A Study of Ampalaya Seeds as a Substitute for Coffee Beans

Sunday, 1 February 2015

A Study of Ampalaya Seeds as a Substitute for Coffee Beans

Glendale School

#11 St. Benedict St.Paradise Village

Project 8, Quezon City

A Study of Ampalaya Seeds

as a Substitute for Coffee Beans

Presented by:

Joshua Elkanah P. Datu

Ernestine Rose P. Estrella

Angelito C. Guiterrez

Marielle M. Torres

Presented to:

Dr. Marilou Juachon-Panlilio

Mr. Arnold Antiporda

Ms. Sherrlene Uy
Mr. Gemini Malubay

February 9, 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First,  we  like  to  thank  Mrs. Magdadaro  for  letting  us  to  use  their  kitchen  as  a  testing  ground 
for  our  product  also  their  kitchen  appliances  for  the  benefit  of  our  first  trial.  Second,  we  would 
like   to  acknowledge  Mrs. Torres  for  the  helping hand  and  the  tools  that  we  used  and  helped  us 
acquire  our  desired  product. Third,we  wish  to extend  their sincerest  appreciation to  our Research
teacher, Ms. Uy for teaching us the fundamental of research and investigatory writing and for showing a
great deal of patience through the times we tend to be naughty. And lastly to God, for his gift of wisdom
and understanding to ua for answering our prayers in times of need.

                                                                                                

ABSTRACT

The researchers conducted a study about Amapalaya seeds as a substitute for Coffee beans. This study
aims to make a better and cheaper product of coffee. Since coffee is the most known beverage. Both
coffee and Ampalaya give many health benefits for brain and body. With our study other individuals or
departments may use this as a source for a next study. The goal of this study is first to find out if
amapalaya seeds can be used as an alternative for coffee and second to make it a cheaper and a better
product than the commercially available coffee. Ampalaya has almost the same characteristics of the
commercially available coffee.It has that bitter and sour smell and taste. Since Ampalaya has more
nutrients and benefits for people, it is a better alternative coffee.There is a lot of variety of Ampalaya, it
differentiates the taste and appearance of each kind. This product is healthy but easy to do, the
audience can either cook or bake the Ampalaya beans by using an oven or pan. The researchers
performed two trials and showed that there is no much difference with the commercially available
coffee, based on the aroma, taste, appearance and quality. Therefore the researchers conclude that
ampalaya seeds can be an alternative source for coffee.
CHAPTER 1:
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Coffee is a much known beverage to the majority of the people. It is known for its stimulating effect on
the functions of the brain, thus making the drinker active. Variants of coffee flavors were already
produced all throughout the world aiming for the discovery of alternative sources for coffee
production. The researchers’ goal is to make an alternative coffee beans using amapalaya seeds since
ampalaya tastes bitter. The researchers also chose this because people nowadays drink coffee at work
and when they are in home. This product is also cheaper than the branded coffees which we can see in
supermarkets.

Statement of the Problem/ Objectives

According to region3.dost.gov, coffee is a much known beverage to the majority with the reference to
the people especially the youth. It is known for its stimulating effect on the functions of the brain, thus
making the drinker active. Variants of coffee flavours were already produced all throughout the world
aiming for the discovery of alternative sources for coffee production. To create this product, the
researchers analysed if it will give people an impact in their lives. This study intends to know the
importance of bitter gourd seeds as an alternative coffee bean which is rich in antioxidants and vitamins
A, B and C.

Bitter gourd is believed to benefit diabetes. Researchers from University of Bologna, Italy, asked 720
herbalists what herbal remedy that they would recommend to those suffered from diabetes. They
suggested some herbal remedies and bitter gourd is in the list. Bitter gourd has been recognized as a
Chinese herbal medicine for diabetes for centuries. Bitter gourd is more popular in Asia to be used as a
natural product for diabetes.

Researchers from Natural Standard, MA, consider bitter gourd as an alternative therapy that has
primarily been used for lowering blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes. Components of bitter
gourd extract appear to have structural similarities to animal insulin.

Bitter gourd is also a lipid-lowering activity and its extracts provide benefits for cancers.

Bitter gourd is the nearest vegetable that has the same taste of coffee, bitter and sour at the same time.
The researchers’ product aims to make people more lively by drinking this kind of coffee because it
makes people alive even at night. This product to informal settlers is a big impact because coffee is their
main food even for their lunch, and even for babies. This study will make the people, especially the
youth, patronize this product because of the fact that people nowadays drink coffee more often.

