UNIT 11: SEEING IS BELIEVING

Grammar - modals of probability: In this unit the focus is on must/may/could/might/can't for

probability. The language work is divided across two presentations. The first covers present modal
forms must/could/might/can't + infinitive. The second presentation covers the past modal forms
must/may/could/might/can't + have + past participle.

Vocabulary: The vocabulary focus in this unit is phrasal verbs with out and up, e.g. work out, make
up. You will analyse dictionary extracts, and then work on a range of phrasal verbs and their meanings
in context.

Everyday English: This lesson highlights the use of common adverbs for expressing attitude in
speaking, e.g. obviously, hopefully, etc.

VOCABULARY
find out: descubrir, enterarse de
break up: separase, deshacerse, interrumpirse
break out of: fugarse, escaparse
eat up: acabar, terminar
eat out: cenar fuera
save up: ahorrar, guardar
sort up: ordenar, clasificar
take up: comenzar
fall out: pelearse, reñir, discutir
come up with: inventarse, elaborar, conseguir
star doing: comenzar a hacer
thought of: considerado
had an argument: tener una discusión
ended their relationship: acabar la relación
scaped from: paisaje
work out: ejercitarse
make up: inventar, preparar, construir
apparently: aparentemente
obviously: obviamente
of course: desde luego
to be honest: sinceramente
exactly: exactamente
personally: personalmente
in fact: de hecho
naturally: por naturaleza
unfortunately: lamentablemente
really: realmente
generally: generalmente
presumably: presuntamente
hopefully: con suerte
anyway: de todas maneras
apparently: aparentemente
acquaintance: conocido
agitated: agitado, inquieto
irritably: de manera irritada
scandal: escándalo, vergüenza
disturbed: trastornado, perturbado, afectado
lump: bulto
look like: parecerse a

GRAMMAR:
PROBABILITY IN THE PRESENT AND FUTURE

1. Must and can't express the logical conclusion of a situation.

Must = logically probable. Ex: He must be exhausted. He hasn't slept for 24 hours!
Can't = logically improbable. Ex: Sue can't have a ten-year-old daughter! She's only 24!

2. May/might/could express probability in the present or future.

May/might + not is the negative.
Ex: He might be lost.
Ex: They may be stuck in traffic.
Ex: You could win the lottery whis week.
Ex: Dave and Beth aren't at home. They could be at the concert, I suppose.

3. The continuous infinitive is formed with be + ing.

Ex: You must be joking!
Ex: They can't still be eating!
Ex: Peter might be working late.
Ex: I could be sitting on a beach right now.

ASKING ABOUT POSSIBILITIES

To ask about possibility/probability we usually use Do you think...?

Ex: Do you think sh'es married? She can't be

Ex: Where do you think he's from? He might be Portuguese.

PROBABLITY IN THE PAST

1. The perfect infinitive is formed with have + past participle. Ex: He must have caught a later
train.
2. These forms express degrees of probability in the past. Ex: She can't have told him about us yet.
Ex: The letter may have got lost in the post. Ex: They could have moved house.
3. The continuous infinitive is formed with have + been + ing. Ex: She must have been joking. Ex:
He could have been lying to you.

Actividades:

– “Could have” , “should have” or “would have”

1. I could have bought bread but I didn't know we needed it. (past possibility)
2. We should'n have invited so many people to our party! I'm worried that we won't have enough
room for everyone. (past negative advice/regret)
3. I shouldn't have started saving money years ago! (past advice/regret)
4. We would have joined you at the restaurant, but we couldn't get a babysitter. (past willingness)
5. The weather couldn't have been any worse!. (past negative possibility)
6. I couldn't have arrived on time, even if I'd left earlier. There were dradful traffic jams all the
way. (past negative possibility)
7. They could have won the football match, but John hurt his ankle. (past possibility)

– Put in “must + infinitive” or “must + have + past participle”:

1. Keiko always does really well on exams. She must study a lot.
2. That woman drives a very expensive car. She must have a lot of money.
3. You must have practised a lot before you gave your speech. It was really great.
4. Where is my purse? I saw it earlier, so it must be in this room.
5. Sarah couldn't find her glasses. She though she must have left them at her office.
6. It must be cold outside. That man in the street is wearing a coat.
7. All my plants must be dead! I forgot to water them before I letf for my holiday.

– “Can't” or “must”

1. Why is that man looking around like that? He must be lost.

2. That woman can't be a doctor! She looks far too young.
3. John always fails the tests, even though he's clever. He can't study enough.
4. Who's that at the door? It can't be Suise – she'll still be at work now.
5. Yhe food is really good at the restaurant. They must have a great chef.
6. This must be Jonh's house. This house has a red door, and it's numer 24, just like he said.
7. Julie can't have much moeny, or she would buy a new car. Her old ones is falling apart.

– Rewrite the sentences using the modal verbs in brackets.

1. It's possible that Jane will visit Switzerland next year. (could)
- Jane could visit Switzerland next year.
2. I'm thinking about taking Spanish lessons. (may)
- I may take Spanish lessons.
3. I'm sure they'll be home by now. (must)
- They must be home by now.
4. It's possible the weather will be sunny tomorrow. (might)
- The weather might be sunny tomorrow.
5. I'm sure that Mrs Smith didn't leave home. (cant)
- Mrs Smith can't have left home.
6. James definitely isn't eighteen yet! (can't)
- James can't be eighteen yet!
7. Perhaps she's gone to stay with her mother. (might)
- She might have gone to stay with her mother.

– Rewrite the sentences using a modal verb.

1. It isn't necessary for you to take a jacket.

- You needn't / don't have to take a jacket.
2. I advise you to see a dentist.
- You should see a dentist.
3. You aren't allowed to talk during the exam.
 - You mustn't talk during the exam.
4. It's forbidden to park here.
- You mustn't park here.
5. I advise you to study harder.
- Ypu should study harder.
6. He is obliged to go to the police station twice a week.
- He must go to the police station twice a week.
7. Tom knows how to speak Spanish.
- Tom can speak Spanish.

WRITING: EXPRESSING ATTITUDE

Ex: Did you hear about Marcus? You know, the guy who works in my office, Well apparently, he's going
to be promoted. To be honest, I don't understand why. Personally, I think he's hopeless ar his job. He
never does any work. In fact, all he does all day is chat to his friends on the phone and drink coffe.
Unfortunately, his desk is next to mine. Presumably, he'll move to another office now, so hopefull I won't
have to work with him any more. Apparently, enough about me. How's your work going? Are you still
enjoying it?