Chapter 10. (Light - Reflection and Refraction) (a) © © (b) © (b) ) (a) © 10. (b) ll. @) 12. (0) 13. Dioptre 14. larger peee eee eee eee 15. denser, towards 16. concave 17. True, Using, = 18. False a: 20. False 21. True 22. True 23. (A -(®B), (B)-(S). (-@, )-Q 24. Concave mirror: It is silvered at outer surface and its reflecting surface is curved inward. It is used in shaving mirror, by Dentist ete 25. Convex mirror: It is silvered at inner surface and its reflecting surface is curved outward. It is used in shops to check theft, to lighter lange area etc. 26. Real image: If light afier reflection converges to a point to form an image on its own, it is called a real image. Real image can be obtained on a screen. Science—10 o27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. 38. Inverted image: This is upside down image which is obtained when compared to the object. In concave mirror, inverted image is obtained when object is placed at a position of more than one focal length from the concave mirror. m=+1, At centre of curvature. Air bubble acts as a concave lens in water as water is denser than air. Concave mirror, to get the parallel beam of light. yy X gy = 1 n ¢ a. v= 3 tg = 138 4 15 m behind the mirror. Because the image is formed at the the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror, ie. v = u. me distance behind By focussing the light from distant object on to a screen and measuring the distance between the screen and the mirror. This is because, the light rays coming from the distant object get focussed at focu Given: f = -1.5 m, uw = - 40 cm = - 04m We know 1 f 1 v = vars Since v is + ve, so the image is virtual and is formed at a distance of 55 cm behind. the mirror, 5 cm () Convex mirror (ii) Due to r ight on the surface of water, we cannot see the actual Given: n, = Refractive index of water want. glass eee “32°73 Refractive index of glass wrt. water Me _ 3/2 6 ees n ate Poca t) Science—10 2)39. The focal length of convex lens increases as it depends on the refractive index of glass with respect to water, while the focal length of concave mirror remains the same as it depends only on its radius of curvature, 40. | Position of Object | Position of Image | Nature and size riaagl Ray Diagram Between Between P and | Virtual, erect infinity and pole | F and behind | and diminished P of the mirror | the mirror 41. Position of object: Between F and C - & Position of image: Beyond C 7 Nature and size of image: Real, inverted and enlarged. 42. The ratio of the speed of light in the free space (c) to the speed of light in given medium (v) is called its refractive index. It has no unit. Glass has more refractive index than water, 43. The nature of spherical lens is convex. Given: w = = 45 cm, v = +90 em, h, = +2 em Using lens formula, F =it- 1-3-5 cm Again, > rmed So, the height of image is 4 cm. The negative sign indicates that it is f below the principal axis. 44, Given: f = -15 em, h, = 2 em, w = -30.cm Using mirror formula, 7 tal we get bladlilt oe v= fu mB =30 ~ =30 Science—10 845. > v =-30 cm So, the sereen should be placed at a distance of 30 cm on the same object in order to obtain a sharp image. le of the Since |v] = |u| = 2f, it means that the object is placed at the centre of curvature (©) of a concave mirror, the image formed is at the centre of curvature. It is real, inverted and of the same size as the object. For convex lens, Given: f= + 10 cm, v = + 20 cm as image is real and inverted. Height of the object = 2 cm (Say +ve) Using lens formula, 1 a we get oe es = uf = $207 10> 20 u = -20 cm (= 2%) The object is placed at 2F,, the image is also formed at 2F, on the other side of the lens. So, the image will be of the same size as the object as |u| = |v] and, For convex lens, Given: f = - 20cm, h, = 5 cm, v = = 15 em Using lens formula, a = +1 we ger ll w 1 _ 20415 u =~ 300 uw =~ 60m h uv = Feat we get Science—10 @i= w= BO) h, The image is diminished and virtual. ‘The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. It is represented by the letter P. P= J The S.1. unit of P is “dioptre”, denoted by D. One dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 metre. The power of a convex lens is positive and that of a concave lens is negative. Giver + 50 cm = 0.5 m 1 1 Pes =+2D f ~ 050m Hence the power of given lens is +2 D, that is it is a convex lens. Given: f = ~ 50 cm = ~ 0.50 m 1 3 [050m =~?P Hence the power of given lens is - 2D, that is it is a concave lens. A concave lens will always give a virtual, erect and diminished image irrespective of the position of the object. Given: h, = 5 cm, f = +18 cm, u =~ 12 cm Using lens formula, riill f a 18 1 > eit. = 18) 1206 or v=- 36cm Thus, the image