall by dictyosome vesicles.
•  Primary cell wall – thin
•  Secondary cell wall- bet the primary cell wall and plasma memb
•  Thicker, impregnated with lignin
•  The cell wall (types) are permanent not degraded nor depolymerized
unlike microtubule/ microfilament
•  Middle lamella – made of pectin, attaches the wall to adjacent cell
 Plasmodesmata Cell membrane - osmoregulator, semi-permeable, phospholipid bilayer, fluid Cell membrane
mosaic model.
•  Consist of fine holes in primary walls, has plasmam membrane, liquid and tubule •  Regulate passage of molecules in/out
( desmostubule) attached to ER •  Divides cell into compartment
•  Interconnects plant cells •  Acts as surfaces w/c hold enzymes
•  Primary Pit Field – area w/ clustered plasmodesmata, increase transport of •  Exocytosis/ endocytosis
materials bet. Cells
•  Selectively permeable
•  “All protoplasm w/in a plant is part of 1 interconnected mass called
•  Dynamic and constantly changing
symplast”
•  As nature of membrane changes, nature of cell changes
•  “Individuality of plant cell is diminished’’ Fluid Mosaic Model:
•  Plant = symplast (Protoplasm)+ apoplast (intercellular space + wall) - As heterogenous memb, intrinsic proteins can diffuse laterally like lipids
while other proteins are bound to adjacent proteins
•  Apoplast – permits rapid diffusion of gases

Fluid Mosaic Model: •  Extrinsic proteins – peripheral, not integral

- As heterogenous liquid, intrinsic proteins can diffuse laterally like lipids while other proteins •  Intrinsic – partially immersed in lipid bilayer
are bound to adjacent proteins

Selectively permeable
•  Hydrophobic subs – cross membrane
•  Charged substances – move through intrinsic proteins which act as channel
( facilitated diffusion)
•  Molecular pumps (protein) – bind molecule from 1 side and release it to the
other using ATP ( Active Transport)
•  Exocytosis
•  Fusion of vesicle with cell memb, releasing vesicle contents to cell
exterior
•  Endocytosis
•  Invagination of cell memb, forming vesicle, carries ext. material into the cell
 Cytoplasm- fluid portion containing the nucleus and the rest of the organelles;
material left after the removal of nucleus and vacuole
•  Protoplasm – proteins, lipids, Na, H20 w/in cell; except cell wall;
composed of organelles Nucleus
•  Protoplast (old name)
•  Eukaryotes contain more genetic material than prokaryotes.
•  Plasma membrane •  Histones—proteins unique to eukaryotes—combine with the deoxyribonucleic
•  Membrane w/c covers the surface of protoplasm acid (DNA) to pack the genetic material into compact chromosomes.
•  The nuclear material is enclosed in a nuclear envelope formed of a double
membrane.
•  The fluid portion is nucleoplasm (karyoplasm or karyolymph.
•  The nucleolus synthesize RNA. The pores are called nuclear pores, for •  Nuclear envelop has nuclear pore
transport of substances fr nucleus to protoplasm •  Nucleoplasm – like protoplasm
•  Ass. Of DNA, enzymes, histones, RNA, water
•  Chromatin = DNA + histone
•  Nucleus & nucleoplasm are different in diff. ages of cell. Why?
•  Rapidly div cell= more DNA; young cell = small w/ large nuclei
•  Mature cells = large with small nucleus

•  Ribosomes –protein syn

•  Polysome = ribosome + mRNA
•  Nucleolus – ribosomes are made and assembled
•  Legumes – high amt of protein, high in ribosome
•  In some cells, upon maturation, they loose nucleus
•  Ex. Conducting cells( sieve tube in phloem), RBC
•  All are membrane bound organelles except
ribosome

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

•  Carries large mol like protein (not transported by diffusion)
•  Syst of narrow tubes and sheets of membrane w/c form a network thruout the
cytoplasm
•  Rough ER – attached to ribosome
•  Protein produced as storage product like legumes; remains in ER
•  Protein to be secreted ( mucilage, nectar); detach, move to plasma memb,
fuse with it and release its contents by exocytosis
•  Smooth ER
•  Lipid synthesis, membrane assembly
•  Abundant in cells w/c prod large amt of fatty acids
•  Cutin/ wax on epidermal cells, oil (palm , coconut, fragrances)

