1) What is text?

How to create Strings of Characters using special

characters in string?
Text is a sequence of words consisting of character.

2) Explain string operations in Python with examples?

Operator Description Operation Example

+ Concatenates string1 +
(joins) string1 and string2 string2

a = "Tea " + "Leaf"

print(a)
RESULT
Tea Leaf

* Repeats the string for as many times string * x

as specified by x

a = "Bee " * 3
print(a)
RESULT
Bee Bee Bee

[] Slice — Returns the character from string[x]

the index provided at x.

a = "Sea"
print(a[1])
RESULT
e

[:] Range Slice — Returns the characters string[x:y]

from the range provided at x:y.

a = "Mushroom"
print(a[4:8])
RESULT
 room

In Membership — x in string
Returns True if x exists in the string.
Can be multiple characters.

a = "Mushroom"
print("m" in a)
print("b" in a)
print("shroo" in a)
RESULT
True
False
True

not in Membership — x not in

Returns True if x does not exist in the string
string. Can be multiple characters.

a = "Mushroom"
print("m" not in a)
print("b" not in a)
print("shroo" not in a)
RESULT
False
True
False

R Suppresses an escape sequence (\x) r"\x"

so that it is actually rendered. In
other words, it prevents the escape
character from being an escape
character.
a = "1" + "\t" + "Bee"
b = "2" + r"\t" + "Tea"
print(a)
print(b)
RESULT
1 Bee
2\tTea

strip()
This function is used to remove white spaces from the given string.

Syntax
stringVariable.strip()

Code

1. message =" Welcome Python. "

2. print (message.strip())

Output

lower()
This function is used to convert a string into lower case.

Syntax

stringVariable.lower()

Code

1. message ="Welcome Python!"

2. print (message.lower())

Output

upper()
This function is used to convert a string into uppercase.
Syntax

print(string.upper())

Code

1. message ="Python tutorial with dotnettechpoint.com"

2. print (message.upper())

Output

len()
This function returns the length of the given string.

Syntax

len(stringVariable)

Code

1. message ="Welcome Python!"

2. print (len(message))

Output

replace()
This function is used to replace a string with another string.
Syntax

stringVariable("replaceString","withnewString")

Code

1. message ="Python with dotnettechpoint.com"

2. print (message.replace("Python","Learn Python"))

Output

split()
This function splits the string into a substring if any separator is available.

Syntax

string_variable.split("seperator")

Code

1. message ="Python, tutorials, with, dotnettechpoint.com"

2. print (message.split(","))

Output

title()
This function returns the first letter of each word in uppercase.

Syntax

stringVeriable.title()

Code

1. message ="python tutorials with dotnettechpoint.com"

2. print (message.title())

Output

In the above code the first letter in each word is the lower case; after using title(), it converts
the whole text into title format.

capitalize()
This function is used for converting the first character into an upper case.

Syntax

variable.capitalize()

Code

1. message ="python tutorials with dotnettechpoint.com"

2. print (message.capitalize())

Output
count()
This function returns the occurrence of subsisting in a string.

Syntax

variable.count('string')

Code

1. message ="python tutorials with dotnettechpoint.com"

2. print (message.count('t'))

Output

find()
This function returns in which index your search text is available in the given string.

Note

1. If find() function returns -1 then search text is not found.

2. The find() method is the same as the index() method, the only difference is that the
index() method raises an exception if the value is not found.

Syntax

stringVariable.find("searchText")
Code

1. message ="Python tutorials with dotnettechpoint.com"

2. print (message.find('with'))

Output

3) How many types of decision making are there in Python

programming language? Explain with examples for each type.
In Python there are three types of decision making statement.

