168 REVERSIBLE WORK, IRREVERSIBILITY, AND AVAILABILITY [CHAP.

EXAMPLE 7.8 Perform an irreversibility calculation for each device in the ideal regenerative gas turbine cycle
shown in Fig. 7-3.

Fig. 7-3

Solution: The temperatures and pressures shown in Table 7-1 are given; h and s are found in the air
tables. For each device we will calculate the irreversibility by
 
  P1
i = T0 s1 − s2 − R ln −q
P2

except for the burner, where we assume the heat transfer to occur at T4 . The irreversibilities are:
Compressor: 0
Regenerator: 0
Burner: 206.3 kJ=kg
Turbine: 0
Table 7-1

State T ðKÞ P ðMPaÞ h ðkJ=kgÞ s ðkJ=kgKÞ

1 294 0.1 294.2 1.682
2 439 0.41 440.7 2.086
3 759 0.41 777.5 2.661
4 1089 0.41 1148.3 2.764
5 759 0.1 777.5 2.661
6 439 0.1 440.7 2.086

The only irreversibility is associated with the burner. This suggests that large savings are possible by improv-
ing the performance of the burner. However, in attempting such improvement we must bear in mind that
much of the irreversibility in the burner arises out of the combustion process, an irreversible process, which is
essential for the operation of the turbine.

Solved Problems
7.1 The intake stroke for the cylinder of an internal combustion engine may be considered as a
transient polytropic process with exponent − 0:04. The initial pressure, temperature, and volume
are 13.5 psia, 560  R, and 0:0035 ft3 . Air is supplied at 14.7 psia and 520  R, and the final volume
CHAP. 7] REVERSIBLE WORK, IRREVERSIBILITY, AND AVAILABILITY 169

Table 7-2

Inlet State Initial State of C.V. Final State of C.V.

 
T1 = 520 R Ti = 560 R Tf = 520  R
P1 = 14:7 psia Pi = 13:5 psia uf = 88:62 Btu=lbm
h1 = 124:27 Btu=lbm ui = 95:47 Btu=lbm sf = 0:5917 Btu=lbm-  R
s1 = 0:5917 Btu=lbm- R si = 0:6095 Btu=lbm-  R Vf = 0:025 ft3
Vi = 0:0035 ft3

and temperature are 0.025 ft3 and 520  R. Determine the reversible work and the irreversibility
associated with the intake process.
At the various states either we are given, or the air tables provide, the values shown in Table 7-2. In the
initial state,
Pi V i ð13:5Þð144Þð0:0035Þ
mi = = = 2:28  10 − 4 lbm
RTi ð53:3Þð560Þ
The final state is produced by a polytropic process, so that
 n  
Vi 0:0035 − 0:04
Pf = Pi = ð13:5Þ = 14:6 psia
Vf 0:025
Pf Vf ð14:6Þð144Þð0:025Þ
mf = = = 1:90  10 − 3 lbm
RTf ð53:3Þð520Þ

From conservation of mass, m1 = mf − mi = ð1:90  103 Þ − ð2:28  10 − 4 Þ = 1:67  10 − 3 lbm. Only bound-
ary work is actually performed; for the polytropic process we have
Pf Vf − Pi Vi ½ð14:6Þð0:025Þ − ð13:5Þð0:0035Þð144Þ
Wa = = = 0:057 Btu
1−n ð1 + 0:04Þð778Þ
The reversible work is given by (7.11) (neglect KE and PE, as usual):
Wrev = mi ðui − T0 si Þ − mf ðuf − T0 sf Þ + m1 ðh1 − T0 s1 Þ

The needed values of si and sf are obtained from the ideal-gas relation
P
s = s − R ln
P0
where P0 is some reference pressure. Normally, we do not have to worry about P0 , since when we consider an
entropy change, P0 cancels. It can be shown that even for this problem it will cancel, so that
Wrev = mi ðui − T0 si + T0 R ln Pi Þ − mf ðuf − T0 sf + T0 R ln Pf Þ
+ m1 ðh1 − T0 s1 + T0 R ln P1 Þ = 0:058 Btu

and, finally, I = Wrev − Wa = 0:058 − 0:057 = 0:001 Btu.

