First Intermediate Period of Egypt

The First Intermediate Period, described as a 'dark period'

in ancient Egyptian history,[1] spanned approximately one First Intermediate Period of
hundred and twenty-five years, from c. 2181–2055 BC, after Egypt
the end of the Old Kingdom.[2] It comprises the Seventh c. 2181 BC – c. 2055 BC
(although it is mostly considered spurious by Egyptologists),
Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and part of the Eleventh Dynasties.
The concept of a "First Intermediate Period" was coined in
1926 by Egyptologists Georg Steindorff and Henri
Frankfort.[3]

Very little monumental evidence survives from this period,

especially from the beginning of the era. The First
Intermediate Period was a dynamic time where rule of Egypt
was roughly equally divided between two competing power
bases. One of those bases was at Heracleopolis in Lower
Egypt, a city just south of the Faiyum region. The other was
at Thebes in Upper Egypt.[4] It is believed that during this
time temples were pillaged and violated, artwork was
vandalized, and the statues of kings were broken or
destroyed as a result of the postulated political chaos.[5]
These two kingdoms would eventually come into conflict,
leading to the conquest of the north by the Theban kings and
the reunification of Egypt under a single ruler, Mentuhotep II,
during the second part of the Eleventh Dynasty. This event
marked the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

Contents
History
Events leading to the First Intermediate Period
The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties at Memphis
Capital
Rise of the Heracleopolitan kings Memphis (c.
Ankhtifi 2181 BC–c.
2160 BC),
Rise of the Theban kings Seventh
Dynasty–Eighth
The Ipuwer Papyrus Dynasty
The art and architecture of the First Intermediate Heracleopolis
Period Magna (c.
2160 BC–c.
References 2050 BC),
External links Ninth Dynasty–
Tenth Dynasty
Thebes (c.
2134 BC–c.
History 2061 BC),
Eleventh
Events leading to the First Intermediate Dynasty of
Egypt
Period
Common languages Ancient Egyptian
The fall of the Old Kingdom is often described as a period of Religion Ancient Egyptian
chaos and disorder by some literature in the First Intermediate religion
Period, but mostly by the literature of successive eras of Government Monarchy
ancient Egyptian history. The causes that brought about the
Pharaoh
downfall of the Old Kingdom are numerous, but some are
• c. 2181 BC Menkare (first)
merely hypothetical. One reason that is often quoted is the
• c. 2069 BC – c. Intef III (last)
extremely long reign of Pepi II, the last major pharaoh of the 2061 BC
6th Dynasty. He ruled from his childhood until he was very
elderly, possibly in his 90s, but the length of his reign is History
uncertain. He outlived many of his anticipated heirs, thereby • Established c. 2181 BC
[6]
creating problems with succession. Thus, the regime of the • Disestablished c. 2055 BC
Old Kingdom disintegrated amidst this disorganization.[7][8] Preceded by Succeeded by
Another major problem was the rise in power of the
provincial nomarchs. Towards the end of the Old Kingdom Old Middle
Kingdom of Kingdom of
the positions of the nomarchs had become hereditary, so Egypt Egypt
families often held onto the position of power in their
respective provinces. As these nomarchs grew increasingly Today part of Egypt
powerful and influential, they became more independent
from the king.[9] They erected tombs in their own domains
and often raised armies. The rise of these numerous nomarchs inevitably created conflicts between neighboring
provinces, often resulting in intense rivalries and warfare between them. A third reason for the dissolution of
centralized kingship that is mentioned was the low levels of the Nile inundation which may have been caused
by a drier climate, resulting in lower crop yields bringing about famine across ancient Egypt;[10] see 4.2
kiloyear event. There is however no consensus on this subject. According to Manning, there is no relationship
with low Nile floods. "State collapse was complicated, but unrelated to Nile flooding history."[11]

The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties at Memphis

The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties are often overlooked because very little is known about the rulers of these
two periods. Manetho, a historian and priest from the Ptolemaic era, describes 70 kings who ruled for 70
days.[12] This is almost certainly an exaggeration meant to describe the disorganization of the kingship during
this time period. The Seventh Dynasty may have been an oligarchy comprising powerful officials of the Sixth
Dynasty based in Memphis who attempted to retain control of the country.[13] The Eighth dynasty rulers,
claiming to be the descendants of the Sixth Dynasty kings, also ruled from Memphis.[14] Little is known about
these two dynasties since very little textual or architectural evidence survives to describe the period. However,
a few artifacts have been found, including scarabs that have been attributed to king Neferkare II of the Seventh
Dynasty, as well as a green jasper cylinder of Syrian influence which has been credited to the Eighth
Dynasty.[15] Also, a small pyramid believed to have been constructed by King Ibi of the Eighth Dynasty has
been identified at Saqqara.[16] Several kings, such as Iytjenu, are only attested once and their position remains
unknown.

