Electrical Substations

Electrical Network comprises the following regions:

1 - Generating Stations.
2 - Transmission Systems.
3 - Distribution Systems.
4 - Load Points.
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Functions of a Substation
1 - Supply of required electrical power.
2 - Maximum possible coverage of the supply network.
3 - Maximum security of supply.
4 - Shortest possible fault-duration.
5 - Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
6 - Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5 Hz and 50.5
Hz).
7 - Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
8 - Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.
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Substation Layouts
1. Switching requirements for normal operation.
2. Switching requirements during abnormal operations,
     such as short circuits and overloads.
3. Degree of flexibility in operations, simplicity.
4. Freedom from total shutdown and permissible period of shutdown.
5. Maintenance requirements, space for approaching various
6. Safety of personnel.
7. Protective zones, main protection, back-up protection
8. Bypass facilities.
9. Technical requirements such as ratings, clearances,
    Earthing lightning protection, Noise, radio interference, etc.
10. Provision for extensions, space requirement.
11. Economic considerations, availability, foreign
exchange involvement, cost of the equipment.
12. Requirements of network monitoring, power line
     communication, data collection, Data transmission etc.
13. Compatibility with ambient conditions.
14. Environmental aspects, audible noise, RI, TI etc.
15. Long service life, Quality, Reliability, and Aesthetics.
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SF6 Gas Insulated Substations (GIS)

1. Introduction
SF6 Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) are preferred for voltage ratings
of 72.5 kV, 145 kV, 300 kV and 420 kV and above. In such a substation,
the various equipments like Circuit Breakers, Bus-Bars. Isolators,
Load Break Switches, Current Transformers, Voltage Transformers
Earthing Switches, etc. are housed in metal enclosed modules filled with SF6 gas.
The SF6 gas provides the phase to ground insulation. As the dielectric strength
of SF6 gas provides the phase to ground insulation. As the dielectric strength
of SF6 gas is higher than air, the clearances required are smaller. Hence,
the overall size of each equipment and the complete substation is reduced
to about 10 % of conventional Air-insulated substations.
As a rule GIS are installed indoor. However outdoor GIS have also been installed
earlier.

High voltage Gas Insulated Switch gear

 Type B95 Double Bus-Bar (make Alostom)

                                                      Single line diagram

High voltage Gas Insulated Switch gear Type B95
Double Bus-Bar (make Alostom)
   1 – Circuit Breaker .            
   2 – Spring Mechanism .
   3 – Disconnected .               
   4 – Slow Earthing Switch
   5 – Make Proof Earthing Switch.
   6 – Current Transformer.   
   7 – Voltage Transformer.    
   8 – HV cable connection.   

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The various modules of GIS are factory assembled and are filled with SF6 gas at a
pressure of about 3 kg/cm2. Thereafter, they a taken to site for final assembly. Such
substations are compact and can be installed conveniently on any floor of a multi-
storied building or in an underground substation.
As the units are factory assembled, the installation time is substantially reduced. Such
installations are preferred in cosmopolitan cities, industrial townships, etc., where cost
of land is very high and higher cost of SF6 insulated Switchgear (GIs) is justified by
saving due to reduction in floor area requirement.
They are also preferred in heavily polluted areas where dust, chemical fumes and salt
layers can cause frequent flashovers in conventional outdoor air-insulated substations

GIS bay single Bus-Bar Make Mitsubishi

            1-     Circuit Breaker
2-     Disconnector Switch (GL-Type)
3-     Disconnector Switch (GR-Type)
4-     Earthing Switch (GRE-Type)
5-     3-ph. Bus-Bar.
6-     Current Transformer.
7-     Base. 
8-     Voltage Transformer.

The SF6 Gas Insulated Substations (GIs) contains the same Components as in the
conventional outdoor substations. All the live parts are enclosed in metal housings
filled with SF6 gas. The live parts and supported on at resin insulators.
Some of the insulators are designed as barriers between neighboring modules such that
the gas does not pass through them.  www.sayedsaad.com
 The entire installation is sub-divided into compartments which are gas tight with
respect to each other. Thereby the gas monitoring system of each compartment can be
independent and simpler.
 The enclosures are of non-magnetic material such as aluminum or stainless steel and
are earthed. Static O-seals placed between machined flanges provide the gas tightness.
The O-rings are placed in the grooves' such that after assembly, the O-rings are
squeezed by about 20 %. Quality of material and dimension of grooves and O-seals are
important to ensure gas-tight performance.
The GIs has gas-monitoring system. The gas density in each compartment is
monitored. If pressure drops slightly, the gas is automatically tapped up with further
gas leakage, the low-pressure alarm is sounded or automatic tripping or lock-out
occurs www.sayedsaad.com
 Advantages of GIs and Application Aspects:
    1- Compactness.
The space occupied by SF6 installation is only about  8 to 10 % of that a
conventional outdoor
substation. High cost is partly compensated by saving in cost of space. A typical
420/525 kV SF6 GIs
requires only 920 m2 site area against 30.000 m2 for a conventional air insulated
substation.
    2 - Choice of Mounting Site.
Modular SF6 GIS can be tailor made to Suit the particular site requirements.
This  results is saving of otherwise Expensive civil-foundation work. SF6 GIS can be
suitably mounted indoor
on any floor or basement and SF6 Insulated Cables (GIC) can be taken through walls
and terminated
through SF6 bushing or power cables.
    3 - Reduced Installation Time.
The principle of building block construction (modular construction) reduces the
installation time to a few weeks. Each conventional substation requires several
months for installation.
In SF6 substations, the time-consuming high cost galvanized steel structures are
eliminated. Heavy foundations for galvanized steel structures, 
Equipment support structures etc are eliminated. This results in economy and reduced
project execution time. Modules are factory assembled, tested and dispatched with
nominal SF6 gas. Site erection time is reduced to final assembly of modules. 
     4 - Protection from pollution.
The external moisture. Atmospheric Pollution, snow dust etc. have little influence on
SF6 insulated substation. However, to facilitate installation and maintenance, the
substations are generally housed inside a small building.
     5- Increased Safety.  
As the enclosures are at earth potential there is no possibility of accidental contact
 by service personnel to live parts.
6 - Explosion-proof and Fire-proof installation.
Oil Circuit Breakers and oil filled equipment are prone to explosion. SF6 breakers
and SF6 filled equipment are explosion proof and fire-proof.. 

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Summary of Merits of SF6 GIS

Operating personnel are protected by the earthed metal

Safe
enclosures
The complete enclosure of all live parts guards against
Reliable
any Impairment of the insulation system.
 SF6 Switchgear installations take up only 1/10 of the
Space saving space Required for conventional installations.
High flexibility and application versatility provide novel,
Economical and economic overall concepts.
An extremely careful selection of materials. an expedient
design and a high standard of manufacturing quality
Maintenance free assure Long service life with practically no maintenance
requirement.
Low weight due to aluminum enclosure, correspondingly
Low cost foundations and buildings.
Low weight

Quick site assembly ensured by extensive preassembly

Shop assembled and Testing of complete feeders or large units in the
factory.

Disadvantages of GIS: 
1- High cost compared to conventional outdoor substation.
2 - Excessive damage in case of internal fault. Long outage periods as
     Repair of damaged part at site may be difficult.
3 - Requirement of cleanliness is very stringent. Dust or moisture can cause
      internal flashovers. 
4 - Such substations are generally in door. They need a separate building.
     This is generally not required for conventional outdoor substations.
5 - Procurement of gas and supply of gas to site is problematic.
     Adequate stock of gas must be maintained.
6 - Project needs almost total imports including SF6 Gas. Spares conventional
      substation is totally indigenous up to 400 kV.
Configuration of GIS: 
The GIS installations are assembled from a variety of standard modules.
Which are joined together by flange connections and plug contacts on the
Conductors. So as to easily permit subsequent disassembly of individual 
components. Gas-tight barrier insulators in the Switchgear sections prevent
neighboring Switchgear parts from being affected by overhauls.
Any maintenance and overhaul work on Switch contacts can be done without
removing the enclosure.
With GIS installations, all basic substation Bus-Bar schemes used, in
conventional plant constructions can be realized. Installations with single or
multiple Bus-Bar-also alternatively with a bypass bus-can be made with the
standard modules, including Bus-Bar sectionalizing with disconnects and
 Breakers, and Bus-Bar coupling. The two-breaker. One and-a-half circuit
breaker and ring-bus systems can also be realized economically.
 
    The essential parts of a GIS are: -
1 - Conductors which conduct the main circuit current and transfer power
      these are of copper or aluminum tubes. 
2 - Conductors need insulation above grounded enclosures. Conductors also
      need phase to phase insulation, In SF6 GIS these insulation requirements
     are met by cast resin insulators and SF6 gas insulation.
3 - Gas filled modules have nonmagnetic enclosures. Enclosures are of aluminum
      alloy or stainless steel. Adjacent modules are joined by means of multi-bolts
      tightened on flanges. Suitable neoprene rubber “O” ring gaskets are provided
      for ensuring Gas-tight sealing joints.  
 4 - Various circuit components in main circuit are: CB, Isolator, Earthing Switches
       for conductors, CTs, VTs, cable-ends, Bushing-ends and Bus-Bars.
      Each of these main components has its own gas -filled metal enclosed module.
5 - Gas filling, monitoring system. 
6 - Auxiliary LV DC and LV AC supply system, control, protection and Monitoring
     system. This is air-insulated like in conventional sub-station.
  The Bus-Bars are conducting bars to which various incoming and
  outgoing bays are connected. In SF6 GIS the Bus-Bars are laid l
  longitudinally in GIS hall. 
  The bays are connected to Bus-Bars cross-wise. Bus-Bars are either
  with  a three-phase enclosure or single phase enclosure.

