POZAR chapter 01: example 03 31/12/2020 04:57:36.

EXAMPLE 1.3
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Contents

BACKGROUND

Static E generated by Group of Static Point Charges

Static H generated by constant Current Wire

SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1.3

Approximation Surface Current with Current Wires

H generated by Current Loop
Example Air breakdown by changing H
Example Current Distribution on Dipole Antenna

Literature References

Notes
[SPL0] List of Spectroscopy applications:
[BRKL] break-down field (a.k.a. dielectric strength) values for a few materials

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BACKGROUND

Static E generated by Group of Static Point Charges

Static electric point charges generate static E % [V/m] fields only, not magnetic fields.

example_group_static_charges.m [NTR1]

close all;clear all;clc

eps0=8.8542e-12 % void/air permittivity

% charges coordinates
x=[-5 0 5]*1e-3
y=[-5 5 -5]*1e-3
z=[0 0 0]*1e-3

Q=[1 1 1]*1e-7 % [C] charge

% measurement point coordinates

xp=0
yp=0
zp=5*1e-3

% distances
r=((xp-x).^2+(yp-y).^2+(zp-z).^2).^.5

% director
ux=(xp-x)./r
uy=(yp-y)./r
uz=(zp-z)./r

uVec=[ux;uy;uz]

% force
F=(ones(3,1)*(Q./(4*pi*eps0*r.^2))).*uVec
Ftot=sum(F,2)
Fmag=sqrt(sum(Ftot.^2))
Fuv=(Ftot/Fmag)

figure(1)
plot3(0,0,0,'k')
hold on
for i=1:1:numel(x)
plot3(x(i),y(i),z(i),'o','MarkerSize',10,'MarkerFaceColor','b')
line([xp x(i)],[yp y(i)],[zp z(i)],'LineStyle',':')
hold on
vecPlot3D([xp yp zp],[xp yp zp]+F(:,i)',1/Fmag/100,[1 .6 .6],0)
hold on
end
grid on
vecPlot3D([xp yp zp],[xp yp zp]+Ftot',1/Fmag/100,'r',0)
% text(1.1*xp,1.1*yp,1.1*zp,'Total Electric Force','Color','r')
hold off
axis equal
xlabel('x');ylabel('y');zlabel('z')

title(['Force from ' int2str(numel(x)) ' point charges'])

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Static H generated by constant Current Wire

Some literature sources wrongly refer to B as magnetic field. example_current_wire.m (B: magnetic flux, H=B/ magnetic field) [RAO1]

While B % [T] or [gauss] is generally used as magnetic flux density, H %

[A/m] is magnetic field. Nz=51; % Z-axis resolution
Ny=51; % Y-axis resolution
[T]=[Tesla]=[Wb/m^2], N=25; % No of grids in the coil ( X-Y plane)
[Wb]=[T*m^2]=[H*A]=[J/A]=[N*m/A]=[kg*m^2/(s^2*A)]=[*C]=[V*s] Ra=6; % coil radius
[Wb]=1e8*[Mx] Maxwell [gauss * cm^2] ; I=3; % coil current
u0=1; % for simplicity, u0 is taken as 1 (permittivity)
Wb Weber, unit for magnetic flux
phi=-pi/2:2*pi/(N-1):3*pi/2; % For describing a circle (coil)
[H] Henry inductance unit. Read the International System of Units for units Xc=Ra*cos(phi); % X-coordinates of the coil
definitions ISU local copy. Yc=Ra*sin(phi); % Y-coordinates of the coil
yp(1:51)=-25:1:25; % Y-coordinates of the plane
E electric field units are [V/m] . zp(1:51)=0:1:50; % Z-coordinates of the plane
Y(1:Ny,1:Nz)=0; % This array is for 1-d to 2-d conversion of coordinates
D % [C/m^2] or [C/sqm] is electric flux density. Electric charge unit [C] = Z(1:Ny,1:Nz)=0;
for i=1:Ny
Coulombs. [C/sqm] = Coulombs per square metre (US meter).
Y(i,:)=yp(i); % all y-coordinates value in 2-d form
end
Electromagnetic fields are waves. Waves 'move' at speeds equal or close for i=1:Nz
below to c0=299792458 % [m/s] Z(:,i)=zp(i);% all z-coordinates value in 2-d form
end
D= E ;  electric permittivity
for a=1:Ny
for b=1:Nz
B= H ;  magnetic permeability
for i=1:N-1
Rx(i)=-0.5*(Xc(i)+Xc(i+1));Ry(i)=(Y(a,b)-(0.5*(Yc(i)+Yc(i+1))));
 and  characterise materials and can be simple scalars, real or complex, or Rz(i)=Z(a,b);
3D matrices with frequency and time dependencies. dlx(i)=Xc(i+1)-Xc(i);dly(i)=Yc(i+1)-Yc(i);
end
Homogeneous: The properties of the material are position independent. Rx(N)=-0.5*(Xc(N)+Xc(1));Ry(N)=(Y(a,b)-(0.5*(Yc(N)+Yc(1))));
Earth's atmosphere are inhomogeneous, not homogeneous but can be Rz(N)=Z(a,b);
dlx(N)=-Xc(N)+Xc(1);dly(N)=-Yc(N)+Yc(1);
broken down into areas or layers that may be considered homogeneous. for i=1:N
Xcross(i)=dly(i).*Rz(i);Ycross(i)=-dlx(i).*Rz(i);
Isotropic: The way the material reacts to incident fields does not depend Zcross(i)=(dlx(i).*Ry(i))-(dly(i).*Rx(i));
upon the direction of such incident fields. Ionized gases are anisotropic = R(i)=sqrt(Rx(i).^2+Ry(i).^2+Rz(i).^2);
not isotropic. end
Bx1=(I*u0./(4*pi*(R.^3))).*Xcross;
Linear: A material is linear is |P|/|E| , this is abs(P)/abs(E) constant By1=(I*u0./(4*pi*(R.^3))).*Ycross;
Bz1=(I*u0./(4*pi*(R.^3))).*Zcross;
k=0*r . BX(a,b)=0; % Initialize sum magnetic field to be zero first
BY(a,b)=0;BZ(a,b)=0;
P is the Polarisation field that some materials (mostly dielectrics) develop for i=1:N % loop over all current elements along coil
when a field applied on them by reorientation of its atoms. BX(a,b)=BX(a,b)+Bx1(i);BY(a,b)=BY(a,b)+By1(i);
BZ(a,b)=BZ(a,b)+Bz1(i);
P= 0*e*E end
end
e : electric susceptibility
end