1. if statements

2. if-else statements

3. Nested if-else statement

1. if Statements In Python

If statement will execute block of statements only if the condition is true.

 if statements

Syntax of If Statement In Python

if(condition):

statements

Example of If Statement In Python

apple = 2
if (apple == 2):
print('You have two apple')

Run Code
Output

You have two apple

2. if-else Statements In Python

If else statements will execute one block of statements if condition is true else another block
of statement will be executed.

if-else statements

Syntax of if-else Statement In Python

if(condition):

statements

else:

statements

Example of if-else Statement In Python

age =19
if(age < 18):
print('you are minior')
else:
print('you are adult')

Run Code
Output :-

you are adult

3. Nested if-else statement

Nested if-else statement target to another if or else statement

 Nested if-else statement

Syntax of Nested if-else In Python

If (condition):

statements

elif (condition):

statements

else:

statements

When one condition is true its respective block of statement will be executed remaining
conditions will be bypassed
Example of Nested if-else statement In Python

age =19
if(age < 18):
print('you are under 18')
elif(age == 18):
print('you are 18')
else:
print('you are above 18')

Run Code
Output :-

you are above 18

4) What are Modules? What is the meaning of a Modular approach

to program organization Justify?
Python has a way to put definitions in a file and use them in a script or in an interactive
instance of the interpreter. Such a file is called a module

Modular Approach in Programming

Modular programming is the process of subdividing a computer program into separate
sub-programs. A module is a separate software component. It can often be used in a
variety of applications and functions with other components of the system.
• Some programs might have thousands or millions of lines and to manage such
programs it becomes quite difficult as there might be too many of syntax errors or
logical errors present in the program, so to manage such type of programs concept
of modular programming approached.
• Each sub-module contains something necessary to execute only one aspect of the
desired functionality.
• Modular programming emphasis on breaking of large programs into small
problems to increase the maintainability, readability of the code and to make the
program handy to make any changes in future or to correct the errors.
Points which should be taken care of prior to modular program development:
1. Limitations of each and every module should be decided.
2. In which way a program is to be partitioned into different modules.
3. Communication among different modules of the code for proper execution of the
entire program.
Advantages of Using Modular Programming Approach –
1. Ease of Use :This approach allows simplicity, as rather than focusing on the entire
thousands and millions of lines code in one go we can access it in the form of
modules. This allows ease in debugging the code and prone to less error.
2. Reusability :It allows the user to reuse the functionality with a different interface
without typing the whole program again.
3. Ease of Maintenance : It helps in less collision at the time of working on modules,
helping a team to work with proper collaboration while working on a large
application.
 5) What are the different types to import modules in Python?
There are various ways to import modules. They are listed below..

Python import statement

We can import a module using the import statement and access the definitions inside it
using the dot operator as described above. Here is an example.

# import statement example

# to import standard module math

import math
print("The value of pi is", math.pi)

When you run the program, the output will be:

The value of pi is 3.141592653589793

Import with renaming

We can import a module by renaming it as follows:

# import module by renaming it

import math as m
print("The value of pi is", m.pi)

We have renamed the math module as m. This can save us typing time in some cases.
Note that the name math is not recognized in our scope. Hence, math.pi is invalid,
and m.pi is the correct implementation.

Python from...import statement

We can import specific names from a module without importing the module as a whole.
Here is an example.
# import only pi from math module

from math import pi

print("The value of pi is", pi)

Here, we imported only the pi attribute from the math module.

In such cases, we don't use the dot operator. We can also import multiple attributes as
follows:

>>> from math import pi, e

>>> pi
3.141592653589793
>>> e
2.718281828459045

Import all names

We can import all names(definitions) from a module using the following construct:

# import all names from the standard module math

from math import *

print("The value of pi is", pi)

Here, we have imported all the definitions from the math module. This includes all names
visible in our scope except those beginning with an underscore(private definitions).

Importing everything with the asterisk (*) symbol is not a good programming practice.
This can lead to duplicate definitions for an identifier. It also hampers the readability of
our code.

6) Write a program to demonstrate the flow of control after the return

statement in python.

Here when the function is called the parameters are passed and the
respective tasks are performed. Once the return statement is
encountered the value that is to be returned, is returned to the place
from where it was called and the code ahead continues to execute
 7) Explain with an example program to return the average of its argument.

In this program the user enters 4 numbers and these number are
passed to a function called 'average' and the function calculates the
average of these numbers are then returned to where it was called.
The numbers are passed to the function as parameters.

8) Explain how to write and execute a program in python illustrate

the Steps for writing a python program to check whether the
number is palindrome or not.
This is a Python Program to check whether a given number is a palindrome.

