THEROY OF STRUCTURES CHAPTER 3

Indeterminacy
 After calculating the load on the structure it becomes necessary to find the ways by which the structure can be
solved.
 A structure can be solved by two means 1) Statically 2) Kinematically
 In Statical method we solve the structure by treating the reaction and internal force as unknown.
 In Kinematics, we solve the structure by finding the displacement and rotation as unknown.
 Determinate⟹ A structure is said to be determinate if total number of unknown is equal to total number of
equilibrium equations.
 Indeterminate⟹ A structure is said to be indeterminate if total number of unknown is more than total number
of equilibrium equations.
 Unstable⟹ A structure is said to be unstable if total number of unknown is less than total number of
equilibrium equations

STATIC INDETERMINACY

Where,
Static Indeterminacy I=Internal Static Indeterminacy E= External Static Indeterminacy

F=Number of unknown reactions U=Equation of static equilibrium available R=Any additional equation available.
m = 3 for 2-Dimension and m=6 for 3-Dimension

2-Dimension Beams:-

 For beam generally the internal Indeterminacy is zero, as no closed loop can be formed in beam
 1
 For calculating the number of unknown Reaction(1) Roller gives one reaction (2) Hinge gives two reaction (3)
Fixed support gives three reaction
 U=Equation of static equilibrium available =3

Example:- Find the Indeterminacy of the beams.

F=2+1=3 U=3 E=3-3=0 hence beam is statically determinate.

F=2+1+1=4 U=3 E=4-3=1 Beam is indeterminate of 1 degree.

F=3+1=4 U=3 E=4-3=1 Beam is indeterminate of 1 degree

F=2+2=4 U=3 E=4-3=1 Beam is indeterminate of 1 degree

F=3+3=6 U=3 E=6-3=3 Beam is indeterminate of 3 degree

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 THEROY OF STRUCTURES CHAPTER 3

F=1+2+3=6 U=3 E=6-3=3 Beam is indeterminate of 3

degree

F=2+1+1+2=6 U=3 E=6-3=3 Beam is indeterminate of 3 degree

F=2+2+2=6 U=3 E=6-3=3 Beam is indeterminate of 3

degree

Internal Hinge:-it is denoted by it is just like a pin in the structure, which can transmit the vertical load but
unable to transmit the bending moment from one joint to other. Hence, it provide additional equation =n-1 where n is
the number of members joined at the hinge. If the number of members jointed are 2 than additional equation provided
will be 1. If 3 members are jointed at the hinge than additional equation provided will be 2 and if the number of
members joined are 4 than the additional equation provided will be 3.

Example:-

F=3+1=4 U=3 R=2-1=1 E=4-3-1=0 hence beam is statically determinate

2

F=2+1=3 U=3 R=2-1=1 E=3-3-1=-1 hence beam is unstable

F=2+1+1+2=6 U=3 R=2-1=1 E=6-3-1=2

F=3+3=6 U=3 R=2-1+2-1=2 E=6-3-2=1

2-Dimension Frame:-

 A frame is a structure comprising of beam and column jointed by rigid joint.

 Rigid Joint :- A joint is said to be rigid, if it can transfer the axial load, shear force and bending moment from
the one member to the other member without any change in the angle between the members.
 All the member in the flexural frame in this course will be treated like rigid joint.

 For calculating the number of unknown Reaction(1) Roller gives one reaction (2) Hinge gives two reaction
(3) Fixed support gives three reaction
 U=Equation of static equilibrium available =3 )

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 THEROY OF STRUCTURES CHAPTER 3
Example:- Find the Indeterminacy of the Frames:-

