Chin. Phys. B Vol. 19, No.

10 (2010) 104205

Generalized photon-added coherent state and

its quantum statistical properties∗
Yuan Hong-Chun(袁洪春)a)† , Xu Xue-Xiang(徐学翔)a)b) , and Fan Hong-Yi(范洪义)a)
a) Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
b) College of Physics and Communication Electronics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China

(Received 29 January 2010; revised manuscript received 9 June 2010)

In this paper, we propose a class of the generalized photon-added coherent states (GPACSs) obtained by repeatedly
operating the combination of Bosonic creation and annihilation operatoes on the coherent state. The normalization
factor of GPACS is related to Hermite polynomial. We also derive the explicit expressions of its statistical properties
such as photocount distribution, Wigner function and tomogram and investigate their behaviour as the photon-added
number varies graphically. It is found that GPACS is a kind of nonclassical state since Wigner function exhibits the
negativity by increasing the photon-added number.

Keywords: generalized photon-added coherent state, photocount distribution, Wigner function, to-
mogram
PACC: 4250, 0365

1. Introduction tude squeezing, sub-Poissonian character, nonclas-

sical quasi-probability distribution and higher-order
Nonclassical states play a crucial role in un- properties.[5,6,12] Its statistical properties were dis-
derstanding the fundamentals of quantum physics cussed in detail in dissipative channel[13] and thermal
and have many applications in quantum information environment[14] separately. Recently, by using para-
processing.[1] The nonclassical behaviour of quantum metric down-conversion, the Zavatta’s group[15] pre-
states can be well described in terms of sub-Poissonian
pared experimentally the single PACS, and its non-
statistics of photon numbers.[2] Another manifestation
classical behaviour was detected through homodyne
of nonclassicality occurs when the noise of one quadra-
tomography technology.[16] Another scheme was pro-
ture component of a radiation field is below that of the
posed by Kalamidas et al.[17] to generate the two
vacuum.[3] Besides, the negativity of Wigner function
PACSs. In addition, a simple scheme was proposed
is indeed a good indicator of the nonclassical charac-
to generate an arbitrary photon-added coherent state
ter of the state.[4] A simple analysis of the Wigner
of a travelling optical field by combining an array of
distribution of the quantum state can provide the in-
degenerate parametric amplifiers and corresponding
formation about the nonclassicality itself.
single-photon detectors.[18]
On the other hand, there has been increasing
In the present paper, enlightened by the above
interest in the study of various nonclassical states
studies, we will propose another photon-added coher-
because many schemes have been proposed to gen-
ent state, i.e.,
erate some nonclassical states. For example, the
photon-added coherent state (PACS), introduced first |α, mi = Nm,α Ω m |αi , (1)
by Agarwal and Tara,[5] is an interesting interme-
£ ¤
diate state between the Fock state and the coher- where Ω = a† + a with a, a† = 1, m is an integer,
ent state, which is obtained by repeatedly operat- |αi is the coherent state, and Nm,α is the normaliza-
ing the photon creation operator on a coherent state. tion factor. Note that the operator Ω is Hermitian
Such a state was considered as a nonlinear coherent Ω = Ω † . For convenience, |α, mi is called the gen-
state[6] and some extensions were also shown.[7−11] eralized photon-added coherent state (GPACS). We
PACS exhibits some nonclassical effects like ampli- shall derive the normalization factor Nm,α of GPACS
∗ Project
supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10775097 and 10874174).
† Corresponding
author. E-mail: yuanhch@sjtu.edu.cn
c 2010 Chinese Physical Society and IOP Publishing Ltd
°
http://www.iop.org/journals/cpb　http://cpb.iphy.ac.cn

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 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 19, No. 10 (2010) 104205
µ ¶2m µ ¶
and study the behaviour of quantum statistical prop- 2 −i iΩ
= (Nm,α ) √ hα| : H2m √ : |αi
erties of GPACSs as the value of m varies graphically. 2 2
µ ¶m · ¸
Conclusions and discussions are involved in the last 2 1 i (α∗ + α)
= (Nm,α ) − H2m √ . (8)
section. 2 2
So the compact form of Nm,α is found to be
2. Normalization of GPACS µ
1
¶m ·
i (α∗ + α)
¸
−2
(Nm,α ) = − H2m √ , (9)
Based on the definition of GPACS (see Eq. (1)), 2 2
we now calculate the normalization constant Nm,α , which is related to a Hermite polynomial.
which is the key to the analysis of the quantum statis- From Eq. (6), we also give the quantity
tical properties of GPACS. For this purpose, we first µ ¶m · ¸
derive the normal ordering form of Ω m . Recall the −i i (β ∗ + α)
hβ| Ω m |αi = √ Hm √ hβ| αi , (10)
generating function of Hermite polynomial Hm (x)[19] 2 2

