CHAPTER # 01

(1-1)
WAPDA SAFETY POLICY:-
No operating condition of urgency of service can ever justly
Endangering the life of any one.
The safety policy of WAPDA is designed to achieve the following objective.
1. To completely integrate safety with production, construction, maintenance and operation.
2. To provide safe working condition, proper T&P and protective devices.
3. To train employee in practice for the safe conduct of their work.
4. To enforce the safety measure.

(1-2)
SAFETY PRINCIPLE:-
There are five Principle of safety.
1. Know and identify the hazards.
2. Remove the hazard as much possible.
3. Control the hazard when they can not be eliminated.
4. Minimize the injury during the hazard.
5. Minimize the intensity of hazard.
Looking at the safety principles in sequence which by the way is how they must always be
Applied, we will observed that principles 1, 2, 3. Concentrate on the identification, elimination and
control of hazards.
Principle 4, 5 are directed toward the minimization of injuries.
The above Five Safety Principles are designed to create and maintain a safer working
condition for all of us.

HAZARDS IN TRANSMISSION LINE:-

1. Body Mechanics
2. Electrical
3. Heat
4. Light
5. Mechanical
6. Noise
7. Pressurize Fluid

1
CURRENT:-
Flow of electron / charge is called Current.

VOLTAGE:-
Intensity of electron /charge is called Voltage.

(1-3)
ELECTRICAL SHOCKS:-

EFFECT OF CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY:-

LOW CURRENT EFFECT:-

If 01mA current pass through the human body then human body can
not feel this. If 01-08mA current pass through the human body then a shock feel to human body. If
01-08mA current pass then human body feel a pain full shock.(As Shown in following Table).

Current Value Effect On Human Body

Up To 01 mA No Sensation
01-08 Ma Sensation of Shock
08-15 mA Pain full Shock (Victim can move him self)

MEDIUM CURRENT EFFECT:-

If 15-20mA current pass through human body that shock can
be fail the muscular control. 20-50mA current shock made the cause of severe muscular
contraction. .(As Shown in following Table).

Current Value Effect On Human Body

15-20 mA Loss of Muscular control
Severe muscular contraction (Victim cannot
20-50 mA
let go him self)

HIGH CURRENT EFFECT:-

50-100mA can made the cause of heart attack. 100-200mA heart
attack must be done. 200mA and above current made the cause of burn the human body.

Current Value Effect On Human Body

50-100 mA Heart attack is possible
100-200 Ma Heart attack is must be done
200 mA and Above Severe Burns (Victim may be thrown off the
circuit)
2
(1-4)
FIRST AID:-
The immediate care of injured / sick person before reaching / attend the hospital is
called First Aid.

PRINCIPLE OF FIRST AID:-

There are three principle of first Aid. Which are known as 3P’s.
1. Reserve the life.
2. Permote quick recovery.
3. Prevent further agravent of Injury.

SCOPE OF FIRST AID:-

There are four scope of first aid known as 4D’s.
1. Diagnose
2. Decision
3. Do it
4. Dispose of Causality

DIAGNOSE:-
Find out what is reason of Accident / Causality.

DECISION:-
On extent of treatment remove cause.

DO IT:-
Take decision according to situation and do it quickly.

DISPOSE OF CAUSALITY:-
Patient send to doctor, Hospital or Home according to situation.

PERIORITY OF TREATMENT:-
There are three priority of treatment known as (3Bs)
1. Breathing
2. Bleeding control
3. Burns

3
BREATHING:-
Apply artificial respiration as soon as possible.

BLEEDING CONTROL:-
Control bleeding from injury as soon as possible. Apply dressing to
control or stop bleeding.

BURNS:-
Apply dry dressing and transport to medical aid as soon as possible to prevent or
loosen shock.

(1-5)
ARTIFICIAL RESIPRATION:-
There are two method of artificial respiration.
1) Direct Method 2) In Direct Method

DIRECT METHOD:-
1. If breathing is noisy or absent then call out for help.
2. Open the air ways.
3. Re access breathing, look, listen and free for breathing.
4. Start artificial breathing.

INDIRECT METHOD:-

1. Laid down on front side position press with hand to chest

2. Laid down on back side and press with hand to back.
3. Check pulse with in one minute.
4. If not recovered then immediately shift to hospital.

CAUSE OF DEATH:-
Three things can cause of death.
1. Lack of Air
2. Heart stop
3. Failing of nerves system.
CHANCE OF RECOVERY WHEN BREATHIN HAS STOPPED:-
After 01 Minute 95%
After 03 Minute 50%
Around 05 Minute 05%

4
After 05 Minute Brain can damage
After 10-12 Minute Irreparable damage or Death sure

DISPLACEPLACEMENT OF AIR USING ARTIFICIAL RESIIRATION:-

1. According to Schafer method (300-500)cc’air

2. According to Holger Nelson method (500-1000)cc’air
3. According to oral method (1000-1500)cc’air
 The normal required of air expelled is approximately 470cc’s of air under normal
condition.

