Night-vision is seeing in the dark.

There are two ways to accomplish this; biologically, and through

technology. Technological night vision works on one of two principles. The first is by detecting infrared
radiation, which is a form of energy emitted by all objects regardless of the ambient light conditions. A
device based on this principle is called an infrared camera. The second is by intensifying the small
amount of light present even at night, from the stars and the moon. A device based on this principle is
called an image intensifier or starlight scope (SLS).

Biological night vision works on similar principles. Rhodopsin in the rods of the eye break as light hits it.
The peak rhodopsin build up time for optimal night vision in humans is 30 minutes. Rhodopsin in the
human rods isn't sensitive to the longer red wavelengths of light, so many people use red light to preserve
night vision as it will not deplete the eye's rhodopsin stores in the rods and instead is viewed by the
cones.

Some animals, such as cats, dogs, and deer, have a structure called the tapetum in the back of the eye
that reflects light for even better night vision than humans. Their night vision likely falls between a
Generation 1 and Generation 2 image intensifier.

The other method of biological night vision is that of detecting thermal emissions from a heat source. This
is prevalent in some snakes such as the pit viper and boas. However, this is not "vision" per se, but more
of a system of thermosensitive pits in their face that can detect the amount of heat and the distance to the
heat source. There is still some debate as to what degree this information is perceived as "feeling" heat,
and to what degree it is processed as an image by the snake's brain.

Cadillac introduced passive infrared night vision as an option on the 2000 Deville. It sold well initially, but
sales dropped precariously and the option was dropped early in the 2005 model year.

Rod cells detect light in black and white, and (once they get used to darkness) can be extremely
sensitive in low light levels. See How Vision Works for details. If you do not get enough vitamin
A, night vision suffers because the eyes cannot produce retinal – a molecule essential to night
vision. This explanation also explains why it takes your eyes several minutes to adjust to
darkness:

Rhodopsin is the key to night vision — it is the chemical that the rods use to absorb photons and
perceive light. When a molecule of rhodopsin absorbs a photon, it splits into a retinal and an
opsin molecule. These molecules later recombine naturally back into rhodopsin at a fixed rate,
and recombination is fairly slow.

So, when you expose your eyes to bright light, all of the rhodopsin breaks down into retinal and
opsin. If you then turn out the lights and try to see in the dark, you can’t. The cones need a lot of
light, so they are useless, and there is no rhodopsin now so the rods are useless, too. Over the
course of several minutes, however, the retinal and opsin recombine back into rhodopsin, and
you can see again

Night vision

Main article: Night vision

Active-infrared night vision : the camera illuminates the scene at infrared

wavelengths invisible to the human eye. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-
infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor.

Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see.[13] Night
vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into
electrons which are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back
into visible light.[13] Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for
conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a
visible light source.[13]

The use of infrared light and night vision devices should not be confused with thermal imaging
which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation
(heat) that emanates from objects and their surrounding environment.[14]
[edit] Thermography

Main article: Thermography

A thermographic image of a dog

Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity
is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it
is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial
applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on
cars due to the massively reduced production costs.

Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum
(roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since
infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black
body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without
visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature,
therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).

[edit] Other imaging

Infrared light from the LED of an Xbox 360 remote control as seen by a digital
camera.
In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital
cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less
effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color.
This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near
a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a
technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack
of bright sources makes terahertz photography technically more challenging than most other
infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a
number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
The first thing you probably think of when you see the words night vision is a spy or action movie
you've seen, in which someone straps on a pair of night-vision goggles to find someone else in a dark
building on a moonless night. And you may have wondered "Do those things really work? Can you
actually see in the dark?"
The answer is most definitely yes. With the proper night-vision equipment, you can see a person
standing over 200 yards (183 m) away on a moonless, cloudy night! Night vision can work in two very
different ways, depending on the technology used.

• Image enhancement - This works by collecting the tiny amounts of light, including the lower
portion of the infrared light spectrum, that are present but may be imperceptible to our eyes,
and amplifying it to the point that we can easily observe the image.
• Thermal imaging - This technology operates by capturing the upper portion of the
infrared light spectrum, which is emitted as heat by objects instead of simply reflected as
light. Hotter objects, such as warm bodies, emit more of this light than cooler objects like
trees or buildings.

In this article, you will learn about the two major night-vision technologies. We'll also discuss the
various types of night-vision equipment and applications. But first, let's talk about infrared light.
Infrared Light
In order to understand night vision, it is important to understand something about light. The amount of
energy in a light wave is related to its wavelength: Shorter wavelengths have higher energy. Of visible
light, violet has the most energy, and red has the least. Just next to the visible light spectrum is
the infrared spectrum.