E=2+2-3=1 I=0 E=2+1-3=0 I=0

E=3+3-3=3 I=0 E=3-3=0 I=0

E=3+3-3=3 I=0 E=3+2-3=2 I=

E=3+3+2-3=5 E=3+3+2-3=5
I=3*2=6 I=3*0=0

E=3+3-3=3 E=3+3-3=3

I=3*0=6 R’=2-1=1 I=3*0=6 R’=2-1=1

E=3+2+3+2-3=7

I=3*3=9 R’=(3-1)+(3-1)=4

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 THEROY OF STRUCTURES CHAPTER 3

TREE METHOD

 Every tress with fixed base is a determinate structure. As shown in Fig. the
tree with many branches is same as a structure with a column with fixed support
jointed to beam with rigid joint.
 In this method we divide the structure into tree shape by providing the cuts.
 The Indeterminacy of the structure =

Where, C= Number of cuts and R’ is no of constraint applied to make the support fixed or joint to be rigid (if joint is not
rigid)

Example:- Find the Indeterminacy of the Frames

OR E=3+2-3=2 I= 3*2=6
4

Tree Method

OR E=3+2+3+2+1-3=8 I=0

Tree Method

OR

E=3+2+2+3-3=7 I=0

Tree Method

OR

E=2+2-3=1 I=3*4=12

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 THEROY OF STRUCTURES CHAPTER 3

Tree Method

OR

E=3+2+3-3=5 I=3*2=6 R’=4-1=3

Tree Method

OR

E=3+3+2-3=5 I=3*2=6 R’=2-1=1

Tree Method

OR

E=1+3+1-3=2 I=3*0=0 R’=0 5

Special⟹ When the structure is not having external support than,as shown below than the
indeterminacy =

Tree Method

I=3*4=12 E=-3

At point ‘B’ horizontal displacement and

rotation is permitted.

E=3+3-3=3 Two additional equation is available R=2

Link⟹ link is structure used to join two different structure. The point where link is joined, will have
only rotation but no vertical or horizontal deflection. Hence link gives two additional information. As
shown in next diagram.

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 THEROY OF STRUCTURES CHAPTER 3
CD is a Link⟹ one additional equation at D
and one additional equation at C hence

E=2+1+1+2-3=3 R=2

Stability of Structure

 There should be no reactions that are neither concurrent (concurrent mean meeting at a point) nor parallel

The structure shown on left is unable as both the roller reaction

meets at a point (concurrent)

The beam shown on left is unstable as all the reactions are

parallel

Space Frame

In space Frame the fixed support gives 6 reaction ( the hinge gives 3 reaction ( the two
side roller gives one reaction the one side roller gives two reactions (

The available equations will be 6 (

For internal indeterminacy the m=6

For using tree method ⟹ one cut will provide 6 indeterminacy.

The internal hinge will be 3*(n-1) additional equations where n is number of member joined at internal hinge.

E=6+6+6+6-6=18 I=6*1=6

Using Tree method 4 cuts are required hence

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 THEROY OF STRUCTURES CHAPTER 3

E=6+6+6+6-6=18 I=6*1=6 R=3*(3-1)+3*(2-1)=9

OR

When not given treat the roller as two way roller

E=6+6+3+1-6=10 I=6*1=6

OR

E=6+6+3+3+1+1-6=14 I=2*6=12
R=3*(4-1)+3*(4-1)+3*(2-1)=21

OR 7

E=6+6+3+3+1+1-6=14 I=(7-1)*6=36
R=3*(5-1)+3*(5-1)+3*(2-1) =27

OR

E=6+6+6+6-3-3-6=24 I=(11-2)*6=54 R=0

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 THEROY OF STRUCTURES CHAPTER 3
Kinematic Indeterminacy

In Kinematic Indeterminacy we measure the total number of degree of freedom possible at joints.

Degree of freedom is displacement and rotation at a joint and it is opposite of reaction.

