298 MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS [CHAP.

12

we find 0:8 = ð792 − 530Þ=ðT2 − 530Þ and T2 = 857:5  R. The change in entropy is then
T2 P 857:5 60
s = Cp ln − R ln 2 = 0:231 ln − 0:066 ln = 0:0183 Btu=lbm- R
T2 P1 530 14:7
where we have used R = Cp − Cv = 0:231 − 0:165 = 0:066 Btu=lbm- R.

12.6 Outside air at 30  C and 100 kPa is observed to have a dew point of 20  C. Find the relative
humidity, the partial pressure of the dry air, and the humidity ratio using equations only.
At 30  C we find the saturation pressure from Table C-1 (see Fig. 12-1) to be Pg = 4:246 kPa. At 20  C
the partial pressure of the water vapor is Pv = 2:338 kPa. Consequently, the relative humidity is
Pv 2:338
= = = 0:551 or 55:1%
Pg 4:246

The partial pressure of the dry air is Pa = P − Pv = 100 − 2:338 = 97:66 kPa. The humidity ratio is found to be
 
P 2:338
ω = 0:622 v = ð0:622Þ = 0:01489 kg H2 O=kg dry air
Pa 97:66

12.7 Outside air at 25  C has a relative humidity of 60%. What would be the expected wet-bulb
temperature?
We assume an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa. The saturation pressure at 25  C is Pg = 3:169 kPa, so that
Pv = Pg = ð0:6Þð3:169Þ = 1:901 kPa

and
Pa = P − Pv = 100 − 1:901 = 98:1 kPa
The humidity ratio of the outside air is
 
Pv 1:901
ω1 = 0:622 = ð0:622Þ = 0:01206 kg H2 O=kg dry air
Pa 98:1
Using ω2 from (12.30) we can write (12.31) as
Pg2
ðhg1 − hf 2 Þω1 = 0:622 h + cp ðT2 − T1 Þ
P − Pg2 fg2

Substituting in the known values, we must solve

Pg2
ð2547:2 − hf 2 Þð0:01206Þ = 0:622 h + ð1:00ÞðT2 − 25Þ
100 − Pg2 fg2

This is solved by trial and error:

? ?
T2 = 20  C : 29:7 = 32:2 T2 = 15  C : 30:0 = 16:6
Interpolation yields T2 = 19:3  C.

12.8 Rework Prob. 12.7 using the psychrometric chart.

The wet-bulb or adiabatic saturation temperature is found by first locating the intersection of a vertical line
for which T = 25  C and the curved line for which  = 60% humidity. Follow the line for which Tw:b: = const.
that slopes upward to the left and read Tw:b: = 19:4  C.

12.9 Air at 90  F and 20% relative humidity is cooled to 75  F. Assuming standard atmospheric
pressure, calculate the required rate of energy transfer, if the inlet flow rate is 1500 ft3=min,
and find the final humidity, using (a) the psychrometric chart and (b) the equations.
CHAP. 12] MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS 299

(a) The partial pressure is Pa1 = P − Pv1 = P − Pg1 = 14:7 − ð0:2Þð0:6988Þ = 14:56 psia; hence,

Pa1 ð14:56Þð144Þ
a1 = = = 0:0715 lbm=ft3
Ra T1 ð53:3Þð550Þ
and m_ a = ð1500=60Þð0:0715Þ = 1:788 lbm=sec. The psychrometric chart at state 1 provides h1 = 28:5
Btu=lbm dry air. With ω = const., state 2 is located by following an A−C curve in Fig. 12-4; we find
h2 = 24:5 Btu=lbm dry air. This gives
Q_ a = mðh
_ 2 − h1 Þ = ð1:788Þð24:5 − 28:5Þ = − 7:2 Btu=sec
The relative humidity is found on the chart at state 2 to be 2 = 32:5%.
(b) The equations provide more accurate results than can be obtained by using the psychrometric chart. The
value for m_ a from part (a) has been calculated so we’ll simply use that number. The rate of heat transfer is