The goals of this study are the following: 1.) to know if fruit or vegetable seeds can be used to create a
new product. 2.) Use bitter gourd seeds in making an alternative coffee bean. 3.) Cheaper and better
because of its health benefits unlike the branded ones.
Significance of the Study

To keep people awake at night, the most commonly beverage to drink is coffee. Coffee, the most widely
used beverage. Coffee has many benefits to body's system. According to mayoclinic.org, coffee can
protect a person from Parkinson's disease, Diabetes, and Liver Disease, including Liver Cancer. Although
coffee is not advisable  to drink it every day. 

In this study, the researchers aim to create an alternative ingredient to make coffee, which is bitter
melon "ampalaya".

Our product is beneficial to the following: consumers, Department of Agriculture, unfortunate families,
office workers (call centre agents, nurse, businessman, etc), college student that often use coffee.

Through this study, the researchers are able to create alternative ingredient as coffee. Since Philippines
is rich in growing ampalaya. Consumers can buy a much more cheaper product of a different variety of
coffee, ampalaya coffee. Based on debate.org, coffee is beneficial to office workers like are journalists,
teachers, policeman, etc. It is a power-up for most people to keep awake at night, to work longer, and to
be more productive.  The Department of Agriculture, will also have  an idea on which commodities can
have alternatives. Unfortunate families will benefit from this product since this is cheaper and since
coffee is commonly used by these kind of people. For students, it will help to stay awake and continue to
finish student's task. This kind of product is processed not by machines but by hands. Nowadays,
products are processed by machines that some chemicals go in the product which can harm a person's
body. Moreover, this study aims to give opportunity to people to buy a much cheaper yet a healthy
product.

Scope and Delimitation

This research focus mainly in the use of ampalaya seed to boost our regular coffee with the nutrients
that are present in an ampalaya seed and learning on how long can the researchers stretch the the use
of this element. The researchers found out that the ampalaya seed carries a lot of nutrients that can
help the people that consume our product. This product is produced in the process of sun drying the
seeds for 1 week then toasting the ampalaya seed and pulverizing it to powder then extracting the juice
by boiling it into hot then infusing it in the coffee. This research have been given the budget of 300
pesos (yung week po ng testing ilalagay ko po pag nag start napo yung pag test kung ok na yung
product). 

CHAPTER TWO:

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Components of Ampalaya

Ampalaya is composed of three components. The first component is called Flavonoids. According to Jane
Higdon, Ph.D of Oregon State University, it is a large family of polyphenic compounds by plants. This has
the ability to modulate cell-signalling tunnels. 

According to News Medical Net, Flavonoids are found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. It is beneficial
for it gives a pigment that attracts pollinating insects.

Flavonoids are linked to be as an antioxidant. One of the protections from "free radicals" of the body,
Ariefdjohan MW, Savaiano D.

The second component is alkaloids. It can control the blood sugar in diabetics. Alkaloids are very bitter
and it's extracts are active. http:www.biology-online.org

Alkaloids have many effects on humans and other animals according to Mcdaniel.edu.

Structure of Ampalaya

According to Philippine Herbal Medicine, Ampalaya belongs to the family of Cucurbitaceous. Ampalaya

grows up to 20 centimeters. Its leaves are shaped as a heart and grown up to 5-10 centimeters in
diameters. Ampalaya's texture is ribbed and wrinkled.

Variety of Ampalaya

The first variety of Ampalaya is called Karela. Stated by Healthy by Nature, Karela is a thin and vine and a
long stalked leaves that makes yellow flowers. Karela grows in tropical areas such as Amazon,East Africa,
Asia, The Caribbean, and South  America.

The second variety is Japan Green Spindle. It is a medium sized fruit that grows up to 15-20 centimeters.
http://forum.xcitefun.net/

The last variety is the Hybrid Indian Baby Doll. This kind of Ampalaya can be found in Thailand. This
weight 30 grams.

Process of Planting an Ampalaya

There are four steps in planting ampalaya. The first step is climate adaption. The climate that ampalaya
can thrive is a cool climate. Cooler climates will result to a fast production of flowers and bigger fruits, as
said by Sunstar PH.
The second step is land preparation. On the word of Rice Knowledge Bank, Land preparation is very
important because it insures that the soil is ready for plantation. The field or soil should be cleaned from
debris of other seeds.

The third step is plastic mulching. It is the process of covering the soil to make more conditional
temperature that will affect 2 factors: plant growth development and beneficial crop production.
http://www.agridr.in

The fourth step is planting. There are two ways of planting an ampalaya by its seed. It can be either
direct seeded or transplanted.