For 2 dimension,

 Fixed support gives 3 reaction viz is one rotation and 2 translation hence degree of freedom at fixed support
is 0, Hinge gives 2 reaction both translation and no rotation reaction hence degree of freedom at hinge is 1
viz is rotation, and roller gives 1 reaction in translation direction hence degree of freedom at roller is 2 viz is
one rotation and one translation.
 Similarly, for a 2 dimension rigid joint or free end the number of degree of freedom at a joint is 3 (one rotation
and 2 translation).
 For internal hinge, the degree of freedom is 4, two rotational and 2 translational.
 Generally K.I=3*j – r + i where j is no. of joint and r is number of reactions and Ii is no. of internal hinge.

For 3 dimension,

 Fixed support gives 6 reaction viz is 3 rotation and 3 translation hence degree of freedom at fixed support is
0, Hinge gives 3 reaction all in translation and no rotation reaction hence degree of freedom at hinge is 3 viz
is rotation in all three direction , and roller gives 1 reaction in translation direction hence degree of freedom at
roller is 5 viz is 3 rotation and 2 translation,
 For a 3 dimension rigid join or free end the number of degree of freedom at a joint is 6 (3 rotations and 3
translations)
 For internal hinge, the degree of freedom is 9, 6 rotational and 3 translational.

Ignoring axial deformation ⇒ if we ignore axial deformation than the kinematic indeterminacy will decrease
Kinematic indeterminacy after ignoring the axial deformation is kinematic indeterminacy-number of members
8
in the structure.

K.I = 0+3=3 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 3-1=2

OR j=2 r=3 K.I=3*2-3=3 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 3-1=2

K.I = 1+2=3 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 3-1=2

OR j=2 r=3 K.I=3*2-3=3 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 3-1=2

K.I = 0+2=2 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 2-1=1

OR j=2 r=4 K.I=3*2-4=2 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 2-1=1

K.I = 1+2+2=5 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 5-2=3

OR j=3 r=4 K.I=3*3-4=5 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 5-2=3

K.I = 2+1=3 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 3-2=1

OR j=3 r=6 K.I=3*3-6=3 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 3-2=1

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 THEROY OF STRUCTURES CHAPTER 3

K.I = 3+2+1=6 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 6-3=3

OR j=4 r=6 K.I=3*4-6=6
Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 6-3=3

K.I = 1+4+2=7 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 7-2=5

OR j=3 r=3 i=1 K.I=3*3-3+1=7
Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 7-2=5

K.I = 1+4+2+2=9 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 9-3=6

OR j=4 r=4 i=1 K.I=3*4-4+1=9
Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 9-3=6

K.I = 3+2+4+1+4=14 Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 14-5=9

OR j=6 r=6 i=2 K.I=3*6-6+2=14
Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 14-5=9

j=4 r=6 K.I=3*4-6=06 j=4 r=3 K.I=3*4-3=09

Igoring axial deformation Ignoring axial deformation

K.I = 6-3=3
K.I=09-3=06
9

j=5 r=3 K.I=3*5-3=12

j=4 r=4 K.I=3*4-4=08
Ignoring axial deformation
Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 8-3=5
K.I = 12-4=8

j=6 r=3 i=1 K.I=3*6-3+1=16

Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 16-5=8

j=7 r=11 K.I=3*7-11=10

Ignoring axial deformation K.I = 10-6=4

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 THEROY OF STRUCTURES CHAPTER 3
Find the reaction and draw the bending moment diagram for the beam having internal hinges.

Taking moment about at left side of the internal hinge.

Σ Mc=0 ⟹

Taking moment about right side of the internal hinge

Σ Mc=0

Taking moment about A Σ MA=0

Solving 1 and 2 The BMD is shown in the above Fig.

The free body diagram method to solve the above problem is as follows.

10
Find the reaction for the beams shown in below

Since ‘C’ is a hinge, hence bending moment at ‘C’ is zero on

either side of the ‘C’.

Taking right side of the ‘C’ ⇒ ⇒

Since ‘C’ is a hinge, hence bending moment at ‘C’ is zero on

either side of the ‘C’.

Taking right side of the ‘C’ ⇒

⇒ ⇒

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