Infrared light is a small part of the light spectrum.

Infrared light can be split into three categories:

 • Near-infrared (near-IR) - Closest to visible light, near-IR has wavelengths that range from 0.7
to 1.3 microns, or 700 billionths to 1,300 billionths of a meter.
• Mid-infrared (mid-IR) - Mid-IR has wavelengths ranging from 1.3 to 3 microns. Both near-IR and
mid-IR are used by a variety of electronic devices, including remote controls.
• Thermal-infrared (thermal-IR) - Occupying the largest part of the infrared spectrum, thermal-
IR has wavelengths ranging from 3 microns to over 30 microns.

The key difference between thermal-IR and the other two is that thermal-IR is emitted by an object
instead of reflected off it. Infrared light is emitted by an object because of what is happening at
the atomic level.
Atoms
Atoms are constantly in motion. They continuously vibrate, move and rotate. Even the atoms that
make up the chairs that we sit in are moving around. Solids are actually in motion! Atoms can be in
different states of excitation. In other words, they can have different energies. If we apply a lot of
energy to an atom, it can leave what is called the ground-state energy level and move to an excited
level. The level of excitation depends on the amount of energy applied to the atom via heat, light
or electricity.
An atom consists of a nucleus (containing the protons and neutrons) and an electron cloud. Think of
the electrons in this cloud as circling the nucleus in many different orbits. Although more modern
views of the atom do not depict discrete orbits for the electrons, it can be useful to think of these
orbits as the different energy levels of the atom. In other words, if we apply some heat to an atom, we
might expect that some of the electrons in the lower energy orbitals would transition to higher energy
orbitals, moving farther from the nucleus.

An atom has a nucleus and an electron cloud.

Once an electron moves to a higher-energy orbit, it eventually wants to return to the ground state.
When it does, it releases its energy as a photon -- a particle of light. You see atoms releasing energy as
photons all the time. For example, when the heating element in a toaster turns bright red, the red
color is caused by atoms excited by heat, releasing red photons. An excited electron has more energy
than a relaxed electron, and just as the electron absorbed some amount of energy to reach this excited
level, it can release this energy to return to the ground state. This emitted energy is in the form of
photons (light energy). The photon emitted has a very specific wavelength (color) that depends on the
state of the electron's energy when the photon is released.
Anything that is alive uses energy, and so do many inanimate items such as engines and rockets. Energy
consumption generates heat. In turn, heat causes the atoms in an object to fire off photons in the
thermal-infrared spectrum. The hotter the object, the shorter the wavelength of the infrared photon it
releases. An object that is very hot will even begin to emit photons in the visible spectrum, glowing red
and then moving up through orange, yellow, blue and eventually white. Be sure to read How Light
Bulbs Work, How Lasers Work and How Light Works for more detailed information on light and photon
emission.
In night vision, thermal imaging takes advantage of this infrared emission. In the next section, we'll see
just how it does this.
Thermal Imaging
Here's how thermal imaging works:

1. A special lens focuses the infrared light emitted by all of the objects in view.
2. The focused light is scanned by a phased array of infrared-detector elements. The detector
elements create a very detailed temperature pattern called a thermogram. It only takes about
one-thirtieth of a second for the detector array to obtain the temperature information to make
the thermogram. This information is obtained from several thousand points in the field of view
of the detector array.
3. The thermogram created by the detector elements is translated into electric impulses.
4. The impulses are sent to a signal-processing unit, a circuit board with a dedicated chip that
translates the information from the elements into data for the display.
5. The signal-processing unit sends the information to the display, where it appears as various
colors depending on the intensity of the infrared emission. The combination of all the impulses
from all of the elements creates the image.

Image courtesy of Infrared, Inc.

The basic components of a thermal-imaging system

Types of Thermal Imaging Devices

Most thermal-imaging devices scan at a rate of 30 times per second. They can sense temperatures
ranging from -4 degrees Fahrenheit (-20 degrees Celsius) to 3,600 F (2,000 C), and can normally detect
changes in temperature of about 0.4 F (0.2 C).
 Image courtesy of Infrared,
Image courtesy of Infrared, Inc.
Inc.
It is quite easy to see
...but at night, you can
everything during the day...
see very little.

Image courtesy of Infrared, Inc.

Thermal imaging lets you see again.