Agricultural and Rural Development said, direct seeding is a kind of cropping system that goals to
improve soil moisture. The seeds are needed to be soaked overnight and wrapped in a moist cloth.

The other way of planting is transplanted. This process needs to cut the flower of the ampalaya in half.
The flower needs to be shaded in order to recover by University of Illinois Extension.

Proper Care

The seeds need to be fertilized. In accordance to Business Diary, the first step in taking care an ampalaya
is to apply fertilizer on the soil. Add 1 teaspoon of fertilizer on the soil.

The second step is vine training. A kind of system that refers to the position of the vine. This aims to
minimize the space, quality, and reduce costs of facilitation, According to Plumpton College.

The last step is Pest Management.  Pest management is a method to keep away of unwanted pests.
http://tmnehs.gov.in/writereaddata/Chap-14.pdf

Benefits of Ampalaya

According to Gourmet Farms, ampalaya leaves and fruits are rich in sources of Vitamin B, calcium, and
phosphorus. It is also a rich beta carotene, it has the ability to enhance cells and promote insulin.

Ampalaya has the ability to reduce total cholesterol. It also has the ability to lower the blood sugar or
the amount of sugar intake by Teddy Brul.

As said by Kidney Cares Organization, ampalaya is beneficial in curing kidney stones and helps maintain
healthy liver and bladder.

Issues/Side Effects of Ampalaya

According to Nalanda College, ampalaya can make heartburn and make ulcer worse. Also pregnant
women are not allowed to eat or drink any food with ampalaya. It may stimulate the uterus and may
cause a premature birth.
Taking too much or taking a large doze of ampalaya can cause abortion for pregnant women in
accordance with All about Diabetes.

Related Studies

Department of Science And Technology of the Philippines conducted a study on Ampalaya seeds as
Coffee. The study shows that ampalaya are capable of having the same taste as coffee, it can be a
substitute for coffee. This is not only cheaper, but also full of healthy benefits. The first process of this is
grinding the seed and toasting it until it can be mixed with water like the coffee powder. The weight of
the ampalaya seed is 23.3 grams before grinding, after grinding the weight was 11.4 (it is a powdered
version) . After the pulverization of the seed, the sample which is the powder is put on a cup with hot
water and is tasted. It tasted like a coffee, bitter but without caffeine. They concluded that ampalaya can
be a source of coffee.

Common use of ampalaya seeds

According to Rasco, E.T. Jr there are improvement of ampalaya by local plant over the last five years
resulted in the commercial. These new cultivars can result in yield which ten times the average yield and
more resistant to diseases.

(http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH8910474)

 Origin of ampalaya seeds

 herb is a plant that is valued for flavor, scent, or other qualities. Herbs are used in cooking, as
medicines, and for spiritual purposes. From ancient days to now a day, medicinal plants are a potential
and useful for the treatment of several diseases and disorders and it actually originated in India and
eventually carried to  chain during the 14th century.

(http://herbalnet.healthrepository.org/handle/123456789/2564)

Health benefits of ampalaya seeds

Most of the useful health benefits of bitter gourd never come to the forefront at all. For example, did
you know that bitter gourd is a medicinal food for people with liver disorders? One of the prime health
benefits of bitter gourd is that, it helps to cleanse the liver and regenerate the liver cells. This healthy
vegetable has beauty benefits too.

Coffee

Benefits

According to www.rd.com or www.readersdigest.com , a clinical study in Illinois discovered that caffeine

has the ability to reduce the swelling of the blood vessels and can lessen the intensity and frequency of
headaches. Some subjects were experimented and 58 percent reported beneficial relief. .
    Coffee has the ability to lessen the risk of having Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson's disease. These
two are the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the world. By drinking coffee, the risk of this
disease will lessen 32-60 percent in accordance with Authority Nutrition.

   Cancer is one of the leading causes of death; by drinking coffee this can be prevented. Coffee can
lessen the risk of obtaining two types of cancer. According to Authority Nutrition, the two types of
cancer are liver cancer and colorectal cancer, liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer while
colorectal cancer is the fourth one.

Side Effects

       According to Top End Sports, however, although coffee have many god benefits it also has negative
side effects. Too much of coffee us bad for the health. Increase amount of caffeine the body can leady to
restlessness, nausea, sleep difficulties, urine production, many more.

        Excessive of caffeine can lead to dehydration, taking coffee on hot day weather will result of a lot of
fluids in the body bases on Fit Day.