is formed on the same side of the object at a distance of 36 cm from the optical centre of the lens. The negative sign indicates that the image is virtual. So, the image is three times larger than the size of the object. Science—10 6)49. (a) The ability of a lens to converge or diverge the ray of light after refraction is called power (P) of the lens. It is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length, ie. P= (b) The SI unit of power of a lens is ‘dioptre’. A lens of focal length 100 cm or 1 m has a power of I dioptre, ie. 1 dioptre = 1 me! 00 , 100 (c) Power of the combination, P = P, + Py 5 +10 4-10=-6D 50. (a) @ Given: P=+2D It is a convex lens of focal length f= ae cm = 50cm (ii) Given P=-4D It is a concave lens of focal length f= 10 om = — 25 em iH ; () For a convex lens, Using lens formula, = = qs We get ee lee Di feel (01100) 100) = v = 100 cm (Real image) and m= ¥= 10 _ 3 uw =100 Therefore, the image is inverted and of the same size as the object. For a concave lens, Using lens formula, + = 1-4, we get ein Sle (35) 100)" ~ 20 = 20 cm (Virtual image) m= Therefore, the image is diminished Science—1051. (a) Since power is zero so the focal length is infinity. ) OL, 52. (a) Refraction. When light enters from one medium into another obliquely, — Convex lens (ii) 1, — Concave lens (iii) L, — Convex lens the direction of propagation of light in the second medium changes. This phenomenon is known as refraction of light. Noymat oN Normal *, {— Angle of incidence: pete ceuy . : Denser medium Danser meaium Interface of two Rarer medium Angle of refraction optical medium % (i) Rarer to denser medium (ii) Denser to rarer medium Light bends on undergoing refraction. When light enters from a rarer medium into a denser medium, it will bend towards the normal as shown in figure (). Similarly, when light gets into the rarer medium from the denser medium, it will bend away from the normal as shown in figure (i). For a rarer medium to a denser medium — Zi > Zr, For a denser medium to a rarer medium — Zi < Zr Snell’s law The ratio of the ‘sine’ of the angle of incidence (i) to the ‘sine’ of the angle of refraction (r) is a constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snell’s law of refraction. = constant 2 © @ Given: Refractive index of vacuum with respect to glass = i =3 332 Speed of light in vacuum (c) Now, 1 ne s peed of light in glass @,) “ 2x108 > x 10* m/s = Speed of light in vacuum, Science—10 a53. (a) (b) (i) Speed of light in water, el 0g = = RE = x08 = 295 x 108 ms When a parallel beam of light is incident on a front face of concave lens, each ray of light will refract towards the normal to the surface as it moves from a rarer to a denser and travels straight line path in the back each ray of light will again refract and bends away from the normal at this surface. This is because the light ray now move from denser (glass) to rarer (air) medium. The course of ra of light is shown in the figure. de the lens, until it reaches “oi face of the lens. At the back face boundary, Thus, because of the concave shape of both the faces, the double concave lens diverges the rays of parallel beam of incident light after refraction through it. Given: h, = 2.0 cm, f = - 15 em, v = 10 cm asa concave lens always forms a virtual of the object. Using lens formula, CC fovuw : 1 1 _ 1 _=15+10 u =10 = 150 = 0 cm ® Therefore, the object should be placed at a distance of 30 cm to the left side of concave lens. F< Liwe get 2 3 So, the image is virtual, erect and diminished. Science—10 @)54, @ (ii) (iii) @ (i) (ii) (iv) @) 55. (a) co) @ Nature of imag of curvature. Nature of image: Virtual, erect and enlarged + Real, inverted and same size image is formed at the centre nage is formed behind the mirror. Nature of image: Virtual, erect and diminished image is formed behind the mirror. Nature of image: Real, inverted and image of same size is formed at 2F, on the other side of lens. Nature of image: Virtual, erect and diminished image is formed between O and F, on the same side of object. The required spherical mirror is convex mirror because the image formed by a convex mirror for all position of the object placed in front of it is always erect and diminished. (i) Object between pole and infinity (ji) 2 infinity Science—10 @nan i (b) If the light rays, after reflection, converge to a point to for nage on its own, it is called a real image. If they are diverging, then it is to form a virtual image. Real image can be obtained on a screen, while a virtual image cannot be. (@) Apla forms a virtual image. (ii) On a cinema screen, a real image is ne m ro. formed, 56. (a) A convex mirror always forms a virtual image, which is erect and irrespective