Rise of the Heracleopolitan kings

Sometime after the obscure reign of the Seventh and Eighth Dynasty kings a group of rulers arose in
Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt.[12] These kings comprise the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties, each with nineteen
listed rulers. The Heracleopolitan kings are conjectured to have overwhelmed the weak Memphite rulers to
create the Ninth Dynasty, but there is virtually no archaeology elucidating the transition, which seems to have
involved a drastic reduction in population in the Nile Valley.

The founder of the Ninth Dynasty, Akhthoes or Akhtoy, is often described as an evil and violent ruler, most
notably in Manetho's writing. Possibly the same as Wahkare Khety I, Akhthoes was described as a king who
caused much harm to the inhabitants of Egypt, was seized with madness, and was eventually killed by a
crocodile.[17] This may have been a fanciful tale, but Wahkare is listed as a king in the Turin Canon. Kheti I
was succeeded by Kheti II, also known as Meryibre. Little is certain of his reign, but a few artifacts bearing his
name survive. It may have been his successor, Kheti III, who would bring some degree of order to the Delta,
though the power and influence of these Ninth Dynasty kings was seemingly insignificant compared to the
Old Kingdom pharaohs.[18]

A distinguished line of nomarchs arose in Siut (or Asyut), a powerful and wealthy province in the south of the
Heracleopolitan kingdom. These warrior princes maintained a close relationship with the kings of the
Heracleopolitan royal household, as evidenced by the inscriptions in their tombs. These inscriptions provide a
glimpse at the political situation that was present during their reigns. They describe the Siut nomarchs digging
canals, reducing taxation, reaping rich harvests, raising cattle herds, and maintaining an army and fleet.[17] The
Siut province acted as a buffer state between the northern and southern rulers, and the Siut princes would bear
the brunt of the attacks from the Theban kings.

Ankhtifi

The South was dominated by warlords, the best-known of whom is Ankhtifi, whose tomb was discovered in
1928 at Mo’alla, 30 km south of Luxor. He was a nomarch or provincial governor of the nome based at
Hierakonpolis, but he then expanded to the south and conquered a second nome centred on Edfu. He then
tried to expand to the north to conquer the nome centred on Thebes, but was unsuccessful, as they refused to
come out and fight.

His tomb is highly decorated and contains an extremely informative autobiography in which he paints a picture
of Egypt riven by hunger and famine from which he, the great Ankhtifi, had rescued them. ‘I gave bread to the
hungry and did not allow anyone to die’. This economic disaster is much debated by modern commentators: it
seems that every ruler made similar claims. But it seems clear that for all practical purposes, Ankhtifi was the
ruler and there was no higher power to whom he owed allegiance. The unity of Egypt had broken down.

Rise of the Theban kings

It has been suggested that an invasion of Upper Egypt occurred contemporaneously with the founding of the
Heracleopolitan kingdom, which would establish the Theban line of kings, constituting the Eleventh and
Twelfth Dynasties.[19] This line of kings is believed to have been descendants of Intef, who was the nomarch
of Thebes, often called the "keeper of the Door of the South".[20] He is credited for organizing Upper Egypt
into an independent ruling body in the south, although he himself did not appear to have tried to claim the title
of king. However, his successors in the Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties would later do so for him.[21] One of
them, Intef II, begins the assault on the north, particularly at Abydos.

By around 2060 BC, Intef II had defeated the governor of Nekhen, allowing further expansion south, toward
Elephantine. His successor, Intef III, completed the conquest of Abydos, moving into Middle Egypt against the
Heracleopolitan kings.[22] The first three kings of the Eleventh Dynasty (all named Intef) were, therefore, also
the last three kings of the First Intermediate Period and would be succeeded by a line of kings who were all
called Mentuhotep. Mentuhotep II, also known as Nebhepetra, would eventually defeat the Heracleopolitan
kings around 2033 BC and unify the country to continue the Eleventh Dynasty, bringing Egypt into the
Middle Kingdom.[22]
The Ipuwer Papyrus
The emergence of what is considered literature by modern standards
seems to have occurred during the First Intermediate Period, with a
flowering of new literary genres in the Middle Kingdom.[23] A
particularly important piece is the Ipuwer Papyrus, often called the
Lamentations or Admonitions of Ipuwer, which although not dated to
this period by modern scholarship may refer to the First Intermediate
Period and record a decline in international relations and a general
impoverishment in Egypt.[24]
The Ipuwer Papyrus
The art and architecture of the First
Intermediate Period
The First Intermediate Period in Egypt was generally divided into two main geographical and political regions,
one centered at Memphis and the other at Thebes. The Memphite kings, although weak in power, held on to
the Memphite artistic traditions that had been in place throughout the Old Kingdom. This was a symbolic way
for the weakened Memphite state to hold on to the vestiges of glory in which the Old Kingdom had
reveled.[25] On the other hand, the Theban kings, physically isolated from Memphis (the capital of Egypt in
the Old Kingdom) and the Memphite center of art, were forced to develop their own "Pre-Unification Theban
Style" of art to fulfill their kingly duty of creating order out of chaos through art.[26]

