Mass Transfer I

Convective Mass Transfer

 Convective Mass Transfer

 Convective mass transfer: Transfer of a

component between two phases that is
promoted by the motion of the fluid phase(s)

NA = kc DcA See Examples

24.8 & 28.1
Convective Mass Transfer
Coefficient
What is the unit of kc?
 It is analogous to convective heat transfer:
q/A = h DT 2
Example 24.8

3
Example 28.1

4
 kc and h are related to:

 Properties of the fluid

 Dynamic characteristics of the flowing fluid
 Geometry of the system of interest

5
 Parameters for Analysis of
Convective Mass Transfer
 Analogy Between Momentum, Heat and
Mass Transfer:

1. Momentum Diffusivity = n = m/r [=] L2/t

2. Thermal Diffusivity = a = kth/r Cp [=] L2/t
3. Mass Diffusivity = DAB [=] L2/t

6
 Concentration Boundary
Layer
 In the case of fluid flowing past a surface, there will
be a layer, sometimes extremely thin, close to the
surface wherein the flow is laminar  Molecular
mass transfer will always be present in any
convective process through such boundary layer.

 If the fluid flow is laminar, then all of the transport

will be by molecular means.
 If the fluid flow is turbulent, eddies will move the
material physically  higher mass transfer rates
are associated with turbulent conditions
7
Velocity and concentration profiles:

v∞

[cA∞ – cAs]
y
v=v(y) [cA – cAs] = f(y)

At the height of the velocity/concentration boundary

layer, the bulk conditions will apply
8
 Two General Cases of
Convective Mass Transfer

1. Two immiscible fluid phases in contact

(transferred “A” is soluble in both phases)

2. Fluid contacting a solid surface (solid acts

as a source or a sink)

9
 1. Two immiscible fluid phases in
contact (“A” is soluble in both phases)

 This process is known

as interphase
convective mass
transfer (Chapter 29):
1. Gas-Liquid Contact
(e.g., absorption,
stripping, evaporation)

2. Liquid-Liquid Contact
(e.g., liquid-liquid
extraction)
10
 2. Fluid contacting a solid surface
(solid acts as a source or a sink)
z=d z=0
Porous Solid
cA0 (Molecular Transfer)

L = characteristic
length of solid

cAs
NAz
NAz = kc (cA0 – cAs) NAz = -DAB cA
+ cA V

Fluid Boundary
Layer

 At steady state, cA0 and cAs are constant, and

 At the thickness of the boundary layer (z = d):
NAz(convection) = NAz (molecular diffusion) 11
 dcA
kc  cA0  cAs  =  DAB  cAV
dz
Multiply both sides by L, rearrange:
molecular mass
 d [ c A  c As ] 
 
kc L  dz  z =0 transfer resistance
Sh = =  c A 0  c As 
=
DAB   convective mass
 L 
transfer resistance
Sherwood Number
(dimensionless)
12
 Methods for Evaluating
Convective Mass Transfer
1. Dimensional analysis coupled with
Experiments

2. Exact boundary layer analysis

3. Approximate boundary layer analysis [Not required]

4. Analogy between momentum, energy and mass

transfer

13
 1. Dimensional Analysis of
Convective Mass Transfer
 Target: finding dimensionless groups which
affect the mass transfer behavior.

 Solution:
Sh = f(other dimensionless groups),

 Experiments needed to determine functionality

14
 Dimensionless Groups for
Convective Mass Transfer
See Example 28.2

Analogous to Prandtl Number

(Pr) in Heat Transfer

Analogous to Nusselt
Number (Nu) in Heat
Transfer
15
16
 Example 1. Forced Convection

Step 1: Define the effective variables

No. Variable Symbol Dimensions
1 Diameter D L
2 Fluid density r M.L-3
3 Fluid viscosity m M.L-1. t -1
4 Fluid velocity v L . t -1
5 Diffusivity DAB L2. t -1
6 MT Coefficient kc L . t -1
6 variables 3 Dimensions
17
 Step 2: Determine number of dimensionless
groups:
No. groups = number of (variables – dimensions)
= 6 – 3 = 3 groups p1, p2, p3