of the position of the object, while a concave mirror forms a real or virtual, or erect, inverted image based on the position of the object. ()) (i) The diameter of the reflecting surface of the mirror is called aperture, (i) The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface of the spherical mirror forms a part, is called the radius of curvature of the mirror. (©. When a ray falls normally on a plane mirror, the incident angle is zero. the reflected and the incident angles are equal, the reflection angle is also zero. So, it retraces its path. 57. (a) The focal length of a spherical mirror depends only on the radius of the curvature of a hollow sphere of which the mirror is part (f = R/2). Both the spherical mirrors are the part of the same hollow spherical ball. Hence their radius of curvature is the same. Therefore, the ratio of their focal lengths will be 1:1 oF (b) Science—10 (19)58. (a) Four characteristics of the image formed by concave lens for the given condition are virtual, erect, diminished and on the same side as the object. (b) When the object is placed between the focus (F) and the pole (P) of the mirror, the image is formed behind the mirror and is virtual, erect and enlarged. (0) The required ray diagram is as follows: 59. (i) To obtain an erect image of an object, using concave mirror of focal length of 12 cm, the object should be placed at a distance less than its focal length, i.e 12 cm, (ii) The obtained image will be larger than the object The formation of image in this case, is as shown in the adjoining figure. (iii) If the object is placed at C( = 24 cm), in front of ia the concave mirror of focal length of 12 cm, then 8 a real, inverted and same size image as that of the ~ 84 a object is formed at C. This situation is as showr + the adjoining figure. 60. Sign convent (@ The object is always placed to the lefi of the lens so that the incident light moves from lefi to right. (i) All distances are to be measured from the optical centre of the lens. ns for refraction of light through spherical lenses. Science—10 a)(iii) The distances measured in the direction of incident light along +ve x-axis, will be taken as positive, while those measured to the left of the origin along s, will be taken as negative. (iv) All measurements of heights above the principal axis (along +ve y-axis) will be considered as positive, while below it (along -ve y-axis) will be taken as ave x negative, According to question, u = — 16 cm, m = ~ 3 (real image) But m=%=-3 = v = Bu = -3 x ( 16) = 48. cm Using lens formula, Ce ee eed f vow > W716 48716 ~ 48 "48712 > fat 12cm So, the focal length of the given spherical lens is 12 em, The positive sign of focal length shows that the nature of spherical lens is convex. Ray diagram: 61. Yes, a complete image of an object will be formed but of less intensity, the light falling on the covered portion will not reach at the image position. For a convex lens, h, = + 4 c. 1 Using lens formula, i da : vo ns ~ ¥ "45 1 f 1 20 Science—10 (12)62. 63. oat 22015) 60 cm or v Thus, the image is formed on the same side of the object at a distance of 60 cm from the optical centre of the lens. The negative sign indicates that image is virtual. 60 ae jp X45 4 16cm So, the image is four times larger than the size of the object, ie. 16 cm. The positive sign indicates that the image is erect (a) The focal length of the convex lens is f =15 cm. > Reason: Objects at 8. No. (3) indicates that u =~ 2 Thus, object is at 2F. Therefore, 2 0 cm, v = 30 cm cm or f= + 15am (b) Observation at S. No. 6 is not correct. The value, « =10 cm, indicates that the object is in between the optical centre and the focus, ice. less than the focal length of the lens and hence the image should be on the same side as the object. This indicate that, the image distance should be negative and cannot be positive as shown in table. (c) Ray diagram for the observation at S. No. 4 : Given: u = — 20 em; v = 60 cm; f= 15cm fy 45cm _ Magnification, am = hh, +15em (@) Since the image formed by a concave lens is always smaller than the object. So, the magnification (m) produced by the concave lens is always less than 1. Science—10 (13)() A convex lens of short focal length has more converging power as it bends compared to a convex the light rays through large angle after refraction lens having large focal length (-P = 7): Therefore, the convex lens of focal length 10 cm will have greater convergence of refracted light as compared to the convex lens of focal length 20 cm. (0) For convex lens, hy iy Linear magnification, m= = ‘The size of image indicates that the image is real and inverted. So, hy, v=+ 12cm or Using lens formula, Science—10 (14)