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Alternatives of Enclosures, Single three phase

and three single enclosures

Three phase Single Enclosures      Three phase and three single enclosures

The following alternatives are available to the designers for configuration of

GIs.
1. Separate enclosure for each phase. This alternative was used for Components
    and Bus-Bars in early GIs. Now it is used only for EHV and UHV, GIS.
    The GIS above 420 kV are generally with separate enclosure for each phase.
2. Separate enclosure for components and a common single enclosure
    For three phase enclosure for Bus-Bars. 
   This alternative is more widely used now for all GIS
3. Common single enclosure for all three phases for components and
    For Bus-Bars. The per cent trend is to use single three phase modules for
    components and Bus-Bars for all GIS. The GIS developed during 1980’s are with
   this philosophy. 
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Design Aspects

The SF6 insulated Switchgear contains the same components as a conventional

outdoor substation. Fig (1) illustrates the construction of typical bay.

Fig (1) Section of a 145 KV SF6 GIS with duplicate bus-bar

1 – 3- phase Bus enclosure. 

2 – Isolator.
3 – Earthing Switch.
4 – C.B puffer type.
5 – CT's 
6 –  Line Isolator.
7 –  VT.  
8 –  High Speed Earthing Switch.
9 –  Cable sealing End.
10 – Operating mechanism (cabinet).
     11 – Conductor tube.
     12 – Epoxy partition fig. (2).

All the live parts are enclosed in metal housing filled with SF6 gas. Live parts are
supported on cast resin insulators. Some of the insulators are designed as barriers
between neighboring modules such that the gas does
not pass through them. The entire installation is sub-divided into compartments,
which are gas tight with respect to each other. Thereby the gas monitoring system of
each compartment can be independent and simple
The enclosures are of nonmagnetic material such as aluminum or stainless steel and
are earthed. The gas tightness is provided by static O-seals placed between machined
flanges.
The O-rings are placed in the grooves such that after assembly, the
O-rings get squeezed by about 20 %. Quality of material and dimension of groove
are important. Aluminum or stainless steel enclosures surround all live parts.
Enclosures are earthed.
Pressurized SF6 gas provides internal insulation between conductors and metallic
enclosures. Fig (2) below.
High grade insulators of Epoxy partition resin give support to active parts inside the
enclosures and are also used as barriers between adjacent gas filled compartments.

Fig(2) Epoxy partition resin

Individual compartments (modules) are connected by silver plated

Plug contacts for current conduction. Flanges of enclosures are bolted.
Control cabinet installed near the bay contains instruments, relays, auxiliary
Switches, control wiring etc. for local control, indication, alarm etc. 
GIS is installed on self supporting steel structures fixed on t he floor.

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Expansion bellows
(Bellows compensators)
 Expansion Bellows

Expansion Bellows

Variations in length due to temperature changes and dimensional differences due to

assembly tolerances are resolved by making use of the wide range of bellows,
which take up axial or lateral tolerances.
These bellows are self compensated or compensated in compression by tie-rods
Bellow compensators permit absorption of manufacturing tolerances in Bellow
Compensators also permit absorption of vibrations caused by
length of enclosures Bus-Bars, Transformers, reactors.
Conductors are usually of aluminum alloy tubes. The conductors are
plugged to silver plated finger contact assembly mounted on support insulators.
These sliding contacts permit tubular conductors to expand axially with temperature
rise without any additional stress on support insulators. 
The enclosures are of welded aluminum or stainless steel plates to which
cast aluminum or stainless steel flanges are welded. Metallic connections between
adjacent enclosures are ensured to permit circulation of full return current. The
induced currents circulate in enclosures and provide magnetic field of [heir own
such that. 
      - Outside the enclosures the magnetic field of enclosures opposes the magnetic
field of conductor currents.
      - Inside the enclosures, the magnetic field of enclosure currents adds
to that of conductor current resulting in centralizing force on conductor.
The conductor tends to remain along the central axis of enclosure.
 

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Cable connection
All cables, irrespective of their type of insulation (oil impregnated paper or XLPE)
and section, can be connected.
The cable sealing end is fixed inside the SF6 gas Filled compartment, in accordance
with the IEC 859 standard commonly used. Isolation of the Switchgear from the
high voltage cables during dielectric testing is achieved by removing the contact (1)
and the conductor (2).Safety is fully ensured by earthing of the cable Side through
access (3), in parallel with closing of the cable earth Switch.
                    Connection to Transformer                Cable connection box
                      1 – Removable contact's             1 - Removable contact's
                      2 – Removable conductor.             2 - Removable conductor.
                      3 – Expansion bellows.              3 - Access for Earthing rod.
                      4 – Bushing.             4 - Gas tight bushing.
              5 - High voltage.

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SF6 Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIs)

Types of Bays SF6 Gas Insulated Switchgear.       
1 Feeder Bay.          
2 Transformer Bay.                                     
3 Bus section Bay.  
4 Bus coupler Bay.   
 Drawing
Component of SF6 Gas Insulated Feeder bay
1 High Speed Earth Switche (Line Earth Switch).  

2 Isolator for Voltage Transformer.  

3 Voltage Transformer.  E-HD ,G/   
4 Line Isolator. (Disconnector Switch)  
5 Maintenance Earth Switches.   
6 CT's For Bus-Bar protection. 
7 Circuit Breaker.
8 CT's For Line protection and metering. 
9 Maintenance Earth Switches. 
10 Bus-Bar Isolator  

                                                                                         Drawing

Component of SF6 Gas Insulated Transformer bay
1 Bus-Bar Isolator. (Disconnector Switch)  
2 Maintenance Earth Switches. 
3 CT's For Transformer protection.
4 Circuit Breaker.   
5 CT's for Bus-Bar protection and metering.  
6 Maintenance Earth Switches.
7 Transformer Isolator.
8 Maintenance Earth Switches. (Transformer
E.S) 
 Drawing

Component of SF6 Gas Insulated Bus section bay

1 Bus-Bar Isolator. (Disconnector Switch) 

2 Maintenance Earth Switches. 
3 CT's For Bus-Bar protection and metering.  
4 Circuit Breaker. 
5 Maintenance Earth Switches.    
Drawing
Component of SF6 Gas Insulated Bus coupler bay
1 Bus-Bar Isolator. (Disconnector Switch)
2 Maintenance Earth Switches. 
3 CT's For Bus-Bar protection and metering. 
4 Circuit Breaker.   
6 Maintenance Earth Switches.   
7 Bus-Bar Isolator. 
                                                       
                                     Drawing
NEXT

Feeder Bay  ‫خلية مغذى‬

‫ خلية محول‬Transformer Bay
‫خلية رابط قضبان طولى‪Bus Section bay  ‬‬
Bus coupler bay ‫خلية رابط قضبان‬

SF6 Gas Properties

 Introduction
SF6 is a combination of sulfur and fluorine its first synthesis
was realized in 1900 by French researchers of the
Pharmaceutical Faculty of Paris.
It was used for the first time as insulating material,
In the United States about 1935.
In 1953, the Americans discovered its properties for
extinguishing the
electric arc. This aptitude is quite remarkable.
Physical properties
It is about five times heavier than air, and has a density of 6.1 4kg / m3.
It is colorless, odorless and non-toxic.
Tests have been carried out replacing the nitrogen content of air by SF6 (the gaseous
mixture consisted of 79 % SF6 and 24 % oxygen): five mice were then immersed in this
atmosphere for 24 hours, without feeling any ill effects.
It is a gas which the speed of sound propagation is about three times less than in air, at
atmospheric pressure. The interruption of the arc will therefore be less loud in SF6 than
in air.
The dielectric strength of SF6 in on average 2.5 times that of air, and, by increasing
pressure, it can be seen that the dielectric strength also increases and than around 3.5 bar
of relative pressure, SF6 has the same strength as fresh oil.
 The principal characteristics of the gas are as follows:
Molar mass                                   146.078
Critical temperature                     45.55°C
Critical pressure                           37.59 bars
In short, SF6 at atmospheric pressure is a heavier gas than air, it becomes liquid at -
63.2°C and in which noise propagates badly.
SF6 on the market
SF6 which is delivered in cylinders in liquid phase, contains impurities (within limits
imposed by IEC standards No. 376)
 Carbon tetra fluoride               (CF4) 0.03 %
 Oxygen + nitrogen                   (air) 0.03 %
 Water                                       15 ppm
 C02                                           traces
 HF                                             0.3 ppm
 SF6 is therefore                        99.99 % pur.
 
Chemical properties
SF6 is a synthetic gas which is obtained as we have just explained by combination of six
atoms of fluorine with one atom of sulfur:

 
S 2  6 F 2  2SF 6  524 Kcal
          You can see therefore that this reaction is accompanied by an important release of
heat. This approximately similar to coal combustion.
Given that the energy released during synthesis is the same as is needed in order to
dissociate the final element, it can immediately be seen that:
     - SF6 is a stable gas
     - 524 k. calories are necessary for molecular breakdown, we can there fore already
expect that it will be a powerful cooling agent:

                                   
6 F 2  S 2  2SF 6  524 Kcal
 The dissociation products before interruption of the arc
At normal temperature, the gas is stable, and does not react with its environment. In
contact with the parts where electric currents circulate, the gas is heated to temperatures
of around four hundred degrees SF6 gives the following decomposition products:
Thionyl fluoride               SOF2
Sulfur fluoride                 SO2F2
Sulfur tetra fluoride          SF4
Sulfur deca fluoride         S2F10
Thionyl tetra fluoride       SOF4
SF6 also reacts with the materials that are found in its environment:
With water (impurity in the gas), it gives hydrofluoric acid HF,
With air dioxide (impurity in the gas), it gives sulfur dioxide SO2,
With carbon dioxide (impurity in the gas), it gives carbon tetra fluoride CF4,
With the araldite casings which are high in silicon dioxide, it gives silicon tetra fluoride
SF4.
 