 Step 3: Define key variables with the same

number of groups
 3 key variables which may affect the system:
kc, m, v (remaining variables: D, r, DAB)
18
 Step 4: Propose general formulas for dimensionless
groups (each containing one key variable):
1=L0 M0 t0 Dimensions:
p1 = Da r b DABc kc 1 = La (M.L-3)b (L2.t -1)c (L.t -1)
p2 = Dd r e DABf m 1 = Ld (M.L-3)e (L2.t -1)f (M.L-1.t-1)
p3 = Dg r h DABi v 1 = Lg (M.L-3)h (L2.t -1)i (L.t -1)

 Step 5: Analyze the dimensions of the proposed

groups
19
 Step 6: Solve for the constants (a, b, …, i):

p1  1 [M0.L0.t0] = La – 3b+2c+1 M b t –c – 1
M: b = 0
t: – c – 1 = 0  c = -1
L: a – 3b + 2c + 1 = 0  a – 0 – 2 + 1 = 0  a = 1

p1 = D1 r0 DAB-1 kc = D kc / DAB
D.kc
p1 = = Sh
DAB
20
Similarly;

p2  M0.L0.t0 = Ld – 3e+2f – 1 Me+1 t –f –1

m
Dimensional Analysis  p2 = = Sc
r DAB

p3  M0.L0.t0 = Lg-3h+2i+1 Mh t–i–1

D.v 𝜌𝐷𝑣
p3 = Divide p3 by p2  𝜋3′ = = 𝑅𝑒
DAB 𝜇
21
 Conclusion: For forced convection, the
three dimensionless groups [Sh, Sc, Re] are
sufficient to describe the mass transfer
behavior
How can we determine this
 Sh = f(Sc, Re)
functionality?

 Experiments can be done by varying only Re

and Sc and observing the variations in Sh
22
 Example 2: Natural Convection

Step 1: Define the effective variables

No. Variable Symbol Dimensions
1 Characteristic length L L
2 Fluid density r M.L-3
3 Fluid viscosity m M.L-1. t -1
4 Buoyancy gDrA M.L-2. t -2
5 Diffusivity DAB L2. t -1
6 MT Coefficient kc L . t -1
6 variables 3 Dimensions
23
 Exercise: Work the detailed solution for this
example as in the previous one.

Prove the Final Solution:

L.kc r DAB 1
p1 = = Sh p2 = =
DAB m Sc

𝐿3 𝑔 ∆𝜌𝐴 Grashof No. for

𝜋3 = = 𝐺𝑟𝐴𝐵 natural convection
𝜌
24
 Assuming:
(1) constant cT and DAB, (2) RA = 0, (3) st.st. 
v. cA = DAB 2c
A

c A c A   2cA  2cA 
vx  vy = DAB  2  2 
x y  x y 

Boundary Conditions:
(1) cA = cAs @ y = 0 (2) cA = cA∞ @ y = ∞
25
 Solution:
dc A  Re x 
=  c A  c As  0.332 
dy y =0  x 
 Flux :
dc A  Re x 
N Ay =  DAB =  DAB  c A  c As  0.332 
dy y =0  x 
= kc  c As  c A 
26
 DAB  
 kc = 0.332 Re
x  
x

kc x
or Sh = = 0.332 Re 0.5
x (for Sc = 1)
DAB

If Sc ≠ 1 

kcx
Shx = = 0.332 Re x Sc
12 13

D AB
27
 Mean mass transfer coefficient (kc,av) over a
plate of width W and length L is obtained
by integration over area: Remember: kc
depends on x
Moles transferred (wA) = òA kc (cAs - cA∞) dA
= WL kc,av (cAs - cA∞)
See the integration details in book 
k c ,av L
ShL = = 0.664 Re1L 2 Sc 1 3 Average “Sh” for a
D AB plate length of “L”
ShL = 2  Shx x=L See Example 28.3 28
Example 28.3

29
 3. Approximate Analysis for SELF READING
MATERIAL;
Concentration Boundary Only for
knowledge
Layer
 Used for turbulent flow or non-plate configurations
 Take CV inside the boundary layer: wA3

wA
Material Balance: wA1 wA4
2

wA1 – wA2 + wA3 + wA4 = 0

dc  d dc 
wA1 = W  cAvx dy wA3 = Wc A   vx dy  Dx
0 x  dx 0 
dc
wA2 = W  cAvx dy wA4 = Wkc  c As  c A  Dx
0 x Dx
30
 SELF READING
MATERIAL;
Only for
knowledge