Problem Description
The program takes a number and checks whether it is a palindrome or not.
Problem Solution
1. Take the value of the integer and store in a variable.
2. Transfer the value of the integer into another temporary variable.
3. Using a while loop, get each digit of the number and store the reversed number in
another variable.
4. Check if the reverse of the number is equal to the one in the temporary variable.
5. Print the final result.
6. Exit.

Program:

n=int(input("Enter number:"))
temp=n
rev=0
while(n>0):
dig=n%10
rev=rev*10+dig
n=n//10
if(temp==rev):
print("The number is a palindrome!")
else:
print("The number isn't a palindrome!")

Program Explanation
1. User must first enter the value of the integer and store it in a variable.
2. The value of the integer is then stored in another temporary variable.
3. The while loop is used and the last digit of the number is obtained by using the
modulus operator.
4. The last digit is then stored at the one’s place, second last at the ten’s place and
so on.
5. The last digit is then removed by truly dividing the number with 10.
6. This loop terminates when the value of the number is 0.
7. The reverse of the number is then compared with the integer value stored in the
temporary variable.
8. If both are equal, the number is a palindrome.
9. If both aren’t equal, the number isn’t a palindrome.
10. The final result is then printed.

Output 1:

Enter number:121
The number is a palindrome!

Output 2:

Enter number:567
The number isn't a palindrome!
 9) Demonstrate the use of break and continue keywords in looping constructs
using a snippet code.

10) Explain string slicing in python. Show with an example.

If you specify an index, you’ll get the character at that position in the
string. If you specify a range from one index to another, the starting index
is included and the ending index is not. That’s why, if spam is 'Hello world!',
spam[0:5] is 'Hello'. The substring you get from spam[0:5] will include everything
from spam[0] to spam[4], leaving out the space at index 5.
Note that slicing a string does not modify the original string. You can
capture a slice from one variable in a separate variable
>>> spam[0:5]
'Hello'
>>> spam[:5]
'Hello'
>>> spam[6:]
'world!'
>>> spam = 'Hello world!'
>>> fizz = spam[0:5]
>>> fizz
'Hello'
y slicing and storing the resulting substring in another variable, you can
have both the whole string and the substring handy for quick, easy access.

11) Write a python program to accept a sentence from the user

and display the longest word of that sentence along with its
length

def LongestWordLength(str):

n = len(str)
res = 0; curr_len = 0

for i in range(0, n):

# If current character is
# not end of current word.
if (str[i] != ' '):
curr_len += 1

# If end of word is found

else:
res = max(res, curr_len)
curr_len = 0

# We do max one more time to consider

# last word as there won't be any space
# after last word.
return max(res, curr_len)

# Driver Code
s = input('Enter a sentence: ')
print('The length of the longest word in the string is:',LongestWordLength(s))

12) List and explain the string manipulation functions supported in python
To manipulate strings, we can use some of Pythons built-in methods.

Creation
word = "Hello World"
>>> print word
Hello World

Accessing
Use [ ] to access characters in a string
word = "Hello World"
letter=word[0]
>>> print letter
H

Length
word = "Hello World"
>>> len(word)
11

Finding
word = "Hello World">>> print word.count('l') # count how many times l is in the string
3
>>> print word.find("H") # find the word H in the string
0
>>> print word.index("World") # find the letters World in the string
6

Count
s = "Count, the number of spaces"
>>> print s.count(' ')
8

Slicing
Use [ start : end ] to get set of letter
word = "Hello World"

print word[0] #get one char of the word

print word[0:1] #get one char of the word (same as above)
print word[0:3] #get the first three char
print word[:3] #get the first three char
print word[-3:] #get the last three char
print word[3:] #get all but the three first char
print word[:-3] #get all but the three last character

word = "Hello World"

word[start:end] # items start through end-1

word[start:] # items start through the rest of the list
word[:end] # items from the beginning through end-1
word[:] # a copy of the whole list
Split Strings
word = "Hello World"

>>> word.split(' ') # Split on whitespace

['Hello', 'World']

13) Write the python code to display the last six characters of the string
‘Many hay while the sun shines’ to the console.