X∞
tm 2
which is very useful for the following calcula-
Hm (x) = e 2tx−t , tions,
m=0
m! ³ where |βi is a coherent´ state and hβ| αi =
2 2
¯ exp − |β| /2 − |α| /2 + β ∗ α .
∂m 2¯
Hm (x) = m e 2tx−t ¯ , (2)
∂t t=0

where 3. Photocount distribution of

[m/2]
X (−1)l m!
Hm (x) = (2x)m−2l , (3) GPACS
l!(m − 2l)!
l=0
The quantum mechanical photon counting for-
and the Baker–Hausdorff formula[20]
mula was derived first by Kelley and Kleiner.[21] As
e A+B = e A e B e [A,B]/2 = e B e A e −[B,A]/2 . (4) shown in Ref. [22], for the case of a single radiation
£ ¤ mode the probability distribution P (n) of registering
For the operator Ω = a† + a with a, a† = 1, using
n photoelectrons in the time interval T is given by
Eqs. (2) and (4) we easily obtain
" ¡ ¢n #
e λΩ = e λ(a+a ) = : e λΩ+λ /2 :
† 2 ξa† a −ξa† a
µ ¶m P (n) = Tr ρ : e : , (11)
n!
−iλ
X∞ √ µ ¶
2 iΩ
= : Hm √ :, (5) where ξ ∝ T is called the quantum efficiency (a mea-
m! 2
m=0 sure) of the detector, ρ is a single-mode density oper-
where : : denotes the normally ordered prod- ator of the light field concerned. When ξ = 1, P (n)
uct of Bose operators. Comparing the terms with becomes the photon number distribution for a given
the same powers of λ in the expansion of e λΩ = state. In Ref. [23], by virtue of the technique of inte-
P∞ m m
m=0 (λ /m!)Ω , on both sides of Eq. (5), we have gration within an ordered product (IWOP) of opera-
the neat formula tors, equation (11) is reformed as
µ ¶m µ ¶
m −i iΩ
Ω = √ : Hm √ :, (6) P (n)
2 2 Z 2
ξn d z −ξ|z|2 ³ 2 ´ ³p ´
which is just the normal ordering expansion of Ω m . = n e Ln |z| Q 1 − ξz ,
(ξ − 1) π
Thus, the GPACS is expressed as
" ¡ (12)
µ ¶m ¢#
−i i a† + α
|α, mi = Nm,α √ Hm √ |αi , (7) where Q(β) = hβ| ρ |βi is the Q-function, and Ln (x) is
2 2
the Laguerre polynomials. Once the Q-function of ρ is
which indicates that the GPACS is equivalent to a
known, it is easy to calculate photocount distribution
Hermite-excited coherent state, where in the last step
from Eq. (12).
we have used the eigenequation a |αi = α |αi .
Next, we study the photocount distribution of
Using Eq. (6), we see the normalization condition
GPACS optical field. From Eqs. (1) and (10), we can
2
1 = (Nm,α ) hα| Ω 2m |αi obtain directly the Q-function of GPACS,

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 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 19, No. 10 (2010) 104205

Q(β) = hβ| ρ |βi

2
= (Nm,α ) hβ| Ω m |αi hα| Ω m |βi
µ ¶m µ ¶ µ ¶
2 1 −|β−α|2 i (β ∗ + α) i (α∗ + β)
= (Nm,α ) − e Hm √ Hm √
2 2 2
µ ¶m ¯ µ ¶¯2
1 2 ¯ i (β ∗
+ α) ¯
e −|β−α| ¯¯Hm ¯ ,
2
= (Nm,α ) √ ¯ (13)
2 2

where, in the last step, we have used

m
Hm (−x) = (−1) Hm (x), (14)

