POZAR chapter 01: ELECTROMAGNETIC BASICS example 02 24/12/2020 08:45:26.

EXAMPLE 1.2
Click any to open the MATLAB script solving this exercise. Run script to read question and calculate solution.
On 1st run, the exercise is solved and the results are stored in .mat file. Parameters can be modified to solve
exercise variations. MATLAB student licences are cheap and there is a type that does not even require to be
registered in any university or college. All comments welcome.
To download and install MATLAB as well as review help on specific commands click any MATLAB icon:

With higher frequencies, electrical flow tends to remain on the surface of good conducting materials. A thick enough metal shield completely enclosing a
volume may not carry any inner current regardless of high fields on the outer surface. Something important is that as small as it may be, a single crack, not
even through, screw hole or even apparently tight seams but with micro-gaps, those points let radiation in if wavelength small enough to get through.

While penetrating good metal, waves no longer propagate, but only attenuate.

Skin depth is the distance inwards a good metal where the amplitude of the surface electric field (proportional to current) has diminished by factor of
1/exp(1)=.38

If the metal is not thick enough, it behaves as a radiation director rather than a shield or reflector.

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pozar_01_example_02.m

Conductivities [S/m] at temperature T=20C

sigma_Al=3.816e7
sigma_brass=2.564e7
sigma_bronze=1e7
sigma_chromium=3.846e7
sigma_Cu=5.813e7
sigma_H2O_distilled=2e-4
sigma_Ge=2.2e6
sigma_Au=4.098e7
sigma_graphite=7e4
sigma_Fe=1.03e7
sigma_Hg=1.04e6
sigma_Pb=4.56e6
sigma_Nichrome=1e6
sigma_Ni=1.449e7
sigma_Pt=9.52e7
sigma_sea_water=[3:.1:5];
sigma_SiO=4.4e-4
sigma_Ag=6.173e7
sigma_steel_SiO=2e6
sigma_steel_stainless=1.1e6
sigma_solder=7e6
sigma_Tg=1.825e7
sigma_Zn=1.67e7

mu0 = 4*pi*1e-7 % [H/m]=[T*m/A] permeability in empty space

f0=1e10 % [Hz]

d_Al=(1/(pi*f0*mu0*sigma_Al))^.5 d_Al =
8.147342030111392e-07
d_Cu=(1/(pi*f0*mu0*sigma_Cu))^.5 d_Cu =
6.601155603989029e-07
d_Au=(1/(pi*f0*mu0*sigma_Au))^.5 d_Au =
7.862020187053144e-07
d_Ag=(1/(pi*f0*mu0*sigma_Ag))^.5 d_Ag =
6.405779616160865e-07

Shielding Efficiency GUI

As mentioned above: Shielding may be a countermeasure to consider when making a system EMC reliable but usually, it's best practice to reduce the
source of the interference.

Shielding is a 3D problem. And then you have doors, windows, air conditioning, water, gas pipes, electrical supply conduits .. at one time or another they
are open, if only once, therefore there is a temporary hole that may take in radiation, or let out radiation thus giving away position.

However, if shielding is the design choice, the 1st thing to do is to choose material and thickness, before considering the 'fencing lay-out'.

I have found a simple GUI launch here (change MATLAB directory to ..\Shielding Efficiency GUI) that helps to this purpose [TKT1] that solves shielding
thickness in the same way that [LNN1] poses the shielding problem I am going to review in the following point to this one; state a field measurement on a
given physical point, then state what would the desired field level should be instead, hit 'Calculate' and the GUI calculates skin depth and required shield
thickness. Problem example:

1m away from a 200kHz magnetic source.

The maximum allowable magnetic field H = 23 µA/m,
but H = 1.2 A/m is measured near the equipment.
A copper screen is going to be used for screening.
Cu parameters: µr=1, µ0=4π10-7 [H/m], ԑr=1,
σ=5.8*10^7 [S/m].

What thickness should this Cu screen have?

Answer: t=0.00044874 m

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How much field reaching the other side of the shield

Shielding effectiveness is concisely defined as the ratio between the incident field and whatever gets through to the other side of the shield [SHKL].
Shielding efficiency (or effectiveness) is completely equivalent to Return Loss, that in turn is s11.

[LNN1] has available a list of MATLAB scripts, and a few mock exams, for readers to get used to the type of questions undergraduates solve.