Q_ = m_ a ðha2 − ha1 Þ + m_ v ðhv2 − hv1 Þ = m_ a Cp ðT2 − T1 Þ + m_ v ðhv2 − hv1 Þ

We find m_ v as follows:
 
Pg 0:6988
m_ v = ωm_ a = 0:622 m_ a = ð0:622Þð0:2Þ ð1:788Þ = 0:01067 lbm=sec
Pa 14:56
Thus Q_ = ð1:788Þð0:24Þð75 − 90Þ + ð0:01067Þð1094:2 − 1100:7Þ = − 6:51 Btu=sec.
To find the relative humidity using (12.22) we must find Pv2 and Pg2 . The final temperature is 75  F;
Table C-1E gives, by interpolation, Pg2 = 0:435 psia. Since the mass of vapor and the mass of dry air
remain constant, the partial pressure of vapor and dry air remain constant. Hence,

Pv2 = Pv1 = Pg1 = ð0:2Þð0:6988Þ = 0:1398 psia

The final relative humidity is 2 = Pv2 =Pg2 = 0:1398=0:435 = 0:321 or 32.1%. The values found in part (b)
_ since it is difficult to read h1 and h2 accurately.
are more accurate than those of part (a), especially for Q,

12.10 Air at 90  F and 90% relative humidity is cooled to 75  F. Calculate the required rate of energy
transfer if this inlet flow rate is 1500 ft3=min. Also, find the final humidity. Compare with the results
of Prob. 12.9. Use the psychrometric chart.
The first step is to find the mass flux of dry air. It is found as follows:
Pa1 = P − Pv1 = P − Pg1 = 14:7 − ð0:9Þð0:6988Þ = 14:07 psia
Pa1 ð14:07Þð144Þ
∴ a1 = = = 0:0691 lbm=ft3 and
Ra T1 ð53:3Þð550Þ
 
1500
m_ a = ð0:0691Þ = 1:728 lbm=sec
60
State 1 is located on the psychrometric chart by Td:b: = 90  F,  = 90%. Hence, by extrapolation, h1 = 52
Btu=lbm dry air. To reduce the temperature to 75  F, it is necessary to remove moisture, following curve
F−G−H in Fig. 12-4. State 2 ends on the saturation line, and h2 = 38:6 Btu=lbm dry air. This gives
Q_ = mðh
_ 2 − h1 Þ = ð1:728Þð38:6 − 52Þ = − 23:2 Btu=sec
The relative humidity is 2 = 100%.

12.11 A rigid 2-m3 tank contains air at 160  C and 400 kPa and a relative humidity of 20%. Heat is
removed until the final temperature is 20  C. Determine (a) the temperature at which condensa-
tion begins, (b) the mass of water condensed during the process, and (c) the heat transfer.
(a) The pressure in this problem is not atmospheric, so the psychrometric chart is not applicable. The initial
partial pressure of the vapor is Pv1 = Pg1 = ð0:2Þð617:8Þ = 123:6 kPa. The specific volume of the water
vapor is

Rv T1 ð0:462Þð433Þ
vv1 = = = 1:62 m3=kg
Pv1 123:6
300 MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS [CHAP. 12

At this specific volume (the volume remains constant), the temperature at which condensation begins is
Tcond = 92:5  C.
(b) The partial pressure of the dry air is Pa1 = P − Pv1 = 400 − 123:6 = 276:4 kPa. The mass of dry air is

Pa1 V1 ð276:4Þð2Þ
ma = = = 4:45 kg
Ra T1 ð0:287Þð433Þ
The initial humidity ratio is
 
