POZAR chapter 01: example 01 24/12/2020 08:42:56.

EXAMPLE 1.1
Click any to open the MATLAB script solving this exercise. Run script to read question and calculate solution.
On 1st run, the exercise is solved and the results are stored in .mat file. Parameters can be modified to solve
exercise variations. MATLAB student licences are cheap and there is a type that does not even require to be
registered in any university or college. All comments welcome.
To download and install MATLAB as well as review help on specific commands click any MATLAB icon:

Contents

Introduction
Quick solution to example 1.1
1D Basic Modelling Scenarios
[ED] 1D FDTD starting example
So why the low timing of [ED] opening example?
Solution: Split simulation and display
Saving and retrieving simulated E H
Absorbing materials on boundaries
Simulating How to Measure relative permittivity
[WRK1] 1D Example
Literature References
Notes
[ED] Original Appendix A : 1D wave slow simulation
Support functions to [ED] Example
Appendix A to [ED] : Original 1D wave slow simulation

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Introduction
Electromagnetism is one of the branches of physics [VIK1].

Maxwell equations, the base to classical electromagnetism, are explained, among others, in detail in professor Fitzpatrick Lectures, read [FPAT].

Attached to this documents, copy of [ORF1] chapter 1 and chapter 2. Also attached solutions manual to exercises in [ORF1] chapters 1 and 2.

In my opinion the most concise, compact and at the same time useful text explaining the constitutive equations of electromagnetism is [SDK1] 3rd edition
(still with Fortran routines)and the 4th edition, same title with all support code in MATLAB.

Waves are solutions to Helmholtz (combined Maxwell) equations.

A perfectly flat plane wave travelling through an infinite homogeneous material is equivalent to a 1D wave propagation/attenuation model.

Starter Example FDTD 2D in [RAO1] , example 2D horn radiation [CHT1].

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Quick solution to example 1.1

To solve the following 8 lines suffice:

pozar_01_example_01.m

c0=299795856; % [m/s]
etha0=120*pi; % [ohm]
f0=5e9 f0 =
5.000000000000000e+09
% probably out of direct measurement, wavelength is provided
lambda=.03 lambda =
0.030000000000000

kz=2*pi/lambda % propagation constant kz =

2.094395102393196e+02
vp=lambda*f0 % phase velocity vp =
150000000
er=(c0/vp)^2 % relative permittivity er =
3.994558012212122
etha=etha0/er^.5 % wave impedance etha =
1.886239140163974e+02

These calculated parameters are key solutions for Maxwell equations.

Next, a 1st contact with Finite Difference Time Domain to solve 1D wave equations.

In order to work with Electric and Magnetic fields efficiently, any engineer knows that either you work with spectrum analysers and tools of the trade,
meaning real measurements from real signals, or the next best thing, under certain limited circumstances (these circumstances being time and simulation
tools availability) one models, simulates and develops designs efficiently, preventing design problems propagate to field operations and down to production
lines, store shelves, and worst case would be to customers.

To this purpose literature references [ED] [TXEP] [WRK1] are included as support sources while solving [POZAR] with MATLAB.

[ED] is among the best literature references I have found so far to simulate electromagnetic fields with the FDTD method. I have modified [ED] Appendix
A, a 1D FDTD starter script example (comment [1]).

6 Basic 1D Modelling Scenarios

[TXEP] suggests the following

1D circuits as a start point to use
FDTD in electromagnetics
simulation:

1. 1 material, open () sides

2. 1 material, mirror sides
3. 1 material, absorbing sides
Limit source to 1 direction

4. Calculate  and T
5. Multiple materials

modifying [ED] Appendix A script

to simulate these cases.

[ED] Appendix A original 1D

script is appended at the end of
these notes, and also attached in
zip as Appendix_A.zip:

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In the above slide readers

see 6 scenarios, yet when
reaching [TXEP] 2D slide
containing 2D proposed start
exercises, a 7th case periodic
BC case may also be useful.

[ED] 1D FDTD starting example

So, a good start simulating electromagnetic waves has to do with implementing the following 7 points:

1.- Basic FDTD 1D loop. [ED] supplies a starter.

2.- Control source location, place source on one side.
3.- Absorbing boundaries instead of perfect reflectors.
4.- Add one way source. The general wave solution pings a pulse both ways.
With a temporary reflector, just standing behind the source for the duration of the pulse, then one can 'beam' the source towards
just one boundary.
5.- Cyclic space, aka periodic Boundary Conditions: Folding the transmission line under test onto smaller identical space consecutive cells.
Whatever pulse leaving rightwards automatically re-enters from the left side.
6.- How to calculate transmittance and reflectance when boundaries are not perfect (conductor / absorber).
7.- Add arbitrary device and measure.

In this example the 4 initial points are solved

Since nx is amount of cells, I have renamed number_of_time_steps to nt .

When dimensioning the space to simulate, one cannot simply double or halve for
instance domain_source , or make the cavity larger or smaller without the simulation
potentially suffering dispersion.

[ED] Appendix A script shows heavy numerical dispersion. Because the script is so slow,
the amount of time iterations is so low that only the 1st bouncing shows up, if the
spectators have patience to wait.

If one increases number_of_time_steps=25000 , enough to see travelling pulses a

few times backward and forward, this is what happens:

And it's even not half way the total number_of_time_steps and just a couple
bounces.

One way to reduce numerical dispersion is to change dx=1e-4; dt=1e-13;I0=15 so

the time dispersion parameter equals the space dispersion, read [ED] chapter 2 and
[TXEP].

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I0 is the pulse amplitude, that has to be modified accordingly because the display
box is static, doesn´t shrink or expand to meet the signals inside.

So this is [ED] suggested pulse, with the signal source located right in the middle of
the 1D grid, in between perfect metal reflectors.

Since example 1.1 is about calculating wave parameters of a 5GHz plane wave
travelling through lossless dielectric medium, electric field wave with expression
E0*cos(2*pi*f0*t-beta*z), then replacing the Gaussian test pulse with sin^2
seems reasonable.