D= 0*E + P = 0*(1+e)* E ; r=1+e hf1=figure(1); ax1=gca;ax1.FontSize=14

plot(Xc,Yc,'linewidth',3)
Spectroscopy characterises materials with electromagnetic waves and has grid on;axis([-20 20 -20 20])
wide applications, from scanning distant galaxies, to spotting mercury xlabel('X-axis','fontsize',14);ylabel('Y-axis','fontsize',14)
contents in fish, detecting poisonous heavy metals in cannabis, title('square loop co-ordinates','fontsize',14)
ax1.DataAspectRatio=[1 1 1]
environmental analysis, blood components analysis (Raman), or detecting
explosive traces in luggage don't ask for the block diagram (example rugged
hand-held: Seeker). List of spectroscopy with 60 applications in [SPL0]. hf2=figure(2);ax2=gca;ax2.FontSize=14
lim1=min(min(BZ));lim2=max(max(BZ));
For vacuum, outer space, and 'reasonably' dry air lsteps1=(lim2-lim1)/100;
contour(zp,yp,BZ,lim1:lsteps1:lim2)
0 : eps0 = 8.854187817e-12 % [F/m]=[C^2/N*m^2] permittivity grid on;axis([1 30 -25 25])
xlabel('Z-axis','fontsize',14);ylabel('Y-axis','fontsize',14)
0 : mu0 = 4*pi*1e-7 % [H/m]=[T*m/A] permeability
title('BZ component','fontsize',14)
colorbar('location','eastoutside','fontsize',14);
B [T] T for Tesla or [gauss]. ax2.DataAspectRatio=[1 1 1]
m magnetic flux [Wb] Webers or [Maxwell]
hf3=figure(3);ax3=gca;ax3.FontSize=14
E [statV/cm] : Emtr2imp=1e-4/3 lim1=min(min(BY));lim2=max(max(BY));
D [statV/sqm] lsteps2=(lim2-lim1)/100;
contour(zp,yp,BY,lim1:lsteps2:lim2)
grid on;axis([1 30 -25 25])
H [oersted] : Hmtr2imp=4*pi*1e-3 xlabel('Z-axis','fontsize',14)
B [gauss] : Bmtr2imp=1e4 ylabel('Y-axis','fontsize',14)
title('BY component','fontsize',14)
The way  interacts with D and  with H depends upon  and  being simple colorbar('location','eastoutside','fontsize',14);
scalars or matrices (x,y,z,f,t, ..) (x,y,z,f,t, ..) . ax3.DataAspectRatio=[1 1 1]

hf4=figure(4);ax4=gca;ax4.FontSize=14
Moving electrical charges at constant velocity are an electrical current that quiver(zp,yp,BZ,BY,2)
generates an magnetic field. grid on;axis([1 30 -25 25])
xlabel('Z-axis','fontsize',14);ylabel('Y-axis','fontsize',14)
title('B-field Vector flow','fontsize',14)
ax4.DataAspectRatio=[1 1 1]

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1 [m] is distance travelled by light in 1/299792458 -th of 1 second in vacuum. Note that [RAO1] uses =1.

units converter website 1, units converter website 2 .