7.2 A supply pump for a power plant takes in saturated water at 0.01 MPa and boosts its pressure to
10 MPa. The pump has an adiabatic efficiency of 0.90. Calculate the irreversibility and second-
law efficiency.
At the inlet and exit states either we are given, or the steam tables provide, the values given in Table 7-3.
The actual work is
wideal P 10 000 − 10
wa = =− = − = −11:1 kJ=kg
  ð0:9Þð1000Þ
170 REVERSIBLE WORK, IRREVERSIBILITY, AND AVAILABILITY [CHAP. 7

Table 7-3

Inlet state 1: saturated liquid phase Exit state 2: compressed liquid phase

T = 45:8 C P = 10 MPa
P = 0:01 MPa
h = 191:8 kJ=kg
s = 0:6491 kJ=kgK

Then, by the first law, h2 = − wa + h1 = − ð−11:1Þ + 191:8 = 202:9 kJ/kg. Using this enthalpy, we can
interpolate for the entropy from the compressed liquid table and find s2 = 0:651 kJ/kgK. As in
Example 7.2, the irreversibility is given by
i = T0 ðs2 − s1 Þ = ð298Þð0:651 − 0:6491Þ = 0:57 kJ=kg
whence
wrev − 10:5
wrev = i + wa = 0:57 + ð− 11:1Þ = − 10:5 kJ=kg II = = = 0:95
wa − 11:1

7.3 A power plant utilizes groundwater in a secondary coolant loop. Water enters the loop at 40  F
and 16 psia and exits at 80  F and 15 psia. If the heat transfer in the loop occurs at 100  F, what is
the irreversibility?
Data are presented in Table 7-4. The heat transfer is q = h2 − h1 = 48:1 − 8:02 = 40:1 Btu/lbm. The
irreversibility is given by
i = T0 ðs2 − s1 Þ − q = ð560Þð0:09332 − 0:01617Þ − 40:1 = 3:1 Btu=lbm

Table 7-4

Inlet state 1: compressed liquid phase Exit state 2: compressed liquid phase

T = 40 F T = 80  F
P = 16 psia P = 15 psia
h = 8:02 Btu=lbm h = 48:1 Btu=lbm

s = 0:01617 Btu=lbm- R s = 0:09332 Btu=lbm-  R

7.4 A reservoir of water is perched in the hills overlooking a valley. The water is at 25  C and 100 kPa.
If the reservoir is 1 km above the valley floor, calculate the availability of the water from the
perspective of a farmer living in the valley.
The inlet and exit states are identified as follows:

Inlet state 1: T = 25  C P = 0:1 MPa z = 1 km

Dead state 2: T = 25  C P = 0:1 MPa z = 0 km

We have assumed that the availability of the water in the reservoir is due entirely to the elevation. Then

= gðz1 − z0 Þ = ð9:8Þð1 − 0Þ = 9:8 kJ=kg

CHAP. 7] REVERSIBLE WORK, IRREVERSIBILITY, AND AVAILABILITY 171

Table 7-5

Inlet state 1: superheated vapor Inlet state 2: compressed liquid Exit state 3: saturated liquid
T = 250  C T = 150  C P = 0:6 MPa
P = 0:6 MPa P = 0:6 MPa T = 158:9  C
h = 2957:2 h = 632:2 kJ=kg h = 670:6 kJ=kg
s = 7:1824 kJ=kgK s = 1:8422 kJ=kgK s = 1:9316 kJ=kgK