AVERAGE TIME OF PERSON BREATH / Min:-

 Adult 12-16 times / Minute
 Healthy person Breath 16-18 Avg
 Children Breath 20-22 Avg

 Healthy person pulse 72 Time /Min

 Healthy person BP 80-120

(1-6)
GROUNDING & BONDING:-
GROUNDING:-
A system of conductors in which at least on conductor or point is internally grounded
either solidly or through a non interrupting current limiting device. Bodies of electrical equipment
are got earthed.
Grounding provides low resistance parallel path and hence save the worker from
electrical shock. The resistance of earth is low and hence a heavy current flow to the earth. In this
case the earth fault relay operated and circuit is instantly de-energized and the system is save from
damage. Hence it can be said that a grounding clear the fault.

BONDING:-
The electrical interconnecting of conductive parts designed to maintain a common
electrical potential is called bonding.
The main purpose of bonding is to have a constant electrical potential even if small
parts of the system goes out. In WAPDA the electrical potential is maintained by using this
principle.

5
 Bonding to contact all metallic parts in the work area in order to maintain them at
same potential of ground so that there is no danger of appearing any voltage because the feet of
worker are bonded.
As for as grounding is concerned the main purpose are:
a) Human Safety
b) Machine / Material Safety
c) Location of Fault
So bonding and grounding are both important factors
(1-8)
ABSOLUTE LIMITS OF APPROACH:-

Distance from Live Line Portion

Sr. Name of For Un-

For Trained
No T/Line Trained
01 11 KV 01 Feet 03 Feet
02 33 KV 1.5 Feet 04 Feet
03 66-132 KV 03 Feet 08 Feet
04 220 KV 04 Feet 10 Feet
05 500 KV 09 Feet 15 Feet

(1-9)
USE OF PPE:-
1. Suitable personal protective clothing and equipment shell be used whenever it provides
greater safety.
2. Approved and suitable eye protection shall always be worn when ever there is danger of
exposing the eyes to flying particles, acids, harmful light rays, or any other condition.
3. Goggles and other protective eye wear shell be approved by WAPDA.
4. Approved protective headgear shall be worn at all the time when work is in progress.
5. Whenever protective clothing is not specifically required, employees, personal clothing shall
confirm to accepted standard of safety. Sandals and Shalwar Kamiz shell not be acceptable
clothing for work.

(1-10)
PRACTICAL PROJECT ON PTG INSTALLATION:-

INTRODUCTION:-
This procedure outline the steps for the safe and efficient grounding of circuit
on tower.

6
GENERAL:-
 Grounds are required when a lineman is in physically contact with isolated conductor.
 Grounds ensure that the lineman is at same potential as the the conductor.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT:-
1. Body Harness
2. Line yard
3. safety Hat
4. Gloves
5. Pilot rope
6. Handline
7. Grip all or Clamp stick
 Minimum 3 m. (10 ft.) for 132 KV circuit.
 Minimum 3.6 m. (12 ft.) for 220 KV circuit.
 Minimum 4.8 m. (16 ft.) for 500 KV circuit.
8. Earth leads (Duck Bell or All Angle)
9. Conductor cleaning brush.
PROCEDURE:-
1. First of all obtain PTW on concerned circuit.
2. Pray to GOD for successful work and did tail board conference.
3. Took up the hand line with the help of pilot rope, maintain the limit of approach, attach hand
line to tower arm or bridge.
4. Raise grip all or clamp stick.
5. The outer or lowest conductor teased for checking of isolation with the help of grip all.
Note:- Isolation of circuit must be verified before proceeding.
6. Attach brush with grip all and clean the conductor450mm.(19inch) from conductor clamp.
7. Raise earth lead and install T clamp on tower arm.
8. Attach the other end (Duck Bell) with the help of grip all on cleaned portion of conductor.
9. Move hand line for access to next conductor and repeat procedure.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:-
1. PTW of required circuit must be obtained.
2. All the T&P must be checked before using.
3. Always approved PPE must be used.
4. When apply grounds, first apply at tower arm or bridge (ground end) then at conductor, when
Removing the ground first remove from conductor and then from tower arm or bridge
(ground end).

7
CHAPTER # 02
(2-1)
FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRICITY:-

ELETRON THEORY:-
The atom was considered the smallest particle of an element until quit recent
time. It has know been broken and it is known to be made up of smaller parts known as proton,
neutrons and electron.
The atom is now visualized as a solar system like the sun surrounded by its
planets. The central sun of the atom is the nucleus the surrounding planets are electrons. The nucleus
is generally made up of protons and neutrons, which are about in equal weight. The protons carries a
positive charge equal to the negative charge on electron.
When an atom contains one electron for each proton the atom is said to be in
the neutral state.
Normally the atom has so many electrons revolving about as it has protons in
nucleus. The negative charge on the electrons are equal to the positive on the nucleus. The electrons
are held in their path by the attraction between them and charge on nucleus. The neutrons contribute
only to the weight of the atom. Occasionally an atom may loose on of its surrounding electrons or
several of them from knocking about among other atoms or from other causes. The atom then
becomes positively charged because deficiency of electrons (negative charges)
 The atom may also pick up additional electrons and become negatively charged such charged
atoms are called ions and are said to be as ionized molecules can also become ionized.
 A positively charged particle attract a negatively charged particle, but repels a positively
charged one.
 Stated another way unlike charges attract each other while like charges repel each other.
Ions and electrons are found wherever any electrical action take place.
The electrons are indivisible, the nucleus of any atom is also indivisible under ordinary conditions,
but it may be broken as in the atom bomb.
(2-3)
TYPES OF LOAD:-
The operation of electrical appliances based on three fundamental principles,
The “heat effect” principle, the electromagnetic principle, and finally electrostatic principle.
Under these terms, electrical loads on system could be generally classified
into three major types. Given as under.
1. Resistor-Type Load
2. Inductor-Type Load