Drinking too much coffee may result to difficulty in absorbing minerals. Based on a study, Coffee disturbs
the distribution of minerals in the body.

Components

Caffeine

  It is a bug killer that stimulates us by blocking neuroreceptors for the sleep chemical adenosine by
Wired Magazine.

Quinic Acid

       Along citric and malic represent an important ingredient of coffee's total acid content. Coffee
Chemistry, during roasting quinic acid progressively increases as the levels of chlorogenic acid decrease
suggesting that its formation results from the cleavage of the chlorogenic acid moiety

Trigonelline

 a niacin-related compound, is a natural constituent of coffee accounting for approximately 1% dry

matter in roasted beans.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710155

Process

Planting 

           According to NCA USA, coffee bean is actually a seed. When it is not yet processed it can be
planted it will turn into a coffee tree. Coffee is usually places in a large bed if shades. After growing into
a sprout, the seedling is removing and it will be planted in individual pots and requires bright sunlight.
Planting requires a wet season so other plants will be moist and the roots will mature.
Harvesting The Cherries

      Depending on the kind of coffee bean, it will take estimate 3 to 4 years for the newly planted coffee
trees to grow to bear fruit. The bear fruit is called a coffee cherry; it is a bright, deep red when it is ripe
and ready to be harvested.

Processing The Cherries

     After the cherries are harvested, the cherries are to be prevented from spoilage.    There are two
ways to prevent this, the dry method and wet method.

      The dry method is placing the cherries on a clean mat on a huge surface and letting expose on the
sun.

     The wet method is removing the pulp from the coffee cherry. The skin of the cherry removed by a
machine.

Drying The Beans

   Once the beans are processed in the wet method, they are supposed to be dried by exposing it to thr
sun. The beans are put on drying tables.

Milling The Beans

The beans are needed to be process before exportation.

Hulling

Machines are used to separate the parchment layer of the cherry.

Polishing

This step is optional only if there is left silver skin on the cherry

Grading and Sorting

The beans are sorted by variety of size and shape before exportation.

Exporting The Beans

 Once the beans are processed carefully it is ready for exportation. These are transported either is sisal
bags or jute.

Tasting The Coffee

 For a sure taste and quality it is tested by tasting the coffee. The coffee is roasted and is concentrated
on a high temperature. To taste the coffee, the cupper "slurps" a spoonful with a quick inhalation.

Roasting The Coffee

The roasting process is controlled by a machine. The roasting machine maintains its temperature which
is 550 Fahrenheit. When the beans turn brown they are put in water or air for it to cool down.

Grinding Coffee

   Grinding coffee turns the beans into a powder version by a machine. The better the powder the easier
the preparation it will be.

Countries

According to National Coffee Association, countries that produce coffee are North America, Caribbean,
Central America, South America, Africa, Middle East and Asia.

Coffee Bean 

Types of Coffee Bean

Through the studies of coffee bean there are two types of coffee bean the two types of coffee bean is
Arabic beans and Robusta bean. These two kinds of beans are used than the other large variety of
beans.

The beans in the coffee are one of the concerns of average people who drink coffee. The Coffee Arabica
bush is grown all around the world and is the bean that over seventy percent of all coffee beverages are
made from.

The Arabica bean is a highly flavorful bean that contains less caffeine than the Canephor coffee bean.
The different growing regions of the Arabic bean create different flavors in the bean.info stated in here
can be found inhttp://www.coffee.org/types-of-coffee-bean

 Differences

But the two types of bean have 6 difference between each other There are two kinds of coffee beans
that are used in production, Arabica and Robusta.

They differ in taste and where they are grown. The most preferred beans is Arabica while Robusta are
commonly used in blends.

First,  their flavor the Arabica bean is mostly used in the 3 n 1 packets of sachet we see in stores but the
Robusta bean is described as much more richer bean but it has a much more stronger  and contain a
higher level of caffeine than Arabica beans has a much more milder aromatic taste.
When it comes to their difference in shape, Arabica beans are flat and elongated while Robusta beans
have a more obvious rounded shape.

In color the Arabica beans have a darker shade of green.

Proper Care

The  Robusta bean but when it comes to proper care and  temperature of cultivating Arabica beans are
cultivated in more subtropical climates and can only be grown in higher climates in places such as
Central and South America.