There is not much known about the style of art from the North (centered in Heracleopolis) because not much is
known about the Heracleopolitan kings: little information is provided detailing their rule on monuments from
the North. However, much is known about the Pre-Unification Theban Style, as the Theban kings of the Pre-
Unification Eleventh Dynasty used art to reinforce the legitimacy of their rule, and many royal workshops
were created, forming a distinctive Upper Egyptian style of art different from the Old Kingdom canon.[26]

Reliefs from the Pre-Unification Theban style of art consist primarily of either high raised relief or deep sunk
relief with incised details. Figures depicted have narrow shoulders and a high small of the back, with rounded
limbs and a lack of musculature in males; males also sometimes are shown with rolls of fat (a characteristic that
originated in the Old Kingdom to portray mature males) and have angular breasts and, while the female breast
is more angular or pointed or is shown through a long gentle curve with no nipple (in other periods, the female
breast is depicted as curved). Facial features characteristic of this style include a large eye, which is outlined
with a band of relief meant to represent eye paint. The band meets the outer eye corner and this line usually
runs back to the ear. The eyebrow above the eye is mostly flat; it does not mimic the shape of the eyelid. A
deep incision is used in the creation of the broad nose, and the ear is both large and oblique.[26]

An example of Pre-Unification Theban reliefs is the Stela of the

Gatekeeper Maati, a limestone stela from the reign of Mentuhotep II,
ca. 2051-2030 BCE. In this stela, Maati is seated at an offering table
with a jar of sacred oils in his left hand, and the text surrounding him
references other figures from his life, such as the treasurer Bebi and
the ancestor of the ruling Intef family, demonstrating the close bonds
that tie together rulers and followers in Theban society during the First
Intermediate Period.[27]
Stela of the Gatekeeper Maati MET
Museum Strong facial features and the round modeling of limbs is also seen in
statues, as seen in the Limestone Statue of the Steward Mery, from the
11th Dynasty of the First Intermediate Period, also under the reign of
Mentuhotep II.[28]

Males with pronounced, angular breasts portrayed with rolls of fat, as well as females with angular or pointed
breasts are seen in the collection of Limestone Reliefs of High Official Tjetji. The Limestone Relief of High
Official Tjetji contains 14 horizontal lines of text at the top of the relief, with an account of Tjetji's life. Five
vertical columns on the right of the relief dictate an elaborate offering formula particular to the First
Intermediate Period. Tjetji faces right with two smaller males on the left that are most likely official staff. Tjetji
himself is depicted as a mature official with a pronounced breast, rolls of fat on his torso, and a calf-length kilt.
The officials shown on the left are more youthful and wear shorter kilts, symbolizing that they are less mature
and active.[26] The depiction of the female figure specific to the First Intermediate Period is also seen in the
Limestone Relief of High Official Tjetji; in the image provided, the angular breast can be seen.[26]

The building projects of the Heracleopolitan kings in the North were very limited. Only one pyramid believed
to belong to King Merikare (2065–2045 BC) is mentioned to be somewhere at Saqqara. Also, private tombs
that were built during the time pale in comparison to the Old Kingdom monuments, in quality and size. There
are still relief scenes of servants making provisions for the deceased as well as the traditional offering scenes
which mirror those of the Old Kingdom Memphite tombs. However, they are of a lower quality and are much
simpler than their Old Kingdom parallels.[29] Wooden rectangular coffins were still being used, but their
decorations became more elaborate during the rule of the Heracleopolitan kings. New Coffin Texts were
painted on the interiors, providing spells and maps for the deceased to use in the afterlife.

Artworks that survived from the Theban Period show that the artisans took on new interpretations of
traditional scenes. They employed the use of bright colors in their paintings and changed and distorted the
proportions of the human figure. This distinctive style was especially evident in the rectangular slab stelae
found in the tombs at Naga el-Deir.[30] In terms of royal architecture, the Theban kings of the early eleventh
dynasty constructed rock cut tombs called saff tombs at El-Tarif on the west bank of the Nile. This new style
of mortuary architecture consisted of a large courtyard with a rock-cut colonnade at the far wall. Rooms were
carved into the walls facing the central courtyard where the deceased were buried, allowing for multiple
people to be buried in one tomb.[31] The undecorated burial chambers may have been due to the lack of skilled
artists in the Theban kingdom.

Limeston Limestone Stela of Limeston

e Statue Tjetji e Stela
of the Featuring
Steward Woman
Mery

References
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3. Schneider, Thomas (27 August 2008). "Periodizing Egyptian History: Manetho, Convention,
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7. Gardiner, Alan (1961) Egypt of the Pharaohs (Oxford University Press), 110.
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31. Jaromir Malek, Egyptian Art (London: Phaidon Press Limited, 1999), 162.

External links
Preceded by Time Periods of Egypt Succeeded by
Old Kingdom 2181-2055 BC Middle Kingdom

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