There are two common types of thermal-imaging devices:

• Un-cooled - This is the most common type of thermal-imaging device. The infrared-detector
elements are contained in a unit that operates at room temperature. This type of system is
completely quiet, activates immediately and has the battery built right in.
• Cryogenically cooled - More expensive and more susceptible to damage from rugged use, these
systems have the elements sealed inside a container that cools them to below 32 F (zero C).
The advantage of such a system is the incredible resolution and sensitivity that result from
cooling the elements. Cryogenically-cooled systems can "see" a difference as small as 0.2 F (0.1
C) from more than 1,000 ft (300 m) away, which is enough to tell if a person is holding a gun at
that distance!

While thermal imaging is great for detecting people or working in near-absolute darkness, most night-
vision equipment uses image-enhancement technology.
Image Enhancement
Image-enhancement technology is what most people think of when you talk about night vision. In fact,
image-enhancement systems are normally called night-vision devices (NVDs). NVDs rely on a special
tube, called an image-intensifier tube, to collect and amplify infrared and visible light.
 The image-intensifier tube changes photons to electrons
and back again.

Here's how image enhancement works:

1. A conventional lens, called the objective lens, captures ambient light and some near-infrared
light.
2. The gathered light is sent to the image-intensifier tube. In most NVDs, the power supply for the
image-intensifier tube receives power from two N-Cell or two "AA" batteries. The tube outputs
a high voltage, about 5,000 volts, to the image-tube components.
3. The image-intensifier tube has a photocathode, which is used to convert the photons of light
energy into electrons.
4. As the electrons pass through the tube, similar electrons are released from atoms in the tube,
multiplying the original number of electrons by a factor of thousands through the use of
a microchannel plate (MCP) in the tube. An MCP is a tiny glass disc that has millions of
microscopic holes (microchannels) in it, made using fiber-optic technology. The MCP is
contained in a vacuum and has metal electrodes on either side of the disc. Each channel is
about 45 times longer than it is wide, and it works as an electron multiplier.

When the electrons from the photo cathode hit the first electrode of the MCP, they are
accelerated into the glass microchannels by the 5,000-V bursts being sent between the
electrode pair. As electrons pass through the microchannels, they cause thousands of other
electrons to be released in each channel using a process calledcascaded secondary emission.
Basically, the original electrons collide with the side of the channel, exciting atoms and causing
other electrons to be released. These new electrons also collide with other atoms, creating a
chain reaction that results in thousands of electrons leaving
the channel where only a few entered. An interesting fact is
that the microchannels in the MCP are created at a slight
angle (about a 5-degree to 8-degree bias) to encourage
electron collisions and reduce both ion and direct-light
feedback from the phosphors on the output side.

5. At the end of the image-intensifier tube, the electrons hit a

screen coated with phosphors. These electrons maintain
their position in relation to the channel they passed through, Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers
which provides a perfect image since the electrons stay in Company
the same alignment as the original photons. The energy of Night-vision images are
the electrons causes the phosphors to reach an excited state known for their eerie green
and release photons. These phosphors create the green tint.
image on the screen that has come to characterize night
vision.
6. The green phosphor image is viewed through another lens, called the ocular lens, which allows
you to magnify and focus the image. The NVD may be connected to an electronic display, such
as a monitor, or the image may be viewed directly through the ocular lens.
 Generations

NVDs have been around for more than 40 years. They are categorized by generation. Each
substantial change in NVD technology establishes a new generation.