A skin depth related question is for instance:

1a. Determine the complex propagation constant in silver at 10 MHz. What is the attenuation constant at this
frequency? What is the phase constant at this frequency? Note: For silver, the relevant material parameters
are: r = 1, r = 1,  = 6.2 x 107 S/m.

background:
electric permittivity modelled as complex er=er1+1j*er2 ; er1, er2 both real

with good metal: er2 >> er1

gamma=1j*w*(mu*er)^.5=1j*w*(mu*er1)^.5 ~ (1+1j)*(w*mu*sigma/2)^.5

propagation constant: gamma=alpha+1j*beta

w=2*pi*f ; f [Hz]

er=er0*er ; er0=8.854187817e-12 % [F/m]=[C^2/N*m^2] permittivity in empty space

mu=mu0*mur ; mu0 = 4*pi*1e-7 % [H/m]=[T*m/A] permeability in empty space

Answer:

f=1e7 % [Hz] carrier

sigma=6.2e7 % [S/m] Cu conductivity
mu0 = 4*pi*1e-7 % [H/m]
mur=1;mu=mu0*mur

alpha=(2*pi*f*mu*sigma/2)^.5
beta=(2*pi*f*mu*sigma/2)^.5

gamma=alpha+1j*beta gamma =
4.947385058260738e+04 + 4.947385058260738e+04i

1b Determine the complex intrinsic impedance of silver at 10MHz.

although the wave impedance is etha/er^.5 that for this case it's (mu0/er0)^.5 377 for good
conductors

Answer:

ds=(2/(2*pi*f*mu*sigma))^.5 ds =
2.021269798537880e-05
etha=(1+1j)*1/(sigma*ds) etha =
7.979653319775384e-04 + 7.979653319775384e-04i

etha is defined as w*mu/k, so if a more specific Silver structure is defined, where the wave propagates or attenuates, then the intrinsic impedance becomes
dependent on terms like

1. physical dimensions, like 2 parallel sheets: Z0=etha*d/W d planes separation, W planes width.

2. and frequency: beta=(k^2-(n*pi/d)^2)^.5 Z_TM=beta*etha/k Z_TE=k*etha/beta

Z0= etha*d/W is Z_TEM

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1c. A 10 MHz, 1 V/m uniform plane wave is traveling through a block of silver. Determine the power dissipated
in the silver over a distance of 1 m within a region with a surface area of 2 m2.

E field through solid metal wave attenuates only.

ds=1/alpha ds = 2.021269798537880e-05

d1=1e-6;
exp(-alpha*d1) =
0.951730044997264

ds : skin depth, distance in metal that makes decrease field 1/exp(1) down from metal surface where wave arrives

That layer should be at least 20 times thicker to consume -8dB wave power as it would happen if layer thickness equal to skin depth

1/exp(1)^2 =
0.135335283236613
10*log10(1/exp(1)^2) =
-8.685889638065039

infinite block area

Pin=PL+Pout
Pin : wave power on ; PL power dissipated in metal ; Pout power that made it through. 1^2=(EL^2+.95^2)

EL=(1-.95^2)^.5 =
E1=1; % [V/m] 0.312249899919920
etha0=377; % [ohm]
Pin=E1^2/etha0 Pin =
0.002652519893899
PL=EL^2/etha0 PL =
2.586206896551725e-04
Pout=Pin-PL Pout =
0.002393899204244
L=-10*log10(exp(-alpha*d1)) L=
0.214862203065323
10*log10(Pin)-L =
-25.978275705123252
10*log10(Pout) =
% check -26.208941396280974
10^((Pin-L)/10) =
0.952311506211583

But the block is 2m^2 only surface facing incident wave, therefore we can calculate exactly how much power the metal sheet rather than block dissipates.

Assuming normal incidence

etha=(1+1j)*1/(sigma*ds) etha =
G=(etha-etha0)/(etha+etha0) % refl coef norm incid 7.979653319775384e-04 + 7.979653319775384e-04i
T=2*etha/(etha+etha0) G=
-0.999995766762165 + 0.000004233219915i
Pin2=T*Pin T=
E2=abs(Pin2^.5*etha0) 4.233237835386676e-06 + 4.233219915159966e-06i
Pin2 =
fun1=@(z) E2*exp(-2*alpha*z); 1.122874757396996e-08 + 1.122870004021211e-08i
PL=sigma/(2*etha0)*2*integral(fun1,0,d1) E2 =
Pin 0.047507704768769
PL =
0.007438841772073
Pin =
0.002652519893899

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But a 1.41*1.41 sheet of silver metal is quite expensive, and fragile.