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1.3

Approximation Surface Current with Current Wires

Sheet currents may be present along interfaces between different materials. Another close enough real thing to sheet currents are coils conducting
currents, that can be seen as a sheet current over a cylindrical surface.

Modifying [RAO1] one can simulate B generated by Nw parallel wires carrying I currents. Placing parallel wires close enough one can approximate a sheet
current as defined in the question of this example 1.3.

pozar_01_example_03.m

close all;clear all;clc

%% DEFINE CURRENTS

I=[3 3 3 3 3] % [A] current along each wire

y0=[0 .5 1 1.5 2] % wires locations along Y axis
Nw=numel(I)

%% SPACE

u0=1; % permeability

Nx=11;
Nz=11;
Ny=11;

xp(1:Nx)=-(Nx-1)/2:(Nx-1)/2;
yp(1:Ny)=-(Ny-1)/2:(Ny-1)/2;
zp(1:Nz)=-(Nz-1)/2:(Nz-1)/2;
X(1:Nx,1:Ny,1:Nz)=0;
Y(1:Nx,1:Ny,1:Nz)=0;
Z(1:Nx,1:Ny,1:Nz)=0;

for i=1:Nx X(i,:,:)=xp(i); end

for i=1:Ny Y(:,i,:)=yp(i); end
for i=1:Nz Z(:,:,i)=zp(i); end

%% WIRES

N=50; % wire length

Xw=zeros(N+1,Nw);
Yw=zeros(N+1,Nw);
Zw=zeros(N+1,Nw);

for k=1:1:Nw
Xw(:,k)=(floor(-N/2):floor(N/2));
Yw(:,k)=y0(k)*ones(N+1,1);
Zw(:,k)=zeros(N+1,1);
end

%% WIRE 1

X1w=(floor(-N/2):floor(N/2)); % wire 1 X-coordinates

Y1w=zeros(N+1,1); % wire 1 Y-coordinate
Z1w=zeros(N+1,1); % wire 1 Z-coordinate

%% WIRE 2

X2w=(floor(-N/2):floor(N/2)); % wire 2 X-coordinates

Y2w=ones(N+1,1); % wire 2 Y-coordinate
Z2w=zeros(N+1,1); % wire 2 Z-coordinate

%% B1 from WIRE 1

for k=1:1:Nw

[B1X B1Y
B1Z]=generate_B(X,Y,Z,Xw(:,k),Yw(:,k),Zw(:,k),Nx,Ny,Nz,N,I(k),u0);
B(:,:,:,1,k)=B1X;B(:,:,:,2,k)=B1Y;B(:,:,:,3,k)=B1Z;

end

%% RESULTING B
% B=B1+B2

BXt=squeeze(B(:,:,:,1,:))
BYt=squeeze(B(:,:,:,2,:))

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BZt=squeeze(B(:,:,:,3,:))

BX=sum(BXt,4);
BY=sum(BYt,4);
BZ=sum(BZt,4);

%% VISUALIZE RESULT
hf1=figure(1)
ax1=gca

quiver3(X,Y,Z,BX,BY,BZ,2);
hold on

for k=1:1:Nw
line([-5 5],[y0(k) y0(k)], [0 0],'linewidth',3,'color','r');
end

axis([-5 5 -5 5 -5 5])
xlabel('X-axis','fontsize',14)
ylabel('Y-axis','fontsize',14)
zlabel('Z-axis','fontsize',14)
grid on

title('B [T]','fontsize',14)

ax1.DataAspectRatioMode='manual'
ax1.DataAspectRatio=[1 1 1]

Reducing distance between adjacent wires and increasing amount of wires :

..

y0=[0 .25 .5 .75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75] % wires locations along Y axis
..

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..

y0=[-3.75 -3.5 -3.25 -3 -2.75 -2.5 -2.25 -2 -1.75 -1.5 -1.25 -1 -.75 -.5 -.25 ...
0 .25 .5 .75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75] % wires locations along Y axis
..

Since [RAO1] single wire and the modified script for Nw wires both use u0=1, actually the obtained field is already H .