7. Generation 0 - The original night-vision system created by the United States Army and used in
World War II and the Korean War, these NVDs use active infrared. This means that a projection
unit, called an IR Illuminator, is attached to the NVD. The unit projects a beam of near-
infrared light, similar to the beam of a normal flashlight. Invisible to the naked eye, this beam
reflects off objects and bounces back to the lens of the NVD. These systems use an anode in
conjunction with the cathode to accelerate the electrons. The problem with that approach is
that the acceleration of the electrons distorts the image and greatly decreases the life of the
tube. Another major problem with this technology in its original military use was that it was
quickly duplicated by hostile nations, which allowed enemy soldiers to use their own NVDs to
see the infrared beam projected by the device.
8. Generation 1 - The next generation of NVDs moved away from active infrared, using passive
infrared instead. Once dubbed Starlight by the U.S. Army, these NVDs use ambient light
provided by the moon and stars to augment the normal amounts of reflected infrared in the
environment. This means that they did not require a source of projected infrared light. This
also means that they do not work very well on cloudy or moonless nights. Generation-1 NVDs
use the same image-intensifier tube technology as Generation 0, with both cathode and anode,
so image distortion and short tube life are still a problem.
9. Generation 2 - Major improvements in image-intensifier tubes resulted in Generation-2 NVDs.
They offer improved resolution and performance over Generation-1 devices, and are
considerably more reliable. The biggest gain in Generation 2 is the ability to see in extremely
low light conditions, such as a moonless night. This increased sensitivity is due to the addition
of the microchannel plate to the image-intensifier tube. Since the MCP actually increases the
number of electrons instead of just accelerating the original ones, the images are significantly
less distorted and brighter than earlier-generation NVDs.
10. Generation 3 - Generation 3 is currently used by the U.S. military. While there are no
substantial changes in the underlying technology from Generation 2, these NVDs have even
better resolution and sensitivity. This is because the photo cathode is made
using gallium arsenide, which is very efficient at converting photons to electrons. Additionally,
the MCP is coated with an ion barrier, which dramatically increases the life of the tube.
11. Generation 4 - What is generally known as Generation 4 or "filmless and gated" technology
shows significant overall improvement in both low- and high-level light environments.

The removal of the ion barrier from the MCP that was added in Generation 3 technology
reduces the background noise and thereby enhances the signal to noise ratio. Removing the ion
film actually allows more electrons to reach the amplification stage so that the images are
significantly less distorted and brighter.
The addition of an automatic gated power supply system allows the photocathode voltage to
switch on and off rapidly, thereby enabling the NVD to respond to a fluctuation in lighting
conditions in an instant. This capability is a critical advance in NVD systems, in that it allows
the NVD user to quickly move from high-light to low-light (or from low-light to high-light)
 environments without any halting effects. For example, consider the ubiquitous movie scene
where an agent using night vision goggles is “sightless” when someone turns on a light nearby.
With the new, gated power feature, the change in lighting wouldn’t have the same impact; the
improved NVD would respond immediately to the lighting change.
Many of the so-called "bargain" night-vision scopes use Generation-0 or Generation-1 technology, and
may be disappointing if you expect the sensitivity of the devices used by professionals. Generation-2,
Generation-3 and Generation 4 NVDs are typically expensive to purchase, but they will last if properly
cared for. Also, any NVD can benefit from the use of an IR Illuminator in very dark areas where there is
almost no ambient light to collect.

Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers Company

NVDs come in a variety of styles, including ones that
can be mounted to cameras.

A cool thing to note is that every single image-intensifier tube is put through rigorous tests to see if it
meets the requirements set forth by the military. Tubes that do are classified as MILSPEC. Tubes that
fail to meet military requirements in even a single category are classified as COMSPEC.
Night Vision Equipment and Applications
Night-vision equipment can be split into three broad categories:

• Scopes - Normally handheld or mounted on a weapon, scopes are monocular (one eye-piece).
Since scopes are handheld, not worn like goggles, they are good for when you want to get a
better look at a specific object and then return to normal viewing conditions.

Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers Company

 DARK INVADER Multi-purpose Pocketscope

• Goggles - While goggles can be handheld, they are most often worn on the head. Goggles
are binocular (two eye-pieces) and may have a single lens or stereo lens, depending on the
model. Goggles are excellent for constant viewing, such as moving around in a dark building.

Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers Company

DARK INVADER Night-vision Goggles 4501

• Cameras - Cameras with night-vision technology can send the image to a monitor for display or
to a VCR for recording. When night-vision capability is desired in a permanent location, such as
on a building or as part of the equipment in a helicopter, cameras are used. Many of the newer
camcorders have night vision built right in.

Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers Company

Stealth 301 Series Day/Night Video Camera

Applications
Common applications for night vision include:

• Military
• Law enforcement Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers
• Hunting Company
• Wildlife observation This soldier is using DARK
• Surveillance INVADER night-vision goggles.
• Security
• Navigation
• Hidden-object detection
 • Entertainment

The original purpose of night vision was to locate enemy targets at night. It is still used extensively by
the military for that purpose, as well as for navigation, surveillance and targeting. Police and security
often use both thermal-imaging and image-enhancement technology, particularly for surveillance.
Hunters and nature enthusiasts use NVDs to maneuver through the woods at night.
Detectives and private investigators use night vision to watch people they are assigned to track. Many
businesses have permanently-mounted cameras equipped with night vision to monitor the surroundings.
A really amazing ability of thermal imaging is that it reveals whether an area has been disturbed -- it
can show that the ground has been dug up to bury something, even if there is no obvious sign to the
naked eye. Law enforcement has used this to discover items that have been hidden by criminals,
including money, drugs and bodies. Also, recent changes to areas such as walls can be seen using
thermal imaging, which has provided important clues in several cases.