To measure numerical dispersion of the algorithm we need to have a look at

lambda0 and kx, so using a single frequency signal makes things easier.

Again, with the initial script parameters dx and dt, the dispersion is again excessive
for a burst of sin^2 pulses.

Excessive numerical dispersion renders simulation efforts pointless because the

signal eventually falls down to same signal levels as the dispersion.

Following, code lines to build a single frequency burst of pulses, overlapped, in red, the Gaussian pulse.

source_position = .125; % define source

source_position_index = round(nx*source_position/domain_size)+1;
I0=1

t0=2e-10 % gauss pulse; use gaussian pulse as reference only

% t0=0
tau0=5e-10
Jz_waveform_ref = I0*exp(-((time-t0)/tau0).^2)';

f0=2.5e9 % test pulse: sin burst

Np=4 % amount of cycles, 1 cycle = 2 (sin)^2 peaks
t_window=Np*1/f0
n0=floor(t_window/dt)
nt1=[0:1:2*n0];
Jz_waveform=…
[I0*sin(2*pi*f0*nt1*dt).^2 zeros(1,nt-2*n0-1)];

figure;plot(time,Jz_waveform);grid on
hold all
plot(time,Jz_waveform_ref);title('test signal + reference')
close all

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A parameter missing in [ED]

Appendix A script is the ratio
lambda/dx . From [TXEP]

Effect of dx too small:

f0=1e8
I0=.3

domain_size=1.25

dx=1e-2
dt=1e-13
nt=75000

n3=1 % dx=n3*dx;dt=n3*dt
n2=3 % main loop time step

it's supposed to be sin^2 1st bounce back off perfect reflector.

After playing a bit with different values of dx and dt as shown in following fdtd_1d_4_1.m , [ED] Appendix A simulations starts going somewhere.
Free space defined in initialize_fields_and_materials_1.m

[ED] shows the good practice of building different modules instead of writing all code in same single file. I have modified [ED] start script in Appendix A,
into the fddtd_1d_4_1.m . All support functions to run fdtd_1d_4_1.m are:

check_cell2lambda.m
check_numerical_stability.m
E_display_loop.n
init_E_display_loop.m
initialize_fdtdt_coefficients.m
initialize_fields_and_materials_1.m
initialize_plotting_parameters.m
measure_numerical_dispersion.m
plot_fields_while_solving_fdtd.m

Just once more, I have renamed [ED] plot_fields.m to plot_fields_while_solving_fdtd.m to highlight the point that it's not an efficient practice to
nest plot inside for loops. Even more considering that at each iteration electromagnetic fields coefficients are updated, that for relatively large models,
there is where the computing capacity has to go, not to repeating command plot every time fields are updated.

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% fdtd_1d_4_1_1.m

close all;clc;clear all

eps_0=8.854187817e-12; % permittivity of free space

mu_0=4*pi*1e-7; % permeability of free space

c0=1/sqrt(mu_0*eps_0); % light speed

etha0=120*pi

n4=1/2
eps_0=n4*eps_0;
mu_0=n4*mu_0;

%% TIME SPACE YEE FRAME

domain_size = 20.25; % 1D problem space length in meters

dx = 1e-2; % space resolution
nx = round(domain_size/(dx)); % number of space cells
x=[0:dx:domain_size]

nt = 75000; % number of main loop iterations

dt = 1e-11; % time resolution

time = dt*[0:nt-1].'; % define time reference vector

% GEOMETRY

Ndim=1 % Ndim may take values [1 2 3] 1D 2D or 3D problem

n3=1
% eps_0=n3*eps_0
% mu_0=n3*mu_0
domain_size=n3*domain_size
dx=n3*dx
dt=n3*dt

% BAND

f0=5e7;
lambda0=c0/f0

check_numerical_stability

% SIGNAL SOURCE, current

source_position = .1 %25; % define source position

source_position_index =
round(nx*source_position/domain_size)+1;

I0=50 % signal amplitude

% gauss pulse; here used as reference only, test carried out with burst of
single freq sin cycles
% t0=2e-10
% % t0=0
% tau0=5e-10 changed amplitude, frequency, and length material under test.
% % Jz_waveform_ref = I0*exp(-((time-t0)/tau0).^2)';
% Jz_waveform_ref = I0*exp(-((time-t0)/tau0))';

% test pulse: sin^2 burst

Np=1; % amount of cycles, 1 cycle = 2 (sin)^2 peaks

t_window=Np*1/f0;
n0=floor(t_window/dt);
nt1=[0:1:n0];
Jz_waveform=[I0*sin(2*pi*f0*nt1*dt).^2 zeros(1,nt-n0-1)];

% figure;plot(time,Jz_waveform);grid on % check pulse

% hold all
% plot(time,Jz_waveform_ref);title('test signal + reference')
% % close all

measure_numerical_dispersion
check_cell2lambda % Nlambda>10 at least

%% INIT CALCULATION LOOP

initialize_fields_and_materials_1 % free space

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initialize_fdtd_coefficients
initialize_plotting_parameters;

Hy_sim=zeros([nt size(Hy)]);
Ez_sim=zeros([nt size(Ez)]);

%% CALCULATION LOOP : calculate simulation

tic
n2=1 % just for test purposes
for kt=1:n2:nt % FDTD loop, kt: previous time_step

Jz(source_position_index) = Jz_waveform(kt);
Hy(1:nx) =...
Chyh(1:nx).*Hy(1:nx)+Chyez(1:nx).*(Ez(2:nx+1)-...
Ez(1:nx))+Chym(1:nx).*My(1:nx);
Ez(2:nx) =...
Ceze(2:nx).*Ez(2:nx)+Cezhy(2:nx).*(Hy(2:nx)-...
Hy(1:nx-1))+Cezj(2:nx).*Jz(2:nx);