The dissociation products after interruption of an arc.
An electric are develops high temperatures which can reach 15000 °C.
At these temperatures, many dissociation products that we have previously studied
disappear. It is thus that, besides the impurities of the gas (water, air, carbon, and
dioxide), there only remain:
   Sulfur fluoride                     SO2F2
   Carbon tetra fluoride            CF4
 Silicon tetra fluoride            SIF4
   Sulfurous anhydride             SO2.
 You can therefore see that a large number of products have been dissociated by the
electric arc. The importance of the remaining products may be lessened by adding a
powder (alumina silicate).
All these gases are heavier than air, and May, under certain conditions is poisonous.
SF6 Safety precautions:
Today there is no known dielectric and breaking agent combined better than SF6 gas.
 Initial state
In its initial state, before it has undergone thermal stress (usually the electric arc); SF6 is
perfectly safe in normal conditions:
- It is non-toxic,
- It is uninflammable,
- It will not explode.
This does not mean that no precautions need to be taken: because of its lack of oxygen,
this gas will not support life.
However, the concentration of SF6 would have to be high, since the International electro
technical Commission (IEC) has shown that five mice left for 24 hours in an atmosphere
of 79 % SF6 and 21 % oxygen will not only remain alive but will show no signs of
abnormal behavior.
Man dies when the oxygen level of the gas he is breathing falls below 12 %.
 
Precautions and hygiene
 The first recommendation is not to smoke when SF6 gas is around. The heat given off
by the cigarette may decompose the gas. Your cigarette would then take on a very
strange taste also avoid operating combustion engines in this gas.
When the work positions are indoors, have ventilation and / or a system for detecting
this halogen placed at the lowest points of the installations.
Remember that SF6 is a very heavy gas. This device will warn you any gas leaks.
 
Post-breaking state
As we seen at the beginning of this Chapter, the heat from the arc modifies the SF6.This
creates gaseous and solid decomposition products.
It is these products that need to be spoken about. Certain of these gases are medically
defined as being violent irritants of the mucous membranes and of the lungs. In extreme
cases, they may cause pulmonary edema.
 
The solid decomposition products (whitish powder) an aggressive when the react with
the humidity of the mucous membranes and of the hands.
Following this rather unpleasant description of the SF6 after breaking we may reassure
ourselves on two counts:
- For reasons of quantity
- For reasons of probability.
   Quantity.
The volume of decomposed is microscopic. This means that dangerous thresholds are
rarely reached, thanks in part to the molecular sieve which regenerates the
decomposition products to form pure SF6. This sieve is present in all extinguishing
chambers. Regeneration time is short, but depends on the number of ampere being
broken.
The presence of hydrogen sulphide, noticeable through its sickening smell, makes an
excellent alarm signal. The smell detection threshold is ten times lower than the toxic
threshold (1 ppm is detected by smell).
  Probability.
In normal operation, electric Switchgear using SF6 has a leak rate guaranteed to be less
than 1 % of the mass per year. This makes any danger impossible in normal operation.
The abnormal situation is the risk of an appliance exploding. This is fortunately
extremely infrequent. And if by chance such an incident accrued, the putrid smell would
make us aware of it immediately.
  Precaution and hygiene.
If you were to find yourself in contact with decomposed SF6 gas, you must leave your
post and ensure that the gas is eliminated by means of powerful ventilation.
Once the polluted gas has disappeared (when the smell becomes bearable) you are still
in contact with solid decomposition products.
Operations on the equipment must be carried out with a gas mask, gloves and
appropriate clothing. All this - together with the powders themselves - shall be sent to a
factory for dealing with dangerous products.
Any damage to the hands caused by these powders can be neutralized by limewater.
Conclusion

It is important to point out that sulfur hexafluoride does not bring about an increase in
the risks entailed in the work stations. This lack of specific danger is furthermore
confirmed by the fact that we have not had to record any accident since 1960, the year in
which SF6 was first used as a breaking agent. As a matter of interest SF6 does not harm
the ozone layer. This is partly due to its weight.
 
The electric arc
  The creation of an arc
Everyone has noticed that, when placing one’s hand near to a television screen, one feels
a force which attracts.
There exists, in fact, in this apparatus, what one calls an electric field. The latter is the
source of an electric current, for it is this that displaces the electrons in the conductors.
An electric field appears at the separation of the live contacts. Such a field of a very
great intensity will draw electrons at the hot points of contacts.
The electric arc has been born. If its own energy is not sufficient, the arc will extinguish
rapidly itself. If, on the other hand, it is crossed by a strong current, it draws throughout
its own energy, which ensures the survival of the arc.
 The electric arc:
We have seen that the electric field was at the origin of the displacement of electrons.
When the contacts separate, the electric field draws electrons to the hot points. These
electrons are going to circulate in surroundings which are not conductive, which one
calls dielectric, and will cause the temperature of the surroundings to increase, if they
are in sufficient number.
All bodies, under the influence of temperature, end up by reaching their threshold of
ionic dissociation. At this moment, it parts with electrons, and becomes conductive.
These electrons themselves, and for the same reasons, will create others. We have an
avalanche, that is to say, creation of electrons, which will accelerate. One can reach
temperature of 15000 °C. The value of the thermal power can be 10MW.
The electric arc is thus going to follow the variations of alternating current, and thus, at
regular intervals, the arc will disappear and reappear immediately, if the electrons have
not been eliminated because in this case, the surroundings remain conductive.
In order to eliminate these electrons, one could:
- Rid oneself of them by some physical means, like blow-out for example,
      - use dielectric with a very high speed of recuperation (the case of SF6)
      - use a process to reduce the temperature of the element (decompression, blow-out,
etc.)         
  Out-off a current
If we perfect a system which allows cooling the arc (turning arc, magnetic blow-out,
mechanical or thermodynamic blow-out, etc ...). One can well understand that the arc
increasing to temperatures of 1500°C.
Under the effect of current passing through it, will see a temperature decrease as soon as
the alternating current starts its descent towards 0.
 The temperature will decrease all the more rapidly as:
- SF6 has two states of conduction, and appearance of the resistive arc will bring about a
fall in
   the intensity, and thus its temperature,
- SF6, as we have seen in its physical properties, is a gas which Absorbs large quantities
of energy when it dissociates.
The blow out of the arc will thus (mean) evacuate a large quantity of energy.
This lowering of temperature will make the ionic recombination of the bodies and the
dielectric will recover its insulating properties which thus ensure interruption of the
current.
Lastly the hydrofluoric acids attack all metals giving metallic fluorides which are all
very hydroscopic insulating powders.
 Fig (1) Disruptive voltage versus pressure

Fig (2) SF6 absolute pressure versus temperature with constant volume mass
(density)
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 Bus-Bar Modules
 The Bus-Bar modules are either with single phase or three phase enclosure. Three-phase
enclosures are compact and have lesser eddy current
  losses. Single phase Bus-Bars are necessary to suit other components having single phase
enclosures. The three Bus-Bars are conveniently
  staggered by a distance equal to centre spacing.
 The diameter of enclosure depends on rated voltage and internal clearance requirements.
 The main conductors are aluminum or copper tubes. The contact areas
 are silver plated. There is a provision of expansion joints which permits axial elongation at higher
temperatures. The tubular conductors are
 supported on epoxy resin cast insulators Fig (13) the shape of insulators is such that the field
distribution is uniform.
 The dimensions of conductor tubing depend upon the mechanical strength corresponding to short
circuits forces. The size so obtained is generally
 adequate for carrying normal current without excessive temperature rise.
 

Bus-Bar dismantling principle

1 - Bus-Bar Disconnector
2 - Removable contact
3 - Bellows
4 - Bus-Bar conductor
Modular components fitted in Bus-Bar lengths and bays.
Depending upon particular local requirements, the following standard
elements are included in the assembly Fig. below.
(a) Lateral mounting unit.
(b) Axial length compensator (for Bus-Bars of straight length)
(c) Parallel compensator (for joint between Bus-Bars at an angle)
(d) Bellow compensator
 

Axial length compensator (for Bus-Bars of straight length)

   2 - Fou

1- L - unit (9o° junction)

4 - Angle u
ja

3- T-unit with flange for Earthing switch

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Circuit Breaker
The Circuit Breakers are automatic Switches which can interrupt fault currents.
The part of the Circuit Breakers connected in one phase is called the pole.
A Circuit Breaker suitable for three phase system is called a ‘triple-pole
Circuit Breaker. Each pole of the Circuit Breaker comprises one or more interrupter or arc-
extinguishing chambers. www.sayedsaad.com
The interrupters are mounted on support insulators. The interrupter encloses
a set of fixed and moving contact's
The moving contacts can be drawn apart by means of the operating links
of the operating mechanism. The operating mechanism of the Circuit Breaker gives the
necessary energy for opening and closing of contacts of the Circuit Breakers.
The arc produced by the separation of current carrying contacts is interrupted by a suitable
medium and by adopting suitable techniques for arc extinction. The Circuit Breaker can be
classified on the basis of the arc extinction medium.
 