which is directly derived from Eq. (3). Then substituting Eq. (13) into Eq. (12) and using Eq. (2) and the
two-variable Hermite polynomials expression of Laguerre polynomials[19]
n n
(−1) (−1) ∂ 2n
Ln (zz ∗ ) = Hn,n (z, z ∗ ) = exp (−tt0 + tz + t0 z ∗ ) |t=t0 =0 , (15)
n! n! ∂tn ∂t0n
we obtain the final result (see Appendix)
µ ¶ µ ¶
−C ∗ C
m
X n
X B 2l+j+k A∗n−j An−k Hm−l−j Hm−l−k
2 2
P (n) = Dmn , (16)
l!j!k! (n − j)! (m − l − j)! (n − k)! (m − l − k)!
l=0 j,k=0

where
p
A≡ 1 − ξα,
p
B ≡ i 2 − 2ξ,
√
C ≡ i 2 [α + (1 − ξ) α∗ ] ,
µ ¶m 2 2 2
1 n! (m!) ξ n (Nm,α ) e −ξ|α|
Dmn ≡ − n . (17)
2 (1 − ξ)

Especially, when m = 0, equation (17) reduces to

e −ξ|α| ³ ´n
2
2
P (n) = ξ |α| ,
n!
which is just a Poissonion distribution of the coherent state in agreement with the results of Ref. [22]. As
a result of Eq. (16), photocount distributions of GPACS are plotted for α = 0.5 + i0.5 and several values of
parameters ξ and m in Fig. 1. By increasing parameter m, we are able to move the peak from zero photons
to nonzero photons (see Figs. 1(a)–1(c)). It is seen from Figs. 1(b) and 1(d) that for a given m the larger the
parameter ξ is, the wider the tail of photon number distribution becomes.

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 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 19, No. 10 (2010) 104205

Fig. 1. Photocount distributions of GPACS as a function of n+1 for α = 0.5+ i0.5 and several different values of parameters
ξ and m.

4. Wigner function of GPACS

The Wigner function is a powerful tool to investigate the nonclassicality of optical fields. Its partial nega-
tivity implies the highly nonclassical properties of quantum states and is often used to describe the decoherence
of quantum states.[13,14,24] In this section, we derive the analytical expression of Wigner function for GPACS.
For a single-mode system, Wigner function in the coherent state |βi representation is given by
Z
1 2 ∗ ∗
W(z) = 2 e 2|z| h−β| ρ |βi e −2(βz −β z) d 2 β, (18)
π
√ 2
where z = (q + ip) / 2. When ρ = (Nm,α ) Ω m |αi hα| Ω m , according to the integral identity
Z 2 ³ ´ · ¸
d z 2 1 ξη
exp ζ |z| + ξz + ηz ∗ = − exp − , Re (ζ) < 0, (19)
π ζ ζ

by using Eqs. (2) and (10), the Wigner function of GPACS is given by

W(q, p) = W(z)
2 2 Z
(Nm,α ) e 2|z| d2β ∗ ∗
= h−β| Ω m |αi hα| Ω m |βi e −2(βz −β z)
π π
2 2|z|2 −|α|2 µ ¶m ³√ √ ´
(Nm,α ) e 1 ∂ 2m
= − m m
exp i 2tα − t2 + i 2τ α∗ − τ 2
π 2 ∂t ∂τ
Z 2 h ³ √ ´ ³ √ ´ i ¯¯
d β 2
× exp − |β| + α∗ − 2z ∗ + i 2τ β + 2z − α − i 2t β ∗ ¯
π t=τ =0
2 −2|z−α|2 µ ¶m
(Nm,α ) e 1 ∂ 2m £ ∗ 2
¤¯
2 ¯
= − exp 2tτ + 2Et − 2E τ − t − τ ¯
π 2 ∂tm ∂τ m t=τ =0
2 −2|z−α|2 µ ¶m
(Nm,α ) e 1 ∂ 2m X∞ l l l
2tτ £ ∗ 2
¤¯
2 ¯
= − exp 2Et − 2E τ − t − τ ¯
π 2 ∂tm ∂τ m l! t=τ =0
l=0
2 2 µ ¶ mX ∞ l+m
(Nm,α ) e −2|z−α| 1 (−1) ∂ 2l
= − Hm (E)Hm (E ∗ )
π 2 2l l! ∂E l ∂E ∗l
l=0
2 2 µ ¶m X m l+m l 2
(Nm,α ) e −2|z−α| 1 (−1) 2 (m!) 2
= − 2 |Hm−l (E)| , (20)
π 2 l! [(m − l)!]
l=0

where ferential relations of Hm (x)

i (2z ∗ + α − α∗ ) ∂ 2l m!
E≡ √ , (21) Hm (x) = Hm−l (x). (22)
2 ∂x l (m − l)!