Hy_sim(kt,:)=Hy; % recording field values

Ez_sim(kt,:)=Ez;

if kt<=n0
Ez(source_position_index-1)=0;
end

Ez(1) = 0; % Apply PEC boundary condition at x = 0 m

Ez(nx+1) = 0; % Apply PEC boundary condition at x = domain_size

plot_fields_while_solving_fdtd;
end
toc

%% INIT E DISPLAY LOOP

init_E_display_loop

%% INIT H DISPLAY LOOP

%% E DISPLAY LOOP

E_display_loop

%% H DISPLAY LOOP

initialize_fields_and_materials_1.m

% initialize_fields_and_materials_1.m
% support function for fdtd_1d_4_1.m

% free space
Ceze = zeros(nx+1,1);
Cezhy = zeros(nx+1,1);
Cezj = zeros(nx+1,1);
Ez = zeros(nx+1,1);
Jz = zeros(nx+1,1);
eps_r_z = ones(nx+1,1); % free space
sigma_e_z = zeros(nx+1,1); % free space
% sigma_e_z = 4.4e-4*ones(nx+1,1); % Silicon
% sigma_e_z = 2e-4*ones(nx+1,1); % distilled water
% sigma_e_z = 4*ones(nx+1,1); % sea water

% sigma_e_z=5.823e7 % Cu
% sigma_e_z=6.173e7 % Ag
% sigma_e_z=5 % sea water
% sigma_e_z=9.52e7 % Pt

Chyh = zeros(nx,1);
Chyez = zeros(nx,1);
Chym = zeros(nx,1);
Hy = zeros(nx,1);
My = zeros(nx,1);
mu_r_y = ones (nx,1); % free space
sigma_m_y = zeros(nx,1); % free space

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I tried scaling permittivity and permeability in [ED] Appendix A script but there was no reduction in processing time.

n41=.5 % eps_0 scaling Yee stable

n42=.5 % mu_0 scaling time dispersion
space dispersion
domain_size=1.25 Nlambda % not too large but >10
dx=1e-4
nx=domain_size/dx

nt=7500000
dt=1e-13

n3=1 % domain_size scaling

f0=5e7

I0 =1200 % signal amplitude

n2=50 % main loop time step

Also tried mu_0=1 and eps_0= eps_0/mu_0 but far worse, nothing starts, yet all busy.

So why the low timing of [ED] opening script?

It turns out that the bulk of the delay is caused by a plot function inside main for loop:

Applying tic toc with nt=7.5e6 and plot_fields.m suppressed, then it only takes 41 seconds to generate all data.

tic Elapsed time is 41.402304 seconds.

for kt=1:n2:nt

..

% plot_fields;

end
toc

When attempting to store all simulated values the required size of the variables where storing simulated fields may exceed MATLAB default matrix roof size:

Hy_sim=zeros([size(Hy) nt]);
Ez_sim=zeros([size(Ez) nt]); Error using zeros
Requested 12500x1x7500000 (698.5GB) array exceeds maximum array
.. size preference. Creation of arrays greater than this limit may
take a long time and cause MATLAB to become unresponsive. See
for kt=1:n2:nt array size limit or preference panel for more information.

..

Hy_sim(:,kt)=Hy;
Ez_sim(:,kt)=Ez;

..

end

n2 only for test purposes. One cannot use n2 too high or the shape of the test signal is lost. Also, n2>1 in the time loop compresses the signal in space.
The signal is still going to bounce back wherever a reflector is found, but then domain_size reduction may be the only way to get the signal getting to any
boundary, for the same nt.

I found it useful to collect main parameters in Excel spread sheet fdtd_budget.xls and shift values up and down before applying them in the script:

c0 2.9981E+08
f0 5.0000E+07
lambda0 5.9963E+00
domain_size 1.0250E+01 2.0250E+01
Yee cell size: dx 1.0000E-02 1.0000E-02
amount space samples: nx 1.0250E+03 2.0250E+03
observation_time
amount time samples: dt 7.5000E+06 7.5000E+04
time resolution: dt 1.0000E-09 1.0000E-11
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Yee stable? 1>? 2.9981E+01 2.9981E-01

eps0 8.8530E-12
mu0 1.2566E-06

N_lambda 5.9963E+02 5.9963E+02

source current amplitude: I0 5.0000E-01 1.0000E+01

nx*nt 7.6875E+09 1.5188E+08

tic toc without plot inside loop [seconds] 6.2000E+01 1.0000E+01
8.7000E+01

Solution: Split simulation and display

Splitting the main loop into two loops, one for simulation calculations, and
the other one to display values, fdtd_1d_4_1_2.m

This approach allows to simulate fields with wait time a fraction only of that
required to run [ED] Appendix A script. The pace of the simulation display
can also be changed without having to recalculate every single time. On the
right hand side the start pulse that correctly bounces on both side boundary
perfect conductors.

At the cost of a few more lines, I have copied all necessary files to run fdtd_1d_4_2.m into a separate folder. This is another point that perhaps [ED]
should consider in next edition, because while the abundance of working scripts helps read and understand a text, having to guess what files to reuse from
previous chapters doesn't help.

init_E_display_loop.m

% init_E_display_loop.m

% support function for fdtd_4_1.m

Ez_peak=abs(max(max(Ez_sim))) % display very 1st trace

Ez_disp=Ez_sim(2000,:);
hf2=figure(2);
hf2.Name='Ez';
plot(Ez_disp);grid on;grid minor; title(hf2.CurrentAxes,'simulated Ez');
axis(hf2.CurrentAxes,[0 nx+1 -1.1*Ez_peak 1.1*Ez_peak]);