Robusta beans on the other hand can be cultivated at lower altitudes and require little rainfall to grow,
making them more common to places in Central and West Africa and South East Asia. based on this
sitehttp://www.coffeebeansblog.co.uk/6-differences-between-arabica-and-robusta-coffee-beans/

Origin

Based on http://www.coffeeresearch.org/coffee/history.htm, there is a legend about coffee. This is how

the story goes. An Arabian shepherd names Kaldi found his goats hapoy around a bold green nature with
bright red cherries in the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula.Kaldi tasted the red cherries to know it's
effect. He learned it was the reason why his sheep were acting that way. This amazing effect was a used
by monks at a local monastery to keep people awake during praying activites and extend praying hours
around the world. But because of recent research evidence suggested a different type of coffee bean
origin. This evidence indicates that the history of the coffee bean began on the plateaus of central
Ethiopia and somehow it has been brought to Yemen where it was cultured since the 6th century upon
the first rising of various coffee shop in Cairo and Mecca that have been a passion rather than a
stimulant.

CHAPTER THREE:

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Coffee is a much known beverage to the majority of the people. It is known for its stimulating effect on
the functions of the brain, thus making the drinker active. Variants of coffee flavors were already
produced all throughout the world aiming for the discovery of alternative sources for coffee
production. The researchers’ goal is to make an alternative coffee bean using amapalaya seeds since
ampalaya tastes bitter. The researchers also chose this because people nowadays drink coffee at work
and when they are in home. This product is also cheaper than the branded coffees which we can see in
supermarkets.

Materials
·         Amapalaya seeds

·         Mortar and Pestle

·         Baking pan (for roasting)

·         Pan (for roasting)

·         Ladle

·         Knife

·         Chopping board

Procedure

In making Ampalaya Coffee Beans, you only need one ingredient and two tools. The ingredient that you
need is ampalaya seeds, the two tools are mortar and pestle or something that can break an object into
pieces. This method is needed to be done by an adult to be safe. Be careful in cooking the seeds in order
to achieve the goal.

1. Ready your whole and fresh ampalaya. Cut it into half and get the seeds inside.

2. Peel the cover of the ampalaya seeds.

3. Dry the seeds with a dry cloth or with a tissue paper.

4. You can either roast it in a pan until its color turns black or bake them in an oven in a medium
temperature (250 degrees) for 10-15 minutes. But if you want to be sure, you better do both until you
achieve the exact taste and color.

5. Crush the roasted/toasted ampalaya seeds using mortar and pestle until it looks like powder
(pulverized). Do not crush the ampalaya seeds completely; leave bits of solid ampalaya seeds for
comparison taste.

6. Put the powder in a secure container in order for the aroma of the powder to stay.

7. Now, the product is complete. This product can be tastier by putting the right amount of sugar and/or
creamer. 

Timetable:

Time Table of Activities

-Chapter One:
October 9: Statement Of Objective

October 12: Significance of the study

October 14: Scopes and Delimitations

-Chapter Two

November 25: Review of Related Literature and Studies

-Chapter Three: Methodology

December 21: Procedure

            Timetable

            Materials

            Introduction

-Chapter Four: Presentation and Analysis of Data

January 10: Table of Trials

            Findings

            Analysis

Chapter Five: Conclusions and Recommendations

January 10: Conclusions

            Recommendations

Bibliography: January 13
Appendices: January 15

          Appendix A: Document Procedure

          Appendix B: Planning Documents

January 19: Cover Page

           Acknowledgements

           Abstract Table of Contents

  

CHAPTER FOUR:

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSES OF DATA

Trial Materials Observation Results

1 Ampalaya seeds, pan, The seeds are not fully Based on the
strainer, mug, mortar cooked/roasted. The observations, we did
and pestle. seeds are not bitter as not get the desired
the commercially product for trial 1.
available coffee. There Further trials are to be
are some solids of done
seeds left uncooked
and dry.

2 Ampalya seeds, pan, The seeds were fully The researchers

strainer, mug, mortar roasted. The aroma of obtained the desired
and pestle and oven the seeds smelled and product of ampalaya
tray. tasted like the coffee. The seeds
commercially available turned into a powder
coffee. Without adding look but still bits of
cream and sugar. ampala seeds are left.
The coffee tastes and
smellslike the
commercially available
coffee.
Trial 1

On the first trial, the materials used are ampalaya seeds, pan, strainer, mug, mortar and pestle. The
result was not the desired one that the researchers are looking for. The result of the ampalya seeds
were dry, bits of seeds are left uncooked. When the powder is poured on a hot water, it is not fully
dissolved. The powder did smell like the commercially available coffee but did not taste as it.

