Chapter 11. (The Human Eye and the Colourful World) (@ © © © © (a) © (a) © 10. (©) 11. () 12. (©) 13. Cornea peee eee eee eee 14, image 15. Accomodation 16. membrane 17. vacuum 18. True 19. False 20. 21. True 22. True 23.A:3, B:4, C 24. 25 em 25. (i) The image on the retina is real and inverted. Ise (i) It is diminished in size. 26. Myopia or short-sightedness. 27. Myopia or short-sightedness. Concave lens should be used to correct his vision, 28. Atmospheric refraction Science—10 o29. a A aon 8 c 30. For dispersion, the two refracting surfaces should not be parallel. When they are parallel, the light will undergo only lateral displacement and emerge parallel to the incident ray. This is due to the fact that a rectangular glass slab can be considered as equivalent of two identical prisms in inverted position placed with respect to cach other. The deviation and dispersion produced by the second inverted prism are equal and opposite to that produced by the first prism. Therefore, the second inverted prism recombines the colours to give a white light parallel to the incident ray 31. The defect of v This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power. again and will go only lateral displacement. ision is hypermetropia or long-sightedness. () Defect of vision In a hypermetropic eye, the image of nearby object lying at normal near point N (at 25 cm) is formed behind the retina, Retina Diverging rays from nearby object Normal 77 rear point N e— 25m (i) Correction of hypermetropia A convex lens forms a virtual image of the object (lying at normal near point N) at the near point N! of the defective eye. It helps the eye to form the image on the retina. Science—10 2)32. The diagi inctly by a myopic eye is as shown below. The image in this case forms infront of the retina. m for distant objects that cannot be seen dit Parallel rays coming from distant ‘object (at infinity) Myopic Eye ‘The myopia may arise due to: (i eye lens becomes more thicker so that its focal length decreases, ive. excessive curvature of eye len: (i) elongation of eyeball. 33. At sunrise or sunset, the sun looks almost reddish, while at noon, the sun appears white. Explanation: At the time of sunrise/sunset, the sun is near the horizon, so the sun rays have to wavel through a larger atmospheric distance. The fine particles of the atmosphere, having size smaller than the wavelength of visible light, scatter away the blue component and other shorter wavelengths of sunlight. Only red colour having longer wavelength and least scattered, reaches our eyes. Hence, the sun appears red at sunrise or sunset. However, the light from the sun, at noon, travels relatively shorter distance. So, blue and violet components of sunlight a less scattered by the particles of atmosphere. Hence, the sun appeat s white at 34, (a) At X : Violet ALY: Red () From Snell’s law of refraction, the angle of refraction of light in a prism depends on the refractive index of the prism material. Moreover, the index of the material varies with the speed of light. The different constituent fractive colours of white light have different speeds in transparent material of the pr ve index of the prism material is different. ism. Hence for each colour/wavelength, the refi Therefore, each colour bends (refracted) through a different angle with respect to the incident ray as it passes through the prism, The red colour has maximum speed in the glass prism. So, it is least deviated, while the violet colour hi of each minimum speed so its deviation is maximum. Thus, the ra colour emerges along the different path and becomes distinct. Science—10 835. 36. 37. 38. 39. (a) This defect of visi retina. nis hypermetropia, as the image is formed behind the () @ Due to greater focal length of the eye lens and (i) (0) I can be corrected by using a convex lens as shown below. yyeball becomes smaller. Orne 1 ie vinuar Nearby image object formed atN In the absence of the earth’s atmosphere, the atmospheric refraction would not take place and we would see the actual crossing of the horizon by the Sun at the time of sunrise and sunset. The daytime would have been shorter by 4 minutes. ‘The Moon does not have any blanket of air or atmosphere and consequently, in the absence of water droplets no dispersion of sunrays is possible. Therefore, rainbow could not be observed from the surface of the Moon by the astronauts. The air just above the fire or on a very hot day becomes very hot. The hotter air is less dense and has a less refractive index than the colder air just above it. ince the physical condition of air varies continuously, the apparent position of object, as seen through the hot air, fluctuate. Hence the atmospheric refraction is the basie cause for obs: or flicking of the object near a fire or on a very hot day. ving random wavering The splitting up of white light into its component colours is called dispersion. The ray diagram clearly shows that the angle o! more than that of red colour after deviation for violet colour is acted through a glass prism. Hence the colour of light which bends the: <-96<0n (i) least is red, and (ii) most is violet. At the time of sunrise, sun is nea the horizon, sun rays have to travel through a larger atmospheric distance. The fine particles present in the atmosphere, having size smaller than the wavelength of visible light, scattered the blue component and other smaller wavelengths present in the components of sunlight. Only red colour having longer wavelength and least scattered, reaches our eyes, hence the sun appears reddish early in the morning. Science—10 @This phenomenon would not be observed on the moon due to absence of atmosphere on its surface due to which sunlight will not scatter, Therefore, the sun does not appear reddish early in the morning. 41. (a) (i) Cornea: It is a thin membrane, covering the surface of eyeball, through which light enters, [tacts as a primary lens, which provides the refraction for light rays entering the eye. (i) Iris: It regulates and controls the amount of light entering into the eye by controlling the size of the pupil. (iii) Crystalline Lens: It is converging in nature. Its function is to provide the finer adjustment of focal length required to focus the rays coming from the object at different distances. It forms a real, inverted and sharp image on the retina (iv) Ciliary Muscle: ~ It modifies the curvature and thereby focal length of the eye lens by contracting or relaxing itself according to the distance of the object. ~ It holds the eye lens in position. (d) At the time of sunrise, sun is near the horizon, sun rays have to travel through a larger atmospheric distance. The fine particles present in the atmosphere, ha ible light, scattered away the blue component and other smaller wavelengths present in the sunlight. Therefore, the least scattered light that reaches our eyes is of longer wavelengths and is ing size smaller than the wavelength of vis of red colour. Hence the sun appears reddish early in the morning. This phenomenon would not be observed on the moon due to absence of atmosphere on its surface due to which sunlight will not scatter, Therefore, the sun does not appear red early in the morning. Science—10 6)