There may be E without H (static electric charges), but there's no H without E. There are electric monopoles me, but not magnetic monopoles mn;
although mn used on paper to make equations symmetric, magnetic monopoles do not exist.

Therefore, since the current sheet flows on x axis and H direction is y axis, E associated to H has to be x axis too.

H generated by Current Loop

example_current_loop.m [RAO2]

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[RAMO] analytically and [LNN1][NTR1] with MATLAB go through some well known simple yet instructive electro-static and magneto-static cases: single
point charge, multiple point charges, charged void metal sphere, straight wire current, loop current among others.

Example Air breakdown by changing H

To electrically disrupt air one needs 3e6 V/m, out of direct testing
[RAMO] pg115.

Table with a few break-down values [BRKL].

To generate such air break E field one can time swing quickly
enough the current along a coil.

Faraday's law : A current along a closed metal loop generates a

time varying magnetic field H.
The amount of current Amperes is proportional to loop cross
section and loop metal conductivity.
J=E ; J = current density [A/sqm],  [S/m] metal loop
conductivity, E [V/m] electric field along loop: The current is an
electric field.

B=AH ; A [m^2] loop area, H [A/m] magnetic field. To include the

area of the coil around which changing current

1D Faraday's: 2*pi*R*E=pi*R^2*dB/dt

approximate dB/dt with B/t a rectangular pulse high enough to

break air.

set B to 10 Tesla

To generate 10 Tesla one has to discharge capacitor bank through

a coil, the loop generating the magnetic field, found some articles
claiming 10 T desktop generators, so there's no need for an MRI https://teslauniverse.com/build/plans/build-solid-state-tesla-coil
system [10TG].

Step-up transformers are used in stun guns and Cathode Ray Tubes

https://www.electroschematics.com/stun-gun-simple-schematic/ https://xraykamarul.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/lecture10.pdf

Be aware, I knew of through-wall radar as iPhone accessory (Vayyar Imaging, Vayyar retail, BBC Click, January 13th 2017) but it turns out there's even a
stun gun accessory for the successful Apple iPhone 5/5S models called Yellow Jacket for $120.

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Example Current Distribution on Dipole Antenna

c0 = 299792458 % [m/s] light speed

dipole1 = dipole('Length',15e-2, 'Width', 5e-3);

show(dipole1);

f = c0/(2*dipole1.Length);
current(dipole1, f);
view(90,0);

myreflector = reflector('Exciter', dipole1, 'Spacing', 0.02);

myreflector.Exciter.Tilt = 90;
myreflector.Exciter.TiltAxis = [0 1 0];
current(myreflector, f);

EHfields(dipole1,1e9)

Now, out of EHfields one has in blue electric field and in red magnetic field. It's appreciated that the radiated electric field is parallel to the dipole, in any
point. Therefore, out of [RAO1] single wire and the modified script with Nw wires, E field is parallel to currents, x axis direction and etha0 times obtained
H . etha0=377 % [ohm] .

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Literature References

[RAO1] B Field generated by Line Current

by S. Rao

https://uk.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/47368-3d-magnetic-field-computation-of-a-straight-wire-of-finite-length-using-biot-savart-s-law

[RAO2] B Field generated by Loop current

by S. Rao

https://uk.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/42329-magnetic-field-of-a-circular-current-loop-using-biot-savart-s-law

[NTR1] MATLAB-based Electromagnetics

ed: Pearson

by B.Notaros

[RAMO] Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics

3rd ed

by S.Ramo, J.Whinnery, T.Duzer. Berkeley

[LNN1]

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics with MATLAB

ed: Scitech

by K.Lonngren, S.Savov, R.Jost

Effect of graphene/ZnO hybrid transparent electrode on characteristics of GaN light-emitting diodes

Tan Jun-Tian1, Zhang Shu-Fang2, †, Qian Ming-Can1, Luo Hai-Jun1, 3, ‡, Wu Fang1, Long Xing-Ming3, Fang Liang1, §, Wei Da-Peng4, Hu Bao-Shan5

http://cpb.iphy.ac.cn/article/2018/1962/cpb_27_11_114401.html

Essentials for Heavy Metal Testing in Cannabis and Hemp

https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/view/essentials-heavy-metal-testing-cannabis-and-hemp

What are the Basic Principles of Raman Spectroscopy

https://andor.oxinst.com/learning/view/article/raman-spectroscopy local copy

Raman Spectroscopy of Blood and Blood Components

C.G. Atkins, K. Buckley, M. W. Blades, R.F.B. Turner. First Published April 11, 2017

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0003702816686593 local copy

[10TG]