The Fault Clearing Process
During the normal operating condition the Circuit Breaker can be opened or closed
by a station operator for the purpose of Switching and maintenance.
During the abnormal or faulty conditions the relays sense the fault and close
the trip circuit of the Circuit Breaker. Thereafter the Circuit Breaker opens.
The Circuit Breaker has two working positions, open and closed.
These correspond to open Circuit Breaker contacts and closed Circuit Breaker
contacts respectively.
The operation of automatic opening and closing the contacts is achieved by means
of the operating mechanism of the Circuit Breaker.
As the relay contacts close, the trip circuit is closed and the operating mechanism
of the Circuit Breaker starts the opening operation.
 The contacts of the Circuit Breaker open and an arc is draw between them.
The arc is extinguished at some natural current zero of a.c. wave.
The process of current interruption is completed when the arc is extinguished
and the current reaches final zero value. The fault is said to be cleared.
 
The process of fault clearing has the following sequence:
1- Fault Occurs. As the fault occurs, the fault impedance being low,
     the currents increase and the relay gets actuated.
     The moving part of the relay move because of the increase in the operating
     torque. The relay takes some time to close its contacts.
2 - Relay contacts close the trip circuit of the Circuit Breaker closes and trip coil is energized.
3 - The operating mechanism starts operating for the opening operation.
     The Circuit Breaker contacts separate.
4 - Arc is drawn between the breaker contacts. The arc is extinguished
      in the Circuit Breaker by suitable techniques. The current reaches final zero
      as the arc is extinguished and does not restrict again.
 

The Trip-Circuit
Fig (1) below illustrates the basic connections of the Circuit Breaker control for the opening operation

STANDARD RATINGS OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND THEIR SELECTION

 
The characteristics of a Circuit Breaker including its operating devices and
auxiliary equipment that are used to determine the rating are:
(a) Rated characteristics to be given for all Circuit Breakers.
1. Rated voltage.
2. Rated insulation level.
 3. Rated frequency.
4. rated current.
5. Rated short Circuit Breaking current.
6. Rated transient recovery voltage for terminal faults.
7. Rated short circuit making current.
8. Rated operating sequence.
9. Rated short time current.
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(b) Rated characteristics to be given in the Specific cases given below:
         1 - Rated characteristics for short line faults for
                    three pole Circuit Breakers rated at 72.5 kV and
                    above, more than 12.5 kA rated short circuit breaking
                    current and designed for direct connection to overhead
                    transmission lines.
        2 - Rated line charging breaking current, for three pole
                   Circuit Breakers rated at 72.5 kV and above and intended
                   for Switching over- head transmission lines.
        3 - Rated supply voltage of closing and opening devices, where applicable.
        4 - Rated supply frequency of closing and opening devices, where applicable.
        5 - Rated pressure of compressed gas supply for operation and
             Interruption, where applicable.
 
(c) Optional rated characteristics:
1. Rated out of phase breaking current.
2. Rated line charging breaking current, for three pole
        Circuit Breakers rated at less than 72.5 kV and for single
        pole Circuit Breakers.
3. Rated cable charging breaking current.
4. Rated single capacitor bank breaking current.
5. Rated small inductive breaking current.
6. Rated supply voltage of auxiliary circuits.
7. Rated supply frequency of auxiliary circuits
 
The type of the Circuit Breaker
The type of the Circuit Breaker is usually identified according to the medium of arc extinction. The
classification of the Circuit Breakers based on the medium of arc extinction is as follows:
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(1) Air break' Circuit Breaker. (Miniature Circuit Breaker).
(2) Oil Circuit Breaker (tank type of bulk oil)
(3) Minimum oil Circuit Breaker.
(4) Air blast Circuit Breaker.
(5) Vacuum Circuit Breaker.
(6) Sulphur hexafluoride Circuit Breaker. (Single pressure or
      Double Pressure).
 
Type Medium Voltage, Breaking Capacity
1 – Air break Circuit Air at atmospheric pressure (430 – 600) V– (5-15)MVA
Breaker (3.6-12) KV -  500 MVA
2 – Miniature CB. Air at atmospheric pressure (430-600 ) V
3 – Tank Type oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 – 12) KV
4 – Minimum Oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 - 145 )KV
 5 – Air Blast CB. Compressed Air 245 KV, 35000 MVA
(20 – 40 ) bar up to 1100 KV, 50000 MVA
6 – SF6 CB. SF6 Gas 12 KV, 1000 MVA
36 KV , 2000 MVA
145 KV, 7500 MVA
245 KV , 10000 MVA
7 – Vacuum  CB. Vacuum 36 KV, 750 MVA
8 – H.V.DC CB. Vacuum , SF6 Gas 500 KV DC

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 Bulk Oil Type Breaker

In Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker oil serves a two-fold purpose, i.e., as means of extinguishing
the arc and also for providing insulation between the live parts and the metallic tank.
This is the oldest amongst the three types having been developed towards close
of the nineteenth century.
In its simplest form the process of separating the current carrying contacts
was carried out under oil with no special control over the resulting arc
other than the increase in length caused by the moving contact's
As the power systems began to develop resulting in higher voltages and higher
fault levels, plain break type breaker could no longer keep pace with the requirements.
Various methods of controlling the breaking process were investigated and developed.

This led to the development of controlled break oil Circuit Breaker.

This employed pressure chamber and is still widely used because it is relatively
cheap to make and gives greatly improved performance in terms
of final extinction, gap length and arcing time, as against the plain break
oil Circuit Breaker. Various designs exist according to the preferences
and requirements of individual manufacturers and designations such
as ‘Cross Jet Type’, ‘Explosion Pot’ and ‘Baffle pot’, etc.
 
Many oil Circuit Breakers feature special arc control devices most of which are based
on the simple pressure chamber principle but incorporate certain modifications
 aimed at improving the breaking capacity.
Depending on the working principle of these special pressure chambers
the breakers are designated as: impulse oil Circuit Breakers deign grid breakers,
 breakers with double arc pressure chambers and axial jet pressure
chamber oil Circuit Breakers.
 
For general illustration, a view of the contact actuating mechanism of 33 kV,
type OKM, bulk oil breaker manufactured by M/s English Electric Co. is shown in Fig (1)
The contacts are actuated by a lever assembly L housed within the top-plate
and connected to the lifting bridge N by links M.
  
The beam lever assembly is pivoted on a shaft H fixed in bearings in the top-plate and is operated by a
tie rod G connected by an adjustable coupling J to the vertical pull-rod K from the Circuit Breaker
operating
mechanism. An oil seal F is fitted to prevent leakage from top-plate and an indicator arm is operated by
a pin E on the driven end of the beam lever. The lifting bridge N which carries the lift rods Q and
moving contacts R moves vertically on guide I, rods D fixed in the top-plate, At the top end of each
guide rod and fastened to the top plate by clips A is an accelerating spring C.
These springs are compressed by the lifting bridge during the closing stroke and provide a throw off
force when the breaker is tripped open. The mechanism is prevented from over traveling the closed
position by adjustable stops B in the top-plate. At the lower end of each guide rod is an oil dashpot
assembly P.

These oil buffers arrest the downward or contact opening movement. The working part of the breaker is
cylindrical chamber known as an interrupter pot. The view of the interrupter is shown in Fig (2) the
interrupter pot is screwed and locked on to an interrupter top block.  The interior of the chamber is
fitted with insulating dividing plates which form labyrinths and oil flow passages. Assembled in the top
of the chamber is the fixed spring loaded cluster type contact, the fingers of which are arranged in a
circular formation to engage with the moving contact which is of the solid rod of candle type.
Alternate cluster fingers are extended to form arcing contacts.
These parts carry the arc current and protect the normal current carrying parts from burning. The
moving contacts are clamped by pinch bolts at each end of a cross bar which is bolted to the lift rod.
The separation of the contacts and drawing out of the arc take place in the interrupter pot which almost
completely restricts the movement of the oil within it.
 
The internal space available for gas is thus little more than that swept out by the moving contact, and a
pressure is set up which depends upon the rate of gas production and its rate of flow through the vents.
 
The pressure rise and the condition resulting there from are believed to play a large part in giving this
type of oil Circuit Breaker a very much higher breaking capacity than the plain break type.

 
             Fig (1)www.sayedsaad.com

                            Fig (2)www.sayedsaad.com

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Small Oil Volume Breaker

 As the system voltages and fault levels increased the Bulk Oil Breakers required huge quantities
of insulating oil and
 became unwieldy in size and weight.
 This added enormously to the cost of a power system.  Simultaneously improvements were made
in the technique
 of ceramics.
 The function of oil as insulating medium in the Bulk Oil Breakers was transferred to the
porcelain containers.
 Only a small quantity of oil was used to perform its functions as arc quenching medium. This led
to the development
 of small oil volume or low oil content breakers in the continent of Europe.
 Like the Bulk Oil Breakers these have also since then passed through many stages of
development with varying designs
 of the arcing chambers. Today the small oil volume breakers are available for voltages up to 36
kV and the fault levels
 associated therewith.
 Contrary to the operation of the impulse type Circuit Breaker, such as air blast Circuit Breaker,
in which arc extinction
  and dielectric  recovery
 are affected by means of an external quenching medium, the process of arc extinction in  the
small oil volume
 Circuit Breaker is of internal
 thermo- dynamic origin.
 During the tripping operation an arc strikes in oil between the moving contact and the fixed
contact's
 This arc is elongated vertically in the explosion pot until the distance traveled is sufficient to
withstand the
 voltage between contacts.
 The increase in internal pressure due to the Splitting up
 and vaporization of oil by the arc creates a rapid movement of the extinguishing
 medium round the arc This self-quenching effect causes a rapid cooling of the ionized column
along its whole
 Length due to partition of the explosion pot and the dielectric recovery is sufficiently rapid.
 To prevent the arc restricting after a natural Passage Through zero. The electric arc itself has,
therefore,
 Supplied the necessary energy for its own extinction. There are now numerous
 manufacturers of small oil volume breakers                                                                    
 However, to illustrate the principles of working, the sectional view of working portion of 170 kV
3500 MVA.
 Breakers of