% replace display reference vector numerals with actual physical distance

dXTick=domain_size/numel(hf2.CurrentAxes.XTickLabel); % capture XTick
x_ruler=[0:dXTick:domain_size]';
cell_x_ruler=mat2cell(num2str(x_ruler),ones(1,size(num2str(x_ruler),1)),size(num2str(x_ruler),2));

for sk3=1:1:numel(cell_x_ruler) % limit XTickLabel to just 2 decimals

L1=cell_x_ruler{sk3};
L1(L1==' ')=[]; % remove ' ' from XTickLabel

loc_dot=find(L1=='.'); % take 2 decimals only

if ~isempty(loc_dot)
dloc_dot=length(L1)-loc_dot
switch dloc_dot
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case dloc_dot<2
L1=L1([1:find(L1=='.')+length(L1)-loc_dot]);
case dloc_dot>=2
L1=L1([1:find(L1=='.')+2]);
otherwise
end
end

cell_x_ruler{sk3}=L1;
end

hf2.CurrentAxes.XTickLabel=cell_x_ruler;

title(hf2.CurrentAxes,'simulated Ez')

E_display_loop.m

n20=5 % simulation display rate

for kt=1:n20:nt/10
Ez_disp=Ez_sim(kt,:);
hp1=plot(hf2.CurrentAxes,Ez_disp); grid on;grid minor;

axis(hf2.CurrentAxes,[0 nx+1 -1.1*Ez_peak 1.1*Ez_peak]);

hf2.CurrentAxes.XTickLabel=cell_x_ruler;

% the following 4 lines require n2 from 5 to 55 for similar signal rate

% lg1=legend(hf2.CurrentAxes,'Ez','Location','northeastoutside')
% title(lg1,['f0 = ' num2str(f0) ' Hz'])
% text(hf2.CurrentAxes,2100,.01,['simulation loop: kt = ' num2str(kt) ])
% text(hf2.CurrentAxes,2100,.008,['simulation time: t = ' num2str(kt*dt) ])

if kt>1
E_frame(floor(kt/n20))=getframe; % ignore 1st frame
end

drawnow
end

Propagation through lossy materials

In fdtd_1d_4_3.m as requested in one of [ED] exercises, a

lossy material simulation is implemented

In initialize_fields_and_materials.m instead of using ideal

material, use real conductivities.

sima_e_z=zeros(nx+1,1) has been replaced with for

instance, Silicon conductivity:

sigma_e_z = 4.4e-4*ones(nx+1,1)

the pulse correctly shifts forward only (rightwards) and bounces

back correctly on both sides until simulation time steps
exhausted.

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Saving and retrieving simulated E H

The main purpose of including fields simulation in the very 1st example of [POZAR] solved with MATLAB is to build and upgrade tools needed when
working with electromagnetic fields. Since potentially many models my require considerable time or even need graphics card, read [ED] closing chapter,
in this example I have a 1st contact with the need of efficient storage of the simulated fields. A basic start point may be function save_load_fields.m
appended at the end of this note.

Why recalculate it all every time? here I briefly attempted adding storage support function for calculated fields, including clause to choose whether use
stored fields, if in same folder, or just recalculate. With

dx = 0.010000000000000
dt = 9.999999999999999e-12
f0 = 50000000
nt = 75000
nx = 2025

then

nt*nx =
151875000

Yet stored field in file size, for different parameters used, for just Ez_sim , it exceeds 2GB.

I also check whether getframe would somehow save disk space for same simulated field size.

% E_display_loop.m

% support file for fdtd_4_1.m

% run E display loop with E_sim stored values

n20=5 % simulation display rate

for kt=1:n20:nt/10
Ez_disp=Ez_sim(kt,:);
hp1=plot(hf2.CurrentAxes,Ez_disp); grid on;grid minor;

axis(hf2.CurrentAxes,[0 nx+1 -1.1*Ez_peak 1.1*Ez_peak]);

hf2.CurrentAxes.XTickLabel=cell_x_ruler;

% the following 4 lines require n2 from 5 to 55 for similar signal rate

% lg1=legend(hf2.CurrentAxes,'Ez','Location','northeastoutside')
% title(lg1,['f0 = ' num2str(f0) ' Hz'])
% text(hf2.CurrentAxes,2100,.01,['simulation loop: kt = ' num2str(kt) ])
% text(hf2.CurrentAxes,2100,.008,['simulation time: t = ' num2str(kt*dt) ])

if kt>1
E_frame(floor(kt/n20))=getframe; % ignore 1st frame
end

drawnow
end

movie can be used to reproduce simulation directly from workspace, with movie(E_frame)

save E_frame.mat E_frame

save('E_frame.mat','E_frame')

to load stored field

filename=E_frame.mat
load(filename)

or

load('E_frame.mat')

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However, it's a back-to-square-one effort: using getframe and movie doesn't save file size. There is no data compression because E_frame.mat and
E_sim_field.mat have same size.

Saving 1st derivative dE/dt, instead of E halves the size of the .mat file, but given the large amount of zeros, there has to be a far more efficient way to
save simulated fields data.

Edot_sim=diff(Ez_sim);
save Edot_sim.mat 'Edot_sim'

But tried the following

zip('Edot_sim.zip','Edot_sim.mat')

tic;tar('Edot_sim.tar','Edot_sim.mat');toc Elapsed time is 61.876906 seconds.

dir('E*field*') E_01_01_field.mat E_01_01_field.tar

L3=dir('E*field*') L3 =
2×1 struct array with fields:
name
folder
date
bytes
isdir
datenum

L3.bytes =
1.112588546000000e+09
=
1.112596480000000e+09

.mat to zip or tar compressed files all have same size.

I used save_load_fields.m right after the simulation loop:

n1_save='1'; % E field descriptors.

n2_save='1';
str_save_e=['Ez_' n1_save n2_save]
[str150_vars_file,num123,rload]=save_load_fields(Ez_sim,'Ez_sim',n1_save,n2_save,1)

n3_save='1'; % H field descriptors.

n4_save='1';
str_save_e=['Hy_' n3_save n4_save]
[str150_vars_file,num123,rload]=save_load_fields(Ez_sim,'Hy_sim',n1_save,n2_save,1)

Efficiently compressing fields data is one of the many benchmarks of commercial electromagnetic simulators. No further time will be spent on this point.