7.5 A feedwater heater extracts steam from a turbine at 600 kPa and 250  C which it combines with
0.3 kg/s of liquid at 600 kPa and 150  C. The exhaust is saturated liquid at 600 kPa. Determine
the second-law effectiveness of the heater.
For data, see Table 7-5. By conservation of mass, m_ 3 = m_ 1 + m_ 2 . Then, the first law demands
m_ 3 h3 = m_ 1 h1 + m_ 2 h2 . Solving simultaneously for m_ 1 and m_ 3 :
m_ 1 = 0:00504 kg=s m_ 3 = 0:305 kg=s
_ 3 =ð
The second-law effectiveness is "II =  _1 +
_ 2 Þ. Taking the dead state as liquid water at 25  C and
100 kPa, we have
h0 = 105 kJ=kg s0 = 0:3672 kJ=kgK
Then
_ 3 = m½h
 _ 3 − h0 − T0 ðs3 − s0 Þ = ð0:305Þ½670:6 − 105 − 298ð1:9316 − 0:3672Þ = 30:33 kW
_ 1 = m_ 1 ½h1 − h0 − T0 ðs1 − s0 Þ = ð0:00504Þ½2957:2 − 105 − 298ð7:1824 − 0:3672Þ = 4:14 kW

_ 2 = m_ 2 ½h2 − h0 − T0 ðs2 − s0 Þ = ð0:30Þ½632:2 − 105 − 298ð1:8422 − 0:3672Þ = 23:63 kW


and
30:33
"II = = 1:09
4:14 + 23:63

7.6 Consider the ideal refrigeration cycle shown in Fig. 7-4 which utilizes R134a. The condenser
operates at 800 kPa while the evaporator operates at 120 kPa. Calculate the second-law effec-
tiveness for the cycle.
The given values and the R134a tables in Appendix D allow us to set up Table 7-6.

Fig. 7-4
172 REVERSIBLE WORK, IRREVERSIBILITY, AND AVAILABILITY [CHAP. 7

Table 7-6

State T ð CÞ P ðkPaÞ h ðkJ=kgÞ s ðkJ=kgKÞ
1 (Saturated liquid phase) 31.3 800 93.42 0.3459
2 (Two-phase) –22.4 120
3 (Saturated vapor phase) –22.4 120 233.9 0.9354
4 (Superheated phase) 800

Now, traversing the cycle, the enthalpy remains constant across a valve, so that h2 = h1 = 30:84 Btu/lbm.
State 2 is two-phase, so that
h2 − hf 93:42 − 21:32
x= = = 0:339
hg − hf 233:9 − 21:32

and
s2 = sf þ xðsg  sf Þ = 0:0879 þ ð0:339Þð0:9354  0:0879Þ = 0:375 kJ=kgK
h2 = hf þ xhfg = 21:32 þ 0:339ð212:54Þ = 93:4
State 4 results from an isentropic compression across the ideal compressor. At P4 = 800 kPa and s4 = 0:9354
kJ=kgK, we interpolate to find h4 = 273 kJ=kg. We now calculate the second-law effectiveness for the cycle
assuming T0 = 298 K:
   
T 298
availability produced = 1 − 0 QL = 1 − ð93:4 − 233:9Þ = 26:3 kJ=kg
T3 251
work used = Wcomp = h4 − h3 = 273:0 − 233:9 = 39:1 kJ=kg
26:3
" = = 0:673
39:1

Supplementary Problems
7.7 Steam enters a turbine at 6 MPa and 500  C and exits at 100 kPa and 150  C. Determine (a) the reversible
work and (b) the irreversibility of the process.

7.8 The inlet conditions to an adiabatic steam turbine are 800 psia and 700  F. At the exit the pressure is 30
psia and the steam has a quality of 93 percent. Determine (a) the irreversibility, (b) the reversible work, and
(c) the adiabatic efficiency for the turbine.

7.9 A steam turbine with an isentropic efficiency of 85 percent operates between steam pressures of 1500 and 100
psia. If the inlet steam is at 1000  F, determine the actual work and the second-law efficiency of the turbine.

7.10 What does irreversibility imply about an adiabatic steam turbine which operates with inlet steam at 10 MPa
and 700  C and exhausts at 0.2 MPa with a quality of 90 percent?

7.11 A designer of gas turbines claims to have developed a turbine which will take hot combustion gases (having
the properties of air) at 80 psia and 2500  R and exhaust at 14.7 psia and 1200  R. What is the minimum
amount of heat transfer which must occur for this turbine to be feasible?

7.12 Determine the availability of water in a hot water tank at 100 kPa and 95  C.

7.13 What is the availability of a 2-in3 ice cube at 10  F and 14.7 psia?