Fig (4)

 M/s Delle France have been shown in Fig. (4) the most important part of the breaker is its
extinguishing chamber.
 This takes the form of an insulating cylinder containing oil, in the axis of which moves the
contact rod and within
 which breaking occurs.
 The arcing chamber is supported at its base by a casing enclosing a mechanism whose function is
to
 move the contact rod  According to the impulses given by the control mechanism. In the on
position, the current flows from
 the Upper current terminal (1) to the contact fingers, (2) Follows the movable contact rod (7) and
reaches the current terminal (10)
 across the lower contact fingers (8). At the beginning of the stroke and before breaking, the
contact rod strongly pulled down.
 Wards by the tripping springs, starts a high speed opening motion.
 Then, an arc strikes between the contact rod tips (6) and the stationary
 Arcing ring (3) protecting the upper contact fingers.
 At this moment gases escape without hindrance towards top of the apparatus.
 The contact rod rapidly reaches a very high linear speed; it moves
 the arc downwards and forces it to enter the explosion pot (5) where it is maintained rectilinear
and is elongated in a direction opposite
 to the   release of gases towards fresh oil. Since the arc is as short as possible the arc voltage is
minimized and the energy dissipated is
   reduced.  
  Still, since the gases can no longer develop freely, they generate a considerable pressure in the
explosion pot (5), thus producing a violent
 upward  axial blast of oil vapor, exhausting the highly ionized gaseous mass.
 The optimum distance is thus obtained, the jet of oil causes the dielectric strength to be rapidly
increased, and at the
 following current zero, the arc is impeded from restricting and the breaking is thus achieved.
 The explosion pot (5) is intended to withstand high pressures.
 It is partitioned into several components by means of discs whose function is to retain a certain
quantity of fresh oil while the first break
 is proceeding; this allows a second break to occur with complete
 safety at the full short circuit current. The low oil content Circuit Breakers require separate
current Transformers of wound type. Still at
 all  voltages from 33 kV and above the costs of these breakers
 inclusive of current Transformers compete favorably with that of the Bulk Oil Breakers.
 

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In addition there are certain other advantages which may be summed up as under:
(I)   Light and reduced size rendering transport
(ii)  Simple construction making erection easy.
(iii) Quick and simple maintenance.
One of the limitations put forward against this class of breakers is frequent maintenance, owing to
reduced quantity of oil and consequent liability to quick carbonization, on circuits  susceptible to
frequent trappings because of too many faults.
Interruptions on lines carried on pin insulators are rather too many on account of poor workmanship,
inadequate
and improper maintenance.
However, for this reason alone, it may not be worthwhile to reject these breakers unless the difference
in cost
 with Bulk Oil Breakers is meager. For this very reason doubt was expressed about the ability of these
breakers
for rapid reclosing duty. However, low oil content breakers have been designed and constructed for
rapid reclosing duties by established makers of this class of breakers. Rated breaking capacities in
general are covered securely by a circuit breaking of any design but, depending on the arc extinguishing
principles employed,
difficulties are sometimes encountered in performing certain specific duties.
The situations where the small oil volume breakers are, presently,
considered at disadvantage are:
(I)  Switch unloaded lines.
(II) Evolving faults.
(III) Out of phase disconnection. 
The small oil volume breakers have distinct advantage over the air blast breakers under the following
conditions:
1 - Kilometric faults.
This is because the oil Circuit Breakers are much less
sensitive to the natural frequency of the restricting voltage.
2. Disconnection of Transformers on load.
The current chopping phenomenon which causes over voltages,
before natural zero, is not serious in this class of breakers as the arc extinguishing
Energy is always proportional to the broken current. Restricting voltage
        1 – Circuit Breaker pole
        2 – Mechanism housing
        2a – cover of mechanism housing
        3 – Pole head
        4 – Pole cylinder
        5 – Crank housing
        6 – Upper main terminal
      13 – Bottom main terminal
      22 – Vent housing
      23 – 0il level indicator
      39a – square on charging shaft
      47 – Spring condition indicator
      82 – off push - button
      88 – on push – button
      98 – Circuit Breaker indicator
      99 – Operation counter
      119 – Lifting hole for transport  

 Fig (5) Small Oil Volume Breaker type OD4 makes BBC

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Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Sectional view of a Vacuum Circuit Breaker, marketed by M/s Driescher Picnicker Madras is shown is
Fig. (6) the most important part is the vacuum interrupter, blown up view of which is given in Fig. (7)
When the contacts separate, the current to be interrupted initiates a metal vapor arc discharge and flows
through this plasma until the next current zero.
 
The arc is then extinguished and the conductive metal vapor condenses on the metal surfaces within a
matter of microseconds.
As a result, the dielectric strength in the break builds up very rapidly.
The self generated field causes the arc root to travel, thereby preventing local overheating when large
currents are being interrupted. Certain minimum current is necessary to maintain the metal vapor arc
discharge.
 
Current of a lesser value is chopped prior to current zero, causing unduly high voltages, as may happen
during interruption of no load magnetizing currents of unloaded Transformers.
The rapid build up of the dielectric strength in the break enables the arc to be safely extinguished even
if contact separation occurs immediately prior to current zero the maximum arcing time for the last pole
to clear is stated to be 15 ms.
 
Further the arc voltage developed in vacuum interrupter is low (say between 20 to 200 V) due to high
conductivity of metal vapor plasma.
 
For there reasons the arc energy developed in the break is very small. High Switching life is claimed on
this account. Performance is claimed to be immune to pollution because of interrupters being
hermetically sealed.
The manufacturing range of M/s Driescher Panicker covers Vacuum Circuit Breakers up to rated
voltage of 36 kV.
Vacuum Circuit Breakers are specially suited in industrial applications, where the Switching frequency
is high combined with high degree of pollution. www.sayedsaad.com

Fig (6)
1 - Vacuum Interrupter
2 - Terminal
3 - Flexible connection .
4 - Support insulators.
5 - Operating rod.
6 - Tie bar. www.sayedsaad.com
7 - Common operating shifts .
8 - operating corn .
9 - Locking cam.
10 - Making spring .
11 - Breaking spring.
12 - Loading spring.
13 - Main link.

Fig (7)
1-  cast resin post insulator
2-  upper connection
3-  upper contact support
4- 5- fastening nuts
6- Rear pull strap
7- Front pull strap
8- vacuum Switching chamber
9- contact Switch with toroidal
    contact  Lower contact support
    Consisting of :-
10.1 transmission lever
10.2 burn-off indicator
10.3 actuation crank
10.4 actuation lever
10.5 telescope rod with contact spring
11    hook stick
Fig (8)
Construction of the Switch pole type VA, VXC
 

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 SF6 Circuit Breaker (GIS)
Construction
A triple-pole 8D.2 breaker is illustrated in Fig. (1) for example Used in 132 KV
Each breaker pole consists of a chamber 11. Containing an interrupter unit 22. Fig (1) an adapter
housing 15. And an operating mechanism 14. Complete with oil tank 14.3.
The breaker chamber is sealed gas-tight by two bushings 29. Fig (2- Next page). the breaker thus forms
an independent gas filled compartment.
The gas pressure in the breaker poles is indicated by a gauge in the control and monitoring unit and is
monitored by a density monitor. www.sayedsaad.com
The control and monitoring unit is installed in the control cubicle. It contains the pump set, all the
devices for electrical and hydraulic control and monitoring of the breaker poles and also the terminal
blocks.
The operating energy is produced by compressing nitrogen in a storage cylinder 13. Fig (1) each pole is
fitted with a rupture diaphragm 11.3 fig (2- Next page) as a protection against unduly high gas pressure.
A static filter 11.31 fig (2- Next page) is fitted in the breaker chamber. Its purpose is to absorb SF6
decomposition products and to keep the SF6 dry. Each pole rests on a ball-type support 11.4. Fig (2-
Next page) in this way, the flanged joints of the modular assemblies is relieved of strain. A section
through a breaker pole is shown in Fig (10)

 
 Fig (1) Type 8D.2 breaker
 Make SIEMENS.  www.sayedsaad.com
11. Breaker chamber
11.4 support.  www.sayedsaad.com
13. Hydraulic storage cylinder
14. Operating mechanism
14.3 Oil tank
15. Adapter chamber
22. Interrupter unit.
 www.sayedsaad.com
 
Each breaker pole consists of a chamber 11. Containing an interrupter unit 22. Fig (1) an adapter
housing 15. And an operating mechanism 14. Complete with oil tank 14.3.
The breaker chamber is sealed gas-tight by two bushings 29. Fig (2- Next page). the breaker thus forms
an independent gas filled compartment.
The gas pressure in the breaker poles is indicated by a gauge in the control and monitoring unit and is
monitored by a density monitor.
The control and monitoring unit is installed in the control cubicle. It contains the pump set, all the
devices for electrical and hydraulic control and monitoring of the breaker poles and also the terminal
blocks.
The operating energy is produced by compressing nitrogen in a storage cylinder 13. Fig (1) each pole is
fitted with a rupture diaphragm 11.3 fig (2- Next page) as a protection against unduly high gas pressure.
 A static filter 11.31 fig (2- Next page) is fitted in the breaker chamber. Its purpose is to absorb SF6
decomposition products and to keep the SF6 dry. Each pole rests on a ball-type support 11.4. Fig (2-
Next page) in this way, the flanged joints of the modular assemblies is relieved of strain. A section
through a breaker pole is shown in Fig (2- Next page)