>>> s = 'Many hay while the sun shines'

>>> print(s[-6:])
Shines

14) Write a python program to accept a file name from a user:

a) Display the first N-lines of the file
b) Find the frequency of occurrences of the word accepted from the user in
the file.

from collections import Counter

from itertools import islice

def file_read_from_head(fname, nlines):

with open(fname) as f:
for line in islice(f, nlines):
print(line)

def word_count(fname):
with open(fname) as f:
return Counter(f.read().split())

fname = input("Input the Filename: ")

nlines=int(input('Enter the number of lines:'))
file_read_from_head(fname,nlines)
print("Number of words in the file :",word_count(fname))

15) What are escape characters?

Escape Characters
To insert characters that are illegal in a string, use an escape character.

An escape character is a backslash \ followed by the character you want to

insert.

An example of an illegal character is a double quote inside a string that is

surrounded by double quotes:

Example
You will get an error if you use double quotes inside a string that is
surrounded by double quotes:

txt = "We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north."

To fix this problem, use the escape character \":

Example
The escape character allows you to use double quotes when you
normally would not be allowed:
txt = "We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north."

16) What do the \n and \t escape characters represent?

In Python strings, the backslash "\" is a special character, also

called the "escape" character. It is used in representing certain
whitespace characters: "\t" is a tab, "\n" is a newline, and "\r" is a
carriage return. Conversely, prefixing a special character with "\"
turns it into an ordinary character
17. How can you put a \ backslash character in a string?

A backslash character can be insterted into a string using the

‘\’ i.e. ‘\\’

18) The string value "Howl's Moving Castle" is a valid string. Why
isn’t it a problem that the single quote character in the word Howl's
isn’t escaped?

19. If you don’t want to put \n in your string, how can you write a string
with newlines in it?
20. What do the following expressions evaluate to?
• 'Hello world!'[1]
• 'Hello world!'[0:5]
• 'Hello world!'[:5]
• 'Hello world!'[3:]

21. What do the following expressions evaluate to?

• 'Hello'.upper()
• 'Hello'.upper().isupper()
• 'Hello'.upper().lower()

22. What do the following expressions evaluate to?

• 'Remember, remember, the fifth of November.'.split()
• '-'.join('There can be only one.'.split())
23. What string methods can you use to right-justify, left-justify, and
center a string?
24) How can you trim whitespace characters from the beginning or end
of a string?
25. Write a function named printTable() that takes a list of lists of string
and displays it in a well-organized table with each column right-
justified

input: tableData = [['apples', 'oranges', 'cherries', 'banana'],

['Alice', 'Bob', 'Carol', 'David'],
['dogs', 'cats', 'moose', 'goose']]

Output: apples Alice dogs

oranges Bob cats
cherries Carol moose
banana David goose
1)What is the function that creates Regex objects?
All the regex functions in Python are in the re module. Enter
the following
into the interactive shell to import this module:
>>> import re
Passing a string value representing your regular expression to
re.compile() returns a Regex pattern object (or simply, a
Regex object).
phoneNumRegex = re.compile(r'\d\d\d-\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d')
2) Why are raw strings often used when creating Regex
objects?
Python’s raw string notation for regular expression patterns; backslashes are
not handled in any special way in a string literal prefixed with 'r'. So r"\n" is a
two-character string containing '\' and 'n', while "\n" is a one-character string
containing a newline. Usually patterns will be expressed in Python code using
this raw string notation.
What is this raw string notation? If you use a raw string format, does that
mean "*" is taken as a a literal character rather than a zero-or-more
indicator? That obviously can't be right, or else regex would completely
lose its power. But then if it's a raw

3) What does the search() method return?

A Regex object’s search() method searches the string it is passed for any
matches to the regex. The search() method will return None if the regex
pattern
is not found in the string. If the pattern is found, the search() method returns
a Match object. Match objects have a group() method that will return the
actual matched text from the searched string. (I’ll explain groups shortly.)
For example, enter the following into the interactive shell:
>>> phoneNumRegex = re.compile(r'\d\d\d-\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d')
>>> mo = phoneNumRegex.search('My number is 415-555-4242.')
>>> print('Phone number found: ' + mo.group())
Phone number found: 415-555-4242
4) How do you get the actual strings that match the
pattern from a Match Object
we pass our desired pattern to re.compile() and store the resulting
Regex object in phoneNumRegex. Then we call search() on phoneNumRegex and pass
search() the string we want to search for a match. The result of the search gets
stored in the variable mo. In this example, we know that our pattern will be found
in the string, so we know that a Match object will be returned.
Knowing that mo contains a Match object and not the null value None, we can call
group() on mo to return the match. Writing mo.group() inside our print statement
displays the whole match, 415-555-4242.
While there are several steps to using regular expressions in Python, each step is
fairly simple.
1. Import the regex module with import re.
2. Create a Regex object with the re.compile() function. (Remember to use a raw
string.)
3. Pass the string you want to search into the Regex object’s search() method. This
returns a Match object.
4. Call the Match object’s group() method to return a string of the actual matched
text.