Pv1 123:6
ω1 = 0:622 = ð0:622Þ = 0:278 kg H2 O=kg dry air
Pa1 276:4
The final relative humidity is 2 = 1:0, so that Pv2 = 2:338 kPa. The final partial pressure of the dry air
results from Pa1 =T1 = Pa2 =T2 , so that Pa2 = ðPa1 ÞðT2 =T1 Þ = ð276:4Þð293=433Þ = 187 kPa. The final
humidity ratio becomes
 
P 2:338
ω2 = 0:622 v2 = ð0:622Þ = 0:00778 kg H2 O=kg dry air
Pa2 187
The moisture removed is mcond = ma ðω1 − ω2 Þ = ð4:45Þð0:278 − 0:00778Þ = 1:20 kg.
(c) The heat transfer results from the first law:

Q = ma ðua2 − ua1 Þ + mv2 uv2 − mv1 uv1 + mw ðhfg Þavg

h i
= ma Cp ðT2 − T1 Þ + ω2 uv2 − ω1 uv1 + ðω2 − ω1 Þðhfg Þavg

Treating the vapor as an ideal gas, that is, uv = ug at the given temperatures, we have
Q = ð4:45Þ½ð0:717Þð20 − 160Þ + ð0:00778Þð2402:9Þ
− ð0:278Þð2568:4Þ + ð0:00778 − 0:278Þð2365Þ = − 6290 kJ

12.12 Hot, dry air at 40  C, 1 atm, and 20% humidity passes through an evaporative cooler until the
humidity is 40%; it is then cooled to 25  C. For an inlet airflow of 50 m3=min, (a) how much water
is added per hour and (b) what is the rate of cooling?
(a) The psychrometric chart is used with h1 = h2 , providing us with

ω1 = 0:0092 kg H2 O=kg dry air ω2 = 0:0122 kg H2 O=kg dry air

We find the mass flux m_ a of dry air as follows:
Pa1 = P − Pv1 = P − Pg1 = 100 − ð0:2Þð7:383Þ = 98:52 kPa
P 98:52
∴ a1 = a1 = = 1:097 kg=m3
Ra T1 ð0:287Þð313Þ
and
∴ m_ a = ða1 Þð50Þ = ð1:097Þð50Þ = 54:8 kg=min
The water addition rate is
ðm_ w Þadded = m_ a ðω2 − ω1 Þ = ð54:8Þð0:0122 − 0:0092Þ = 0:1644 kg=min = 9:86 kg=h
(b) No heat is transferred during the process from 1 to 2. From 2 to 3 the humidity ratio remains constant
and the psychrometric chart yields

h2 = 64 kJ=kg dry air h3 = 64 kJ=kg dry air

The rate of heat transfer is Q_ = m_ a ðh3 − h2 Þ = ð54:8Þð56 − 64Þ = − 440 kJ=min.

12.13 Outside air at 10  C and 30% relative humidity is available to mix with inside air at 30  C and
60% humidity. The inside flow rate is 50 m3=min. Use the equations to determine what the outside
flow rate should be to provide a mixed stream at 22  C.
CHAP. 12] MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS 301

Mass balances and an energy balance provide

Dry air : m_ a1 + m_ a2 = m_ a3
Vapor: m_ a1 ω1 + m_ a2 ω2 = m_ a3 ω3
Energy: m_ a1 h1 + m_ a2 h2 = m_ a3 h3

Using the given quantities we find, assuming a pressure of 100 kPa:

Pa1 = P − Pv1 = P − 1 Pg1 = 100 − ð0:3Þð1:228Þ = 99:6 kPa
Pa2 = P − 2 Pg2 = 100 − ð0:6Þð4:246Þ = 97:5 kPa
P 99:6 P 97:5
a1 = a1 = = 1:226 kg=m3 a2 = a2 = = 1:121 kg=m3
Ra T1 ð0:287Þð283Þ Ra T2 ð0:287Þð303Þ
0:622Pv1 ð0:622Þð0:3Þð1:228Þ
ω1 = = = 0:00230 kg H2 O=kg dry air
Pa1 99:6
ð0:622Þð0:6Þð4:246Þ
ω2 = = 0:01625 kg H2 O=kg dry air
97:5
h1 = Cp T1 + ω1 hg1 = ð1:00Þð10Þ + ð0:0023Þð2519:7Þ = 15:8 kJ=kg dry air
h2 = Cp T2 + ω2 hg2 = ð1:00Þð30Þ + ð0:01625Þð2556:2Þ = 71:5 kJ=kg dry air
h3 = Cp T3 + ω3 hg3 = ð1:00Þð22Þ + ðω3 Þð2542Þ = 22 + 2542 ω3

Substituting the appropriate values in the energy equation and choosing the outside flow rate as V_1 gives

ð1:226V_1 Þð15:8Þ + ð1:121Þð50Þð71:5Þ = 1:226V_1 + ð1:121Þð50Þ ð22 + 2542ω3 Þ

The vapor mass balance is ð1:226V_1 Þð0:0023Þ + ð1:121Þð50Þð0:01625Þ = 1:226V_1 + ð1:121Þð50Þ ω3 . Solving for
ω3 in terms of V_1 from the above equation and substituting into the energy equation, we find V_1 = 31:1 m3 =min.

Supplementary Problems
12.14 For the following mixtures calculate the mass fraction of each component and the gas constant of the
mixture. (a) 2 kmol CO2 , 3 kmol N2 , 4 kmol O2 ; (b) 2 lbmol N2 , 3 lbmol CO, 4 lbmol O2 ; (c) 3 kmol
N2 , 2 kmol O2 , 5 kmol H2 ; (d) 3 kmol CH4 ; 2 kmol air, 1 kmol CO2 ; and (e) 21 lbmol O2 , 78 lbmol N2 ,
1 lbmol Ar.

12.15 For the following mixtures calculate the mole fraction of each component and the gas constant of the mixture.
(a) 2 kg CO2 , 3 kg N2 , 4 kg O2 ; (b) 2 lbm N2 , 3 lbm CO, 4 lbm O2 ; (c) 3 kg N2 , 2 kg O2 , 5 kg H2 ; (d) 3 kg CH4 ,
2 kg air, 1 kg CO2 ; and (e) 21 lbm O2 , 78 lbm N2 , 1 lbm Ar.

12.16 A mixture of gases consists of 21% N2 , 32% O2 , 16% CO2 , and 31% H2 , by volume. Determine: (a) the
mass fraction of each component, (b) the mixture’s molecular weight, and (c) its gas constant.

12.17 Gravimetric analysis of a mixture of gases indicates 21% O2 , 30% CO2 , and 49% N2 . Calculate (a) its
volumetric analysis and (b) its gas constant.

12.18 Volumetric analysis of a mixture of gases shows 60% N2 , 20% O2 , and 20% CO2 . (a) How many kilograms
would be contained in 10 m3 at 200 kPa and 40  C? (b) How many pounds would be contained in 300 ft3 at
39 psia and 100  F?

12.19 A mixture of gases contains 2 kmol O2 , 3 kmol CO2 , and 4 kmol N2 . If 100 kg of the mixture is contained in
a 10-m3 tank at 50  C, estimate (a) the pressure in the tank and (b) the partial pressure of the N2 .

12.20 Gravimetric analysis of a mixture of gases indicates 60% N2 , 20% O2 , and 20% CO2 . (a) What volume is
needed to contain 100 kg of the mixture at 25  C and 200 kPa? (b) What volume is needed to contain 200 lbm
of the mixture at 80  F and 30 psia?
302 MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS [CHAP. 12

12.21 Volumetric analysis of a mixture of gases contained in a 10-m3 tank at 400 kPa indicates 60% H2 , 25% N2 ,
and 15% CO2 . Determine the temperature of the mixture if its total mass is 20 kg.