•  Cisternae – stacks of wide thin flattened vesicle formed by ER vesicles w/c acc.
& fused together at 1 side of dictyosome.
Mitochondrion
•  Cell respiration
•  Circular DNA, lacks histones, small ribosomes
•  Respiration is mediated by enzymes bound to mitochondrial memb
•  Cristae- large sheets/ tubes formed by folded inner mitochondrial memb
•  Inner Mitochondrial mem- sel. Permeable; with pumps/ channels
•  provides room for large # of enzymes
•  Matrix – liq, where rxn takes place
Dictyosomes
•  Modifies material secreted by cell ( protein modification), ex.. Addtn of sugar
to protein == glycoprotein
•  Stacks of thin vesicles held together by flat/ curved array
•  2 faces:
•  Forming face – where vesicles accumulate, embedded
•  Maturing face – where vesicles are released, contents have been processed
•  GOLGI Body
•  Association of hundreds of dictyosmes
Mitochondrion- respiratory site of the cells (ATP)
Chloroplast-
mitochondrion
green plastids, captures light for photosynthesis, larger than
Parts
•  Outer memb
•  Inner memb, highly folded
•  Stroma – inner fluid
•  Ribosomes
•  Circular DNA, not ass w/ histones
•  Folding of Inner membrane forms:inc surface area, inc space for pigments insertion
•  Thylakoid- single memb forming stacks of flattened vesicles called grana
•  Sel. Permeable; conc of chem inside is diff from the stroma
•  Grana – surrounded by liquid stroma
•  Photosyn: involves Active transport of H+ into small space to build up an electrical charge
•  Grana vesicles are needed to acc the protons from the stroma
Proplastid – small, undifferentiated; simple, few folds inner memb; in young dividing cells •  Stroma – area where CO2 ----CHO catalyzed by enzymes
- converted to chloroplast ( light, chlorophyll)
 Leucoplastids – colorless plastids
Chloroplast mostly disc-shaped organelles, 4 to 6 micrometres in diameter. They occur most abundantly in
leaf cells, where they can apparently orientate themselves to light

• Amyloplast – stores starch. •  Rapid photosyn, sugar is prod faster than cell can use it ( sugar is polymerized
to starch grains inside chloroplast)
• Aleuroneplast- stores protein •  Root, bark, wood ( cant photosyn)
• Elaioplast – stores oils and fats; in tissues •  Proplastid ---amyloplast ( store starch)
grown w/o light •  Potato, yam, squash, starchy seeds
•  Highly colored chromoplast, produced from thylakoid when chloroplast
produces high amt of colored lipids
•  Fe – stored attached to protein (phytoferritin) in plastids

•  Chromoplast- fat-soluble pigments giving red colors to flowers RNA- Ribonucleic acid
Types of RNA
The mRNA ( has codon) joins temporarily to the anticodon of the tRNA. This
protein building process takes place in the ribosomes of a cell, which
consist largely of rRNA. The large and small subunits of a ribosome are
marked in the third illustration above.©
Transfer RNA is instrumental in the “translation” of the genetic code.
Transfer RNAs are small structures in the form of “four-leaf clovers”.
They each carry an amino acid ( anti codon) that is added to the end of a
The mRNA molecule is ribbon-like, and is synthesized from DNA in a growing protein chain.
process called “transcription” in which the genetic code is Ribosomal RNA
transcribed from the DNA to the mRNA.

Protein synthesis

Abundant in animals –liver, kidney cells; closely ass. w/ chloroplasts.

In plants, converts fats to sugar

Impt in germination of fat rich oily seeds like peanut,
coconut, sunflower
Cytosol
•  Hyaloplasm
•  Clear substance composed of water, enzymes, chem.
Precursors, reaction products in cytoplasm
•  Has free ribosomes ( not attached to ER), skeletal structures
( microtubule, microfilaments)

•  Microtubule – most abundant

•  Assemble into arrays like antenna w/c guide vesicles to specific sites
•  During cell division, involved in pulling chromososmes
•  Has α and β tubulin w/c ass. To tubulin dimers or tubule

Flagella and cilia

•  Elaborate Microtubule arrangement in flagella and cilia
•  Outer doublets ( has 2 arms of protein called Dynein)
•  Sliding of 1 set of doublet cause the bending, alternate sliding
( beating motion)
•  “9+2” arrangement
•  Cilia – short, occur in grps
•  Flagella – longer, in pair, single or in four
•  Microfilament
•  Assembly of globular proteind, Actin and myosin
•  For structure and movement

Vacuole Vacuole
•  Appears empty, cont H20 and salts •  Ergastic substances
•  Digestive organelle, has enzymes 1. crystals
•  Derived from small cavities scattered in the cytoplasm a. calcium carbonate
•  Cell sap (vacuolar sap),enclosed by the tonoplast ( vacuolar b. calcium oxalate
memb)- prevents leaking of waste back to cytoplasm 2. starch and aleurone grains
•  Anthocyanin ( water sol pigment) 3. nitrogenous inclusions – crystalloids or protein crystals
4. Granules / fibrous mat
•  In animal: Lysosome
•  Functions Calcium regulates activity of enzymes
1.  Maintain turgor pressure
Plant cells regulate Ca conc in protoplasm by moving Ca into vacuole
2.  Storage area for nutrients like K where it forms Ca oxalate
3.  Accumulation of toxic substances
 Crystals (CaC2O4) Crystals (CaCO3)
raphides
Different plant cells

rosette

•  Epidermal cells pear cells

prismatic
cystolith

•  Crystal protect plants from animals

styloid

Subunits of cell
•  Flower cells •  Whole cell
•  Petal cell – pigment attraction •  Cell wall
•  Scent cell- fragrance •  Protoplasm
•  Nectary cell – sugar, attraction •  Nucleus
•  Stamen cell – indirectly involved in sperm cell prodtn •  Vacuole
•  Carpal cell – egg cell •  Cytoplasm
•  Fruit cell – sugar, aroma, attraction of fruit eating animals •  All remaining organelles
•  cytosol