5) In the regex created from r'(\d\d\d)-(\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d)',

what does group 0 cover? Group 1? Group 2?
The first set of parentheses in a regex string will be group 1. The second set
will be group 2. By passing the integer 1 or 2 to the group() match object
method, you can grab different parts of the matched text. Passing 0 or
nothing to the group() method will return the entire matched text. Enter
the following into the interactive shell:
>>> phoneNumRegex = re.compile(r'(\d\d\d)-(\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d)')
>>> mo = phoneNumRegex.search('My number is 415-555-4242.')
>>> mo.group(1)
'415'
>>> mo.group(2)
'555-4242'
>>> mo.group(0)
'415-555-4242'
>>> mo.group()
'415-555-4242'

>>> phoneNumRegex = re.compile(r'(\(\d\d\d\)) (\d\d\d-\d\d\d\d)')

>>> mo = phoneNumRegex.search('My phone number is (415) 555-4242.')
>>> mo.group(1)
'(415)'
>>> mo.group(2)
'555-4242'

6)Parentheses and periods have specific meanings in

regular expression syntax. How would you specify that
you want a regex to match actual parentheses and period
characters?

Periods and parentheses can be escaped with a

backslash: \., \(, and \).

7) The findall() method returns a list of strings or a list of

tuples of strings. What makes it return one or the other?
8)What does the | character signify in regular
expressions?
15) What does the . character normally match? What does
it match if re.DOTALL is passed as the second argument
to re.compile()?

The dot matches a single character, without caring what that character
is. The only exception are line break characters. In all regex flavors
discussed in this tutorial, the dot does not match line breaks by default.
This exception exists mostly because of historic reasons.
16) What is the difference between .* and .*? ?

import re

string='abbcccdefghcccddd'

pattern1='a(.*)ccc'
pattern2='a(.*?)ccc'

match=re.search(pattern1,string)
print(match.group())

match=re.search(pattern2,string)
print(match.group())

Output:
abbcccdefghccc
abbccc

.* is a greedy mode, which tends to get the longest string that meets the conditions;
.*? is a non-greedy mode, which tends to get the shortest string that can meet the
conditions.

For example, in the above example,

.*? The example ends the match after matching the "abbccc" string,
And the .* example does not stop after matching "abbccc", continue to search
backwards to obtain a longer matching string.

herefore, for the (.*) matching method, there may be a backtracking

process based on the regular expression behind the pattern or the
structure of the string itself. , And (.* ?) this non-greedy model will not have
a backtracking process.
17) What is the character class syntax to match all
numbers and lowercase letters?
A character class allows you to match any symbol from a certain character
set. A character class is also called a character set.

Numbers

[0-9]
Match any digit; same as [0123456789]

Lowercase letters

[a-z]

Match any lowercase ASCII letter

Lowercase and number

[0-9a-z]
Match any lowercase letter and numbers

The pattern within the brackets of a regular expression defines a

character set that is used to match a single character. For example, the
regular expression "[a-z] " specifies to match any single lowercase letter.
In the character set, a hyphen indicates a range of characters, for
example [a-z] will match any lowercase character.".
The regular expression [a-z]* matches any sequence of letters that starts
with an lowercase letter and is followed by zero or more lowercase
letters. The special character * after the closing square bracket specifies
to match zero or more occurrences of the character set.
The regular expression [0-9][a-z]* matches any sequence of letters that
starts with a number and is followed by zero or more lowercase letters.
The regular expression [a-z][0-9] * matches any sequence of letters that
starts with a lowercase letter and is followed by zero or more numbers.
18. If numRegex = re.compile(r'\d+'), what will numRegex.sub('X', '12 drummers,
pipers, five rings, 3 hens') return?
'X drummers, pipers, five rings, X hens'