8
 3. Capacitor-Type Load
RESISTOR-TYPE LOAD:-
All these device work on the basic principle that when electrons were
made through high resistance wire element, the obstruction of resistance in the flow of electron
which provide high concentrated heating effect.
These devices which operate on the “Resistance Principle” will be in
the general term “Resistance-Type” load. Examples of these in present day use are:
 Filament lamp
 Toaster
 Hot-plate
 Electric bank
 Electric iron
 Electric ranges
 Space heater
INDUCTOR-TYPE LOAD:-
About 1900, alternating-current power was cheap enough; and suitable
electromagnetic machines (generator and motor) were becoming more and available for the supply
and use of electric power.
Thus, a new type of electrical load, other than resistor type load, made its appearance.
The motors of the day were capable providing industry with ½ , 1, 10 to 100 HP.
Motor load work on a different principle other than resistor type loads previously
defined. Where in resistor type loads, the only have characteristic of resistance in flow of current, in
motors there is the added effect of “Reactance” to the flowing of current.
Some examples of Inductor-type load:
Motors , Refrigerators, Oil burners
 Arc welders
 Arc furnaces
 Florescent lighting
 Over head transmission line
CAPACITOR-TYPE LOAD:-
In 1747, constructed a device which possibly could have been known
as condenser or capacitor and 1880 more practical designed form of condenser which becomes very
important with the advent of radio and other electronic devices. In electronic work, capacitors are
relatively very small, but since the end of war 1939-45 it was found to be that capacitors could be

9
applied economically for the salvage of wasted power in electrical systems. Then the third type of
electrical load which is identified as “capacitor –type load”.

(2-4)
Ohm’s Law:-
According to ohm’s law Voltage ‘V’ is directly proportional to Current ‘I’ if the
Resistance ‘R’ is same.
V = IR

(2-5)
SERIES CIRCUIT:-
If a number of resistor are connected end to end such that the same current
passes through all of them they are said to be connected in series.
The current remain same in this circuit.
The current have a one path only.
Voltage will be different on different places.
V=V1+V2+V3
According to ohm’s Law
V1 = IR1
V2 = IR2
V3 = IR3
By substituting these equations
V = IR1+ IR2 + IR3
V = I ( R1+R2+R3)
Dividing both the side by “I” then
V / I = R1+R2+R3
Where ‘V’ is the potential applied to the circuit and ‘I’ is the total current flowing through the
circuit.
Because R = R1+R2+R3
Therefore V/I = R
OR V = IR

PARALLEL CIRCUIT:-
If a number of resistors are connected side by side with their end joined
together at common points such that the same voltage passes through all of them. They are said to be
connected in parallel.

10
 Voltage remain same in this circuit. Current flowing ways more than on
current different on different places.
When the total current ‘I' from the battery reaches the junction A it divides in
to three parts I1 goes through Resistor R1 and I2 goes through Resistor R2 and I3 goes through
Resistor R3.
Therefore
I= I1+I2+I3
The current in each resistor can be found by applying ohm’s Law that is.
I = V1/ R1
I = V2/ R2
I = V3/ R3
By substituting these equations
I = V1/ R1 + V2/ R2 + V3/ R3
Because V=V1 = V2 = V3
Therefore I = V/ R1 + V/ R2 + V/ R3
I = V ( 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 + 1/ R3 )
Dividing both the side by “V” then
I/V = 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 + 1/ R3
But by ohm’s Law
I/V = 1/R
Thus equation becomes as
1/R = 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 + 1/ R3

11
CHAPTER # 03
(3-1)
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM:-

GENERATION:-
There are different sources use for generation electrical power. Some major
sources detail is as under.

HYDEL SYSTEM:-
The production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force
of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Hydropower is
produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower
in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in
2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use The cost of hydroelectricity is
relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity.

12
 Major project of hydel generation power system in Pakistan and their capacity
is as under.
Tarbela Dam 3478MW, Ghazi Brotha 1450 MW, Mangla Dam 1000 MW and

warsic Dam 240 MW.

THERMAL SYSTEM:-
A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion in to
electrical energy is known as Thermal power plant or Steam power plant.
Electricity that generate from Furnas Oil and gas is called Thermal system for
power generation. In this system oil and gas burn as fuel. This source of electricity is expensive
instead of hydel system in Pakistan.
Major project of Thermal generation power system in Pakistan is as under.
Jamshoro Thermal Power House, Guddu Thermal Power House, Muzaffar
Garh Thermal Power House, Kot addu Thermal Power House.

ATOMIC SYSTEM:-
Electricity that generate from Atomic Energy is called Atomic system for
power generation. In Pakistan only two projects produce electricity from atomic system first one in
Karachi and other one in chashma.

SOLAR SYSTEM:-
Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaics.
energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; "the amount of energy falling
on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy" Active
solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the
energy.
Advantage: Solar energy is a completely renewable resource.
Disadvantage: The Solar Cells and Solar Panels that are needed to harness solar energy tend to be
very expensive when you first purchase them.
Advantage: Oil, which is what most people currently use to power their homes, is not a renewable
resource.
Disadvantage: Solar power cannot be harnessed during a storm, on a cloudy day or at night.
Advantage: Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all. They do not make a single peep while
extracting useful energy from the sun.
Advantage: Solar energy creates absolutely no pollution.
Advantage: Very little maintenance is required to keep solar cells running. Because there are no
moving parts in a solar cell.