12.22 The partial pressures of a mixture of gases are 20 kPa (N2 ), 60 kPa (O2 ), and 80 kPa (CO2 ). If 20 kg of the
mixture is contained in a tank at 60  C and 300 kPa, what is the volume of the tank?

12.23 A mixture of oxygen and hydrogen has the same molecular weight as does air. (a) What is its volumetric
analysis? (b) What is its gravimetric analysis?

12.24 A rigid tank contains 10 kg of a mixture of 20% CO2 and 80% N2 by volume. The initial pressure and
temperature are 200 kPa and 60  C. Calculate the heat transfer needed to increase the pressure to 600 kPa
using (a) constant specific heats and (b) the ideal-gas tables.

12.25 Twenty pounds of a mixture of gases is contained in a 30-ft3 rigid tank at 30 psia and 70  F. Volumetric
analysis indicates 20% CO2 , 30% O2 , and 50% N2 . Calculate the final temperature if 400 Btu of heat is
added. Assume constant specific heats.

12.26 An insulated cylinder contains a mixture of gases initially at 100 kPa and 25  C with a volumetric analysis of
40% N2 and 60% CO2 . Calculate the work needed to compress the mixture to 400 kPa assuming a reversible
process. Use constant specific heats.

12.27 A mixture of gases is contained in a cylinder at an initial state of 0.2 m3 , 200 kPa, and 40  C. Gravimetric
analysis is 20% CO2 and 80% air. Calculate (a) the heat transfer needed to maintain the temperature at
40  C while the pressure is reduced to 100 kPa and (b) the entropy change. Assume constant specific heats.

12.28 A mixture of gases with a volumetric analysis of 30% H2 , 50% N2 , and 20% O2 undergoes a constant-pressure
process in a cylinder at an initial state of 30 psia, 100  F, and 0.4 ft3 . If the volume increases to 1.2 ft3 determine
(a) the heat transfer and (b) the entropy change. Assume constant specific heats.

12.29 A tank containing 3 kg of CO2 at 200 kPa and 140  C is connected to a second tank containing 2 kg of N2 at
400 kPa and 60  C. A valve is opened and the two tanks are allowed to equalize in pressure. If the final
temperature is 50  C, find (a) the heat transfer, (b) the final pressure, and (c) the entropy change.

12.30 A stream of nitrogen at 150 kPa and 50  C mixes with a stream of oxygen at 150 kPa and 20  C. The mass
flux of nitrogen is 2 kg=min and that of oxygen is 4 kg=min. The mixing occurs in a steady-flow insulated
chamber. Calculate the temperature of the exiting stream.

12.31 A mixture of gases with a volumetric analysis of 20% CO2 , 30% N2 , and 50% O2 is cooled from 1000  R in a
steady-flow heat exchanger. Estimate the heat transfer using (a) constant specific heats and (b) the ideal-gas
tables.

12.32 A mixture of gases with a gravimetric analysis of 20% CO2 , 30% N2 , and 50% O2 is cooled from 400  C to
50  C by transferring 1MW of heat from the steady-flow heat exchanger. Find the mass flux, assuming
constant specific heats.

12.33 A mixture of 40% O2 and 60% CO2 by volume enters a nozzle at 40 m=s, 200  C, and 200 kPa. It passes
through an adiabatic nozzle and exits at 20  C. Find the exit velocity and pressure. Assume constant specific
heats.

12.34 If the inlet diameter of the nozzle of Prob. 12.33 is 20 cm, find the exit diameter.

12.35 A mixture of 40% N2 and 60% CO2 by volume enters a nozzle at negligible velocity and 80 psia and 1000  F.
If the mixture exits at 20 psia, what is the maximum possible exit velocity? Assume constant specific heats.

12.36 A mixture of 40% N2 and 60% CO2 by volume enters a supersonic diffuser at 1000 m=s and 20  C and exits
at 400 m=s. Find the exit temperature. Assume constant specific heats.