*CH t 3

Fluid atiCs.

we have TA
d u
gradient, T-o-0if so-0:
vel
me ving (starc)
NO shear stres (kre) if Fluid NOT
we just have a norma Forces (press)

pressuTe = limm AF preisure at a poibt

AA-0-o AA
press is Calerquanhy
and acts in all direc tion
forte Hha
opplieden P P
he Ineleà Pe PP:
DA-
Weight PP
RAA sin
a l2=al sir
DX=Al Cos
feAACeR
X-direckion
(P oyAL) sina-P(ey al sin)= o-0'= B-B--(3-2)
 the Ait ds M ermis n
(A)

he onssue a apoint in dstatic Fhuid ats wh he sane

riagrttude n A DIRECTION.

Pressu ranspi'ss ion.

pasCal s aw 6 laise p a scad - 1653) ench SCintise)

In aciesed sjslem press chonge preduced at one pent

in Hhe Sl e m wiW loe reagam,tbel Ahrowgh he entivr plem

A Azaz

- 5 Cm din
3cn
but P P 3ocm
PA A
RA d5m
x ( 31) At
=/co N,t=7 A

Me »0 » (o33)» loo -e o3m) - o c heck Valye

=D o 33 m loc/o3 m: (fooN
iee/rd'.622 Alc'w/»'()
RA 6 1/o0 R llec. - n n 1
Hosolut t plessue, gage pressure and Vacuum

n Outer spoce it is essentially Zevo absoluk¢ press

avacuwmis Called
Any prssrnNEVAea he press n

Yetrenccd wih yespect Fo

bsolute 2ero, dnd all pressures

his 2erc press

p are ermed absclure pressuves

- p:

200kpa
9-0 psig
(gage
Local atmspheric presP-o relrente)
pa, gg* » folkps,bs

Pa Bcl pa abs
--50 Kpg+4e (P
opsig=14-6 psia)-
(-725 psij er 7-5 psi yacium)
(B 43-6 psia)
Favm1of kpa, abs
P-Fe
(14-6 psia - 51-0 Kabs
R F35 psia)
0 p abs

absóuke (P=o psia)

2ero
(ahsdue rekren te)

akom. presLine
94ge referente at
abselutt- rekrente at- ro press ine

negakive 9He press is.kermcd

Vatuwm press

n general
amge*
gefabs-fatm
Pobn Palbs
In SI Sjskem of wnits Ahe uniks oB press is (pq
(3:2)esSu Vanakion Wibh Eleviaion
Basic dflerential equatio
wih charye in
For shah¢ Flud ,pressure Varies Only
evaion inthe fluid

ng th=
weighk
(YSs Sec Hon avea =&A
nclinatien angie XK
PAA

Apply he eng ot eqilibriam Cylinderi Cal lement

t Hhe elemenk We have

he eFeckd Force is press. ForCeT Weight

-diekion
e0 0 (static Condiion)
PAA (Pt AAA- 3AAAl sin =
oc
AA,A and simpli y
z - sinX
but s i n : Kestich: 1) Shahe Fucl
oP 2 Grawi is the Only osely ore
(3 he 2)axis is NeriCod and pwad
- Hhe Babic equdrion for hydro seubiC pressur
O ariakion wh ele viclhon*

Cons tan tE
-Vaviable
pressure
Press ure
Aine
ine
Press
Press
decreasP+vea)
-
Pt-w z)
 Ex (3-)

Ccmpare Ae of change o
vare pressih elevarion r
Oir at sea Aevel lof.3 kpq abs. at a emp of 155*, ond kr

frtsh wa ev alhe Stme press- dn femp

at lol-3 kpa 155'c
de da
Hae

Hssumina Conskant Specific weinhs fov air and wtrer , dek me aso he
tola prss. change ha occws wih 4-m decrese in elevaior

-Caloulation
P o3Io N/m2 = 1-22 kIm?
JaisRT 287 Tk»(155+277
air -l-22 9-8
I97 kg Im s
N/n = |-97
wise,=9799 Interpolard Prom Talle A-3)
dP
de
4 - 9 7 Nm(a)-9
Ware
749 Jn2.

letal preis. change Parair=(-ll-97 *(-4m)

= 47.9 NJm2 = 47-1 pa
Teal preus. chnye khr woer (-9294)x4m)
39.2 k pa
pres. Vaviorien for aunifoxm-densi Fy i d
Pe e P dd P - . . ----(3-6)
-

enera -

for oltFluids in staic equilibrim

mch 5impiFiaFion oCCurs i :Ct X=CE. ins rd of 3: hun (*-

tasy dnhegreon
-Y2+(t )= Conskcn
slac
(Y+)= pezometric head.= Conbant hroban 'n(AmpreSSible
 (3-9)
2 +z,
- ( 3-10)

aoplic only in luids Wih Constant Specilic Weishts

poinh s in agiveniio bur ncr oCreus
Can be Pplicdbe wn tW
an into Iace bewen fwo luids havina difren speCTkiC weihs

g.k r eq 34)3-lo , Not O k

Fs e
H2 3:9 3o

Ex (53)
 (14-A)

heStandad Atmosphere Pe 56 o x MeDods

he Fcmp profie o he US Slaneard Amesphere

So Kmn

60
61-6 km
D524Kn
50
41Kk
40
y 30 O32-2 k

20 Prokn

lo
15

-120 i o o0 o - 8 0 - 6 0 - 4 0 20

Temp (oc)
Fg 3-3
Table (3.1) Sa leel Candihens

Temp 54°F
pr tss
P Jol-3KpaCak)4.6g6 psia
Densiry 225 gmn3 O.oc2371 slug/ p3
speciht wah
-+8 Alo /m.s 3-937 Abp.5/A2
VicosY (o4
 (14B
we have

- 32

- ) - »(2 2a) -

(P+e )= Censtat ever wheve in uniform density Fluid

press Nariation or anpressible F\uid

Tlial gas
= RT R gas Conskant =287
r y dry ir
T abs kenp dbs pres
P RT
T T(2)
323c0

Strao sphere
55C (consfank Femp)
o769n

decresing ttnp
trepe Sphere
Sea levelL 288 K
atmspher. Jo-325kpo
6.5 k/km
=_Lafose. rakt
=
Yake
temp: decIEasing

pres tropo sphere

a Yiahon in the

T Fun()2 T-olz-2.)
Japs yalt a
-
To 3
lemp at arefeote levk 1.o K
-P
Since P:9 d
- RT RLT-(e-za)]
Selve Por P s eparaBe
Variables -ond inegrahen)
T
 (5)
press Varafisn in he Strato sprerc
, Imerete
RT
Conslant

An P E+C, z:2o, P: Po
(7-E)g/RT

rS MeasUemenks
ic2c meker ( simple manome er)
ut li2es the Change in press Wih
elevahon0 evaluoke reSS

Pe TY(21-z)
P P+ Th hao:0g ge
Sh gage pss.
DisadVankeas of re2o meker
1. imprackicas where. Tmensuye is
2 Seless
hih.
for gases

22. tubt manomeker

am
P.P
zero geje gble .

PipeP m.sh nene merev

bav, or
ases neglegble
 3.Deffoen tia Mane met er

ZIZDZTITz

- -h dm

Beurdon tulbe gage Fg 3.8)

1T
po mter

A Bourden foe
sprin
Secten A-A pinen
thvaush A-A
press 90ge Keodling vet

S OCKet

5presy kransducersS
eleckvanc (electric) dlevice Qmplifier
pros
PPC
Chark yecardcy

AVasduce