19. What does passing re.VERBOSE as the second argument to re.compile()

allow you to do?
The re.VERBOSE argument allows you to add whitespace and comments to
the string passed to re.compile().
20. How would you write a regex that matches a number with commas for every
three digits? It must match the following:
• '42'
• '1,234'
• '6,368,745'
but not the following:
• '12,34,567' (which has only two digits between the commas)
• '1234' (which lacks commas)
re.compile(r' ^((?:\d{1,3},(?:\d{3},)*\d{3})|(?:\d{1,3}))$')
Regex that matches a number with commas for every three digits , Which
matches a number with commas for every three digits without limiting the
number being larger than 3 digits long before the comma. How would you
write a regex that matches a number with commas for every three digits? It
must match the following: '42', '1,234', and '6,368,745'. but not the following:
'12,34,567' (which has only two digits between the commas), '1234' (which
lacks commas).
21. How would you write a regex that matches the full name of someone
whose last name is Nakamoto? You can assume that the first name that
comes before it will always be one word that begins with a capital letter.
The regex must match the following:
• 'Satoshi Nakamoto'
 • 'Alice Nakamoto'
• 'RoboCop Nakamoto'
but not the following:
• 'satoshi Nakamoto' (where the first name is not capitalized)
• 'Mr. Nakamoto' (where the preceding word has a nonletter character)
• 'Nakamoto' (which has no first name)
• 'Satoshi nakamoto' (where Nakamoto is not capitalized)
re.compile(r'\b[A-Z][a-zA-Z]+\sNakamoto')

code:
import re

def printMatch(name):
pat = re.compile(r'\b[A-Z][a-zA-Z]+\sNakamoto')
if pat.search(name):
print(''+name+' matches')
else:
print(''+name+' does not match')

printMatch('test satoshi Nakamoto test')

printMatch('test Satoshi Nakamoto test')
printMatch('test RoboCop Nakamoto test')
printMatch('test roboCop Nakamoto test')

23. How would you write a regex that matches a sentence where the first word
is either Alice, Bob, or Carol; the second word is either eats, pets, or throws; the
third word is apples, cats, or baseballs; and the sentence ends with a period?
This regex should be case-insensitive. It must match the following:
• 'Alice eats apples.'
• 'Bob pets cats.'
• 'Carol throws baseballs.'
• 'Alice throws Apples.'
• 'BOB EATS CATS.'
but not the following:
• 'RoboCop eats apples.'
• 'ALICE THROWS FOOTBALLS.'
• 'Carol eats 7 cats.'
re.compile(r'(Alice|Bob|Carol)\s+(eats|pets|throws)\s+(apples|cats|baseballs
)\.', re.IGNORECASE)

24. What is a relative path relative to?

A relative path, which is relative to the program’s current working directory.

25. What does an absolute path start with?

An absolute path, which always begins with the root folder

Handling Absolute and Relative Paths
The os.path module provides functions for returning the absolute path of a
relative path and for checking whether a given path is an absolute path.
• Calling os.path.abspath(path) will return a string of the absolute path
of the argument. This is an easy way to convert a relative path into an
absolute one.
• Calling os.path.isabs(path) will return True if the argument is an absolute
path and False if it is a relative path.
• Calling os.path.relpath(path, start) will return a string of a relative path
from the start path to path. If start is not provided, the current working
directory is used as the start path.
Try these functions in the interactive shell:
>>> os.path.abspath('.')
'C:\\Python34'
>>> os.path.abspath('.\\Scripts')
'C:\\Python34\\Scripts'
>>> os.path.isabs('.')
False
>>> os.path.isabs(os.path.abspath('.'))
True

26. What do the os.getcwd() and os.chdir() functions do?

You can get the current working directory as a string value with the
os.getcwd() function and change it with os.chdir().
>>> import os
>>> os.getcwd()
'C:\\Python34'
>>> os.chdir('C:\\Windows\\System32')
>>> os.getcwd()
'C:\\Windows\\System32'

27. What are the . and .. folders?

The . folder is the current folder , and .. is the parent folder.
28. In C:\bacon\eggs\spam.txt, which part is the dir name, and which part is
the base name?
C:\bacon\eggs is the dir name, while spam.txt is the base name.