Absorbing materials on boundaries

[POZAR] example 1.1 supplies  = 3cm.

Such parameter is obtained measuring consecutive field peaks.

To measure consecutive peaks a stationary wave is required.

Resonators hold propagating waves stationary within the cavity volume.

Another convenient way is to match (transmit) or suppress (absorb) return waves.

To suppress electromagnetic waves, there are commercial products readily available.

On right hand side an example o real electromagnetic absorbing materials http://www.masttechnologies.com/rf-absorbers/

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All materials key electromagnetic parameters show some kind of

frequency dependency even this example different absorbers that
are frequency tuned for best absorbing response at certain
relatively narrow bands respectively.

https://leadertechinc.com/blog/different-types-rf-absorbers/

For those who still think in the comfort of water electromagnetic

behaviour simplified down to a perfect electric wall, from [AKZK]

eps =eps0*er

Solid line real(er) and dashed line imag(er)

Extensive database of materials refractive indices

[ED] chapter 7 develops a support function for 2D perfectly matched layer.

3D PML matching conditions:

I tried the following to simulate the so called Perfect Matched Layer PML

Ez(nx+1)=-Ez(nx)

the simple single code line, magic effortless single line of code that solves it all. But this IT mentality, that a single line of code can solve all, in line with the
thinking that a hand held calculator suffices to master electromagnetics, or a canoe rowing pad can do instead of a Sea King chopper. Don't want to
disappoint any one, but it doesn't work this way. Just shifting electric field phase 180° does not behave as PML, it's just another way to implement a
reflector.

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John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com attached: -- 14 / 26
POZAR chapter 01: example 01 24/12/2020 08:42:56.

[ED] chapter 7 2D implementation of a perfect PML layer requires PML

layers to have certain thickness

However, a magnetic wall, although not exactly a PML, it approaches the equivalent wave impedance to that of free space, as if the boundary layer were RF
'transparent'. To such purpose, replace

Ez(1) = 0;Ez(nx+1) = 0; % perfect reflectors at x=0 m and x=domain_size

with

Ez(nx+1) = -Ez(nx);
Hy(1) = 0;
Hy(nx+1) = 0;

also the following has been added in initialize_fields_and_materials

Ez(nx+1)=Cezxe_border1*Ez(nx)+Cezxby_border1*(Hz(nx+1)-Hz(nx))

Cezxe_border1=1
Cezxby_border1=dt/(eps_0*dx)

When using initialize_fields_and_materials_1.m lossless material, with With initialize_fields_and_materials_4.m , lossy material,
a hold all right before calling E_display_loop the following s obtained: Appreciate that the green line showing the return is far lower than when

If just 'some' absorption is ok, 'some' as in how many dB do you need, then an approximation of matched layer for 1D absorber would be a magnetic wall:

This is not a thick PML, just an approximation of PML code solution provide in [ED] chapter 7, but sometimes combining a thin absorber with lossy material
may be ok.

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John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com attached: -- 15 / 26
POZAR chapter 01: example 01 24/12/2020 08:42:56.

Simulating How to Measure Relative Permittivity

Now use fdtd_1d_4_5.m and support functions in same folder.

There's no need for absorber, or even to cut the transmission line at a specific
length. Not even to know the exact value of the load, but the closer to a short
the better to get as much return as possible.

However, a far longer train of pulses is needed, otherwise only 2 peaks would
show up when near reflection, and let's apply example 1.1 parameters.

In fdtd_1d_4_5.m the following FDTD parameters matching example 1.1 question are applied

domain_size = .25;
dx = 1e-3;
nt = 175000;
dt = 1e-13;
f0=5e9;
source_position = .01
I0=1
Np=5

obtaining the simulation on the right hand side:

One can now measure lambda

(176-145)*dx =
0.031000000000000

or directly

mean_Ez_sim=mean(Ez_sim,1);

figure;plot(x,mean_Ez_sim);grid on
xlabel('x');ylabel('Ez sim')

% solve odd samples around source

nsource_position=find(x==source_position)
mean_Ez_sim([nsource_position-1 nsource_position
nsource_position+1])=0

% fold signal to include negative peaks inbetween positive peaks

mean_Ez_sim=abs(mean_Ez_sim)

figure;plot(x,mean_Ez_sim);grid on
xlabel('x');ylabel('|Ez sim|')
title('stationary wave to measure \lambda')

[row,col,v]=findpeaks(mean_Ez_sim)

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x_peaks=x(col)
x_peaks =
0.008 0.016 0.045 0.075 0.107 0.143 0.175 0.206 0.235
hold all;plot(x(col),mean_Ez_sim(col),'ro')

% ignore peaks behind source position

x_peaks(x_peaks<source_position+.001)=[]

% now x_peaks samples behind or on the source have been removed

x_peaks
x_peaks = 0.016 0.045 0.075 0.107 0.143 0.175 0.206 0.235
lambda_measure2=mean(diff(x_peaks))
lambda_measure2 = 0.031285714285714

Once lambda has been measured, then it's time to plug the initial lines calculate wave constant kz propagation velocity vp and relative permittivity er

When producing enough pulses against any load other than PML or a matched load, if watching
long enough, then wave peaks are observable, similarly to [POZAR] example 2.4 supplied
measurement.

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John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com attached: -- 17 / 26
POZAR chapter 01: example 01 24/12/2020 08:42:56.