Photo courtesy of B.E. Meyers Company

Camcorders are a fast-growing segment
of the night-vision industry.

Many people are beginning to discover the unique world that can be found after darkness falls. If you're
out camping or hunting a lot, chances are that night-vision devices can be useful to you -- just be sure
to get the right type for your needs.
Night vision device

A U.S. Army soldier uses a helmet mounted vision device during operations in Baghdad, Iraq.

A night vision device (NVD) is an optical instrument that allows images to be produced in levels of
light approaching total darkness. They are most often used by the military and law
enforcement agencies, but are available to civilian users. The term usually refers to a complete unit,
including an image intensifier tube, a protective and generally water-resistant housing, and some
type of mounting system. Many NVDs also include sacrificial lenses, IR illuminators, and telescopic
lenses.

NVDs are mounted appropriately for their specific purpose, with more general-purpose devices
having more mounting options. For instance, the AN/PVS-14 is amonocular night vision device in
use with the US military as well as by civilians. It may be mounted on the user's head
for handsfree use with a harness or helmetattachment, either as a monocular device, or in aligned
pairs for binocular "night vision goggles" which provide a degree of depth perception as do
optical binoculars. The AN/PVS-14 may also be attached to a rifle using a Picatinny rail, in front of
an existing telescopic or red dot sight, or attached to a single-lens reflex camera.[1]Other systems,
such as the AN/PVS-22 or Universal Night Sight, are designed for a specific purpose, integrating an
image intensifier into, for example, a telescopic sight, resulting in a smaller and lighter but less
versatile system.[2]

Night vision devices were first used in World War II, and came into wide use during the Vietnam
War.[3][4] The technology has evolved greatly since their introduction, leading to several "generations"
of night vision equipment with performance increasing and price decreasing.
 Contents

• 1 Function
• 2 Passive and Active
• 3 Night Vision Technology
o 3.1 Generation 0
o 3.2 Generation 1 (GEN I)
o 3.3 Generation 2 (GEN
II)
o 3.4 Generation 3 (GEN
III)
o 3.5 Omnibus-VII
• 4 Other Technologies
• 5 Legality
• 6 US Patents
• 7 World Manufacturers of Night
Vision Devices
• 8 See also
• 9 References
• 10 External links

How night vision works.

Night vision devices (NVD) work in the near-infrared band at a wavelength of about 1 micrometer.
For comparison, human visual range is about 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers. Unlike thermal
imaging systems, which may operate on complete darkness using heat radiation signatures, well
beyond the visible light spectrum, NVD's rely onambient light, often from the moon and stars. The
intensifier tubes use thephotoelectric effect. As a photon collides with a detector plate, the metal
ejects several electrons that are then amplified into a cascade of electrons that light up
aphosphor screen. Often a dim star in the sky is enough to illuminate an entire field.

The night vision image does not have color information, and hence monochromaticdisplays are
sufficient. A green phosphor (P22) display is generally used as thehuman eye is most sensitive to
the color green in this wave length, which falls in the middle of the visible light spectrum.[5]

There are two methods of operating night vision systems, being either in a 'passive' mode or an
'active' mode. Passive systems amplify the existing environmental ambient lighting, while active
systems rely on an infrared light source to provide sufficient illumination. Early NVDs were designed
to be used as active systems, as they did not have the sensitivity to operate on ambient light. Active
systems are often used today on many consumer devices such as home video cameras.

Military applications generally require passive operation, as an active system's infrared illumination
device is easily spotted and tracked by others equipped with night vision devices, placing the user at
a tactical disadvantage.[6] However, most modern NVG devices include an inbuilt active IR illuminator
which can be toggled for use when ambient light is not available.

A U.S. Army soldier uses a weapon mounted night vision device during a training exercise.

Night vision technology, which refers to the quality of the image intensifier tube housed by the NVD,
is often classified into "Generations" following the pattern originated by the US Military. Referring to
night vision in terms of its Generation is purely for indicative and reference purposes only, even
though this has spread to become common consumer terminology. The United States Army class
their current in-service devices with the Generation Family Type followed by the device's version or
awarded contract.[7] The latest night vision device in service with the United States Army, as of
October 2007, is the Gen III Omni VII, manufactured by ITT Corporation. [8] However, due to the fact
that it is an autogated tube, the consumer market generally refers to this as being a 'Gen IV' device.