29. Implement the python program using Lists to store and display the average
of N integers accepted from the user.
PROGRAM:
lst = []
print("Enter the number and type done to compute:")
while True:
n = input();
if n == "done":
break;
else:
lst.append(int(n))
if (len(lst)):
average = sum(lst)/len(lst)
print("List of numbers: ",format(lst))
print("Average: ",average )
else:
print("Please enter the numbers.")

OUTPUT:
Enter the number and type done to compute:
40
40
40
done
List of numbers: [40, 40, 40]
Average: 40.0

30. Explain Dictionaries. Demonstrate with python Program.

A dictionary is like a list, but more general. In a list, the indices have to be
integers; in a dictionary they can be (almost) any type.
A dictionary contains a collection of indices, which are called keys, and a
collection of values. Each key is associated with a single value. The association
of a key and a value is called a key-value pair or sometimes an item.
In mathematical language, a dictionary represents a mapping from keys to
values, so you can also say that each key “maps to” a value.
A dictionary can be defined by enclosing a comma-separated list of key-
value pairs in curly braces ({}). A colon (:) separates each key from its
associated value.
Python program to demonstrate dictionary :

Creating a Dictionary:
# Creating an empty Dictionary

Dict = {}

print("Empty Dictionary: ")

print(Dict)

# Creating a Dictionary with Integer Keys

Dict = {1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}

print("\nDictionary with the use of Integer Keys: ")

print(Dict)

# Creating a Dictionary with Mixed keys

Dict = {'Name': 'Geeks', 1: [1, 2, 3, 4]}

print("\nDictionary with the use of Mixed Keys: ")

print(Dict)

# Creating a Dictionary with dict() method

Dict = dict({1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3:'Geeks'})

print("\nDictionary with the use of dict(): ")

print(Dict)

# Creating a Dictionary with each item as a Pair

Dict = dict([(1, 'Geeks'), (2, 'For')])

print("\nDictionary with each item as a pair: ")

print(Dict)

OUTPUT:
Empty Dictionary:
{}

Dictionary with the use of Integer Keys:

{1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}

Dictionary with the use of Mixed Keys:

{1: [1, 2, 3, 4], 'Name': 'Geeks'}

Dictionary with the use of dict():

{1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}

Dictionary with each item as a pair:

{1: 'Geeks', 2: 'For'}

Accessing elements of a Dictionary:

# accessing a element from a Dictionary
# Creating a Dictionary
Dict = {1: 'Geeks', 'name': 'For', 3: 'Geeks'}

# accessing a element using key

print("Accessing a element using key:")
print(Dict['name'])

# accessing a element using get() method

print("Accessing a element using get:")

print(Dict.get(3))

OUTPUT:
Accessing a element using key:
For
Accessing a element using get:
Geeks

31. Write python program to search for lines that start with the word ‘From’
and a character followed by a two digit number from 00 and 99 followed by ‘:’
Print the number if it is greater than zero. Assume the input file.

# Search for lines that start with From and a character

# followed by a two digit number between 00 and 99 followed by ':'
# Then print the number if it is greater than zero

import re
hand = open('mbox-short.txt')
for line in hand:
line = line.rstrip()
x = re.findall('^From .* ([0-9][0-9]):', line)
 if len(x) > 0: print(x)

OUTPUT:

['09']

['18']

['16']

['15']

...

32. Describe any 2 List Operations and List methods. Write a python program
to accept ‘n’ numbers from user, find sum of all even numbers and product of
odd numbers entered in the list.

List Operations:
i. The + operator concatenates lists:
>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = [4, 5, 6]
>>> c = a + b
>>> c
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
ii. The * operator repeats a list a given number of times:
>>> [0] * 4
[0, 0, 0, 0]
>>> [1, 2, 3] * 3
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
The first example repeats [0] four times. The second example repeats the
list [1, 2, 3] three times.

