Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1 j Lexicography
2 A Handbook of Lexicography
have required others. Education, where there is a great need for lexicographic aids
in order to improve native-language proficiency and facilitate the learning of
foreign languages, has been a major driving force behind the emergence of the
types of dictionary that are most common nowadays: the monolingual and bilin-
gual general-purpose dictionaries. In earlier times, there was also a need for
dictionaries when reading or writing in the international language of the learned –
a function which, for instance, Latin once fulfilled in Europe.
The role of lexicography in politics is multifaceted. Governments have always
needed linguistic and, hence, lexicographic support for their diplomatic activities,
and this need has been particularly obvious in countries cherishing colonial
aspirations or having already acquired full-fledged colonial empires. The activities
of present-day international organizations, such as the United Nations and the
European Union, make similar demands for linguistic aids. Governments may
also find it necessary to influence their citizens ideologically, and in such cases the
linguistic aspect and, consequently, dictionaries will be of great importance.
Dictionaries may also be of interest to political actors other than governments,
for instance those engaged in promoting nationalist or regionalist efforts.
In today’s information and communication society, developments in science and
technology create a greater demand for lexicographic efforts than before, not least in
connection with the study, development and use of technical language. Trade and
industry need linguistic aids when communicating with foreign business connec-
tions and immigrated labour, and increasing tourism has brought about a demand
for dictionaries as communicative support when travelling abroad.
Lexicography 3
have been selected from the vocabularies of the languages in question. This
part of the subject, the compilation of dictionaries, is called P R A C T I C A L
L E X I C O G R A P H Y , or simply D I C T I O N A R Y - M A K I N G .
(b) Lexicography also includes the examination and development of theories
concerning the compilation, characteristics, purposes and use of dictionaries.
This part of the subject is generally called T H E O R E T I C A L L E X I C O G R A P H Y or
M E T A L E X I C O G R A P H Y (= ‘lexicography which deals with lexicography’).
A handbook of lexicography is a typical metalexicographic product.
Another concept which often occurs in connection with lexicography is L E X I C O L O G Y .
Opinions differ as to the relationship between these two. There are those who argue
that, on the whole, lexicography and lexicology are the same thing, while others
regard lexicography as a branch of lexicology; there is also a third opinion main-
taining that lexicology is equivalent to metalexicography. In this book, lexicology is
regarded as a science concerned with the study of vocabulary, its structure and other
characteristics. This refers first of all to the study of the meanings of words and the
relationships between meanings (semantics), but also to the study of the formation
and structure of individual words, i.e. morphology. Thus defined, lexicology is not
the same as lexicography or metalexicography, nor does the term represent a wider
concept of which lexicography constitutes only a part. However, lexicology obviously
forms an important basis for lexicographic work.
Similarly, there are differing opinions as to the relationship between lexicog-
raphy and L I N G U I S T I C S . There are those who argue that lexicography is a kind of
applied linguistics, while others (among them the author of this book) regard it as
an independent discipline. However, there is almost general agreement that lin-
guistics forms an important basis for lexicographic work, and, conversely, that
lexicography and its products have made considerable contributions to linguistic
research.
4 A Handbook of Lexicography
purpose of this work is in many respects the same as that of technical lexicography,
but theories and methods are partly different.
The relationship between technical lexicography and terminography is a con-
troversial issue. Some people (particularly terminographers) argue that the differ-
ences between the two are so fundamental that they should be regarded as different
disciplines, while others (particularly technical lexicographers) emphasize the
similarities, regarding terminography and technical lexicography as being largely
the same thing. The disagreement is about, for instance, the semiotic foundations
of the work, the use of subject classification, the normative aspect and the pre-
sentation format. The matter is not of very great importance to the present book,
which deals primarily with general-language lexicography and only sporadically
touches upon problems concerning technical lexicography.
Lexicography 5
6 A Handbook of Lexicography
1
On the choice of the term ‘lemma’ instead of ‘headword’, see p. 93.
2
Despite its ambiguity, the term ‘entry’, being firmly established in English metalexicographic
literature, will be used throughout this book instead of its competitor ‘article’.
Lexicography 7
The second formal category is concerned with the phonetic form of the lemma,
i.e. P R O N U N C I A T I O N (Chapter 7).
A third formal information type is M O R P H O L O G Y , comprising on the one hand
I N F L E C T I O N and on the other W O R D F O R M A T I O N . These matters are dealt with in
Chapter 8.
There are also word combinations that are so firmly established that it is hardly
possible to alter the construction or replace any of the components without
forfeiting the meaning. Such a combination (an I D I O M ) should not actually be
regarded as an instance of the syntagmatic properties of one of its components but
as an independent lexical item. The treatment of idioms is discussed in Chapter 12.
8 A Handbook of Lexicography
1.4.6.4 Examples
Syntagmatic and semantic information, but also other kinds of information, is
often provided by means of E X A M P L E S . A survey of the form and function of
examples is presented in Chapter 15.
Lexicography 9
and relationships between the components of the dictionary (including the lemma
list), the M E G A S T R U C T U R E of the dictionary, is discussed in Chapter 22.
Dictionary structure also includes the use of C R O S S - R E F E R E N C E S , which can
occur at several levels. A special section (Chapter 23) is devoted to their form
and function.
Literature
10 A Handbook of Lexicography
3
At the time of writing (autumn 2008), work is in progress aiming at the publication of a
comprehensive supplementary volume.