[WRK1] 1D Example

Pre-processing: eps0=8.854e-12
mu0=4*pi*1e-7
For a single Gaussian pulse from left to right across 2 different materials, c0=1/(eps0*mu0)^.5
from higher relative permittivity in left hand side material to er=1 on right
hand side. epsr1=2
epsr2=1
In the post-processing part the reflection coefficient obtained out the c1=c0/(epsr1)^.5
simulation is compared with direct calculation. c2=c0/(epsr2)^.5

D=1
tmax=3*4.5e-9

r=1
NX=1e2
dx=D/(NX-1)
dt=r*dx/c0
NT=ceil(tmax/dt)
x=[0:dx:D];

t0=60*dt
s=10*dt % pulse width

u1=zeros(NX,1);
u2=zeros(NX,1);
u3=zeros(NX,1);

a1=(c1*dt/dx)^2*ones(NX,1); % update eq parameter

idx2=find(x>D/2)
a1(idx2)=(c2*dt/dx)^2;

a2=(sqrt(a1(NX))-1)/(sqrt(a1(NX))+1); % absorbing boundary

hf1=figure(1)
hf1.OuterPosition=[672 550 776 513]
ax1=gca
axis([0 1 -2 2])
rectangle('Position',[0 -2 .5 4],...
'FaceColor',[.5 .8 .8],...
'EdgeColor','none')

grid on
hold on
hp1=plot(ax1,[.5 .5],[-2 2],'--')
ax1.DataAspectRatio=[1 4 1]

text(.8,1.5,['\epsilon_r_2= ' num2str(epsr2)],'FontSize',14)

text(.1,1.5,['\epsilon_r_1= ' num2str(epsr1)],'FontSize',14)
title('1D FDTD : 2 materials')
xlabel('x [m]')
ylabel('u','Rotation',0)

% generate initial value

u3([2:NX-1])=a1([2:NX-1]).*(u2([3:NX]) - 2*u2([2:NX-1]) + ...
u2([1:NX-2])) + 2*u2([2:NX-1]) - u1([2:NX-1]);
t=dt;
u3(1)=exp(-(t-t0)^2/(2*s^2)); % source left hand side
u3(NX)=u2(NX-1) + a2*(u3(NX-1)-u2(NX));

L1=line(x,u3)
L1.LineWidth=1.5

G1=text(1.2,1.5,[num2str(t/1e-9,2) ' ns'])

drawnow

hold off

for n=1:1:NT

u3([2:NX-1])=a1([2:NX-1]).*(u2([3:NX]) - 2*u2([2:NX-1]) + ...

u2([1:NX-2])) + 2*u2([2:NX-1]) - u1([2:NX-1]);
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John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com attached: -- 18 / 26
POZAR chapter 01: example 01 24/12/2020 08:42:56.

t=n*dt;
u3(1)=exp(-(t-t0)^2/(2*s^2)); % source left hand side

u3(NX)=u2(NX-1) + a2*(u3(NX-1)-u2(NX));
% absorbing boundary right hand side

L1.YData=u3
G1.String=[num2str(t/1e-9,2) ' ns'];
drawnow

% variables time shift

u1=u2;
u2=u3;

end

Repeat the above but with tmax=4.5e-9

Post-processing : comparing reflection coefficient out

of the simulation with the reflection coefficient
calculated directly.

To measure simulated reflection coefficient we check

pulse amplitudes.

er=2 to er=1 reflection and transmission coefficients

idx1=find(x<D/2);

% FDTD simulated reflection coefficient er=2 to er=1

[tmp,idx]=max(abs(u3(idx1)));
R1=u3(idx) R1 =
0.171932108058564
% Exact reflection coefficient er=2 to er=1
R2=(sqrt(1/epsr2)-1/sqrt(epsr1))/(sqrt(1/epsr2)+sqrt(1/epsr1)) R2 =
0.171572875253810

% FDTD simulated transmission coefficient er=2 to er=1

idx2=find(x>D/2);
T1=max(abs(u3(idx2))) T1 =
1.169703425227440
% exact transmission coefficient er=2 to er=1
T2=(2/sqrt(epsr2))/(sqrt(1/epsr2)+sqrt(1/epsr1)) T2 =
1.171572875253810

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John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com attached: -- 19 / 26
POZAR chapter 01: example 01 24/12/2020 08:42:56.

Repeat but now er=1 to er=2 and tmax=4.5e-9

post-processing er=1 to er=2

idx1=find(x<D/2)

% FDTD simulated reflection coefficient er=1 to er=2

[tmp1_,idx2]=max(abs(u3(idx1)))

R1=u3(idx2) R1 =
-0.172177960854231
% Exact reflection coefficient er=1 to er=2
R2=(sqrt(1/epsr2)-1/sqrt(epsr1))/(sqrt(1/epsr2)+sqrt(1/epsr1)) R2 =
-0.171572875253810

% FDTD simulated transmission coefficient er=1 to er=2

idx3=find(x>D/2);
[T1,idx4]=max(abs(u3(idx3))) T1 =
0.828531694115034
% exact transmission coefficient er=1 to er=2
T2=(2/sqrt(epsr2))/(sqrt(1/epsr2)+sqrt(1/epsr1)) T2 =
0.828427124746190

I also repeated with er=1 to er=20 same tmax and these are the
results

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John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com attached: -- 20 / 26
POZAR chapter 01: example 01 24/12/2020 08:42:56.

%% post-processing er=1 to er=20

idx1=find(x<D/2);

% FDTD simulated reflection coefficient er=1 to er=20

[tmp1_,idx2]=max(abs(u3(idx1)));

R1=u3(idx2) R1 =
-0.642044721718689
% Exact reflection coefficient er=1 to er=20
R2=(sqrt(1/epsr2)-1/sqrt(epsr1))/(sqrt(1/epsr2)+sqrt(1/epsr1)) R2 =
-0.634512004736886

% FDTD simulated transmission coefficient er=1 to er=20

idx3=find(x>D/2); T1 =
[T1,idx4]=max(abs(u3(idx3))) 0.365396558505793

% exact transmission coefficient er=1 to er=20

T2=(2/sqrt(epsr2))/(sqrt(1/epsr2)+sqrt(1/epsr1)) T2 =
0.365487995263114

Run attached script example_1D_2_materials_KWarnick.m to obtain all these graphs and results.

