198 GAS POWER CYCLES [CHAP.

The first law for the control volume [see (4.66)] surrounding the compressor provides us with
"  #
ðn − 1Þ=n
P
Q_ = mh
_ + W_ comp = mC
_ p ðT2 − T1 Þ + W_ comp = mC
_ p T1 2
− 1 + W_ comp
P1
"  #
18 000 0:3=1:3
= ð4Þð1:00Þð293Þ − 1 − 3374 = − 661 kW
100

In the above, we have used the compressor power as negative since it is a power input. The expression of
(8.6) is the magnitude of the power with the minus sign suppressed, but when the first law is used we must
be careful with the signs. The negative sign on the heat transfer means that heat is leaving the control
volume.

8.3 An adiabatic compressor is supplied with 2 kg/s of atmospheric air at 15  C and delivers it at
5 MPa. Calculate the efficiency and power input if the exiting temperature is 700  C.
Assuming an isentropic process and an inlet temperature of 15  C, the exit temperature would be
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P2 5000 0:2857
T2 = T1
0 = ð288Þ = 880:6 K
P1 100
The efficiency is then
ws Cp ðT20 − T1 Þ 880:6 − 288
= = = = 0:865 or 86:5%
wa Cp ðT2 − T1 Þ 973 − 288

The power input is W_ comp = mC

_ p ðT2 − T1 Þ = ð2Þð1:00Þð973 − 288Þ = 1370 kW.

8.4 An ideal compressor is to compress 20 lbm/min of atmospheric air at 70  F at 1500 psia. Calculate
the power requirement for (a) one stage, (b) two stages, and (c) three stages.
(a) For a single stage, the exit temperature is
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P2 1500 0:2857
T2 = T1 = ð530Þ = 1987  R
P1 14:7
The required power is
 
20
W_ comp = mC
_ p ðT2 − T1 Þ = ½ð0:24Þð778Þð1987 − 530Þ
60
= 90;680 ft-lbf=sec or 164:9 hp

(b) With two stages, the intercooler pressure is P2 = ðP1 P4 Þ1=2 = ½ð14:7Þð1500Þ1=2 = 148:5 psia. The inter-
cooler inlet and exit temperatures are (see Fig. 8-4)
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P2 148:5 0:2857
T2 = T1 = 530 = 1026  R
P1 14:7
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P 1500 0:2857
T4 = T3 4 = 530 = 1026  R
P3 148:5
The power required for this two-stage compressor is

W_ comp = mC
_ p ðT2 − T1 Þ + mC
_ p ðT4 − T3 Þ
 
20
= ½ð0:24Þð778Þð1026 − 530 + 1026 − 530Þ = 61;740 ft-lbf=sec
60
or 112.3 hp. This represents a 31.9 percent reduction compared to the single-stage compressor.
CHAP. 8] GAS POWER CYCLES 199

(c) For three stages, we have, using (8.9) and (8.10),

h i1=3
P2 = ðP12 P6 Þ1=3 = ð14:7Þ2 ð1500Þ = 68:69 psia
h i1=3
P4 = ðP1 P62 Þ1=3 = ð14:7Þð1500Þ2 = 321:0 psia

The high temperature and power requirement are then

 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P2 68:69 0:2857
T2 = T4 = T6 = T1 = ð530Þ = 823:3  R
P1 14:7
 
20
W_ comp _ p ðT2 − T1 Þ = ð3Þ
= 3mC ½ð0:24Þð778Þð823:3 − 530Þ = 54;770 ft-lbf=sec
60
or 99.6 hp. This represents a 39.6 percent reduction compared to the single-stage compressor.

8.5 The calculations in Prob. 8.4 were made assuming constant specific heats. Recalculate the power
requirements for (a) and (b) using the more accurate air tables (Appendix E).
(a) For one stage, the exit temperature is found using Pr . At stage T1 = 530  R: h1 = 126:7 Btu/lbm,
ðPr Þ1 = 1:300. Then,
 
P 1500
ðPr Þ2 = ðPr Þ1 2 = ð1:300Þ = 132:7
P1 14:7

This provides us with T2 = 1870  R and h2 = 469:0 Btu/lbm. The power requirement is
 
20
W_ comp = mðh
_ 2 − h1 Þ = ð469 − 126:7Þð778Þ = 88;760 ft-lbf=sec or 161:4 hp
60
(b) With two stages, the intercooler pressure remains at 148.5 psia. The intercooler inlet condition is found
as follows:
 
P 148:5
ðPr Þ2 = ðPr Þ1 2 = ð1:300Þ = 13:13
P1 14:7
where T2 = 1018  R and h2 = 245:5 Btu/lbm. These also represent the compressor exit (see Fig. 8-4), so
that
W_ comp = mðh
_ 2 − h1 Þ + mðh
_ 4 − h3 Þ
 
20
= ð245:5 − 126:7 + 245:5 − 126:7Þð778Þ = 61;620 ft-lbf=sec
60

or 112.0 hp. Obviously, the assumption of constant specific heats is quite acceptable. The single-stage
calculation represents an error of only 2 percent.