A 10 tesla table-top controlled waveform magnet

Aditya N Roy Choudhury 1, V Venkataraman

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22559572/
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Design and test of a flat-top magnetic field system driven by capacitor banks

Fan Jiang, Tao Peng, Houxiu Xiao, Jianlong Zhao, Yuan Pan, Fritz Herlach, Liang Li

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24784658/

20 T portable bipolar magnetic pulser

R R Wolf Cruz 1, A L B Dias, M J C Bonfim

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20590259/

Notes
[SPL0] List of Spectroscopy applications:

https://andor.oxinst.com/products/?families=kymera-and-shamrock-spectrographs%2Cholospec-imaging-spectrograph%2Cmechelle-
spectrograph%2Cintensified-camera-series%2Cidus-spectroscopy-cameras%2Cnewton-ccd-and-emccd-cameras

1. Adaptive Optics 31. Material Composition and Structure

2. Additive Manufacturing 32. Materials for Power Generation Industry
3. Analysis Polymer Additives 33. Chemical and Molecular Composition Measurement
4. Analysis of Environmental Contaminants 34. Polymer and Polymer Phase Properties Measurement
5. Asbestos analysis 35. Mechanical and Electrical Properties
6. Atmospheric & Deep Space Imaging 36. Metal Cleanliness
7. Automotive Engines 37. Modular Micro-spectroscopy
8. Automotive Sensors 38. Modular Optical Spectroscopy
9. Automotive Tyres 39. Nanomaterial Growth and Characterisation
10. Battery Technology 40. Near Earth Objects and Space Debris
11. Bio-remediation of Contaminated Soils 41. Optical Imaging Systems
12. Bio-MEMS Manufacturing 42. Process Mineralogy and Chemical Analysis
13. Catalyst Material Characterisation 43. Quality Control and Chemical Identification
14. Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals 44. Quantum Information Processing
15. Stress Rocks Response 45. Quantum Optics
16. Dosage form Characterisation 46. Quantum Transport Measurement
17. Electron Microscopy 47. Illicit Substances Rapid Analysis
18. EV Technologies 48. Rock Core Analysis
19. Exo-planet Discovery 49. Agrochemicals and Seeds Research
20. Fabrication - Manufacturing 50. Rock Core Analysis
21. Fabrication and Characterisation of Light Emitting Devices 51. Solar and PV Technology
22. Failure Analysis 52. Solar Astronomy
23. Fluorescence Microscopy 53. Solar Cell Electrical and Structural Characterisation
24. Food Security 54. Speckle & Lucky Imaging
25. Forensic Soil Analysis and Other Traces Analysis 55. Structural Materials and Components
26. Gunshot Residue Analysis 56. Supply Chain Authenticity in Food Production
27. Contaminants Identification in Food Production and Soil 57. Technical Cleanliness Control
28. Layered Polymer Structures and Failure Analysis Imaging 58. Technical Cleanliness in Automotive Manufacturing
29. Chemical Reactions In-situ Observation 59. Wear Particle Analysis for Jet Engine Monitoring
30. Inspection and Process Control 60. X-ray Fluoroscopy, Radiography and CT

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[BRKL] break-down field (a.k.a. dielectric strength) values for a few materials

Dielectric strength
Substance
[MV/m]
Helium (relative to nitrogen)
0.15

Air 1.5-3
Sulfur hexafluoride 8.5–9.8
Alumina 13.4
Window glass 9.8–13.8

Borosilicate glass 20–40

Silicone oil, mineral oil 10–15

Benzene 163
Polystyrene 19.7
Polyethylene 19–160
Neoprene rubber 15.7–26.7
Distilled water 65–70
High vacuum (200 μPa) 20–40
(field emission limited) (depends on electrode shape)
Fused silica 470–670
Waxed paper 40–60
PTFE (Teflon, extruded ) 19.7
PTFE (Teflon, insulating film) 60–173
PEEK (Polyether ether ketone) 23
Mica 118
Diamond 2,000
PZT 10–25

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Where is the whole collection of exercises?

This exercise is part of the collection of exercises Microwave Engineering POZAR 4th ed solved with MATLAB available in this website:
https://jgb2012.wixsite.com/microwave-eng-matlab

How can one get the main literature reference?

For instance from:

https://www.amazon.co.uk/Microwave-Engineering-David-M-Pozar/dp/0470631554

What about the solutions manual?

It's freely available https://www.scribd.com/doc/176505749/Microwave-engineering-pozar-4th-Ed-solutions-manual

For educational purposes only: https://www.copyrightuser.org/understand/exceptions/education/

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