Literature References

[VIK1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

Classical
 Classical mechanics Acoustics Classical electromagnetism Optics Thermodynamics Statistical mechanics

Modern Quantum mechanics Special relativity General relativity Particle physics Nuclear physics Quantum chromodynamics

 Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Condensed matter physics Cosmology Astrophysics

Interdisciplinary Atmospheric physics Biophysics Chemical physics Engineering physics Geophysics Materials science

 Mathematical physics

[FPAT]

Classical Electromagnetism: An intermediate level course

by Richard Fitzpatrick

http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/em/lectures/lectures.html

[ORF1]

Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas

by S. Orfanidis, D. Ramaccia, A. Toscano

orfanidi@ece.rutgers.edu www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa

[SDK1]

Numerical Techniques in Electromagnetics with MATLAB

by Matthew Sadiku

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Numerical-Techniques-Electromagnetics-MATLAB-Third/dp/142006309X/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1523113439&sr=8-1fkmr0&keywords=Sadiki+Electromagnetics+MATLAB

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[RAO1]

Two dimensional wave interference using the FDTD method.

by Sathyanarayan Rao

attached copy

https://uk.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/55301-two-dimensional-wave-
interference-using-finite-difference-time-domain-method-fdtd?s_tid=prof_contriblnk

[WRK1]

Numerical Methods for Engineering an introduction using MATLAB and computational electromagnetics examples

by K.Warnick

[CHT1]

2D Horn Antenna's FDTD simulation

S. Chatterjee

attached copy

https://uk.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/31941-horn-antenna-s-fdtd-simulation?s_tid=srchtitle

[AKZK]

Water: Promising Opportunities For Tuneable All-dielectric Electromagnetic Metamaterials

A.Andryieuski, S.Kuznetsova, S.Zhukovsky1, Y.Kivshar, A. Lavrinenko , local copy

the particular table with water permittivity is referred by [AKZK] from:

Permittivity of pure water, at standard atmospheric pressure, over the frequency range 0-25 Thz and the temperature range 0-100 C.
W. Ellison,
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 36, 1–18 (2007).

Notes
[1] : [ED] Appendix A 1D script consumes too much time, not for the pulse to get to the boundaries only, but just for the pulse to show up on screen,
right after having launched the script. It's about 10 seconds! before the pulse shows up!? The reason is the nested plot in the main for loop. As often as
possible: generate 1st simulation data, and display AFTER, not while calculating simulations.

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John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com attached: -- 22 / 26
POZAR chapter 01: example 01 24/12/2020 08:42:56.

Support functions to [ED] Example

save_load_fields.m

function [str150_vars_file,num123,rload]=save_load_fields(A,str_field_name,n1,n2,field_type)
%
% FILE NAME: load_results_if_available.m
%
% DESCRIPTION: Support function for fdtd_4_1_3.m
%
%
%
% MATLAB script author: John Bofarull.
% jgb2012@sky.com jgb2014@live.co.uk

num123(1)=n1;
num123(2)=n2;
num123(3)=field_type;

if n1<10 L_chap_n=[ '0' num2str(n1)]; end % generate .mat file name

if n1>=10 L_chap_n=num2str(n1); end
if n2<10 L_ex_n=[ '0' num2str(n2)]; end
if n2>=10 L_ex_n=num2str(n2); end
if field_type==1 % ex_type=1 then Electric field
str150_vars_file=['E_' L_chap_n '_' L_ex_n '_field.mat']
str_field_type='E'
end
if field_type==0 % ex_type=0 then Magnetic field
str150_vars_file=['H_' L_chap_n '_' L_ex_n '_field.mat']
str_field_type='H'
end

rload=0 % 0: no results stored or script told to recalculate regardless of possibly available results.
% 1: results available, may reload and avoid recalculate.

Ldir=ls('*.mat'); % assume already in right directory: get list .mat files within same directory.
s=0 % s: amount .mat files with file name matching str150_var_file
% OS should have policy of unique file names in same folder active
k1=1
if size(Ldir,1)>0 % Ldir not empty
while s==0 && k1<=size(Ldir,1)
Ldir1=Ldir(k1,:);
if strcmp(str150_vars_file,Ldir1) % remove trailing heading possible blank characters in name.
s=1;
rload=1;
k1=k1+1;
else
s=0;
rload=0;
k1=k1+1;
end
end
end

if s==0 % Ldir empty = list doesn't contain str150_vars_file, results not available.

disp(['No previous ' str150_vars_file ' stored in folder, saving ' str_field_type ' field in .mat file.'])

L2=['save ' str150_vars_file ' ' str_field_name]

evalin('base',L2)

save(str150_vars_file,A)

rload=1;

return
end

prompt='Results already stored. Do you want to recalculate? Y/N [Y]: '; % list contains str150_vars_file, results available.
str150_input=input(prompt,'s');
if isempty(str150_input) || str150_input=='y' || str150_input=='Y'
rload=1;

return % recalculating

end

if str150_input=='n' || str150_input=='N'
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POZAR chapter 01: example 01 24/12/2020 08:42:56.

rload=0;
hw=whos;
Lvars={}
for k2=1:1:size(hw,1) % list with all .mat file names
if ~isequal(hw(k2).name,'str150_vars_file')
Lvars=[Lvars hw(k2).name];
end
end

disp('Loading Results ...');

str151=['load ' str150_vars_file];

evalin('base',str151)

pause(2)
disp('Stored results loaded.') % exit to avoid recalculating just loaded results

rload=0
num123(1)=n1;
num123(2)=n2;
num123(3)=field_type;

end

end

Appendix A to [ED] : Original 1D wave slow simulation

fdtd_solve.m

% This program demonstrates a one-dimensional FDTD simulation.