 Substitute wA1 through wA4 into the material balance

equation,
 Divide the resulting equation by “W Dx”,
 Take the limit when Dx  0, rearrange 
d  dc 
  c  c  v dy = kc  cAs  cA 
dx  0 
A A x

Boundary Conditions:
(1) (cA – cAs) = 0 @y=0
(2) (cA – cAs) = (cA∞ – cAs) @ y = dc
(3) d(cA – cAs)/dy = 0 @ y = dc
(4) d2(cA – cAs)/dy2 = 0 @y=0 31
 SELF READING
MATERIAL;
Only for
knowledge

 Solution (see details from book):

Shx = 0.36 Rex1/2 Sc1/3

 Very close to the exact solution

(0.332 instead of 0.36  8% error)

32
 4. Mass, Energy and
Momentum Transfer Analogies
 If we have heat transfer coefficient (h)  we can
calculate the mass transfer coefficient (kc), and
vice versa
 All analogies require:
1. Constant physical and chemical properties
2. No generation of energy or mass (no homo. reaction)
3. Velocity profile is not affected by mass transfer
4. No viscous dissipation (no energy loss due to
momentum)
 We will consider two analogies:
A. Reynolds Analogy
B. Chilton-Colburn Analogy
33
 A. Reynolds Analogy
 Reynolds analysis applies for {Sc = Pr = 1}, and
for laminar flow:
(vx/v∞)|y=0 = [(cA – cAs)/(cA∞ – cAs )|y=0 =0

 After simplifications (see textbook for details):

c Fv  h
kc = =
2 r .c p
Analogy w.
Momentum Analogy w. cF = skin factor coeff.
Transfer Heat Transfer
34
 B. Chilton-Colburn Analogy

 Modification of Reynolds analogy for {Sc ≠1,

Pr ≠1}:

23 23
k c Sc cF h Pr
j = = =
v 2 r .v  .c p

Self Study Assignment: Study Examples 28.4 – 28.6

35
 Example:
Air flows at 15 ft/sec flow parallel to a pan containing water. The boundary layer solution for a flat
plate provides the following correlations:

laminar flow: Sh x = 0.322 Re1x 2 Sc1 3

turbulent flow: Sh x = 0.0292 Re 4x 5 Sc1 3
with the transition occurring at Re x = 3  10 5 .

Physical property data:

v air = 1.81  10 4 ft 2 sec D waterair = 2.81  10 4 ft 2 sec
a air = 2.37  10 4 ft 2 sec r air = 0.0735 lb m ft 3

C p,air = 0.24 BTU lb m F
o

(a) What are the Prandtl and Schmidt Numbers?
(b) Determine the local value of the mass transfer coefficient, k c , at a distance of 4.5 ft from the
leading edge of the pan.
(c) Based on the reported mass transfer area, predict the local value of the heat transfer coefficient at
the same location.
(d) At what position does the flow switch from laminar to turbulent flow?
(e) How would you calculate the mean k c at 4.5 ft from the pan?
36
 Solution:
n air = 1.81  10 4 ft 2 sec
air flow v  = 15 ft/sec D AB = 2.81  10 4 ft 2 sec
a air = 2.37  10 4 ft 2 sec
NA r air = 0.0735 lb m ft 3
c p,air = 0.24 BTU lb m F
o

pan of water

n air 1.81104 ft 2 sec Why use properties

(a) Pr = = = 0.764 of air when the
a air 2.37 10 ft sec
4 2

fluid represents
n air 1.81104 ft 2 sec
Sc = = = 0.644 a mixture?
D AB 2.81104 ft 2 sec

37
(b) Get local k c at x = 4.5 ft
 sec  4.5ft 
 Re  3 105 
v x 15 ft
Rex = = = 3.73  10 5
 turbulent
n air 1.81104 ft 2 sec
x

kcx
 Sh x = = 0.0292 Re 4x 5 Sc1 3
D AB
Shx = 0.0292  3.73 10 
5 45
 0.644 = 722.8
13