8.6 A Carnot engine operates on air between high and low pressures of 3 MPa and 100 kPa with a
low temperature of 20  C. For a compression ratio of 15, calculate the thermal efficiency, the
MEP, and the work output.
The specific volume at TDC (see Fig. 6-1) is v1 = RT1 =P1 = ð0:287Þð293Þ=100 = 0:8409 m3 =kg. For a
compression ratio of 15 (we imagine the Carnot engine to have a piston-cylinder arrangement), the specific
volume at BDC is

v1 0:8409
v3 = = = 0:05606 m3 =kg
15 15

The high temperature is then T3 = P3 v3 =R = ð3000Þð0:05606Þ=0:287 = 586:0 K.

200 GAS POWER CYCLES [CHAP. 8

The cycle efficiency is calculated to be  = 1 − TL =TH = 1 − 293=586 = 0:500. To find the work output,
we must calculate the specific volume of state 2 as follows:
1:4
P2 v2 = P1 v1 = ð100Þð0:8409Þ = 84:09 P2 v1:4 1:4
2 = P3 v3 = ð3000Þð0:05606Þ = 53:12
∴ v2 = 0:3171 m3=kg

The entropy change ðs2 − s1 Þ is then

v2 0:3171
s = Cv ln 1 + R ln = 0 + 0:287 ln = − 0:2799 kJ=kgK
v1 0:8409
The work output is now found to be wnet = T jsj = ð586 − 293Þð0:2799Þ = 82:0 kJ/kg. Finally,
wnet = ðMEPÞðv1 − v2 Þ 82:0 = ðMEPÞð0:8409 − 0:3171Þ MEP = 156:5 kPa

8.7 An inventor proposes a reciprocating engine with a compression ratio of 10, operating on
1:6 kg=s of atmospheric air at 20  C, that produces 50 hp. After combustion the temperature is
400  C. Is the proposed engine feasible?
We will consider a Carnot engine operating between the same pressure and temperature limits; this will
establish the ideal situation without reference to the details of the proposed engine. The specific volume at
state 1 (see Fig. 6-1) is
RT1 ð0:287Þð293Þ
v1 = = = 0:8409 m3 =kg
P1 100
For a compression ratio of 10, the minimum specific volume must be v3 = v1 =10 = 0:8409=10 = 0:08409.
The specific volume at state 2 is now found by considering the isothermal process from 1 to 2 and the
isentropic process from 2 to 3:
0:287ð673Þ
P2 v2 = P1 v1 = 100  0:8409 = 84:09 P2 vk2 = ð0:08409Þ1:4 = 71:75
0:08409
∴ v2 = 0:6725 m3 =kg

The change in entropy is

v2 0:6725
s = R ln = 0:287 ln = − 0:0641 kJ=kgK
v1 0:8409
The work output is then wnet = T jsj = ð400 − 20Þð0:0641Þ = 24:4 kJ=kg. The power output is
W_ = mw
_ net = ð1:6Þð24:4Þ = 39:0 kW or 52:2 hp
The maximum possible power output is 52.2 hp; the inventor’s claims of 50 hp is highly unlikely, though not
impossible.

8.8 A six-cylinder engine with a compression ratio of 8 and a total volume at TDC of 600 mL intakes
atmospheric air at 20  C. The maximum temperature during a cycle is 1500  C. Assuming an Otto
cycle, calculate (a) the heat supplied per cycle, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the power output
for 400 rpm.
(a) The compression ratio of 8 allows us to calculate T2 (see Fig. 8-8):
 k − 1
V1
T2 = T1 = ð293Þð8Þ0:4 = 673:1 K
V2
The heat supplied is then qin = Cv ðT3 − T2 Þ = ð0:717Þð1773 − 673:1Þ = 788:6 kJ=kg. The mass of air in
the six cylinders is

P1 V1 ð100Þð600  10− 6 Þ
m= = = 0:004281 kg
RT1 ð0:287Þð293Þ
The heat supplied per cycle is Qin = mqin = ð0:004281Þð788:6Þ = 3:376 kJ.
CHAP. 8] GAS POWER CYCLES 201

(b)  = 1 − r1 − k = 1 − 8− 0:4 = 0:5647 or 56.5%.

(c) Wout = Qin = ð0:5647Þð3:376Þ = 1:906 kJ.
For the idealized Otto cycle, we assume that one cycle occurs each revolution. Consequently,

W_ out = ðW out Þðcycles per secondÞ = ð1:906Þð4000=60Þ = 127 kW or 170 hp

8.9 A diesel engine intakes atmospheric air at 60  F and adds 800 Btu/lbm of energy. If the maximum
pressure is 1200 psia calculate (a) the cutoff ratio, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the power
output for an airflow of 0.2 lbm/sec.
(a) The compression process is isentropic. The temperature at state 2 (see Fig. 8-9) is calculated to be
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P2 1200 0:2857
T2 = T1 = ð520Þ = 1829  R
P1 14:7
The temperature at state 3 is found from the first law as follows:
qin = Cp ðT3 − T2 Þ 800 = ð0:24ÞðT3 − 1829Þ ∴ T3 = 5162  R