and in the last step we have used the well-known dif- Equation (20) seems to be a new result, related to

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 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 19, No. 10 (2010) 104205

single-variable Hermite polynomials. In particular, several different values of m. It is interesting to note

when m = 0, equation (20) reduces to that Wigner function distribution of GPACS is sensi-
1 2 tive to parameter m. There exists an upward peak,
Wm=0 (q, p) = 2 e −2|z−α| , (23)
π and the number of downward minor peaks is equal
which is just the Wigner function of coherent state, a
to the value of m. From Fig. 2, as m ≥ 1, Wigner
Gaussian in phase space.
function presents a partial negative region. In other
Next we shall see how the variation of the pa-
rameter m affects the Wigner function W(q, p). Using words, the GPACS may become more nonclassical by
Eq. (20) we plot in Fig. 2 W(q, p) of GPACS in phase increasing m. This is a useful way to conditionally
space as a function of q and p with α = 0.5 + i0.5 for manipulate a nonclassical state.

Fig. 2. Wigner functions of GPACS in phase space as a function of q and p with α = 0.5 + i0.5 and several different values
of m.

5. Tomogram of GPACS Fortunately, in Refs. [26]–[28], one can prove that the
Radon transform of Wigner operator ∆ (q 0 , p0 ) is just
In recent years, the use of tomograms in quan- a pure density operator
tum mechanics and quantum optics makes it possible
to describe a quantum state with a positive probabil- |xif,gf,g hx|
Z
ity distribution.[25] A direct description of quantum = dq 0 dp0 δ (x − f q 0 − gp0 ) ∆ (q 0 , p0 ) , (25)
states by means of quantum tomogram is interesting
from both the theoretical and the experimental points where
Ã√ !
of view. In this section, we derive the tomogram of 2 xa† G∗ a†2
|xif,g = M exp − |0i (26)
GPACS, which is defined as G 2G
Z
with
T (x, f, g) = dq 0 dp0 δ (x − f q 0 − gp0 ) W(q 0 , p0 ). (24)
G = f − ig,
However, it will be very difficult to evaluate the inte- · ¸
£ ¡ 2 ¢¤
2 −1/4 x2
gration if we directly substitute Eq. (20) into Eq. (24). M = π f +g exp − (27)
2 (f 2 + g 2 )

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 Chin. Phys. BVol. 19, No. 10 (2010) 104205
is named the intermediate coordinate–momentum rep-
resentation, which obeys the eigen-equation
(f Q + gP ) |xif,g = x |xif,g (28)
¡ ¢ √ ¡ ¢ ¡√ ¢
with Q = a + a† / 2, P = a − a† / i 2 , and f
and g are real. Thus, the tomogram of GPACS is
T (x, f, g)
Z
= dq 0 dp0 δ (x − f q 0 − gp0 ) hα, m| ∆ (q 0 , p0 ) |α, mi
2
= |f,g hx| α, mi| , (29)
which is an alternative approach to the derivation
of the tomogram of quantum states. Using Eqs. (2)
and (7) and the completeness relation of the coherent
state, we have the tomogram amplitude of |α, mi, i.e.

f,g hx| α, mi
Ã√ !
2qa Ga2
= M h0| exp − |α, mi
G∗ 2G∗
µ ¶m à √ !¯
−i m ³ √ ´ Z d2z Gz 2 ¯
−|α|2 /2 ∂ ∗ 2 2 2 xz ∗ ¯
= Nm,α M √ e exp ti 2 (z + α) − t exp − |z| + − + z α ¯
2 ∂tm π G∗ 2G∗ ¯
t=0
µ ¶m à ! (√ )¯
−i |α|
2
∂ m
2x ³ √ ´ G ³ ´
√ 2 √ ¯
¯
= Nm,α M √ exp − exp α + it 2 − α + it 2 + i 2αt − t2 ¯
2 2 ∂t m G ∗ 2G ∗ ¯
t=0
µ ¶m à √ !
2
−i |α| G 2 2 xα
= Nm,α M √ exp − − α +
2 2 2G∗ G∗
(à √ ! µ ¶ ) ¯¯
∂m 2ix i 2αG √ G ¯
× m exp − + i 2α t − 1 − ∗ t2 ¯ , (30)
∂t G ∗ G ∗ G ¯
t=0

where we have used the following integral formula:

Z n o ½ ¾
d2z 2 1 −ζξη + ξ 2 g + η 2 f
exp ζ |z| + ξz + ηz ∗ + f z 2 + gz ∗2 = p exp (31)
π 2
ζ − 4f g ζ 2 − 4f g
¡ ¢
with Re(ζ ± f ± g) < 0 and Re (ζ 2 − 4f g)/(ζ ± f ± g) < 0. Further, using Eq. (2) again leads to
à r !m à √ !
2
1 G |α| G 2 2 xα
f,g hx| α, mi = Nm,α M −i − exp − − α + Hm (K), (32)
2 2G∗ 2 2G∗ G∗

where
¡√ ¢
i 2 x − αG + αG∗
K≡ sµ ¶ . (33)
2G
G∗ 2− ∗
G

Finally, inserting Eq. (32) into Eq. (29), we derive the analytical expression of the tomogram of GPACS as
¯ à r !m à √ ! ¯2
¯ 1 G |α|
2
G 2 2 xα ¯
¯ ¯
T (x, f, g) = ¯Nm,α M −i − exp − − α + Hm (K)¯ . (34)
¯ 2 2G∗ 2 2G∗ G∗ ¯

The influence of m on tomograms T (x, θ) of GPACS is shown in Fig. 3 with α = 0.5 + i0.5, f = cos θ and
g = sin θ. There are four plots for T (x, θ) versus x and θ for m = 0, 1, 4, 7, corresponding to Figs. 3(a)–3(d)
respectively. Tomograms are real and positive distribution functions. When m = 0 (Fig. 3(a)), it is just the
tomogram of well-known coherent state. One can see from Fig. 1 that the tomogram T (x, θ) of GPACS presents
π-periodic variations with coordinate and depends on parameter m.

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 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 19, No. 10 (2010) 104205

Fig. 3. Tomograms of GPACS each as a function of x and θ with α = 0.5 + i0.5 and several different values of m.

6. Conclusions and discussion
We presented a class of the generalized photon-
added coherent states (GPACSs), which are obtained
by repeatedly operating the combination of a† + a on
the coherent state |αi. First, we derived the normal-
ization factor of GPACS, which is related to a Hermite
polynomial, and found that the GPACS is actually
regarded as a Hermite-excited coherent state. Then,
we deduced the explicit expressions of its statistical
properties such as photocount distribution, Wigner
function and tomogram, and we also investigated their
behaviours as photon-added number m varies graph-
ically. It is found that these properties are affected
by the value of m more significatly and Wigner func-
tion presents a partial negative region by increasing
m, which implies that the GPACS is a kind of non-
classical state.
In addition, it is worth while mentioning that the
GPACS may be generated via using cavity quantum
electrodynamics (QED) and quantum measurement.
The idea of the method is to prepare the electromag-
netic field in coherent state |αi and then to subject
this state to the interaction with a two-level atom in
a resonator. Suppose that the two-level excited atom
passes through the cavity, analogous to that proposed
in Ref. [5]. The atom makes a transition from the
excited state |ei to the ground state |gi by emitting
a photon. Under the nonrotating wave approxima-
tion, the interaction Hamiltonian has the following
form (} = 1):
¡ ¢
H = g a + a† (σ− + σ+ ) , (35)
where g is the coupling constant, σ+ and σ− are the
Pauli operators corresponding to the two-level atom,
a and a† are the Bosonic creation and annihilation
operators of the field mode. Then the initial state
of the atom-field system is |αi |ei. If the interaction
time is sufficiently small, such that gt ¿ 1, then we
expand the exponential to the first order and we can
obtain the system state vector with the Hamiltonian
in Eq. (35)
|ψ(t)i = exp (−iHt) |αi |ei ' |αi |ei
¡ ¢
−igt a + a† |αi |gi . (36)
Thus if the atom is detected in the ground state |gi
after it has passed through the cavity, then the state
¡ ¢
of the field is reduced to the a + a† |αi with m = 1.
¡ ¢
If the cavity state is initially at a + a† |αi, by re-
peating the above process, we obtain in principle the
¡ ¢m
unnormalized state, a + a† |αi.

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 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 19, No. 10 (2010) 104205

Finally, we point out the main differences between
GPACS and PACS as follows: i) the normalization fac-
tor of GPACS is Hermite polynomial, while PACS’s is
Laguerre polynomial; ii) from their explicit expres-
sions of Wigner function, the former is related to a
single-variable Hermite polynomial, the latter corre-
sponds to a Laguerre polynomial; iii) from the point
of view of generating via using cavity QED, the for-
mer does not need the rotating wave approximation,
the latter is under rotating wave approximation.