Within the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand, night vision devices are not referred to in
terms of 'Generations', as the most recent image intensifiers in service is the XR5 autogated filmless
tube from Photonis-DEP, and hence this product would be considered a ‘Gen IV’ type device by the
consumer market.

The first night vision devices, the M1 and M3 infrared night sighting devices, also known as the
"sniperscope" or "snooperscope", were introduced by the US Army in World War II, and also used in
the Korean War, to assist snipers.[9] They were active devices, using a large infrared light source to
illuminate targets. Their image intensifier tubes function using an anode and an S-1 photocathode,
made primarily of silver, caesium, and oxygen to accelerate the electrons.[10] Parallel development of
night vision systems by AEG occurred in Nazi Germany, and by the end of World War II, it had
equipped approximately 50 Panzerkampfwagen V Panther tanks, which saw combat on both
the Eastern and Western Fronts, and produced the "Vampir" man-portable system
forinfantry soldiers equipped with Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifles.[11]

First generation passive devices, introduced during the Vietnam War were an adaptation of earlier
"active" Gen 0 technology, and rely on ambient light instead of an infrared light source. Using an S-
20 photocathode, their image intensifiers produce a light amplification of around 1000x[12], but are
quite bulky and require moonlight to function properly.

Examples:

 AN/PVS-2

Second generation devices featured an improved image-intensifier tube utilizing microchannel

plate (MCP)[13] with an S-25 photocathode[14], resulting in a much brighter image, especially around
edges of the lens. This leads to increased illumination in low ambient light environments, such as
moonless nights. Light amplification was around 20000x[15] Also improved were image
resolutionand reliability.

Examples:

 AN/PVS-4[16]
 AN/PVS-5[17]
 SUPERGEN[18]

Third generation night vision systems maintain the MCP from Gen II, but now use a photocathode
made with gallium arsenide, which further improves image resolution. In addition, the MCP is coated
with an ion barrier film for increased tube life. The light amplification is also improved, to around
30000-50000x [19]

Examples:

 AN/PVS-14[20]
  XD-4[21]
 XD-4 Autogated[22]

The U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) (http://www.nvl.army.mil/)
is part of the governing body that dictates the name of the generation of night vision technologies.
Although the recent increased performance associated with the GEN-III OMNI-VII components is
impressive, the U.S. Army has not yet authorized the use of the name GEN-IV for these
components.

GEN-III OMNI-VII devices can differ from Standard Generation 3 in two important ways. First, an
automatic gated power supply system regulates the photocathode voltage, allowing the NVD to
instantaneously adapt to changing light conditions.[23] The second, is a removed or greatly thinned
ion barrier, which decreases the amount of electrons that are usually rejected by the Standard GEN
III MCP, hence resulting in less image noise and the ability to operate with a luminous sensitivity at
2850K of only 700, compared to operating with a luminous sensitivity of at least 1800 for GEN III
type image intensifiers.[24] The disadvantage to a thin or removed ion barrier is the overall decrease
in tube life from a theoretical 20,000 hrs mean time to failure (MTTF) for Gen III type, to 15,000 hrs
MTTF for GEN IV type. However, this is largely negated by the low numbers of image intensifier
tubes that reach 15,000 hrs of operation before replacement.

It is important to note that while the consumer market classifies this type of system as "Generation
4", the United States military describes these systems as Generation 3 Autogated tubes (GEN-III
OMNI-VII). Moreover, as autogating power supplies can be now be added to any previous
generation of nightvision, 'autogating' capability does not automatically class the devices as a GEN-
III OMNI-VII, as seen with the XD-4. Another point to note is that any postnominals appearing after a
Generation type (ie: Gen II +, Gen III +) does not change the generation type of the device, but
[25]
instead indicates a supposed advancement(s) over the original spec's requirements.