The specific volumes of the three states are

RT1 ð53:3Þð520Þ RT2 ð53:3Þð1829Þ
v1 = = = 13:09 ft3 =lbm v2 = = = 0:5642 ft3 =lbm
P1 ð14:7Þð144Þ P2 ð1200Þð144Þ
RT3 ð53:3Þð5162Þ
v3 = = = 1:592 ft3 =lbm
P3 ð1200Þð144Þ
The cutoff ratio is then rc = v3 =v2 = 1:592=0:5642 = 2:822.
(b) The compression ratio is r = v1 =v2 = 13:09=0:5642 = 23:20. The thermal efficiency can now be calcu-
lated, using (8.25):

1 rkc − 1 1 ð2:822Þ1:4 − 1
=1− = 1 − = 0:6351 or 63:51%
rk − 1 kðrc − 1Þ ð23:2Þ0:4 ð1:4Þð2:822 − 1Þ
(c) W_ out = Q_ in = mq
_ in = ½ð0:6351Þð0:2Þð800Þð778Þ = 79;060 ft-lbf/sec or 143.7 hp.

8.10 A dual cycle is used to model a piston engine. The engine intakes atmospheric air at 20  C,
compresses it to 10 MPa, and then combustion increases the pressure to 20 MPa. For a cutoff
ratio of 2, calculate the cycle efficiency and the power output for an airflow of 0:1kg=s.
The pressure ratio (refer to Fig. 8-11) is rp = P3 =P2 = 20=10 = 2. The temperature after the isentropic
compression is
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P2 10 000 0:2857
T2 = T1 = ð293Þ = 1092 K
P1 100
The specific volumes are
RT1 ð0:287Þð293Þ RT2 ð0:287Þð1092Þ
v1 = = = 0:8409 m3 =kg v2 = = = 0:03134 m3 =kg
P1 100 P2 10 000
The compression ratio is then r = v1 =v2 = 0:8409=0:03134 = 26:83. This allows us to calculate the thermal
efficiency:

1 rp rkc − 1 − 1 1 ð2Þð2Þ0:4 − 1
=1− =1− = 0:8843
rk − 1 krp ðrc − 1Þ + rp  1 ð26:83Þ0:4 ð1:4Þð2Þð2 − 1Þ + 2 − 1
To find the heat input, the temperatures of states 3 and 4 must be known. For the constant-volume heat
addition,
T3 T P3
= 2 ∴ T3 = T2 = ð1092Þð2Þ = 2184 K
P3 P2 P2
202 GAS POWER CYCLES [CHAP. 8

For the constant-pressure heat addition,

T3 T v4
= 4 ∴ T4 = T3 = ð2184Þð2Þ = 4368 K
v3 v4 v3
The heat input is then
qin = Cv ðT3 − T2 Þ + Cp ðT4 − T3 Þ = ð0:717Þð2184 − 1092Þ + ð1:00Þð4368 − 2184Þ = 2967 kJ=kg

so that
wout =  qin = ð0:8843Þð2967Þ = 2624 kJ=kg
The power output is W_ out = mw
_ out = ð0:1Þð2624Þ = 262:4 kW.

8.11 Air at 90 kPa and 15  C is supplied to an ideal cycle at intake. If the compression ratio is 10 and
the heat supplied is 300 kJ=kg, calculate the efficiency and the maximum temperature for (a) a
Stirling cycle, and (b) an Ericsson cycle.
(a) For the constant-temperature process, the heat transfer equals the work. Referring to Fig. 8-13, the first
law gives
v1
qout = w1− 2 = RT1 ln = ð0:287Þð288Þ ln 10 = 190:3 kJ=kg
v2
The work output for the cycle is then wout = qin − qout = 300 − 190:3 = 109:7 kJ=kg. The efficiency is
wout 109:7
= = = 0:366
qin 300
The high temperature is found from
TL TL 288
=1− ∴ TH = = = 454 K
TH 1− 1 − 0:366
(b) For the Ericsson cycle of Fig. 8-14, the compression ratio is v4 =v2 . The constant-temperature heat
addition 3 ! 4 provides
v4 v4
qin = w3 − 4 = RT4 ln ∴ 300 = ð0:287ÞT4 ln
v3 v3
The constant-pressure process 2 ! 3 allows
T3 T 288
= 2 =
v3 v2 v4 =10
The constant-pressure process 4 ! 1 demands
T4 T P 90
= 1 = 1 = = 313:6
v4 v1 R 0:287
Recognizing that T3 = T4 , the above can be combined to give
v4
300 = ð0:287Þð313:6v4 Þ ln v3 = 0:1089v24
v3
The above two equations are solved simultaneously by trial and error to give

v4 = 3:94 m3 =kg v3 = 1:69 m3 =kg

Thus, from the compression ratio, v2 = v4 =10 = 0:394 m3 /kg. The specific volume of state 1 is
RT ð0:287Þð288Þ
v1 = = = 0:9184 m3 =kg
P1 90
The heat rejected is then
v1 0:9184
qout = RT1 ln = ð0:287Þð288Þ ln = 70:0 kJ=kg
v2 0:394