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 Fig (2) Section through an 8D.2 (one pole)
11. Breaker chamber
  .1 - Cover
  .3   - Rupture diaphragm
 .11 - Connection
 .12 - Connect ion
 .31 - Filter
14. - Operating mechanisms
3. - Oil tank
15. - Adapter chamber
22. - Interrupter unit
29. - Bushing
13. Storage cylinder
.1 Distributors
14.12.2 Venting valve
.13.1 HP pipe (Storage cylinder / pilot control valve)
.13.2 HP pipe (Storage cylinder/operating mechanism)
.49 HP pipe (Storage cylinder / pump)
.51 Oil monitoring pipe (Storage cylinder/control unit)
 Fig (3) Hydraulic storage cylinder
Interrupter unit
A section through an interrupter unit is shown in Fig (4) The current flows through top coupling contact
22.3.1, contact support 22.3, fixed contact tube 22.9, contact fingers 22.7.4 (arranged in a circle) in
moving contact 22.7, guide tube 22.11, terminal pad 22.21 and bottom coupling contact 22.21. 1.
 At the break, contact tube 22.9 and guide tube 22.11 are fitted with arc-quenching nozzles 22.9.1 and
22.11.1 of arc-resistant material which keeps contact wear to a minimum.
Guide 22.7 and blast cylinder 22.5 are rigidly coupled with each other and connected with operating rod
15.9 by connecting rod 22.17. The blast piston 22.13 is fixed to terminal pad 22.21 by stay bolts 22.1
3.8.
 The operating rod 15.9, which is connected with piston rod 14.7.1 of mechanism 14. Transmits the
operating energy in the vertical direction, i.e. to the interrupter unit (see under Electro hydraulic
operating mechanism).
 On opening of the contacts, the blast cylinder is moved to wards the fixed piston and the trapped SF6 is
thereby compressed. When the moving contact opens the break, the compressed SF6 flows through the
nozzle and extinguishes the arc. The opening operation is illustrated in Fig (5).
15.9 - Operating rod
22.3 - Contact support
  .3.1 - Top coupling contact
  .5 - Blast cylinders
  .7 - Guide (moving contact tube)
  .7.4 - Contact finger
  .9 - Fixed contact tube
  .9.1- Arc-quenching nozzle
  .11 - Guide tube
  .11.1 - Arc-quenching nozzle
  .13 - Blast piston
  .13.8. . Stay bolt
  .17 - Coupling rod
  .21 - Bottom terminal pad
  .21.1 Bottom coupling contact
 
 Fig (4)Interrupter unit

a) Closed position      b) Compression stage    c) Arc extinction       d) Open position

  Fig (5)Opening operation shown schematically

 22.5 - Blast cylinder.
 .7.4 - Contact finger
 .9.1 - Arc quenching nozzle *
  22.11.1 - Arc quenching nozzle
  .13 - Blast pistons Arc
 

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 Electro hydraulic operating mechanism

 The Electro hydraulic operating mechanism consists of cylinder 14.9 with piston rod 14.7.1, main
valve 14.5 (mounted on the cylinder), an oil tank and a release block in the control and monitoring unit.
The operating cylinder, main valve and oil tank from a subassembly (Fig. 6) from the oil tanks, pipes
run to the low-pressure side of the pump in the control and monitoring unit. Heaters in the oil tank
prevent condensation.
 Fig (6) Electro hydraulic operating
mechanism
14.3   Oil tank
.3.1 Filter
.5 Main valves
.5.2 Sealing ring
.5.3  Sealing ring
.7.1 Piston rod
.9  Cylinder
.9.1 HP pipe (cylinder / main valve)
.9.2 sealing ring
.9.3 sealing ring
.9.4 sealing ring
.9.6 plug
.9.9 USIT ring
.10 Leakage oil pipe
.12 vent plug
.13.2 HP pipe (storage cylinder / operating mechanism)
.13.3 Pipe (pilot control valve / oil tank)
.13.5 control pipe (pilot control valve / main valve)
.31.1 pipe (oil tank / pump)

Fig (16) Fig (7) Release block for 1 -pole operation

 
Fig (17) Fig (8) Release block for 3-pole operation, coupled
With auxiliary Switch and On/Off indicator
The release block (Figs (7) and (8) contains all the valves necessary for pilot control. A closing solenoid
Y1 and one or two opening solenoids (Y 2, Y3) are mounted on the block. The closing and opening
solenoids are of identical design, each having two separate windings. www.sayedsaad.com
 The release block is connected with the 3 auxiliary Switches by couplers. The auxiliary Switch shafts
are provided with markings at their front ends to indicate the “On" and, “Off” positions.
 For 3-pole operation the release block is equipped with 1pilot control valve and 1 auxiliary Switch
actuator.
For 1-pole operation it is provided with 3 pilot control valves and 3 auxiliary Switch actuators.
 Fig (9)

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 Hydraulic System
          Y1 Closing solenoid
Y2 Opening solenoid
14.58 Auxiliary Switch actuator
15.7 On /off indicator
  .8 Auxiliary Switches

 Fig (10) Control and monitoring

unit for  Fig (11)control and monitoring unit
           1-pole Operation       for 3- pole Operation
     1 Frame.
2 Hydraulics set.
3 Contactor plate.
 4 Oil-pressure monitoring facility.
5 SF6-pressure monitoring facility.
6 Terminals with on/off indicator.
7 Oil filter.
8 Release block.
9 Auxiliary Switch assembly.
10 SF6 monitoring facility for Switchgear compartments.
X2 ... X41 Plug connectors.
Hydraulic set (example for d.c.)
m l         Motor
S2, S3    Limit Switches
x 5         Plug connector
14.33     oil pump
.43     Gearing
.45     Cam disc

 
  Oil monitoring facility
14.37     Pressure release screw
    .39     Locking screw
    .41     Safety valve
    .53     HP-connection for
Hand-operated pump
B1. B2  Pressure monitor
M2        Measuring point, M 16 x 1.5       
x 2        Plug connector

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SF6-pressure monitoring facility

B4 Density monitor
M1 Measuring point 1/4 p.t.
R Coupling with non-return valve
v1 SF6 shut-off valve
W1 Maintenance connection 1 1/4 p.t.
 

Oil filter 14.31

14.31.1 Connection for oil return

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 Filling the Breaker with SF6 and checking the

operating values of the SF6 density monitor B4
This is best done by using a service unit, which contains all the facilities required.
If a service unit is not available, the SF6 can be taken direct from a gas cylinder
using the SF6 filling device.
A vacuum pump must then be available to evacuate the breaker prior to the SF6
being filled in. Density monitors react to changes in pressure and temperature.
To obtain accurate operating values both the pressure and the temperature
of the SF6 in the breaker must be measured.
In practice it will generally suffice to measure the breaker's ambient temperature.
As a result, the readings indicated by the density monitors may differ by a few
tenths of a bar from the reference curves shown in
     Fig (1) in addition. Check each of the indications at the control point.
However, the difference between the filling pressure and the operating
pressure for the "Loss of SF6" indication must never drop below 0.3 bar
and that between the "Loss of SF6" and "General lock-out" indications
below 0.1 5 bar If there is too little difference between the filling pressure
 and the operating pressure for the "Loss of SF6" indication,
but if the "Loss of SF6" and "General lock-out" indications are far enough
 Apart, the SF6 filling must be adjusted. Replace the density monitor
if the "Loss of SF6" and "General lock-out” indications are given too
close together. Readjustment at site is not possible.
Filling by using a service unit:
Connect the service unit' to the SF6 maintenance connection W1 on the control unit
Fig. (1) Open the valve in the control unit and evacuate the breaker to a level
of =< 20 mbar. Switch the service unit to filling. At a pressure of about 1 bar,
stop the pump and fit the test gauge 
to the measuring point 12.4. The required filling pressure and operating values
are dependent upon the temperature and can be taken from chart.
Stop filling at a pressure which is 0.2 bars above the operating point for
the General lockout. Gradually lower the pressure and check
 the "General lockout" indication.
Continue filling until the general lockout is cancelled. Raise the pressure above
the operating point of the "Loss of SF6" indication. Gradually release SF6 into
the service unit and check the operating point of the density monitor.
Fill the breaker to the nominal pressure and then prepare the electro
 hydraulic system for operation as described below.
Let the SF6 settle for twelve hours and then correct its pressure
by letting some of it escape or by replenishing the filling.
Fig (1)
M1   Measuring point SF6 1/4 p.t.
V      SF6 shut-off valves for other
gas-filled Sections
V1   SF6-Shut-Off Valve 1 1/4 P.t.
W1 Maintenance connection
 Fig (1) SF6 connection points
 and shut-off valves
Fig (2 ) 
Filling with SF6 from the gas cylinder
The complete SF6 filling device (A21 for checking the density monitors (84) and for
 filling the gas compartments from SF6 cylinders is shown in
Fig (2). to check the operating values of a density monitor, undo the SF6 pipe
at the SF6 monitoring unit and connect the gas cylinder to the density monitor via an adapter.
The operating values can be checked by raising the gas pressure
(on pressure reducer 6) or lowering it Fig. (2) SF6 filling device, W 294
(At distributor, using valve 2) as
Described under "Filling by using a service unit".
 