List Methods:
• append(): Used for appending and adding elements to List. It is used to add
elements to the last position of List
Syntax: list.append(element)
• insert(): Inserts an elements at specified position.
Syntax: list.insert( position, element)

• extend(): Adds contents to List2 to the end of List1

Syntax: list1.extend(list2)

• sum() : Calculates sum of all the elements of List.

Syntax: sum(list)

• count():Calculates total occurrence of given element of List.

Syntax: list.count(element)

OUPUT:
33. List merits of Dictionaries over the List. Write a python program to accept
USN and marks obtained, find Maximum and Minimum and Students USN
who have scored in the range 100-85, 85-75, 75-60 and below 60 marks
separately.
 print("Type done when done")
dic={}
while True:
usn = input("USN: ")
if usn=='done':
break;
mar = input("Marks: ")
if usn in dic:
print("Duplicate of USN")
else:
dic[usn]=int(mar)
high = 0
highUSN = None
low = 100
lowUSN = None
for i in dic:
if high<dic[i]:
high=dic[i];
highUSN=i;
if low>dic[i]:
low=dic[i];
lowUSN=i;
if dic[i] >= 85 and dic[i]<=100:
print("Range 100-85: USN: {} Marks: {}".format(i,dic[i]))
elif dic[i] >= 75 and dic[i]<85:
print("Range 85-75: USN: {} Marks: {}".format(i,dic[i]))
elif dic[i] >= 60 and dic[i]<75:
print("Range 75-60: USN: {} Marks: {}".format(i,dic[i]))
elif dic[i]<60:
print("Range Below 60: USN: {} Marks: {}".format(i,dic[i]))
print("\n\nHighest is {} scored {}".format(highUSN,high))
print("Lowest is {} scored {}".format(lowUSN,low))

OUTPUT:

Type done when done

USN: 1DT18IS123
Marks: 95

USN: 1DT18IS234

Marks: 83

USN: 1DT18IS345

Marks: 73

USN: 1DT18IS456

Marks: 63

USN: 1DT18IS567

Marks: 53

USN: done

Range 100-85: USN: 1DT18IS123 Marks: 95

Range 85-75: USN: 1DT18IS234 Marks: 83

Range 75-60: USN: 1DT18IS345 Marks: 73

Range 75-60: USN: 1DT18IS456 Marks: 63

Range Below 60: USN: 1DT18IS567 Marks: 53

Highest is 1DT18IS123 scored 95

Lowest is 1DT18IS567 scored 53

34. Compare and contrast tuples and lists. Explain the following operations in
tuples.
i. Sum of two tuples.
ii. Slicing operators.
iii. Comparison of 2 tuples
iv. Assignments to variables
i. Sum of two tuples:
# initialize tuples
test_tup1 = (10, 4, 5)
test_tup2 = (2, 5, 18)

# printing original tuples

print("The original tuple 1 : " + str(test_tup1))
print("The original tuple 2 : " + str(test_tup2))

# Addition of tuples
# using map() + lambda
res = tuple(map(lambda i, j: i + j, test_tup1, test_tup2))

# printing result
print("Resultant tuple after addition : " + str(res))

Output :
The original tuple 1 : (10, 4, 5)
The original tuple 2 : (2, 5, 18)
Resultant tuple after addition : (12, 9, 23)
 ii. Slicing Operators:
The slice() function returns a slice object.
A slice object is used to specify how to slice a sequence. You can specify where
to start the slicing, and where to end. You can also specify the step, which
allows you to e.g. slice only every other item.
Syntax:
slice(start, end, step)

iii. Comparison of 2 tuples:

In given example, tuple1 and tuple2 are compared by:
• comparing tuple1[0] to tuple2[0] – which are equal
• comparing tuple1[1] to tuple2[1] – which are equal
• comparing tuple1[2] to tuple2[2] – which are NOT equal and decide the
result of comparison
tuple1 = (1,2,3)
tuple2 = (1,2,4)

print (tuple1 == tuple2) # False

print (tuple1 < tuple2) # True
print (tuple1 > tuple2) # False

iv. Assignments to Variables:

In computer programming, an assignment statement sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the

Storage location(s) denoted by a variable name; in other words, it copies a value into the variable.

In most imperative programming languages, the assignment statement (or expression) is a

fundamental construct.