CHAP.

8] GAS POWER CYCLES 203

The net work for the cycle is wout = qin − qout = 300 − 70:0 = 230 kJ/kg. The efficiency is then
 = wout =qin = 230=300 = 0:767. This allows us to calculate the high temperature:
TL 288
=1− 0:767 = 1 − ∴ TH = 1240 K
TH TH

8.12 A gas-turbine power plant is to produce 800 kW of power by compressing atmospheric air at
20  C to kPa. If the maximum temperature is 800  C, calculate the minimum mass flux of the air.
The cycle is modeled as an ideal Brayton cycle. The cycle efficiency is given by (8.35):
 − 0:4=1:4
800
 = 1 − rð1
p
− kÞ=k
= 1 − = 0:4479
100
The energy added in the combustor is (see Fig. 8-15) Q_ in = W_ out = = 800=0:4479 = 1786 kW. The tempera-
ture into the combustor is
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P 800 0:2857
T2 = T 1 2 = ð293Þ = 530:7 K
P1 100
With a combustor outlet temperature of 1073 K, the mass flux follows from a combustor energy balance:
Q_ in = mC
_ p ðT3 − T2 Þ _
1786 = ðmÞð1:00Þð1073 − 530:7Þ ∴ m_ = 3:293 kg=s

This represents a minimum, since losses have not been included.

8.13 If the efficiency of the turbine of Prob. 8.12 is 85 percent and that of the compressor is 80 percent,
calculate the mass flux of air needed, keeping the other quantities unchanged. Also calculate the
cycle efficiency.
The compressor work, using T20 = 530:7 from Prob. 8.12, is
 
wcomp; s 1 1
wcomp = = Cp ðT20 − T1 Þ = ð1:00Þð530:7 − 293Þ = 297:1 kJ=kg
comp comp 0:8

The temperature of state 40 , assuming an isentropic process, is

 ðk − 1Þ=k  0:2857
P 100
T40 = T3 4 = ð1073Þ = 592:4 K
P3 800
The turbine work is then
wturb = turb wturb; s = turb Cp ðT40 − T3 Þ = ð0:85Þð1:00Þð592:4 − 1073Þ = 408:5 kJ=kg

The work output is then wout = wturb − wcomp = 408:5 − 297:1 = 111:4 kJ/kg. This allows us to determine
the mass flux:
W_ out = mw
_ out _
800 = ðmÞð111:4Þ ∴ m_ = 7:18 kg=s

To calculate the cycle efficiency, we find the actual temperature T2 . It follows from an energy balance on
the actual compressor:

wcomp = Cp ðT2 − T1 Þ 297:1 = ð1:00ÞðT2 − 293Þ ∴ T2 = 590:1 K

The combustor rate of heat input is thus Q_ in = mðT

_ 3 − T2 Þ = ð7:18Þð1073 − 590:1Þ = 3467 kW. The efficiency
follows as

W_ out 800
= = = 0:2307
_
Qin 3467

Note the sensitivity of the mass flux and the cycle efficiency to the compressor and turbine efficiency.
204 GAS POWER CYCLES [CHAP. 8

Fig. 8-21

8.14 Assuming the ideal-gas turbine and regenerator shown in Fig. 8.21, find Q_ in and the back work ratio.
The cycle efficiency is (see Fig. 8-17)
  
T1 ðk − 1Þ=k 540 75 0:2857
=1− r =1− = 0:4818
T4 p 1660 14:7
The rate of energy input to the combustor is
W_ ð800Þð550=778Þ
Q_ in = out = = 1174 Btu=sec
 0:4818
The compressor outlet temperature is
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P 75 0:2857
T2 = T1 2 = ð540Þ = 860:2  R
P1 14:7
The turbine outlet temperature is
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P4 14:7 0:2857
T4 = T3 = ð1660Þ = 1042  R
P3 75
The turbine and compressor work are then
wcomp = Cp ðT2 − T1 Þ = ð1:00Þð860:2 − 540Þ = 320:2 Btu=lbm
wturb = Cp ðT3 − T4 Þ = ð1:00Þð1660 − 1042Þ = 618 Btu=lbm

The back work ratio is then wcomp =wturb = 320:2=618 = 0:518.

8.15 To Prob. 8.14 add an intercooler and a reheater. Calculate the ideal cycle efficiency and the back
work ratio.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
The intercooler pressure is (see Fig. 8-19), P2 = P1 P4 = ð14:7Þð75Þ = 33:2 psia. The temperatures T2
and T4 are
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P 33:2 0:2857
T4 = T2 = T1 2 = ð540Þ = 681:5  R
P1 14:7
Using P7 = P2 and P6 = P4 , there results
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P 33:2 0:2857
T9 = T7 = T6 7 = ð1660Þ = 1315  R
P6 75
The work output of the turbine and input to the compressor are
wturb = Cp ðT8 − T9 Þ + Cp ðT6 − T7 Þ = ð0:24Þð778Þð1660 − 1315Þð2Þ = 128;800 ft-lbf=lbm
wcomp = Cp ðT4 − T3 Þ + Cp ðT2 − T1 Þ = ð0:24Þð778Þð681:5 − 540Þð2Þ = 52;840 ft-lbf=lbm