Legend to Figs. (2) and (3)

1.   Gas cylinder with connection 
2.   Distributor with valve
  .1 Connector    
3.   Adapter for density monitors B4
4.   High-accuracy pressure gauge with shut-off valve and vacuum protector
  .1 Bearing
5.   High-pressure measuring hose
6.   Pressure-reducing valve
 12.4 SF6 measuring point
    .5 Connection point for test adapter  
A, B and C SF6 control pipes to the poles
B4 Density monitor
V1 SF6 shut-off valve
W1 Service flange for SF6
Connect the vacuum pump to the service flange W1 and the vacuum gauge to
the measuring point M 1 on the control unit Fig, (1) Open the shut-off valve in the contor1 unit,
evacuate the breaker to a pressure of = < 20 mbar and reclose the Shut-off valve.
Detach the vacuum gauge; disconnect the vacuum pump from the service flange, connect up the gas
cylinder as shown in Fig. (3) And open the shut-off valve in the control unit.
Open the pressure-reducing valve on the gas cylinder only a little to prevent icing-up of the fittings. d I7
The filling pressure depends upon the temperature and can be taken from chart. Fill the breaker to a
pressure of 6.5 bars and prepare the hydraulic system for operation as described below.
Let the SF6 settle for twelve hours and then correct its pressure by letting some of it escape or by
replenishing the filling.

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 Checks before putting into Operation

Measuring the moisture content of the SF6 Before putting the breaker into operation check the moisture
content of the SF6.
This can be done with a conventional dew point measuring device.
 The maximum permitted dew point temperatures at operating pressure,
     Which correspond to the permitted moisture content is given below:
          - Critical limiting value:                                   Dew point -5 ° C
          - Maximum permitted moisture in operation:  Dew point -7 °C
          - Moisture on putting into operation:               Dew point -15 °C
 If the dew point is below -7 °C but not equal to, or below, -15 °C when the breaker is put into operation,
repeat the readings after two or three months in order to test the effect of the static filters. Replace the
filters if the moisture content is not noticeably lower
 Measuring the air content of the SF6
When filling the breaker. With fresh SF6 and after carrying out maintenance, the air content should not
be more than 5 %.
Operating values of the SF6 density monitor B4
 If the operating values of B4 were not checked oil filling in the SF6, such a check must be made before
putting the breaker into operation.
Connecting up a test gauge f o r checking the oil pressure
Connect up the test gauge (class =< 1 %) only when all pressure has been released from the hydraulic
system.
 
This is done by stopping the oil pump and opening the pressure release valve 14.37. When the pressure
in the storage cylinder has been discharged removes the plug sealing the measuring point M2 (M 16 x 1
5 mm) and connects up the test gauge
N2 - filling and the display of the "Loss of nitrogen" indication
Close the pressure release valve, disconnect the leads of limit contacts S2 and S3 and start the oil pump.
When the pointer has come to rest (shortly after the oil pump has been started), it indicates the priming
pressure (guide value: 200 bar at 20 °C). The relationship between the pressure and the temperature is
indicated in fig. (1)
 

   Fig (1)
       Checking to see that the indications are cancelled
Start the oil pump, and read off the values on the manometer when the indications “General lockout”,
“Minimum pressure lockout On” and “Auto-reclosure lockout” are cancelled The values are about 3 to 6
bar above those at which the indications are initiated.
Start the oil pump. When the “Loss of nitrogen” indication appears, the oil pump must stop and the
General lockout becomes effective. Open the pressure release valve 14.37 and lower the oil pressure
gradually to the nominal level.
Both the indication and the General lockout are cancelled by Switching off the control supply. Reconnect
the limit Switches S2 and S3 and Switch on the control supply.
Checking the pump control circuit
 Slowly reduce the oil pressure still further and check the test manometer to see at which value the oil
pump is started by the control circuit.
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Checking the auto-reclosure lockout
 Stop the pump motor and slowly reduce the oil pressure until the auto-reclosure lockout operates. Read
off the pressure on the test manometer, and check the indication and the effectiveness of the lockout.
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Checking the Minimum pressure lockout
Gradually lower the oil pressure still further until the indication appears. Read off the operating pressure
and test the effectiveness of the lockout: an electrical closing command must not be executed.
 
Enforced triple pole Operation feature.
Close all three poles of the breaker and open one of them by manually actuating the opening solenoid
Y2. After the time set or the enforced  www.sayedsaad.com
Triple-pole operation relay has elapsed the other two poles must also trip, Carry out this test in a similar
manner on the other two poles. Now dose one breaker pole by manually actuating the closing solenoid
Y1 When the reset time has elapsed the pole must re-open. This check should be carried out on all three
poles
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Checking the General lockout Start
The pump motor and let it operates until the lockout is cancelled. Close the breaker, stop the pump motor
and slowly reduce the oil pressure until the General lockout indication is initiated. Read off the pressure
on the test manometer and check the effectiveness of the lockout by imparting electrical off and
Emergency off commands:
The breaker must not trip.
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Removing the test manometer and reestablishing nominal pressure in the hydraulic system
      Open valve 14.37 and release the hydraulic pressure altogether. Remove the test manometer and
firmly tighten the sealing plug on
Connection M2. Check the oil level and replenish as necessary, i.e.
up to the upper mark.
       Close valve 14.37 hand, firmly tighten locking screw 14.39 and start the pump motor. Raise the
pressure in the hydraulic system to the nominal value and check to see that all lockouts have been
cancelled. Let the oil
 
Settle for about 10 minutes and then carry out five operations, using all tripping channels to test the
tripping performance of the breaker.
 
Anti-pumping feature
With the breaker closed, impart opening and closing commands simultaneously The breaker may only
open, close and reopen Repeat with the breaker open The breaker may only close and open
                     
 Anti-condensation heaters
Check the supervisory circuitry for the anti-condensation heaters if provide for correct functioning. If the
heaters are not correctly monitored, measure their current input.
 
 Leakage test
Check all the flanged joints of the Switchgear and SF6 pipes for any signs of leakage using an SF6
leakage detector. If no such detector is available, a check for major leaks can be made by applying a
soapy solution to the joints. Better still; apply the special spray marketed by Wobst.
 
After tracing and eliminating any leaks in this manner, all the tested joints should be thoroughly cleaned
and treated with WD 40 or Ritzol corrosion protection agent 7-2 (formerly Tecto 7-2). The pressure of
the SF6 filling must then be checked daily for a number of weeks. If a drop in pressure is noticed, the
leak must be located and sealed in order to prevent any further SF6 loss and the ingress of moisture.

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Technical data
The 8D.2 circuit-breaker is of the puffer type using Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) for insulating and arc-
quenching purposes. It is of single-phase encapsulated design and intended for installation indoors.
The gas pressure required for arc-quenching is produced during opening by a puffer device.
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Each breaker pole has an electrically controlled hydraulic operating mechanism and is suitable for
single-pole and /or triple- pole auto- reclosure depending on the type.
The 8D.2 breaker meets the following standards:
VDE 0670 Parts 101 to 108/1075 (circuit4reakers) and the following IEC standards:
IEC No. 56, 3rd edition 1971/72 (AC circuit-breakers).
IEC No. 517, 1975 (metal-enclosed Switchgear).
IEC No. 267, 1st edition 1968 (guide to the testing of Circuit Breakers with respect to out-of-phase
Switching).
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1 - Electrical Data according to IEC standard
 
Rated Voltage 145 KV        (132 KV )  
Rated Frequency 50 HZ
Rated normal current 1600 / 200 A
Rated Short circuit breaking current 31.5 / 40  KA
Rated making current 2.5 X Rated Short circuit breaking
current
Rated duration of short circuit 1 Sec.
Rated operation sequence  O - 0.3s - CO - 3min - CO 

2 - Insulating capacity according to IEC standard

Rated power frequency withstand voltage (KV rms. ) at 50 HZ 275 KV  
to earth
Rated power frequency withstand voltage (KV rms. ) at 50 HZ 275 KV
across contact gap
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage 650 KV
(1.2 / 50 µ sec )  to earth
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage 650 KV
(1.2 / 50 µ sec )  across contact gap 
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3 – Operating times
 
Minimum command duration 50 ms
Closing time 95 +/-5 ms
Opening time 45 +/-5 ms
Arcing time 15 +/- 5ms
Break time 60 +/-10 ms
Dead time 300 ms
Make / break time 90 +/- 10 ms
 
4 - Arc-quenching medium SF6 at 20 °C
 
Rated Short circuit breaking current 40 KA
Weight per breaker pole filling 29  Kg
Capacity per breaker pole filling 600 dm3
Nominal pressure 6.5 (+ 0.2 /- 0.1) bar
Low Pressure alarm 5.7 (+/- 0.1) bar
Low Pressure trip 5.5 bar
   
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5 – Hydraulic pressure monitoring
 
Setting of pressure relief valve 350 + 50 bar
Alarm “loss of nitrogen” 345 +/- 3 bar
Pump “On” 313 +/- 3 bar
Auto-reclosure lockout 303 +/- 3 bar
Minimum pressure lockout “On” 273 +/- 3 bar
General lockout 253 +/- 3 bar
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Current Transformer
Current Transformers comprise air insulated cores mounted inside a cylindrical enclosure.
The central main conductor forms the primary winding a second cylindrical enclosure,
Between the cores and the conductor, separates the cores from the SF6 thus preventing any risk of
leakage from the LV terminals.
The number and ratings of the cores are adapted according to customer requirements.
Current Transformers can be installed on either or both sides of the circuit-breakers and at the
ends of outgoing circuits.

Current Transformer (Make ABB)   Current Transformer  (Make Alostom)

         1 - Gas tight enclosure 1-                1- Main conductor.  
         2 - Terminal box 2-                2- Secondary winding.   
                     3 - Secondary winding              3- Shunt Insulating .
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Voltage Transformer
Voltage Transformers are induction type and are contained in their own   SF6 compartment, separated
from the other parts of the installation.
The active portion consists of a rectangular core, upon which are placed the secondary windings and the
high voltage winding.
Provision is made for up to two secondary windings for measurement and an additional open delta
winding for earth fault detection.

