Chemical Reactivity and

Organic Reactions

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Reaction Mechanism

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3.2 Carbon-Containing Intermediates

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Carbon-Containing Intremediates

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Problem 1 Write formulas for the species resulting from the (a)
homolytic cleavage and (b) heterolytic cleavage of the C⎯C
bond in ethane, C2H6, and classify these species.

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Types of Organic Reactions

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Problem 2. Identify each of the following as (1) carbocations,
(2) carbanions, (3) radicals, or (4) carbenes:

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3.4 Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Reagents

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Problem 3. Indicate whether reactant (1) or (2) is the
nucleophile or electrophile in the following reactions:

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3.5 Thermodynamics

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3.6 Bond-Dissociation Energies

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Problem 4. Calculate ΔH for the reaction CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl. The
bond-dissociation energies, in kJ/mol, are 427 for C—H, 243 for Cl—Cl,
339 for C—Cl, and 431 for H—Cl.

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3.7 Chemical Equilibrium

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3.7 Chemical Equilibrium

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3.8 Rates of Reaction

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3.8 Rates of Reaction

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3.9 Transition-State Theory and Enthalpy
Diagram

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3.9 Transition-State Theory and Enthalpy
Diagram

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3.10 Bronsted Acid-Base

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3.10 Bronsted Acid-Base

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 3.11 Basicity (Acidity) and Structure
The basicity of a species depends on the reactivity of the atom with the unshared pair of electrons, this atom being
the basic site for accepting the 𝐻 + . The more spread out (dispersed, delocalized) is the electron density on the
basic site, the less basic is the species. The acidity of a species can be determined from the basicity of its conjugate
base.

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3.11 Basicity (Acidity) and Structure

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3.12 Lewis Acids and Bases

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