The heat inputs to the combustor and the reheater are

qcomb = Cp ðT6 − T5 Þ = ð0:24Þð1660 − 1315Þ = 82:8 Btu=lbm
qreheater = Cp ðT8 − T7 Þ = ð0:24Þð1660 − 1315Þ = 82:8 Btu=lbm
CHAP. 8] GAS POWER CYCLES 205

The cycle efficiency is now calculated to be

wout wturb − wcomp ð128;800 − 52;840Þ=778
= = = = 0:590
qin qcomb + qreheater 82:8 + 82:8
The back work ratio is wcomp =wturb = 52;840=128;800 = 0:410:

8.16 A turbojet aircraft flies at a speed of 300 m/s at an elevation of 10 000 m. If the compression ratio
is 10, the turbine inlet temperature is 1000  C, and the mass flux of air is 30 kg=s, calculate the
maximum thrust possible from this engine. Also, calculate the rate of fuel consumption if the
heating value of the fuel is 8400 kJ/kg.
The inlet temperature and pressure are found from Table B-1 to be (see Fig. 8-20)
T1 = 223:3 K P1 = 0:2615 P0 = 26:15 kPa
The temperature exiting the compressor is
 ðk − 1Þ=k
P
T2 = T1 2 = ð223:3Þð10Þ0:2857 = 431:1 K
P1
Since the turbine drives the compressor, the two works are equal so that
Cp ðT2 − T1 Þ = Cp ðT3 − T4 Þ ∴ T3 − T4 = T2 − T1

Since T3 = 1273, we can find T4 as T4 = T3 + T1 − T2 = 1273 + 223:3 − 431:1 = 1065:2 K. We can now
calculate the pressure at the turbine exit to be, using P3 = P2 = 261:5 kPa,
 k=ðk − 1Þ  
T4 1065:2 3:5
P4 = P3 = ð261:5Þ = 140:1 kPa
T3 1273
The temperature at the nozzle exit, assuming an isentropic expansion, is
 ðk − 1Þ=k  
P 26:15 0:2857
T5 = T4 5 = ð1065:2Þ = 659:4 K
P4 140:1
The energy equation provides us with the exit velocity V 5 = ½2Cp ðT4 − T5 Þ1=2 = ½ð2Þð1000Þ ð1065:2 −
659:4Þ1=2 = 901 m=s, where Cp = 1000 J=kgK must be used in the expression. The thrust can now be
calculated as
_
thrust = mðV 5 − V 1 Þ = ð30Þð901 − 300Þ = 18 030 N
This represents a maximum since a cycle composed of ideal processes was used.
The heat transfer rate in the burner is Q_ = mC
_ p ðT3 − T2 Þ = ð30Þð1:00Þð1273 − 431:1Þ = 25:26 MW.
This requires that the mass flux of fuel m_ f be
8400 m_ f = 25 260 ∴ m_ f = 3:01 kg=s

Supplementary Problems
8.17 An ideal compressor receives 100 m3 /min of atmospheric air at 10  C and delivers it at 20 MPa. Determine
the mass flux and the power required.

8.18 An adiabatic compressor receives 1:5 kg=s of atmospheric air at 25  C and delivers it at 4 MPa. Calculate the
required power and the exiting temperature if the efficiency is assumed to be (a) 100 percent, and (b) 80 percent.

8.19 An adiabatic compressor receives atmospheric air at 60  F at a flow rate of 4000 ft3=min and delivers it
at 10,000 psia. Calculate the power requirement assuming a compressor efficiency of (a) 100 percent and
(bÞ 82 percent:
206 GAS POWER CYCLES [CHAP. 8

8.20 A compressor delivers 2 kg/s of air at 2 MPa having received it from the atmosphere at 20  C. Determine the
required power input and the rate of heat removed if the compression process is polytropic with (a) n = 1:4;
(b) n = 1:3; (c) n = 1:2, and (d) n = 1:0.

8.21 The heat transfer from a compressor is one-fifth the work input. If the compressor receives atmospheric air
at 20  C and delivers it at 4 MPa, determine the polytropic exponent assuming an ideal compressor.

8.22 The maximum temperature in the compressor of Prob. 8.19(a) is too high. To reduce it, several stages are
suggested. Calculate the maximum temperature and the isentropic power requirement assuming (a) two
stages and (b) three stages.

8.23 A compressor receives 0.4 lbm/sec of air at 12 psia and 50  F and delivers it at 500 psia. For an 85 percent
efficient compressor calculate the power requirement assuming (a) one stage, and (b) two stages.

8.24 Rather than assuming constant specific heats, use the air tables (Appendix E) and rework (a) Prob. 8.17 and
(b) Prob. 8.19(a). Compute the percentage error for the constant specific heat assumption.