Appendix: Derivation of Eq. (16)

Substituting Eq. (13) into Eq. (12) and using Eqs. (2) and (15), we have
Z 2
ξn d z −ξ|z|2 ³ 2 ´ ³p ´
P (n) = n e Ln |z| Q 1 − ξz
(ξ − 1) π
µ ¶m n 2 2
1 ξ (Nm,α ) e −|α| ∂ 2n ∂ 2m √ ∗
√ 0 0 2 02
= − n n 0n m 0m
e 2iατ +α 2iτ −tt −τ −τ
2 n! (1 − ξ) ∂t ∂t ∂τ ∂τ
Z 2 h i¯
d z 2 ¯
× exp − |z| + (t + Bτ 0 + A∗ ) z + (t0 + Bτ + A) z ∗ ¯ 0 , (A1)
π t=t =τ =τ 0 =0

where
p p
A≡ 1 − ξα and B ≡ i 2 − 2ξ. (A2)
Using Eq. (19) yields
µ ¶m n 2 2
1 ξ (Nm,α ) e −|α| ∂ 2n ∂ 2m
P (n) = − n
2 n! (1 − ξ) ∂tn ∂t0n ∂τ m ∂τ 0m
h√ √ i¯
¯
× exp 2iατ + α∗ 2iτ 0 − tt0 − τ 2 − τ 02 + (t + Bτ 0 + A∗ ) (t0 + Bτ + A) ¯
t=t0 =τ =τ 0 =0
µ ¶m 2 n −ξ|α|2 2n 2m
1 (Nm,α ) ξ e ∂ ∂ 2 0 0 0
= − n n 0n m 0m
e B τ τ +Bt τ +Btτ
2 n! (1 − ξ) ∂t ∂t ∂τ ∂τ
£ ¤
× exp At + A t − τ + Cτ − τ 02 − C ∗ τ 0 |t=t0 =τ =τ 0 =0 ,
∗ 0 2
(A3)

where we have set

√
C = i 2 [α + (1 − ξ) α∗ ] . (A4)
B 2 τ 0 τ +Bt0 τ 0 +Btτ
Then expanding the term e into the form of the series and using Eq. (2) again, we finally obtain
µ ¶m 2 2
X∞
1 (Nm,α ) ξ n e −ξ|α| ∂ 2n ∂ 2m B 2l+j+k l+k 0l+j 0j k
P (n) = − n τ τ t t
2 n! (1 − ξ) ∂tn ∂t0n ∂τ m ∂τ 0m l!j!k!
l,j,k
£ ¤
× exp At + A∗ t0 − τ 2 + Cτ − τ 02 − C ∗ τ 0 |t=t0 =τ =τ 0 =0
µ ¶m 2 2
X∞
1 (Nm,α ) ξ n e −ξ|α| ∂ 2n ∂ 2m B 2l+j+k
= − n
2 n! (1 − ξ) ∂tn ∂t0n ∂τ m ∂τ 0m l!j!k!
l,j,k

∂ j+k
∂ 2l+j+k £ ¤
× exp At + A∗ t0 − τ 2 + Cτ − τ 02 − C ∗ τ 0 |t=t0 =τ =τ 0 =0
∂A∗j ∂Ak ∂ (−C ∗ )l+j ∂C l+k
µ ¶ µ ¶
l+k C l+j −C ∗
µ ¶m 2 ∞ ∂ Hm ∂ Hm
(Nm,α ) ξ n e −ξ|α| X B 2l+j+k ∂ j A∗n ∂ k An
2
1 2 2
= − n µ ¶l+k µ ¶
2
n! (1 − ξ) l!j!k!2l+k 2l+j ∂A∗j ∂Ak ∗ l+j
l,j,k C −C
∂ ∂
2 2
µ ∗
¶ µ ¶
2l+j+k ∗n−j n−k −C C
m X
X n B A A Hm−l−j Hm−l−k
2 2
= Dmn , (A5)
l!j!k! (n − j)! (m − l − j)! (n − k)! (m − l − k)!
l=0 j,k=0

where Dmn is just given in Eq. (17) and we have used the differential relations of Hm (x) of Eq. (22). Thus we
complete the derivation of Eq. (16) in detail.

104205-8
 Chin. Phys. B Vol. 19, No. 10 (2010) 104205
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