Shx D AB 722.8  2.81  10 4

ft 2 sec  = 0.045
kc = = ft sec
x 4.5 ft

38
(c) Get h, given k c and Chilton-Colburn Analogy

kc 2 3 h
Recall jD = Sc jH = Pr 2 3
v rc p v 
23
 Sc 
jD = jH  h =k c rc p  
 Pr 
23
ft lb 0.24 BTU  0.644 
h = 0.045  0.0735 m3/   
sec ft lb m o F  0.764 
4 BTU
h = 7.110
ft 2  seco F
39
(d) At transition from laminar to turbulent flow
v  ,air L c
Re Lc =
n air
𝑅𝑒 𝐿 𝑐 .𝜈 𝑎𝑖𝑟
OR 𝐿𝑐 =
𝑣∞ ,𝑎𝑖𝑟
ft 2 4
 Lc = 3 10 *1.8 10
5
15 ft sec = 3.6 ft
sec

turbulent

laminar

0 leading L c = 3.6 ft 4.5 ft

edge 40
 (e) To get mean k c , must integrate local k c for both laminar & turbulent regimes
Lc L
 
 c,laminar
k dx   k c, turbulent dx
0 Lc
kc = L
 dx

0

12
0.332 D AB  v x  0.332 D AB v1 2 Sc1 3 1 2
k c ,laminar =   Sc =
13
x
x  n  n 12

45
0.0292 D AB  v  x  0.0292 D AB v 4 5Sc1 3 1 5
k c, turbulent =   Sc =
13
x
 n  n 45
x

12 13 Lc =3.6 ft 45 13 Lc = 4.5 ft
0.332 D v Sc 0.0292 D v Sc
AB 
x1 2  AB 
x4 5
0.5 n 12
0.8 n
45
Lc =3.6 ft
 kc =
0

L 41
OR
k c = 0.664
D AB 1 2 1 3
L
Re t Sc  0.0365
D AB 1 3
L
[
Sc Re 4L 5  Re 4t 5 ]
 k c = 4.409 102 ft sec 1.03 102 ft sec = 5.44 102 ft sec

compare to local k c = 0.0451 ft sec at x = 4.5 ft

42
Example: Problem 28.25

43
 Solution:
Energy Balance:
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝑫𝒓𝒐𝒑 𝒃𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒚 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑄
= 𝜆𝐴 . 𝑁𝐴 . 𝑀𝐴
𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

ℎ 𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑠 = 𝜆𝐴 . 𝑘𝑐 𝑐𝐴𝑠 − 𝑐𝐴∞ . 𝑀𝐴

ℎ 𝑇∞ −𝑇𝑠
 𝑐𝐴𝑠 − 𝑐𝐴∞ = (1)
𝑘𝑐 𝜆 𝐴 .𝑀𝐴

44
Recall Chilton-Colburn Analogy:

kc 2 3 h
Recall jD = Sc jH = Pr 2 3 jD = jH
v rc p v 
23
h  Sc 
 = rc p   (2)
kc  Pr 

Substitute Equation (2) into Equation (1):

𝑆𝑐 2/3 𝑇∞ −𝑇𝑠
𝑐𝐴𝑠 − 𝑐𝐴∞ = 𝜌𝑐𝑝 (3)
𝑃𝑟 𝜆 𝐴 .𝑀𝐴

Sc = … = 0.600
Pr = …. = 0.708 45
 1177 𝑔 1.066 𝐽 0.600 2/3 310−290 𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙
 𝑐𝐴𝑠 − 𝑐𝐴∞ = 𝑚3 𝑔.𝐾 0.708 𝐽 𝑔 = 0.478
𝑚3
2461 ×18
𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑃0 1940 𝑃𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝐴𝑠 = = = 0.805 3
𝑅. 𝑇 𝑚3 𝑚
8.314 𝑃𝑎. ∗ 290 𝐾
𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝑚𝑜𝑙
 𝑐𝐴∞ = 0.805 − 0.478 = 0.326
𝑚3

46
 Specific Correlations for
Fixed Configurations
Chapter 30 gives detailed correlations for calculating
the mass transfer coefficients (Laminar and
Turbulent) for:
1. Flat Plates
2. Single Spheres
3. Spherical bubble swarms
4. Single Cylinders
5. Flow through pipes
6. Wetted wall column
7. Packed and fluidized beds
8. Stirred tanks
47