A synthetic film separates the different wraps of the windings. The Transformers can be installed Any
where on the substation.
 
Voltage Transformer Module
For rated voltage up to 145 kV inductive Transformer with cast resin coil For rated voltage of
245 kV inductive VT with SF6 gas as main insulation. For 300 kV and above, Capacitive Voltage
Transformers are preferred Inductive type Voltage Transformer.
The single-pole inductive type Voltage Transformers (Fig. 1) can be mounted either vertical or
horizontal. They are connected to the Switchgear with the standardized connecting flange via a barrier
insulator.

The primary winding is insulated with SF6 gas and connected to the HV.  by a flexible connection. The
primary winding (2) surround the core on which the secondary windings (1) are also wound.
The connection between the secondary winding and the terminals in the external terminal box is made
through a gas tight multiple bushing.
The Transformers are equipped with two metering windings and one tertiary winding for earth-fault
protection.
 
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
In Switchgear for voltage above 300 kV, Capacitor Voltage Transformers are also employed. Two
systems are available:
- Transformers with high capacitance connected to an intermediate Transformer. The oil-insulated
capacitor of conventional
   design is accommodated in an enclosure filled with SF6 gas. The high-voltage connection to the GIS
is made through
   a barrier insulator. The low-voltage choke and the intermediate Voltage Transformer are housed
separately in a cabinet
   on the earth potential side.
- Transformers with a low capacitance accommodated in the current Transformer or in a separate
housing, connected to an
    electronic

1 - Secondary winding
2 - Primary winding
3 - Terminal box
4 - Support insulator
5 - Filling valve
6 - Safety diaphragm
7 - Density Switch
 

(Fig. 1) Voltage Transformer (Make ABB)

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Earthing Switch
 Earthing Switch is necessary to earth the conducting parts before
maintenance and also to provide deliberate short-current while testing. There
can be three  types of  Earthing witches in metal-clad Switches manually
operated automatic high speed Earthing Switch, protective Earthing Switch
for Earthing the installation.
There are several versions of Earthing Switches for following applications
1 - Maintenance Earthing Switches. These are single pole or three pole units;
 manually operating mechanism with a provision of filling motor mechanism.
   2 - High Speed Earthing Switches. These are operated by spring energy. Spring is
charged by motor-mechanism

Fig (1)

Fig (2) the one pole Earthing Switch

Earthing Switch:
1- Moving contact
2- Operating lever
3- Position indicator
 

Open
Closed position
position
The earth Switch is mounted direct on the enclosure Fig. (1) Earthing Switch
 has to satisfy various requirements. For Earthing isolated sections of
Switchgear for protection of personal during maintenance and over-hauls or
erection, the maintenance Earthing Switches are employed. For Earthing
higher capacitances (cables, overhead line etc.) high speed Earthing Switch are
employed. Depending on the substation scheme, the Bus-Bars may be earthed
either by maintenance                                            
or high-speed Earthing Switches.
 
Special high speed Earthing Switches with interrupting capability are also
available. These are suitable for interrupting capacitive and inductive currents
from parallel overhead lines. In certain cases, Earthing Switches are fitted to
the enclosure with interposed insulation.
 
This enables various tests to be performed on the Switchgear or item of
equipment, such as testing the current Transformer of measuring the
operating time of breakers, without having to open the enclosure. During
normal operation the insulation is bypassed by a short-circuit-proof link.
 
To check whether a point to be earthed really is dead, the Earthing
Switch can be equipped with a capacitive tap for connecting a voltage test unit.
This additional safety device reduces the risk of closing onto a live conductor.
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Disconnector switch
Isolating Switches are normally Switched only when not on load but they may also
interrupt the no load current of small Transformers as well as disconnect short pieces of
overhead lines or cables.

 
 
Disconnector Switch.
1 - Support insulator
2 - Fixed contact
3 - Moving contact
4 - Coupling contact
5 - Moving earthing contact
6 - Drive insulator
7 - Arcing contact

The BS: 3078-1959 on isolators distinguishes between “off load” and “on
load” isolator as under:
 
1 - Off Load Isolator is an isolator which is operated in a circuit either when the
isolator is already disconnected from all
      sources of supply or when the isolator is already disconnected from the supply
and the current may be due to
      capacitance currents of bushings, Bus-Bar connections, and very short lengths of
cable.
2 - On Load Isolator is an isolator which is operated in a circuit where there is a parallel
path of
     low impedance so that no significant change in the voltage across the terminals of each
pole
     occurs when it is operated.
 
 
Disconnector:
1-     supporting insulator
2-     fixed contact
3-     moving contact
4-     earthing Switch
5-     driving insulator
To ensure that the off load isolators are not operated inadvertently under load it is
necessary that the isolators are suitably interlocked with the connected breakers.
Isolating Switches can broadly be divided into the three categories given ahead.
a)     Bus isolator.
b)    Line isolator.
c)     Transformer isolating.
RATINGS AND THEIR SELECTION
An isolator may be constructed single pole or three poles and shall be rated in terms
of:
        1 - Voltage.
The rated voltage of an isolator or an earthing Switch shall be one of the highest
system voltages, given below:
3, 6, 7.2, 12, 24, 36, 72.5, 123, 145, 245, 300 and 420 kV.
2 - Insulation level.
  The rated insulation level should be selected from standard Tables according
  To IS: 9921
3 - Frequency
             Rated frequency should be 50 Hz in Kuwait.
4 - Normal current (for Disconnector only)
The rated normal current of an isolator or an earthing Switch should have one   of
the following
Standard values:
200 A, 400 A, 630 A (alternatively 800 Amps), 1250 A, 1600 A, 2000 A, 2500 A,
3150 A, 5000 A and 4000 A.
5 - Short time withstand current
The rated short-time withstands current of a Disconnector or earthing Switch should
have one of the following values:
8, 10, 12.5, 16, 20, 25, 31.5, 40, 50, 63, 80 or 100 KA.
 6 - Duration of short circuit
The short time current rating of an isolator, unless directly associated with and
protected by a fuse or by a Circuit Breaker fitted with series releases or current
Transformer operated releases when it need not be assigned a short time rating,
should not be less than the short circuit current at the point of installation or the
corresponding ratings of the associated Circuit Breaker.
The rated maximum duration of short circuit is one second.
For short circuit duration greater than one second, the relation between current (I)
and time (t), unless otherwise specified, shall be assumed to be in accordance with
the formula:
2
                                 I X  t = constant
7 - Peak withstand current
The rated peak withstand current of a Disconnector or earthing Switch is that peak
current which it shall be able to carry in the closed position without material
deterioration. It shall have a value 2.5 times the rated short time withstand current.
 
8 - Short circuit making current (for earthing Switches only)
The earthing Switches to which a rated short circuit making current has been
assigned shall be capable of making at any applied voltage, upto and including that
corresponding to their rated voltage, any current upto and including their short
circuit making current.
 9 - Contact zone
Divided frame Disconnector and earthing Switches shall be able to operate within
the limits of their rated contact zone. For examples of rated contact zones, the reader
may refer to IS: 9921 (Part II)-1982.
10 - Mechanical terminal load
Disconnector and Earthing Switches should be able to close and open whilst subject
to their rated mechanical terminal loads, where assigned, plus wind loads acting on
the equipment itself.
11 - Supply voltage
 closing and opening devices (where these operating devices are supplied separately)
of auxiliary circuits, peak power And total duration of operations.
 
The rated supply voltage shall preferably be one of the standard values given
below:
DC. Volts                             AC. volts
    24                                    110 Single phase
    48                                    240 Single phase                                     
    110                                  240 /415 three phases                                  
    220                       
The operating device shall be capable of closing and opening the isolator at any
value of the supply voltage between 85 percent and 110 percent of the rated voltage.
12 - Supply frequency of closing and opening devices and of auxiliary
circuits.
The rated supply frequency of an operating device or an auxiliary circuit is the
frequency at which the conditions of operation and heating are determined.
13 - Pressure of compressed gas supply for operation.
The rated pressure should correspond to the operating pressure of the associated air
blast Circuit Breakers, if installed and preferably have one of the following standard
values:
500, 1000, 1600, 2000 or 3900 kPa.
The pneumatic operating device shall be capable of closing and opening the isolator
when the air pressure is between 85 percent and 105 percent of the rated supply
pressure.
 
TESTS
 1. Type Tests laid down in IS: 9921(part 4)-1985
  A) Normal Type Tests
      - Dielectric Tests Comprising Of.
1 - Lightning Impulse Voltage Tests
2 - Switching Impulse Voltage Tests for rated
3 - Power Frequency Voltage Tests.
4 - Artificial Pollution Tests.
5 - Partial Discharge Tests.
6- Tests on Auxiliary and Control Circuits.
B) Routine Tests
The following shall comprise routine tests:
1- Power Frequency Voltage Test,
2-Voltage Test on Auxiliary Equipment.
3- Operation test
4- Measurement of the Resistance of the Main Circuit.
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Cable connection
All cables, irrespective of their type of insulation (oil impregnated paper or XLPE)
and section, can be connected.
The cable sealing end is fixed inside the SF6 gas Filled compartment, in accordance
with the IEC 859 standard commonly used. Isolation of the Switchgear from the
high voltage cables during dielectric testing is achieved by removing the contact (1)
and the conductor (2).Safety is fully ensured by earthing of the cable Side through
access (3), in parallel with closing of the cable earth Switch.
                    Connection to Transformer                Cable connection box
                      1 – Removable contact's             1 - Removable contact's
                      2 – Removable conductor.             2 - Removable conductor.
                      3 – Expansion bellows.              3 - Access for Earthing rod.
                      4 – Bushing.             4 - Gas tight bushing.
              5 - High voltage.

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