13
Advantage: Solar panels and solar lighting may seem quite expensive when you first purchase it,
but in the long run you will find yourself saving quite a great deal of money.
Advantage: Solar powered panels and products are typically extremely easy to install.
Advantage: Solar power technology is improving consistently over time, as people begin to
understand all of the benefits offered by this incredible technology.

WIND POWER:-
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy,
such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for
water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.
Energy received from the movement of the wind across the earth. This energy
is a result of the heating of our oceans, earth, and atmosphere by the sun.

14
CHAPTER # 5
(5-1)
TRANSMISSION LINE RIGGING:-

RIGGING DEFINATION:-
Arrangement of mechanical apparatus to move the load.

PLACEMENT OF RIGGING:-
The proper placement of rigging is very important not only mechanical
advantage also important for safety point of view. When you rig the T&P or Material you would be
great to able to attach it on most convenient position. The proper placement of slings, pulleys, blocks
etc.

RIGGING EQUIPMENT /MATERIAL:-

1. Wire rope
2. Fiber rope
3. Tackle Blocks
4. Hand Hoists
5. Drums
6. Sheaves
7. Hooks
8. Ring, Links, Sewivels
9. Shackles
10. Eye Bolts
11. Turnbuckles
12. Spreader and Equalizer Beam
13. Blocks

ROPES:-
There are four kinds of rope.
1. Nylon rope ( Very Strong )
2. Polyproline rope ( 2nd Strong)
3. Manila rope ( 3rd Strong)
4. Polymer rope (New Technology)

KNOTS:-
A knots is the inter winning of the end of a rope with in a portion of rope.

15
 1. Square or Reef Knot
2. Single Bowline
3. Double Bowline
4. Double Bowline on a bight
5. Running Bowline
6. Bowline tied away from you

BENDS:-
A bend is the inter winning of the end of two rope or of the same rope to make one
continuous rope is called bend.

TYPES OF BENDS:-
1. Single Sheet Bend
2. Double Sheet Bend
3. Becket Bend

HITCHES:-
A hitch is the attachment of a rope to a post pole ring hook or other object.

TYPES OF HITCHES:-
1. Clove Hitch
2. Clove Hitch with two half hitches
3. Snubbing Hitch
4. Timber Hitch
5. Taut Line Hitch
6. Double Black wall
7. Stirrup Hitch

HAND HOIST:-
It is used for
1. To raise up the load.
2. To Lower the load.
3. To operate without load.
It has two types.
1. Model C 2. Model D

CAPACITY OF MODEL C:-

Capacity of Model is 3/4 , 1.5 , 3, 4.5 , 6 , 15 Ton.

16
CAPACITY OF MODEL D:-
Capacity of Model are 3/4 , 1.5 , 3 Ton.
 Both Models (Types) have disc type brake.
 Model C has Roller link chain.
 Model D has Alloy Steel coiled link.

OPERATION:-
Keep the chain clean and lightly lubricated. Dirty chain badly effect the performance.

TO RAISE UP THE LOAD:-

Turn the pawl rod lever to marking ‘UP’ and the lever set in the handle
slot. Operate the handle with a pump action.

TO LOWER THE LOAD:-

Turn the pawl rod lever to marking ‘DOWN’ and the lever set in the
Handle slot. Now operate the handle with a pump action.

TO OPERATE WITHOUT LOAD:-

Turn the pawl rod lever to marking ‘N’ using handle wheel
turn the handle wheel to raise or lower the load empty hook to the desired position.
Pulling on the chain hold the two lines of the chain tight with one hand turn the hand
wheel to free the load brake and pull the chain in which ever direction is desired.
Always use the handle wheel instead of handle when operating with out load.

OILING:-
Use light machine oil.

BEARING:-
Oil holes are provided with ball valve oiler.

CHAIN:-
Chain should be clean and lubricated lightly.

LOAD BREAK:-
Operated dry. Load disc must be kept clean and free of oil .
 Excessive over loading may be freeze the load brake.

REMEDY:-
If load brake freeze due to overloading then it released as:-
Set the pawl rod lever to ‘DOWN’ position tapping the handle lightly with a hammer
and lowering the handle.
17
PARTS TO BE OILED:-
Chain , Bearing

PARTS TO BE NOT OILED:-

Must dry load brake parts Load brake parts such as.
i) Disc Hub ii) Brake disc iii) Rachet disc or rachet

BLOCK:-
There are two types of blocks.
1. Tackle Block
2. Snatch Block
PARTS OF BLOCKS:-
1. Shell
2. Swivel Hook
3. Sheave
4. Backet

STATIONARY BLOCK:-
This is a fix block. This can not change from one place to other.

MOVING BLOCKS:-
This block can move from one place to other and change from one place to
other.

SNATCH BLOCK:-
It is used for pulling conductor and lowering, Lifting material in many ways.

