ee Chapter 4. (Carbon and its Compounds) © (©) HCSCH, ethyne has triple bond . (a) Both are esters. (b) CH,CH,CH,CH,OH has —OH as functional group. (@) —COONa head, hydrophilic, hydrocarbon is hydrophobic tail (d) Propene, CH;—CH=CH, and propyne HC CH, are unsaturated. @ @ (d) It is branched chain because —CH, is attached to 2nd carbon. . sulphonic acids - alkaline KMnO, 13. propanal 14. Ethyne, HC=CH 15. False, it is very weakly acidic, does not turn blue litmus red. 16. False 17. True 18. True, carbon compounds mostly are combustible. (i) (C), (i) (B), Git) (D), (iv) (A) . Alkane with twenty carbon atoms — Alkene with twenty carbon atoms — 2yH,OH, Ethanol Hy because general formula is C,H, {0, CsH,O, are carboxylic acids. |. 2 moles of Hy are need to reduce to double bonds in hydrogenation. . Ethanol . Yes, it is because it attacks central nervous system and leads to loss of control over body and mind. Science—10 o27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, 35. It leads to blindness and even death if taken in excess. Ais Ethanoic acid, CH,COOH. It turns blue litmus due to CO, CH,COOH + NaHCO, —> CH,COONa + H,O + CC ed, gives brisk effervescence ” Detergents with linear alkyl chains are biodegradable, i.e. do not create water pollution. Carbon cannot lose four electrons easily because very high energy is required. It cannot gain four electrons easily because six protons cannot hold 10 electrons. It can easily share four electrons forming covalent bonds, It acts as a solvent. It dissolves iodine to form tincture of iodine and dissolves chemicals present in cough syrups and tonics. (a) Alkenes: CoH,y, CsH,, CsHy Alkynes: CyH,, C,H, @)— @ But-Lene (ii) Ethanal (a) (@ 2-Butanone or butan-2-one (i) 2-Propanol or propan-2-ol (iii) Methanoic acid (iv) Methyl ethanoate () Conc. H,SO, acts as dehydrating agent. It removes water formed in the reaction to form ethene from ethanol. () CH,COOH + NaOH —> CH,COONa + H,0 . HoH +H, = RY ER ROR (i) CHOH + 40, “CGS Br Br (@) CH,COOC,H, + NaOH —> CH,COONa + C,H,OH (ei) CH,=CH, + Ho “81. CH,CH,OH (i) It reduces pollution. (ii) It is used in cough syrups and tonics. (iii) It acts as preservative. Science—10 2)36. (i) 1-Propanol or propan-1-ol (ii) 2-Butanone or butan-2-one or butanone (ii) Propanoic acid 37. (a) Chi (i) It has same general formula, from which, all members can be derived. eristics: (ii) They have similar chemical properties. C,H, CH=CH. : () (@ Aldehyde, —CHO (ii) Aldehyde, CHO Ethene is first member of alkene se (iii) Carboxylic acid, COOH (iv) Aleohol, -OH. 38. (a) C,H,OH, ethanol ()) C,H,CHO, propanal (0) C,H,COOH, propanoic acid 39. (a) Propene (H,C—=CH—CH,) (0) Alkene, C,Hy, HoH © HH to hi 40. (a) () CHO + CH,CH,COOH) "°°. CHJCH,COOC,H,() Ethanol Propanoic acid Ethyl propanoate * + HOW (i) CH,COOC,H, + NaOH ——> CH,COONa + C,H,OH Ethyl ethanoate™ Sodium hydroxide Sodium ethanoate ‘Ethanol a (iii) CH,COONa + NaOH (CaO) “+ CH, + Na,CO, Soda lime Methane (b) X’ is benzene. Its structural formula is as follows H | oe ae Xe7 I H Benzene It will not decolourise bromine water because position of double bonds is not fixed. The bonds are purely double bonds. Science—10 841. (a) (b) © 42. (a) (b) (by ‘X' is ethene (CH=CH). Qe It will be insoluble in water. Its aqueous solution will not conduct electricity as it is a covalent compound. It will have low melting point, °X’ is butane (CH;—CH,—CH,—CH,). It is present in LPG, It burns with blue flame to form CO,(g) and HjO(). 2C,H,o@) + 180,(¢) —> 8CO,(g)+ 10,00) CH,CH,CH,CH, + Cl, ““#".. CH,CH,CH,CH,Cl+ HCl Butane Me chlorobutane Vegetable oils containing unsaturated fatty acids are good for health as they do not increase cholestrol. Vegetable ghee containing saturated fatty acids are harmful as they form cholesterol and increase lipids in blood. Vegetable oils are converted into vegetable ghee by passing hydrogen in presence of nickel as catalyst. The process is called hydrogenation, Nickel is found w be carcinogenic i.e. cancer causing. Vegetable oil + Hy Si Vegetable ghee Alkaline KMnO 4 (i) CH,CH,OH . CH,COOH Ethanol Ethane acid (i) CH,CH,OH 288%. CH, —CH, + H,O Ethanol Ethene Wi (i) I attacks central nervous system and leads to loss of control over body and mind, (i) It leads to blindness and even death if taken in excess. Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid having —COONa group. Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons. For example, hydrogen gas has one valence electron. It can share one valence electron with other hydrogen atom to form H, molecule so as to acquire nearest stable noble gas configuration, It is atom or group of atoms or reactive part of compound which largely determines the chemical properties of compound, e.g., —OH (Alcohol), CHO (Aldehyde), Science—10 @° ° I IL D— (Ketone), —C—OH (Carboxylic acid), —X (Halogens) where X is Cl, Br, F, I (© @ Pentanol (ii) Butanoic acid (iii) Methanal 44, (a) ‘Soaps Detergents ( Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids. (i) Soaps have —COONa group. (iii) Soaps do not work well in hard water due to formation of scum ( Detergents are sodium or potassium salts of sulphonic acids of long-chain hydrocarbons. (i) Detergents have SO,Na or —SO,Na. (ii) Detergents can work will in hard water detergent. () — @ Itis used for making vinegar. (i) Is is used in making pickles as a preservative (©) Sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas are formed 2C,H,OH + 2Na —> 2C,] Ethanol Sodium Sod ethoxide ;ONa + H,? Hydrogen Science—10 6)