8.25 A three-stage compressor receives 2 kg/s of air at 95 kPa and 22  C and delivers it at 4 MPa. For an ideal
compressor calculate (a) the intercooler pressures, (b) the temperatures at each state, (c) the power required,
and (d) the intercooler heat transfer rates.

8.26 An engine with a bore and a stroke of 0:2  0:2 m and a clearance of 5 percent experiences a minimum
pressure of 120 kPa and a maximum pressure of 12 MPa. If it operates with air on the cycle of Fig. 8-7,
determine (a) the displacement volume, (b) the compression ratio, and (c) the MEP.

8.27 An air-standard cycle operates in a piston-cylinder arrangement with the following four processes: 1 ! 2—
isentropic compression from 100 kPa and 15  C to 2 MPa; 2 ! 3—constant-pressure heat addition to
1200  C; 3 ! 4—isentropic expansion; and 4 ! 1—constant-volume heat rejection. (a) Show the cycle on
P-v and T -s diagrams, (b) calculate the heat addition and (c) calculate the cycle efficiency.

8.28 An air-standard cycle operates in a piston-cylinder arrangement with the following four processes: 1 ! 2—
constant-temperature compression from 12 psia and 70  F to 400 psia; 2 ! 3—constant-pressure expansion
to 1400  F; 3 ! 4—isentropic expansion; and 4 ! 1—constant-volume process. (a) Show the cycle on P-v
and T -s diagrams, (b) calculate the work output, and (c) calculate the cycle efficiency.

8.29 A Carnot piston engine operates with air between 20  C and 600  C with a low pressure of 100 kPa. If it is to deliver
800 kJ/kg of work calculate (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the compression ratio, and (c) the MEP. See Fig. 6-1.

8.30 A Carnot engine operates on air as shown in Fig. 8-22. Find (a) the power output, (b) the thermal efficiency,
and (c) the MEP. See Fig. 6-1.

Fig. 8-22

8.31 A Carnot engine has heat addition during the combustion process of 4000 Btu/sec. If the temperature limits
are 1200  F and 30  F, with high and low pressures of 1500 psia and 10 psia, determine the mass flux of air
and the MEP. See Fig. 6-1.
CHAP. 8] GAS POWER CYCLES 207

8.32 A Carnot engine operates between the temperatures of 100  C and 600  C with pressure limits of 150 kPa and
10 MPa. Calculate the mass flux of air if the rejected heat flux is (a) 100 kW, (b) 400 kW, and (c) 2 MW. See
Fig. 6-1.

8.33 A piston engine with a 0.2  0.2 m bore and stroke is modeled as a Carnot engine. It operates on 0:5 kg=s of
air between temperatures of 20  C and 500  C with a low pressure of 85 kPa and a clearance of 2 percent.
Find (a) the power delivered, (b) the compression ratio, (c) the MEP, and (d) the volume at top dead center.
See Fig. 6-1.

8.34 A spark-ignition engine operates on an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 9 and temperature limits of
30  C and 1000  C. If the power output is 500 kW, calculate the thermal efficiency and the mass flux of air.

8.35 An Otto cycle operates with air entering the compression process at 15 psia and 90  F. If 600 Btu/lbm of energy
is added during combustion and the compression ratio is 10, determine the work output and the MEP.

8.36 The maximum allowable pressure in an Otto cycle is 8 MPa. Conditions at the beginning of the air compres-
sion are 85 kPa and 22  C. Calculate the required heat addition and the MEP, if the compression ratio is 8.

8.37 A maximum temperature of 1600  C is possible in an Otto cycle in which air enters the compression process
at 85 kPa and 30  C. Find the heat addition and the MEP, if the compression ratio is 6.

8.38 If the Otto cycle shown in Fig. 8-23 operates on air, calculate the thermal efficiency and the MEP.

Fig. 8-23

8.39 A spark-ignition engine with a compression ratio of 8 operates on an Otto cycle using air with a low
temperature of 60  F and a low pressure of 14.7 psia. If the energy addition during combustion is 800
Btu/lbm, determine (a) the work output and (b) the maximum pressure.

8.40 Use the air tables (Appendix E) to solve (a) Prob. 8.35 and (b) Prob. 8.38. Do not assume constant specific heats.

8.41 A diesel engine is designed to operate with a compression ratio of 16 and air entering the compression stroke at
110 kPa and 20  C. If the energy added during combustion is 1800 kJ/kg, calculate (a) the cutoff ratio, (b) the
thermal efficiency, and (c) the MEP.

8.42 A diesel cycle operates on air which enters the compression process at 85 kPa and 30  C. If the compression
ratio is 16, the power output is 500 hp, and the maximum temperature is 2000  C, calculate (a) the cutoff
ratio, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mass flux of air.

8.43 Air enters the compression process of a diesel cycle at 120 kPa and 15  C. The pressure after compression is
8 MPa and 1500 kJ/kg is added during combustion. What are (a) the cutoff ratio, (b) the thermal efficiency,
and (c) the MEP?

8.44 For the cycle shown in Fig. 8-24 find the thermal efficiency and the work output.