ROPE LADDER:-
It is used for changing disc insulator string.
Normal length of ladder (17-21) ft
From thimble eye to bottom (15-19) ft
Chain length (2-2.5) ft
Rope used Polypropline (4 strands Size ¾”)
Rungs Made of Close grain wood
Rungs Dia 1 3/8”
Rungs length 19.25”
Rungs used length 15.5”
Rungs hole size 3/8”
Spacing between two rungs 12” = 1ft

18
STRAIN BOARD:-
It is used for working on dead end on 220KV or 132KV Transmission line for
changing of disc insulator or changing of complete string.
Its size are 12’ or 14’

19
CHAPTER # 6
(6-1)
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER:-
132 KV TOWER:-
Normal tower or suspension tower 0 – 2o or 3o
Light angel Tower 2o – 20o – 30o
Heavy Angel or dead end Tower or Terminal Tower 20o – 60o

TYPES OF 132 KV SINGLE CCT TOWER:-

TBA Normal Tower , 74feet

TYD Angle Tower , up to 30 degree , 75feet
TM-60 Angle Tower , up to 60 degree , 75feet

TYPES OF 132 KV DOUBLE CCT TOWER:-

ZM-I Normal Tower , 90feet

ZM-30 Angle Tower , up to 30 degree , 91feet
ZM-60 Angle Tower , up to 60 degree , 91feet

TYPES OF 132 KV DOUBLE CCT POLES:-

SPA Normal Pole

SPD Angle Pole , up to 30 degree
SPG Angle Pole , up to 60 degree

CONDUCTOR USED FOR 132 KV TRANSMISSION LINE:-

NAME TYPE
Linux ACSR (Aluminum conductor steel reinforce)
Greely AAC (All Aluminum conductor)
Rail ACSR (Aluminum conductor steel reinforce)
Tiger ACSR (Aluminum conductor steel reinforce)

CONDUCTOR USED FOR 132 KV BUS BAR:-

1. Arbutus 400mm2
2. Hawthorn 600mm2

CONDUCTOR USED FOR 220 KV TRANSMISSION LINE:-

1. Rail ACSR

20
 2. Drake ACSR

TYPES OF 220 KV TOWER:-

1. EA:-
Normal Tower with 2,4,6 and 8 meter leg extension and 8 meter body extension.
2. ED:-
Angle tower up to 30 with 2,4,6 and 8 meter leg extention
3. EB:-
Normal Tower ( For River Crossing with 8 and 12 meter leg extention..

4. JKD:-
Dead end Tower with 6 meter leg extension and 6 meter body extension.

TYPES OF 500 KV SINGLE CCT TOWER:-

1. SGM Height 40.4 meter

2. AGM Height 27.4 meter
3. DGM Height 27.4 meter

TYPES OF 500 KV DOUBLE CCT TOWER:-

1. DS-I
2. DA-I
3. DD-I

CHAPTER # 7
21
(7-1)
WEIGHT OF CONDUCTOR CURRENT CAPACITY NO OF STRAND STEEL OR
ALUMINIUM

Ampacity (Amp) Strands and diameter

Wind vel Wind vel Weight ( kg / km)
Steel Aluminum
Sr. = om/s = 0.61m/s
Name Type
No 40 50 40 50
Dia Dia
deg deg deg deg No No Steel Al Total
mm mm
rise rise rise rise
1 BEAVER ACSR 177 210 281 316 1 3.99 6 3.99 97.5 205.8 303.3
2 CARDINAL ACSR 632 761 873 995 7 3.38 54 3.38 490.4 1340 1830.4
3 CHICKADEE ACSR 343 410 509 575 1 3.77 18 3.77 87.03 555.2 642.23
4 COYOTE ACSR 259 309 359 445 7 1.91 26 2.54 157.20 363 520.20
5 CUCKOO ACSR 558 670 781 889 7 3.08 24 4.62 367 1005 1372
6 DOG ACSR 223 266 346 389 7 1.57 6 2.72 106.2 288.1 394.3
7 DRAKE ACSR 564 678 788 896 7 3.45 26 4.44 510.9 111 1621.9
8 GOPHER ACSR 86 101 148 165 1 2.36 6 2.36 34.1 72 106.1
9 HARE ACSR 229 273 356 401 1 4.72 6 4.72 136.5 288.1 424.7
10 LYNX ACSR 330 395 488 552 7 2.79 30 2.79 335.4 507 842.4
11 OSPREY ACSR 432 518 625 708 1 4.47 18 4.47 121.8 777 898.8
12 PANTHER ACSR 367 446 533 608 7 3 30 3 387.7 586.1 973.8
13 PELICAN ACSR 389 465 569 644 1 4.14 18 4.14 104.5 666.5 771
14 RABBIT ACSR 139 165 227 255 1 3.35 6 3.35 68.8 145 213.8
15 RACCOON ACSR 181 218 290 326 1 4.09 6 4.09 102 216.3 318.3
16 RAIL ACSR 626 753 868 989 7 2.47 45 3.7 261.2 1339 1600.2
17 RAVEN ACSR 140 166 229 257 1 3.37 6 3.37 69.44 146.9 216.34
18 TIGER ACSR 263 314 398 449 7 2.36 30 2.36 239.9 362.5 602.4
19 WANWING ACSR 261 311 399 449 1 3.09 18 3.09 58.38 372.3 430.68
20 WOLF ACSR 298 357 446 504 7 2.59 30 2.59 288.9 436.7 725.6
21 ZEBRA ACSR 582 700 811 923 7 3.18 54 3.18 435.6 1185.8 1621.4
22 ZIGOLO ACSR 337 403 498 564 7 2.38 26 3.06 447 530 776
23 ALLIANCE AASC 327 274 349 396 - - 7 4.25 - 345 345
24 CAIRO AASC 353 428 516 588 - - 19 3.98 - 650 650
25 GREELY AAC 566 681 791 901 - - 37 4.02 - 1295 1295
26 ARBUTUS AAC 546 656 772 877 - - 37 3.72 - 1111 1111
27 ARVIDAL AAC 555 667 777 884 - - 37 3.96 - - -
28 HAWTHORN AAC 721 868 988 1127 - - 61 3.55 - 1665 1665
TYPES OF CONDUCTOR CURRENT CAPACITY NO OF STRAND STEEL OR
ALUMINIUM AND WEIGHT