Examples:

 AN/PVS-22[26]
 XR-5 Autogated[27]
Panoramic Night Vision Goggles in testing

The US Air Force is experimenting with Panoramic Night Vision Goggles (PNVGs) which double
the user's field of view to around 95 degrees by using four 16mm image intensifiers tubes, rather
than the more standard two 18mm tubes. They are in limited service with MC-130 Combat
Talon and AC-130U Spooky aircrews.[28]

IN 2007 Xenonics Holdings, using newly patented technology, offered the first digital night seeing
system, a hand held monocule device with 2-8X zoom capability branded Supervision. [29][30]

The PSQ-20, manufactured by ITT seeks to combine Thermal Imaging with image intensification.[31]

Certain countries (e.g. Hungary and other European Union members) regulate possession of night-
vision devices[citation needed]. Civilians are allowed to have Generation 1 and Gen1+ devices[citation needed],
but citizen's access to Gen2 and up is outlawed by adopting international trafficking in arms
regulations into national legislation[citation needed]. Generation 2 and higher devices are classified as
military / law enforcement purpose and espionage tools. Use of any generation thermal or night
vision equipment in hunting is also against regulations, due to their "un-hunterly" (unfair) nature to
the game.[dubious – discuss]

Visiting foreign hunters should be aware of these restrictions, as night vision equipment found
against the regulations may be confiscated.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]

GENERAL OVERVIEW:

Click on the image to your right to watch the new "How Night Vision Works Video

producted by ITT Industries. Night Vision technology consists of two major types:

image intensification (light amplification) and thermal imaging (infrared).

Most consumer night vision products are light amplifying devices. Light amplification

is less expensive than thermal, however, higher-end and more effective night vision tubes can become more

expensive. Light amplification technology takes the small amount of light, such as moonlight or starlight,

that is in the surrounding area, and converts the light energy (scientists call it photons), into electrical

energy (electrons). These electrons pass through a thin disk that's about the size of a quarter and contains

over 10 million channels. As the electrons travel through and strike the walls of the channels, thousands

more electrons are released. These multiplied electrons then bounce off of a phosphor screen which converts

the electrons back into photons and lets you see an impressive nighttime view even when it's really dark.
All image intensified night vision products on the market today have one thing in
common: they produce a green output image. Like the one your see to your right -
>>. But that's where the similarities end.

In the night vision world there are generations that reflect the level of technology
used. The higher the generation, the more sophisticated the night vision technology.

Generation 0 - The earliest (1950's) night vision products were based on image
coversion, rather than intensification. They required a source of invisible infrared (IR)
light mounted on or near the device to illuminate the target area.

Generation 1 - The "starlight scopes" of the 1960's (Vietnam Era) have three image intensifier tubes
connected in a series. These systems are larger and heavier than Gen 2 and Gen 3. The Gen 1 image is
clear at the center but may be distorted around the edges. (Low-cost Gen 1 imports are often mislabeled as
a higher generation.

Generation 2 - The microchannel plate (MCP) electron multiplier prompted Gen 2 development in the
1970s. The "gain" provided by the MCP eliminated the need for back-to-back tubes - thereby improving size
and image quality. The MCP enabled development of hand held and helmet mounted goggles.

Generation 3 - Two major advancements characterized development of Gen 3 in the late 1970s and early
1980s: the gallium arsenide (GaAs) photocathode and the ion-barrier film on the MCP. The GaAs
photocathode enabled detection of objects at greater distances under much darker conditions. The ion-
barrier film increased the operational life of the tube from 2000 hours (Gen 2) to 10,000 (Gen 3), as
demonstrated by actual testing and not extrapolation.

Generation 4 - Myth vs. Fact

Some say that generation (Gen) 4 is the most advanced night vision you can buy. This is not the case. To
dispel this myth, let's start with the basics. There are four Generations of night vision; however, they are
Gen 0-3, not Gen 1-4. Historically, the U.S. Army has defined each Generation of night vision. In the late
90's the Army did define Gen 4 as the removal of the ion barrier film creating a "filmless" tube. This new
advancement was to reduce halos while increasing sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and resolution, for
overall improved performance. While performance was improved, the lack of an ion barrier in Gen 4 tubes
led to high failure rates, ultimately leading the U.S. Army to recant the existence of Gen 4 definition.
Recognizing the high failure rates of Gen 4 tubes, ITT chose to improve upon the existing Gen 3 technology
and create a "thin-filmed" tube. By keeping the protective ion barrier, but greatly reducing its thickness, ITT
was able to maintain the reliability of Gen 3 while—at the same time—delivering on the Army's performance
requirements intended for Gen 4. This innovation resulted in the production of the Gen 3 thin-filmed tube,
which is now the highest performing Gen 3 tube available. Not long after, the gated power supply was added
and the PINNACLE® tube was born. The Generation 3 PINNACLE® tube is the most advanced night vision
manufactured to date.
See also: Night Vision Terminology

When discussing night vision technology, you also may hear the term "Omnibus" or "OMNI". The U.S. Army
procures night vision devices through multi-year/multi-product contracts referred to as "Omnibus" -
abbreviated as "OMNI". For each successive OMNI contract, ITT has provided Gen 3 devices with
increasingly higher performance. ( See range detection chart directly below) Therefore, Gen 3 devices may
be further defined as OMNI 3, 4, 5, etc. Current Omnibus contract as of 2006 is OMNI VII.