If instead of 2sqm we attempted to use 10cm * 10cm = .01sqm then

PL=sigma/(2*etha0)*.01*integral(fun1,0,d1) PL =
Pin 3.719420886036357e-05
Pin =
0.002652519893899

Next to nothing, no shielding: thin metal shields must have large area to dissipate significant power, or make them thicker.

Choose the right material

Metallic materials are traditionally used for electromagnetic shielding, but metal is, wherever possible, gradually replaced with Ferrites, magnetic nano-
structures, and Polymers. After all, as seen in example 1.1 when increasing er=20 while being a dielectric, such material also acts as reflector because of
high mismatch, more reflection means less signal power left for whatever may have gotten through the interface.

The following links show tables listing microwave absorbing materials with specific thickness RL/SE = Return Loss (/ meaning 'or') Shielding efficiency [dB]:

Fe based Fe alloy based Binary Fe based C Fe based Polymer Fe based

From [SKL1] graphene basic atomic lattice structures : basic graphene, graphene nanotube or carbon nanotube, fullerene graphene ball, expanded
graphite or reinforced graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide or what looks like alcohol soaked graphene.

diagrams showing
materials relation among
Fe compounds used as
microwave absorbers

Example combined coating improve shielding

Like Chemists and cooks succinctly put it: It's about finding the right mixture.

[SHKL] shows that a particular thickness of

RGO-coated FCI, attenuates 30dB without
about 200MHz at a band that may be
centred between 6 and 8GHz

RGO: Reduced Graphene Oxide and

FCI: Flaky Carbonyl Iron.

FCI alone barely stops anything (10dB left

graph - yellow) at 12GHz, but coated with
RGO, and specific thickness (of both
combined? of FCI alone?) 2mm, the
attenuation is 20dB (right graph - blue).

When 'putting the coat on' (or off) tunes

1GHz up or down the attenuation notch
(band) that a given tissue effectively
shields.

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Example Shield thickness tuning shielded band

Between 3, 4, and 5mm the attenuation notch goes from 14.2GHz

(approx.) down to 12.2GHz and 11GHz.

Look after Connectors: Recommended Reading

[HGE1] attached copy

About high impact on signal quality by tiny scratches on metal surfaces. This is directly related to skin effect: most of the signal flows on metal surface.

This white paper also includes an RF connector development called WaveWay; conical inner interfacing, hard rubber cover.

Metals are noble materials but expensive, heavy, and they attenuate signal a lot more per km/mile than optical fibre. All big mobile communication
operators have shifted massively to 'Radio over Fiber', this is, at their respective distribution centres they generate carrier signals as required by base
stations to be radiated and cover respective cells, but the transport between head-end and often the outdoor unit hanging on the mast right behind the
radiating antennas is all optical fibre

Literature References

[LNN1]

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics with MATLAB

2nd ed

K.Lonngren, S.Savov, R.Jost

MATLAB scripts and mock exams in folder along with solution to exercise 1.1 open here.

[SHKL]

Review of electromagnetic interference shielding materials fabricated by iron ingredients

Vineeta Shukla
Nuclear Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India.
E-mail: vineeta@phy.iitkgp.ernet.in; Tel: +91 9026690597

[TKT1]

Shielding effectiveness GUI

anonymous author in Mathworks File Exchange

https://uk.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/47098-se-zip?s_tid=srchtitle

[HGE1]

WHITE PAPER Connector Related PIM 2016 attached copy

S.Dudley-McEvoy, N.Ghavami . Hughes Electronics

https://www.hugheselectronics.co.uk/images/stories/articles/LowPimWhitePaper/White-paper-Connector-Related-PIM.pdf

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Electrical Conductivity of some Materials

From [POZAR]

Relative Permittivity of some Materials

from [POZAR]

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Where is the whole collection of exercises?

This exercise is part of the collection of exercises Microwave Engineering POZAR 4th ed solved with MATLAB available in this website:
https://jgb2012.wixsite.com/microwave-eng-matlab

How can one get the main literature reference?

For instance from:

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Microwave-Engineering-David-M-Pozar/dp/0470631554

What about the solutions manual?

It's freely available https://www.scribd.com/doc/176505749/Microwave-engineering-pozar-4th-Ed-solutions-manual

For educational purposes only: https://www.copyrightuser.org/understand/exceptions/education/

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