(7-2)
WEIGHT SPAN:-

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 Distance between sag point from both sides of tower is called weight span.

WEIGHT:-
Weight that require for rigging are two types.
1. Fixed weight
2. Variable weight

1. FIXED WEIGHT:-
Fixed weight such as poles towers etc.
2. VARIABLE WEIGHT:-
Variable weight such as conductor under varying condition of tension,
line angle, span, wind , ice etc.
fixed can be mentioned on the reference data book. But the variable weight will be increase
or descries due to lowering or rising and other additional forces I.e conductor tension and effects of
cross wind and snow also increased the weight of conductor.

WIGHT FORMULA:-
To find the weight of supported conductor. First measure the length of
conductor supported by pole 2 i.e The distance between the lowest points of conductor in the two
spans adjacent to pole 2.
Determine the weight / ft of conductor of conductor supported by pole 2.
(From Table) Standard Table for construction of transmission line.
Hence, weight imposed by each conductor on pole is determined as
Length of conductor suppoted by pole X weight of conductor / ft
TABLE
Sr.No Size Weight / ft
1 2 ACSR 0.091 Lbs
2 1/0 ACSR 0.145 Lbs
3 3/0 ACSR 0.230 Lbs
4 4/0 ACSR 0.290 Lbs
5 336.4 ACSR 0.462 Lbs
6 477 ACSR 0.655 Lbs
7 605 ACSR 0.778 Lbs
8 795 ACSR 1.091 Lbs
9 1192 ACSR 1.524 Lbs
10 336.4 Aluminum 0.315 Lbs
11 556.5 Aluminum 0.519 Lbs

NOTE:-
For three or four bundle conductor we will multiply by 3 or 4 respectively.
23
 CALCULATION ABOUT FIND THE WEIGHT OF CONDUCTOR
(In plain area)
Formula about to find the weight of conductor on suspension tower (In Plain Area)
Weight of conductor = weight/m conductor X ( Span A + Span B )
2
Exp# 01

Span A = 400m Span B = 380m wt/meter = 1.5 kg/m

T.wt of conductor = ?
T.wt of conductor = wt/m X ( Span A + Span B )
2
T.wt of conductor = 1.5 X ( 400 + 380 )
2
T.wt of conductor = 1.5 X ( 780 )
2
T.wt of conductor = 1.5 X 390
T.wt of conductor = 585 kg = 585/1000
T.wt of conductor = 0.585 Ton

Exp# 02

Span A = 1200 ft Span B = 850 ft wt/meter = 2.5 lbs/ft

T.wt of conductor = ?
T.wt of conductor = wt/m X ( Span A + Span B )
2
T.wt of conductor = 2.5 X ( 1200 + 850 )
2
T.wt of conductor = 2.5 X ( 2050 )
2
T.wt of conductor = 2.5 X 1025
T.wt of conductor = 2562.5 Lbs = 2562.5/2200
T.wt of conductor = 1.16 Ton

CALCULATION ABOUT FIND THE WEIGHT OF CONDUCTOR

(In plain area)
Formula about to find the weight of conductor on suspension tower (Un Planned Area)
Weight of conductor = weight/m conductor X ( Span A + Span B )
Exp# 01
24
 Span A = 450m Span B = 700m wt/meter = 1.5 kg/m
T.wt of conductor = ?
T.wt of conductor = wt/m X ( Span A + Span B )
T.wt of conductor = 1.5X (450+700)
T.wt of conductor = 1.5 X 1150
T.wt of conductor = 1725 kg = 1725/1000
T.wt of conductor = 1.725 Ton

(7-3)
TENSION:-
A force that pulled the conductor is called Tension in Transmission line.
There are two type of tension.
1. Simple tension
2. Bisect Tension
SIMPLE TENSION:-
Conductor tension can be determined as:-
In line pulling forces applied to the conductor by
1. It’s weight per foot or meter.
2. The length of span at dead end in foot or meter.
3. The sag of span in foot or meter.
Formula for calculation of simple Tension:-
Hence the formula is
Tension = (wt of conductor/ft) x (Length of span in ft)2
8 x Sag of span in ft
OR
T = W x Span2
8 x Sag
1. Weight of conductor in per ft or meter.
2. Length of span in in ft2
3. Sag of span in foot or meter.

SIMPLE TENSION CALCULATION:-

Exp# 01

Span = 250 ft wt/ft = 0.230 lbs Sag = 4 ft

T.wt of conductor = ?