% The problem geometry is composed of two PEC plates extending to
% infinity in y, and z dimensions, parallel to each other with 1 meter
% separation. The space between the PEC plates is filled with air.
% A sheet of current source paralle to the PEC plates is placed
% at the center of the problem space. The current source excites fields
% in the problem space due to a z-directed current density Jz,
% which has a Gaussian waveform in time.

% Define initial constants

eps_0 = 8.854187817e-12; % permittivity of free space

mu_0 = 4*pi*1e-7; % permeability of free space
c = 1/sqrt(mu_0*eps_0); % speed of light

% Define problem geometry and parameters

domain_size = 1; % 1D problem space length in meters
dx = 1e-3; % cell size in meters
dt = 3e-12; % duration of time step in seconds
number_of_time_steps = 2000; % number of iterations
nx = round(domain_size/dx); % number of cells in 1D problem space
source_position = 0.5; % position of the current source Jz

% Initialize field and material arrays

Ceze = zeros(nx+1,1);
Cezhy = zeros(nx+1,1);
Cezj = zeros(nx+1,1);
Ez = zeros(nx+1,1);
Jz = zeros(nx+1,1);
eps_r_z = ones (nx+1,1); % free space
sigma_e_z = zeros(nx+1,1); % free space

Chyh = zeros(nx,1);
Chyez = zeros(nx,1);
Chym = zeros(nx,1);
Hy = zeros(nx,1);
My = zeros(nx,1);
mu_r_y = ones (nx,1); % free space
sigma_m_y = zeros(nx,1); % free space

% Calculate FDTD updating coefficients

Ceze = (2 * eps_r_z * eps_0 - dt * sigma_e_z) ...
./(2 * eps_r_z * eps_0 + dt * sigma_e_z);

Cezhy = (2 * dt / dx) ...

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POZAR chapter 01: example 01 24/12/2020 08:42:56.

./(2 * eps_r_z * eps_0 + dt * sigma_e_z);

Cezj = (-2 * dt) ...

./(2 * eps_r_z * eps_0 + dt * sigma_e_z);

Chyh = (2 * mu_r_y * mu_0 - dt * sigma_m_y) ...

./(2 * mu_r_y * mu_0 + dt * sigma_m_y);

Chyez = (2 * dt / dx) ...

./(2 * mu_r_y * mu_0 + dt * sigma_m_y);

Chym = (-2 * dt) ...

./(2 * mu_r_y * mu_0 + dt * sigma_m_y);

time = dt*[0:number_of_time_steps-1].'; % Define the Gaussian source waveform

Jz_waveform = exp(-((time-2e-10)/5e-11).^2);
source_position_index = round(nx*source_position/domain_size)+1;

initialize_plotting_parameters; % Subroutine to initialize plotting

for time_step = 1:number_of_time_steps % FDTD loop

Jz(source_position_index) = Jz_waveform(time_step); % Update Jz for the current time step

% Update magnetic field

Hy(1:nx) = Chyh(1:nx) .* Hy(1:nx) ...
+ Chyez(1:nx) .* (Ez(2:nx+1) - Ez(1:nx)) ...
+ Chym(1:nx) .* My(1:nx);

% Update electric field

Ez(2:nx) = Ceze (2:nx) .* Ez(2:nx) ...
+ Cezhy(2:nx) .* (Hy(2:nx) - Hy(1:nx-1)) ...
+ Cezj(2:nx) .* Jz(2:nx);

Ez(1) = 0; % Apply PEC boundary condition at x = 0 m

Ez(nx+1) = 0; % Apply PEC boundary condition at x = 1 m

% Subroutine to plot the current state of the fields

plot_fields;
end

initialize_plotting_parameters.m

% subroutine used to initialize 1D plot

Ez_positions = [0:nx]*dx;
Hy_positions = ([0:nx-1]+0.5)*dx;
v = [0 -0.1 -0.1; 0 -0.1 0.1; 0 0.1 0.1; 0 0.1 -0.1; ...
1 -0.1 -0.1; 1 -0.1 0.1; 1 0.1 0.1; 1 0.1 -0.1];
f = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8];
axis([0 1 -0.2 0.2 -0.2 0.2]);
lez = line(Ez_positions,Ez*0,Ez,'Color','b','LineWidth',1.5);
lhy = line(Hy_positions,377*Hy,Hy*0,'Color','r', ...
'LineWidth',1.5,'linestyle','-.');
set(gca,'fontsize',12,'FontWeight','bold');
axis square;
legend('E_{z}', 'H_{y} \times 377','Location','NorthEast');
xlabel('x [m]');
ylabel('[A/m]');
zlabel('[V/m]');
grid on;
p = patch('vertices', v, 'faces', f, 'facecolor', 'g', 'facealpha',0.2);
text(0,1,1.1,'PEC','horizontalalignment','center','fontweight','bold');
text(1,1,1.1,'PEC','horizontalalignment','center','fontweight','bold');

plot_fields.m

% subroutine used to plot 1D transient fields

delete(lez);
delete(lhy);
lez = line(Ez_positions,Ez*0,Ez,'Color','b','LineWidth',1.5);
lhy = line(Hy_positions,377*Hy,Hy*0,'Color','r', ...
'LineWidth',1.5,'linestyle','-.');
ts = num2str(time_step);
ti = num2str(dt*time_step*1e9);
title(['time step = ' ts ', time = ' ti ' ns']);
drawnow;

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John Bofarull Guix jgb2012@sky.com attached: -- 25 / 26
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Where is the whole collection of exercises?

This exercise is part of the collection of exercises Microwave Engineering POZAR 4th ed solved with MATLAB available in this website:
https://jgb2012.wixsite.com/microwave-eng-matlab

How can one get the main literature reference?

For instance from:

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Microwave-Engineering-David-M-Pozar/dp/0470631554

What about the solutions manual?

It's freely available https://www.scribd.com/doc/176505749/Microwave-engineering-pozar-4th-Ed-solutions-manual

For educational purposes only: https://www.copyrightuser.org/understand/exceptions/education/

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