Trial 2

On the second trial Same materials were used but instead the researchers cooked and baked the seeds.
The researchers got the desired product. The product smelled and tasted like the commercially available
coffee. The aroma was bitter as same with the taste. 

CHAPTER FIVE:

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion/s

We, the researchers, therefore conclude that ampalaya seed can be an effective alternative for coffee
beans because of the following:

1. Aroma - The aroma of the seeds smelled like the commercially available coffee. Just smelling the
powder, it would be hypothesized it is coffee.

2. Taste - Because it is our final product actually tastes like the commercially available coffee.

3. Appearance - Between the product that the researchers made and the commercially available coffee,
there were a slight difference with the appearance. The commercially available coffee is pure powder
unlike the product the researchers made; bits of seeds are still uncooked.

4. Quality - When the powder is poured into a hot water not all of the powder is fully dissolved. As said,
some bits are left uncooked.

Recommendation
            1. Materials

- The researchers recommend using a grinder and toast to fully break the seeds into pieces.

- The researches also recommend finding other alternative seeds that are bitter like amapalaya seeds.

2. Procedure

- The researches recommend cooking the crushed ampalaya seeds before baking for it to be easily
baked. Cooking it will affect the texture, to be smooth just like the commercially available coffee.

- The researchers recommend baking the crushed seeds to obtain the aroma of a commercially available
coffee.

Bibliography

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     December 2014.

Brul, T.(2013).Ampalaya.Retrieved from alagad.com.ph on December 2014

Clinton, A et al.(-).Trigonelline Is a Novel Phytoestrogen in Coffee Beans.Retrieved

     from repository.tamu.edu on December 2014.

Green, M.(1999).Direct seeding systems.Retrieved from www.i.agric.gov.ab.ca on

     December 2014.

Gunnars, K.(-).13 proven health benefits of Coffee.Retrieved from authoritynutrition

     .com on December 2014.

Harani, K et al.(2010).Momorcida Charantia.Retrieved from globalresearchonline.net

     on December 2014.

Justo, P.(-).What's inside a cup of Coffee.Retrieved from archive.wired.com on

     December 2014.

Maheswari, R.(2014.Momorcida Charantia.Retrieved from ijrbs.com on

     Deceember 2014.

Rasco, E.(-)Improved cultivars of Ampalaya.Retrieved from agris.fao.org on

     December 2014.

Rivera, J.(2014).Unlocking Coffee's chemical composition.Retrieved from

     coffeechemistry.com on December 2014.

Robertson, S.(2006).What are Flavonoids?.Retrieved from news.medical-net on

     December 2014

Tacio, H.(2011).Growing Ampalaya.Retrieved from sunstar.ph on December

     2014.

Unknown.(2006).Health benefits of Cocoa Flavonoids.Retrieved from eufic.org on

     December 2014.

Unknown.(-).Alkaloid.Retrieved from biology-online.org on December 2014.

Unknown.(-).Alkaloids:contain N-containing Heterocylce.Retrieved from www2.

     mcdanieledu on December 2014.

Unknown.(2005).Herbal medicine:Ampalya.Retrieved from philippinesherbalmedicine

     .org on December 2014.

Unknown.(2011).Karela.Retrieved from healthbynature.co.uk on December 2014.

Unknown.(2012).Bitter Melon:types and benefits.Retrieved from forum.xcitefun.net

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Unknown.(-).How to prepare the rice field for planting.Retrieved from knowledgebank

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Unknown.(-).Plastic Mulching for crop production.Retrieved from agridir.in on

     December 2014.

Unknown.(-).Planting and transplanting.Retrieved from illinois.edu on December

2014.

Unknown.(2014).How to grow Ampalaya for business.Retrieved from businessdiary

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Unknown.(-).Vine training systems.Retrieved from wineskills.co.uk on December

     2014.

Unknown.(2011).Snippets on Ampalaya.Retrieved from gourmet.com.ph on

     December 2014.

Unknown.(2014).Is Ampalaya good for high Creatine level people.Retrieved from kid

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Unknown.(2014).Ampalaya and Kidney Disease.Retrieved from allaboutdiabetes.net

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     2014.

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Appendix A
Cut the ampalaya in half to get the seeds.
Once you get the seeds, remove their soft coating to get the real hard covered seeds.

Roast the seeds in a frying pan in medium heat or bake them in 250 degrees for 10-15 minutes or until
you get your desired color and taste of your seeds

Crush the roasted seeds using mortar and pestle and strain them using a strainer to get the pulverized
seeds. 

Complete your coffee by putting creamer or sugar.