25
 Tension = (wt of conductor/ft) x (Length of span in ft)2
8 x Sag of span in ft
T = 0.230 x ( 250 ) 2
8x4
T = 0.230 x 62500
8x4
T = 14375
32
T = 449.21 lbs
T = 449.21 / 2200 = 0.204 Ton

Exp# 02

Span = 1350 ft wt/ft = 0.778 lbs Sag = 6 ft

T.wt of conductor = ?

Tension = (wt of conductor/ft) x (Length of span in ft)2

8 x Sag of span in ft
T = 0.778 x ( 1350 ) 2
8x6
T = 0.778 x 1822500
8x6
T = 1417905
48
T = 29539.68 lbs
T = 29539.68 / 2200 = 13.42 Ton

BISECT TENSION :-
Bisect tension is the side way tension on conductors at an angel structure
which tries to pull the conductor into line with the two adjacent structure.

Bisect Tension = Line tension x Line angle

60
Line tension = W x Span2
8 x Sag
Exp# 01

Span = 315 ft wt/ft = 0.591 lbs Sag = 3 ft

26
 Angle = 20

Line Tension = (wt of conductor/ft) x (Length of span in ft)2

8 x Sag of span in ft

T = 0.591 x ( 315 ) 2
8x3
T = 58542.75
24
T = 2439.28 lbs
T = 1.10 Ton
Bisect Tension = Line tension x Line angle
60
B.Tension = 1.10 x 20
60
B.Tension = 0.363 Ton

(7-4)
SAG:-
Distance between the dip point of conductor and straight line of suspension point. The sag of
conductor can be found by a telescope.

PARTS OF TELESCOPE:-
It has two parts . 1) Tube 2) Eye piece
INFORMATION:-
The most accurate result is obtain when the measurement is taken in level
span where the suspension point are approximately at the same elevation.
If the sag is being checked to determine the tension of conductor between the dead
ends, the span measure should be the same length, or as close as possible to the same length as the
ruling span.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT:-

1. Non conducting measuring tape or wooden rule.
2. Telescope and clamping arrangement for towers.
3. Calculator for easier calculation.

PROCEDURE:-
27
 Climb tower A and line by eye sight the low point of the sag between tower A and
tower B with an identifying tower on tower B.
Climb to suspension point on tower A and measure the vertical distance from
suspension point to same identified member on tower A as sight to on tower B record this
measurement as X.
Clamp telescope on tower A and align cross hair of scope with low point of sag and
identified member on tower B.
Measure the distance from suspension point of tower A to scope record this

measurement as Y.

NOTE:-
X and Y measurement should be as close as possible (1.5m or 5ft) maximum
difference.

SAFETY SUMMARY:-
 This job is normally done as tower carrying energized circuit. Absolute limits
of approach for circuit.
 Only qualified person may perform this task.

(7-5)
TEMPERATURE SYSTEM:-

1. Degree Kelvin Ko
2. Degree Faran heat Fo
3. Degree centigrade Co
SCALE:-
1. Co = ( 0 – 100 )
2. Fo = ( 32 – 212 )
3. Ko = (Co – 273 )

CONVERSION FORMULA:-
i. C – 0 = F – 32
100 180
ii. Co = 5/9 (Fo – 32 )

28
 iii. Fo = 9/5 (Co +32 )
iv. Ko = (Co + 273 )
 Normal body temperature = 98.6 Fo = 30o C
 Boiling temperature of water= 212 Fo = 100o C
 Freezing temperature of water= 32 Fo = 0o C

CHAPTER # 8
(8-0)
TRANSMISSION LINE MAINTENANCE:-
(8-1)
LINE PATROLLING:-

29
 An important part of transmission line maintenance is line patrolling. Line
patrolling is carried out to identify the defects or abnormal condition in transmission line system or
equipment. Line patrolling is usually carried out by the line crew, under the supervision of line
supervisor. It may be classified as following:-
1. Scheduled or Regular Patrolling
2. Non-Scheduled Patrolling
3. Check Patrolling
4. Crash Patrolling
5. Night Patrolling
All types are being discussed separately in detail under the following sections:-
SCHEDULED OR REGULAR PATROLLING:-
Regular patrolling is the through out checking of transmission line and equipmen
according to monthly /annual scheduled interval of time.
NON-SCHEDULED PATROLLING:-
The patrolling which is not carried on any fix scheduled / intervals, but is necessitated
due to some happenings / events / incidents taking place on the system, is called Non-Scheduled
Patrolling. It has been further categorized as below:-
a) Incidental Patrolling
b) Casual Patrolling
c) Emergency Patrolling
d) Follow up Patrolling
INCIDENTAL PATROLLING:-
No definite time fixed for incidental patrolling. The efficient line man of the line crew
do this job while they are on tour or while on other job on any line other specific work along with
other line mans.
CASUAL PATROLLING:-
Casual patrolling of lines is not done according to any preplanned scheduled. This
patrolling is necessitated by event beyond human control such heavy rain fall, wind storms, flood or
any other abnormal situations. This patrolling should be carried out by the concerned line staff
immediately when the normal condition restored. It must be done immediately after any above
mentioned or other related incident even the supply is normal.
EMERGENCY PATROLLING:-
Emergency patrolling is carried out after a permanent fault has developed on the
lines. When the permanent fault such as breakage of conductor, short circuit of conductors with each
other or with pole or with earth have occurred and circuit breaker of the line at grid station does hold