If you're using night vision to find a lost person in the woods(rescue), to locate boats or buoys on the water
(surveillance), to stargaze into the wilderness, you need Generation 3 because it creates the best images
when there is very little ambient light. Generation 2 may be the choice in situations with higher levels of
ambient light like a city type environment, however, the cost difference between and good Generation 2
system and a Generation 3 may not be worth the lost opportunity to use the NVD (night vision device) in
different environments.

KEY GENERATION DEVELOPMENTS:

• GENERATION 1 (Developed in 1960's);

o Vacuum Tube Technology
o Full Moon Operation
o Amplification: 1,000
o Operating Life: 2,000 Hours

• GENERATION 2 (Developed in 1970's);

o First Microchannel Plate (MCP) Application
o One-Quarter Moon Operation
o Amplification: 20,000
o Operating Life: 2,500 Hours

• GENERATION 2+ (1970s)
o Development increased image tube bias voltage to improve gain.
o Additionally, a glass faceplate was added to improve resolution.

• GENERATION 3 (Developed in 1990's);

o Improved MCP & Photocathode
o Starlight Operation
o Amplification: 40,000
o Operating Life: 10,000 Hour

• GENERATION 3 Enhanced (2000's);

o Improvements in the photocathode and MCP resulted in increased gain and resolution.

Expected Operating Life (in hours)

Beyond outperforming all previous technologies, corresponding improvements in reliability have been
equally dramatic. GEN III intensifiers have a useful operating life of 10,000+ hours, making tube
replacement virtually unnecessary. The intensifier tube normally represents 75% of the overall system cost.

Performance Attributes
There are three important attributes for judging performance. They are: sensitivity, signal-to-noise, and
resolution. As the customer, you need to know about these three characteristics to determine the
performance level of a night vision system. See also: ITT Night Vision

Sensitivity, or photoresponse, is the image tube's ability to detect available light. It is usually measured in
"µA/lm," or microamperes per lumen. That's why many of our products do not come with standard IR
illuminators. With many applications illuminators aren't necessary. Some manufacturers put IR illuminators
on their products in order to get acceptable performance under low light conditions.

Signal-to-noise (SNR) plays a key role in night vision performance. The microchannel plate is used to
transfer a signal from input to output, a lot like a high-end stereo gives you quality sound. It's akin to
rabbit's feet on your old TV, when you move them to dial in the signal. With night vision, it's how the MCP is
able to transfer signals inside of the image intensifier tube to give you the final product, i.e. the amplified
image.

Resolution is the third major consideration when purchasing night vision. This is the ability to resolve detail
in your image. Some manufacturers put magnified optics in their systems to give the illusion that they have
high resolving systems. In the trade-off, field of view is sacrificed. Some models give the option of higher
magnification so you can have it if you want it, not because your system needs it to function effectively.
Most of Morovision's products offer a uniquely formulated phosphor to create the highest contrasting
images, therefore generating the highest resolution products available to the consumer.

Distance and Magnification Charts:

*Chart based on night vision system with 1x lens. Recognition range will increase when greater

magnification is used.
Characteristics of Night Vision

Using intensified night vision is different from using regular binoculars and/or your own eyes. Below are
some of the aspects of night vision that you should be aware of when you are using an image intensified
night vision system. See also: Night Vision Terminology; How to Buy Night Vision; How Thermal Vision
Technology Works.

Textures, Light and Dark

Objects that appear light during the day but have a dull surface may appear darker, through the night vision
unit, than objects that are dark during the day but have a highly reflective surface. For example, a shiney
dark colored jacket may appear brighter than a light colored jacket with a dull surface.

Depth Perception
Night vision does not present normal depth perception.

Fog and Rain

Night vision is very responsive to reflective ambient light; therefore, the light reflecting off of fog or heavy
rain causes much more light to go toward the night vision unit and may degrade its performance.

Honeycomb*
This is a faint hexagonal pattern which is the result of the manufacturing process.

Black Spots*
A few black spots throughout the image area are also inherent characteristics of all night vision technology.
These spots will remain constant and should not increase in size or number. See example below of an image
with black spots.

* Do not be concerned if you see this feature-it is an inherent characteristic found in light amplification night

vision systems that incorporate a microchannel plate in the intensifer.