30
or indicate the fault on fault on fault locator after two consecutive switching operations, then the Sub
Station operator at grid station inform to concerned SDO/Supervisor to arrange for emergency
patrolling. The checking of is thoroughly carried out according to fault locator indications till the
cause of fault is traced. The cause of fault is rectified and the line is again energized.
FOLLOW UP PATROLLING:-
Some time there are temporary line interruptions, under such situations, the line staff
is ordered to trace and clear away the cause of temporary line interruption.
CHECK PATROLLING:-
In order to evaluate the efficiency of his maintenance staff, an officer may check
certain portions of the lines himself without giving prior notice. He goes through the petrol book of a
petrol man and check the line with reference to some entries made there in.
CRASH PETROLLING:-
When the system is to be completely over hauled a patrolling programmed is called
out to inspect all the line. The instructions for crash patrolling are received every year from the
authorities and the field formations are usually advised to submit their daily progress to the higher
authorities.
NIGHT PATROLLING:-
The night patrolling is classified as following:-
 The patrolling of newly constructed lines is also carried out at night with in 24 hours to
energizing the line to locate any loose jumper.
 The night patrolling of existing lines is carried to check the loose jumpers and to locate any
glow of conductor at crossing point to other transmission lines, having to less clearance
between energized lines or between the energized conductors, jumper points.
LINE PATROLLING POCEDURE:-
For carrying out the schedule patrolling, programme for inspection of lines /
equipments are usually preplanned. The patrolling is carried out through walking along the lines
from tower to tower. Each and every equipment of the tower / system is care fully inspected before
and defects if any are to be recorded on the patrol book. However, to ensure the through checking,
checklists are usually used. See a specimen in figure. During patrolling necessary T&P should be
used and all the items on the check list should be minutely examined observing necessary safety
precautions as mentioned in the following section.

31
T&P FOR PATROLLING:-
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

32
  Patrol Book and Pencil
 First Aid Kit
 Proper Clothing and Foot Wear
 Binocular
 Torch for Night Patrolling
 Warning Sign
 Earth Resistance Tester

CHAPTER # 9

33
(9-1)
PTW :-
PTW is the formation of Permit to work. It is the permission for doing the work on line
provided by the incharge of grid station on the behalf of NPCC ( National Power Control Centre ) or
RCC (Regional Control Centre
 NPCC issue the permit for 220 KV or 500 KV Transmission line. NPCC head quarter
is only in Islamabad.
 RCC issue the permit for 132 KV, 66 KV, 33 KV, and 11 KV line. RCC head quarter
is Jamshoro for South region and other one in Islamabad for North region.
(9-2)
JOB PLANNING:-
Develop your own work plan. Planning of work may be divided into three
Steps.
A) Determine exactly what is to be done
1. Study the work order or job order.
2. where the job is not written out, carefully study and analyze what you are going to do.
3. Clear up any question in your mind by consulting your supervisor.

B) Get all available information about the job

1. Check the job location or work area by inspecting of site or from maps or job order.
2. Review your T&P requirement to sure sufficient tools, plants, material and parts are
available in store.
3. Review worker required by wok done the job. Consult your supervisor if any assigned
manpower is desirable.
4. Consider existing and potential hazards created by the job and nature of work to be done, by
the weather condition and the job location.
5. Determine what is necessary to overcome or protect against the job hazards

C) Make you plan of action

1. Determine the general plan to be followed.
2. Determine the individual or group work assignments necessary to work your plan.

(9-3)
TAIL BOARD CONFERENCE:-
A meeting done before starting practical work called tail boad
conference. Tail board conference is shortly called 5wh that is given below.

34
 1. What is to be done.
2. Why it is to be done.
3. When it is to be done.
4. Where it is to be done.
5. How it is to be done.
6. Who is do it.

CHAPTER # 10
(10-1)
INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTER (MEGGER) INSULATOR TESTING:-

MEGGER:-

35
 The instrument used to measure the insulation resistance of disc insulator is called
megger. Donated by Ri.
Ri is less then 2000 MΩ.
MEGGER RANGES:-
2000 V or 2 KV
5000 V or 5 KV
MEGGERING PROCEDURE:-
 Insulate the object from the system whose insulation resistance Ri is to be measured.
 Megger never be used for energized circuit.
 Before meggering first check the accuracy of megger.
 Megger must be checked before its used for.
 Zero check
 Infinity check
ZERO CHECK OR SHORRT CIRCUIT TEST:-
To short the megger leads together crank the
megger 3 times / second. Pointer of megger must deflect towards zero value.
INFINITY CHECK OR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:-
To OPEN the megger leads together crank the
megger 3 times / second. Pointer of megger must deflect towards infinity value.
 To check the disc insulator disconnect the disc from circuit and ground it after dischadge.
 Megger leads must be dry clean and free of defect i.e. no joint etc.
 Ground terminal never touch during testing.
 Rating of megger should not more than the rating of under test equipment.
METHOD OF USE:-

Reading Must refer to 20Co
Ri ∞ 1
Temperature

Reading taken at any temperature converted at 20oc.

For every 10oc rise of temperature from 20oc the Ri becomes half of its value.

For every 10oc fall of temperature from 20oc the Ri becomes of its value.

1 MΩ reading for 1 KV rated equipment at 20oc is considered satisfactory.

36